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Chapman's  Southern  Flora 
Third  Khition 
Issued  March   la,  1S97. 


FLORA 


SOUTHERN    UNITED    STATES 


FLORA 


SOUTHERN    UNITED    STATES: 

CONTAINING   AN   ABRIDGED   DESCRIPTION   OF    THE 

FLOWERING   PLANTS   AND   FERNS 

OF 

TENNESSEE,  NORTH  AND  SOUTH  CAROLINA,  GEORGIA, 
ALABAMA,  MISSISSIPPI,  AND  FLORIDA: 

ARRANGED  ACCORDING  TO  THE  NATURAL  SYSTEM. 
BY 

A.  W.   CHAPMAN,  M.D.,  LL.D. 


THIRD   EDITION. 


CAMBRIDGE,  MASS. : 
CAMBRIDGE   BOTANICAL   SUPPLY   COMPANY. 

r:  '  1897. 


Copyright,  1S8S,  18ff7, 
Bv    A.    VV.   Chapman. 


University   Press  : 
John  Wilson  and  Son,  Cambridge,  U.S.A. 


PREFACE. 


This  work,  originally  designed  to  be  the  joint  production 
of  the  late  Eev.  Dr.  Curtis  and  myself,  ultimately  fell  to 
my  sole  charge.  With  limited  equipment  for  such  an 
undertaking,  and  fully  occupied  in  the  discharge  of  the 
active  duties  of  my  profession,  in  moments  of  leisure  dur- 
ing three  or  four  years  the  task  was  completed,  given  to 
the  press,  and  favorably  received  by  my  contemporaries  both 
at  home  and  abroad. 

In  this  edition,  in  order  to  incorporate  the  contents  of  the 
two  supplements  of  the  last  edition,  and  additional  matter 
since  accumulated,  and  still  to  retain  the  volume  within 
handy  limits,  it  became  necessary  to  rewrite  or  abbreviate 
portions  of  the  former  editions. 

The  nomenclature  of  the  first  edition,  which  was  that  in 
general  use  at  the  commencement  of  my  botanical  career, 
three  quarters  of  a  century  ago,  is  mainly  retained. 

In  a  region  so  vast,  with  surface  and  climate  so  varied  as 
that  embraced  within  the  limits  assigned  to  this  work,  there 
still  must  remain  much  to  reward  the  labors  of  future  ex- 
plorers, and  many  new  species  have  been  proposed  by  recent 
collectors  as  occurring  within  my  limits.  These,  which  are 
unknown  to  me,  when  duly  confirmed,  together  with  cor- 
rections of  such  errors  as  may  be  detected  in  the  present 
volume,  will  have  place  in  future  issues. 

Apalachicola,  Florida, 
December  4,  1896. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

ix 


Introduction , 

Sketch  of  the  Elements  of  Botany 
Glossary  of  Botanical  Terms      .... 
Abbreviations  of  the  Names  of  Authors    . 

Signs  used  in  this  Work 

Directions  to  the  Student 

Artificial  Analysis  of  the  Natural  Orders  . 

FLORA.  —  Ph^nogamous  or  Flowering  Plants  .        .        .        i 
Cryptogamous  or  Flowerless  Plants    .        .        621 

In^^-X 645 


IX 

xviii 

XXV 

XX  vi 

xxvii 
xxix 


INTRODUCTION. 


L     SKETCH   OF   THE   ELEMENTS   OF   BOTANY. 

1.    Vegetable   Tissue. 

1.  Plants  are  primarily  composed  of  minute  membranous  vesicles  or  cells, 
which  are  endowed  with  the  power  of  reproduction,  and  through  which,  al- 
though closed  and  destitute  of  visible  pores  or  openings,  the  juices  of  the  plant 
are  readily  transmitted. 

2.  Variously  modified,  these  cells  form  the  Elementary  Tissues ;  viz.  Cellular 
Tissue  or  Parenchyma,  Woody  I'issue  or  Woody  Fibre,  and  Vascular  Tissue  or 
Vessels  and  Ducts, 

3.  Cellular  Tissue,  which  exists  in  all  plants,  and  of  which  those  of  the  lower 
orders  are  wholly  composed,  consists  of  cells  aggregated  together,  and  cohering 
by  their  contiguous  surfaces. 

4.  Woody  Tissue  is  composed  of  slender  and  elongated  cells,  with  firm  and 
thickish  walls,  collected  in  threads  or  bundles. 

6.  Vascular  Tissue  is  made  up  of  larger  cells,  either  in  the  form  of  continuous 
tubes,  or  forming  such  by  the  union  of  their  extremities.  In  some  of  tliese,  the 
walls  are  marked  with  dots,  lines,  or  bands ;  while  in  others  they  are  lined  with 
spirally  coiled  fibres  which  are  capable  of  being  unrolled.  The  latter  are  called 
Spiral  Vessels,  and  exist  only  in  plants  which  bear  proper  flowers. 

6.  Of  these  tissues  are  formed  the  Organs  of  plants ;  viz  Organs  of  Vegetation, 
consisting  of  the  Root,  Stem,  and  Leaves,  and  Organs  of  Reproduction,  consisting 
of  the  Flower  and  Fruit, 

a.    The  Root. 

7.  The  Root,  or  Descending  Axis,  is  that  part  of  the  plant  which  grows  down- 
ward, commonly  penetrating  the  soil,  from  the  moisture  of  which  it  imbibes 
nourishment.  It  branches  indefinitely  and  without  order,  but  bears  no  other 
appendages.     Its  ultimate  branches  are  called  Rootlets. 

8.  Roots  which  descend  immediately  from  the  embryo  are  termed  Primary 
Roots.  They  are  called  Tap-Roots,  when  they  consist  of  one  thick  and  fleshy 
piece ;  fascicled  or  clustered,  when  of  several  fleshy  branches  springing  from  a 
qommon  centre ;  tuberous  when  the  branches  become  greatly  enlarged  and  filled 
with  starchy  matter ;  and  fibrous,  when  all  the  parts  are  slender  and  thread-like. 


X  INTKOHrCTlON. 

9.  But  roots  iiiiiUt  favornhlo  oircumstixnccs  arc  developi'd  from  otlu-r  parts  of 
llic  i)luiit.     Tlii'se  an*  called  Sirondary  Roots. 

10.  Airidt  liouls  are  those  wliieli  spring  from  the  stem  or  hraiichiR  above 
ground.  In  some,  as  in  many  Endogenous  Plants,  tiiey  proceed  from  the  lower 
joints  of  the  stem ;  in  others,  as  the  Mangroves  and  Fig-trees  of  South  Florida, 
they  descend  from  the  branches,  and  at  length,  penetrating  the  soil,  form  new 
stems  in  all  respects  similar  to  that  of  the  parent  tree.  The  tendril-like  roots  of 
some  climbing  stems  arc  also  of  this  class. 

11.  Ej>i))lii/l(S  or  Air-Plants,  of  which  the  Tillaiidsiii  and  Epidcndrnm  arc  ex- 
amples, are  those  which  are  borne  on  the  trunks  or  braiuhes  of  tiees,  but  draw 
their  nourishment  from  the  air. 

12.  Parasites,  like  Air-Plants,  grow  on  otlier  phuits  ;  but  their  roots,  pene- 
trating the  substance  of  the  supporting  plant,  feed  upon  its  juices.  Some,  as 
the  Mistletoe  and  Dodder,  fix  themselves  upon  the  trunk  or  branches ;  others, 
like  the  Beech-drop,  upon  the  root. 

3.    The   Stem. 

1.3.  The  Stem,  or  Ascending  Axis,  is  that  part  of  the  plant  which  grows  up- 
ward into  the  air  and  light,  bearing  leaves  and  flowers.  It  exists,  under  various 
modifications,  in  all  flowering  plants  ;  but  in  those  which  are  said  to  be  steinlcss 
or  acaulescent,  it  is  very  short,  or  concealed  in  the  ground. 

14.  It  consists  of  a  succession  of  leaf-bearing  points,  or  Nodes,  separated  by 
naked  joints,  or  Internodes.  The  growing  points,  which  are  {protected  by  reduced 
leaves  in  the  form  of  scales,  are  called  Buds.  These  are  tcrmimil,  when  they  ter- 
minate the  axis ;  axillary,  when  they  spring  from  the  axil  of  the  leaves ;  that  is, 
from  the  point  where  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaf  joins  the  stem ;  and  adventi- 
tious, when  they  are  developed  from  any  other  part. 

15.  Simple  stems  grow  by  the  development  of  the  terminal  bud  alone  ;  branch- 
ing stems  expand  indefinitely  from  the  axillary  buds  also.  The  ultimate  divis- 
ions of  the  branches  are  called  branchlets. 

16.  The  jointed  stem  of  Grasses  and  similar  plants  is  a  Culm. 

17.  The  thick  and  simple  stem  of  the  Palmetto  is  a  Onidex. 

18.  A  Rhizoma,  or  Rootstock,  is  a  perennial  stem,  commonly  creeping  on  the 
ground,  or  beneath  its  surface,  developing  annually  a  bud  at  tlie  apex,  while 
the  older  portion  decays. 

19.  A  Tuber  is  a  subterranean  branch,  excessively  thickened  by  the  deposition 
of  starchy  matter,  and  furnished  with  minute  scales,  having  concealed  buds  (eyes) 
in  their  axils. 

20.  A  Corm  is  a  solid  globular  subteirancan  stem,  filled  with  starchy  matter, 
with  a  bud  at  the  apex  and  roots  below. 

21.  A  Bnlh  is  a  short  subterranean  stem,  made  uj)  of  the  thickened  bases  of 
leaves,  in  the  form  of  persistent  scales.  It  is  tunicnted  or  coaled,  when  the  scales 
are  large  and  wrapped  one  within  the  other;  and  scaly,  when  these  are  small 
and  imbricated.  Small  aerial  bulbs,  such  as  are  home  in  the  axil  of  the  leaves 
of  the  Tiger-Lily,  and  among  the  flowers  of  the  Onion,  are  called  Bulhhts. 

22.  A  Stolon  is  a  branch  which  bends  to  the  earth,  strikes  root,  and  forms  a 
new  plant. 


ELEMENTS    OF    BOTANY.  XI 

23.  A  Runner  is  a  thread-like  prostrate  branch,  producing  roots  and  a  tuft  of 
leaves  at  its  extremity 

24.  Spines,  or  Thorns,  are  imperfectly  developed,  leafless  branches,  with  hard 
tips. 

25.  Tendrils  are  the  thread-like  spirally  coiled  branches  of  weak  and  slender 
plants,  by  means  of  which  they  attach  themselves  to  other  and  stronger  objects 
for  support.  Leaf-stalks  and  parts  of  the  inflorescence  are  occasionally  convert- 
ed into  tendi'ils. 

26.  Plants  which  die  down  to  the  ground  at  the  close  of  the  season,  or  after 
maturing  seed,  are  called  Herbs,  or  Herbaceous  Plants.  Those  with  woody  stems, 
lasting  from  year  to  year,  when  of  humble  size,  are  called  Shrubs,  and  when 
reaching  an  elevation  of  twenty  feet  or  more,  Trees. 

4r.    Internal   Structure   of   Stems. 

27.  The  stems  of  Pheenogamous  Plants  are  composed  of  cellular  tissue,  woody 
tissue,  and  vessels ;  and  upon  the  arrangement  of  the  latter  are  founded  the  two 
divisions  of  Exogenous  and  Endogenous  Plants. 

28.  Exogenous  stems  consist  of  a  central  column,  called  the  Pith ;  an  external 
covering,  called  the  Bark ;  and  a  middle  portion,  called  the  Wood. 

29.  Their  Pith  is  a  mass  of  cellular  tissue,  enclosed  in  a  thin  sheath  of  spiral 
vessels,  termed  the  Medullary  Sheath. 

30.  Their  Wood  is  composed  of  one  or  more  layers  of  woody  and  vascular 
tissue,  traversed  by  thin  plates  of  cellular  tissue,  called  the  medullary  rays,  and 
annually  increased,  in  all  pei-ennial  stems,  by  the  addition  of  a  new  layer  to  the 
outside  of  that  of  the  previous  year.  The  new  wood  is  called  the  Alburnum,  or 
Sap-wood,  and  the  older  and  harder  portion,  the  Duramen,  or  Heart-wood. 

31.  The  Bai'k,  like  the  wood,  is  made  up  of  layers.  The  inner  bark,  or  Liber, 
is  composed  chiefly  of  woody  fibre.  Between  it  and  the  wood,  in  the  growing 
season,  is  secreted  a  thin  mucilage,  called  the  Cambium,  in  wliich  the  new  layers 
of  wood  and  bark  are  developed.  Surrounding  the  inner  bark  is  the  Green  bark, 
consisting  of  cellular  tissue  filled  with  Chlorophyll,  or  the  green  matter  of  veg- 
etables. Covering  the  whole  is  a  thin  membrane  of  cellular  tissue,  called  the 
Epidermis,  or  Cuticle. 

32.  Endogenous  stems  exhibit  no  distinction  of  pith,  wood,  and  bark  ;  but 
are  composed  of  threads  or  bundles  of  woody  tissue,  irregularly  embedded  in 
cellular  tissue.  They  increase  in  diameter  by  the  formation  of  new  bundles, 
which  are  chiefly  directed  to  the  centre  of  the  stem. 

5.    The   lieavea. 

33.  Leaves  are  expanded  appendages  of  the  stem,  developed  frbm  axillary 
and  terminal  buds.  They  consist  of  loose  cellular  tissue,  supported  by  a  net- 
work of  woody  and  vascular  tissue,  called  veins  or  ribs,  and  protected  by  the 
epidermis.  In  them  the  fluids  received  from  the  root,  and  what  they  imbibe 
from  the  air,  through  minute  openings  in  the  epidermis,  called  stomata,  are  con- 
verted into  the  proper  food  of  the  plant. 

34.  In  the  bud,  they  are  folded,  plaited,  or  coiled  in  various  ways.  This  is 
termed  their  Vernation. 


Xii  1NTI{«)1>ICTI<)N'. 

.15.  A  ('(iniple'ti'  K-:if  (•()in[)risi's  tlic  Bhxih ,  tlio  Slnlk,  ami  a  pair  of  Stipules; 
liiit  those  tlirec  parts  are  not  always  present  in  one  leaf. 

3G.  Tlio  Blade,  Linih,  or  Lamina,  is  the  expanded  part,  and  presents  a  great 
variety  of  forms.  It  is  simple,  when  it  consists  of  a  single  ])ieee,  liowever  cut  or 
divided  ;  and  cumimunil,  when  of  two  or  more  distiiut  pieces  (Itajiits),  which 
.separate  hy  a  joint. 

.'?7.  Tiic  Stalk,  or  Petiole,  connects  the  blade  with  the  stem.  When  it  is 
wanting,  the  leaf  is  said  to  be  sessile.     Tiie  stalk  of  a  leallet  is  called  a  Piliolule. 

38.  Tiie  Stijiiiles  arc  ajjpendages  of  various  forms,  placed  one  on  each  side  at 
tiie  base  of  the  petiole.  They  are  separate,  or  else  united  with  the  petiole,  or 
with  each  other,  wlien  they  occasionally  ft)rtn  a  slieath  (Ocltrea)  artiund  the 
stem  above.     The  stipules  of  a  leaflet  are  called  Stiptls. 

39.  The  manner  in  which  the  veins  are  distributed  through  the  leaf  is  called 
Venation. 

40.  There  are  two  modes  of  venation  ;  viz.  paralkl-veined,  or  nerved,  when 
several  simple  veins,  or  ribs,  run  parallel  from  the  base  of  the  blade  to  its  apex ; 
and  reticulated,  or  netied-veinid,  when  the  veins  divide  into  numerous  primar\'  and 
secondary  branches  (veinhts),  which  again  unite  to  form  a  kind  of  network. 

41.  The  latter  mode  embraces  both  the  pinmitdy  reined,  or  feather-veined  leaf, 
where  the  petiole  is  continued  through  the  middle  of  the  blade,  giving  off  at  in- 
tervals lateral  veins;  and  the  palmately  veined  or  ribbed  leaf,  when  it  divides  at 
the  apex  into  three  or  more  strong  branches. 

42.  The  manner  in  which  leaves  arc  divided  corresponds  with  that  of  their 
venation. 

43.  A  simple  pinnately  veined  leaf  becomes  pinnatijid,  when  the  incisions 
(sinuses)  extend  about  half-way  to  the  midrib,  or  continuation  of  the  petiole ; 
and  pinnatelji  divided,  when  they  extend  down  to  the  midrib.  A  compound  pin- 
natel}''  veined  leaf  is,  of  course,  pinnate,  with  the  separate  leaflets  arranged  on 
each  side  of  the  common  petiole.  When  this  is  terminated  by  a  leaflet,  the  leaf 
is  said  to  be  odd-pinnate,  or  unequally  pinnate,  and  when  it  is  wanting,  abruptly 
pinnate. 

44.  So,  also,  the  palmately  A'cined  leaf  becomes  palmately  cleft  or  divided, 
when  the  incisions  are  directed  toward  the  base  of  the  blade.  When  the  divis- 
ions consist  of  separate  leaflets,  it  becomes  palmately  compound. 

4.5.  Floral  leaves,  or  those  from  the  axils  of  which  the  flowers  arc  developed, 
arc  called  Bracts;  and  those  which  arc  borne  on  the  flower-stalk,  Bractlets. 

6.    The   Flower. 

46.  A  Flower  consists  of  those  parts,  or  organs,  which  arc  concerned  in  the 
production  of  seed.  Like  the  leaf,  of  which  its  jjarts  are  a  niodirtcation,  it  is 
developed  from  an  axillary  or  terminal  bud. 

47.  The  manner  in  which  the  flowers  are  an-angcd  on  the  stem  or  branches  is 
termed  the  Inflorescence. 

48.  There  are  two  modes  of  inflorescence  ;  viz.  the  indefinite,  or  centripetal, 
where  the  flowers  all  arise  from  axillary  buds,  the  lowest  or  outermost  expand- 
ing first,  while  the  axis  elongates  indefinitely  from  the  terminal  bud ;  and  the 
definite,  or  centrifugal,  where  the  flowers  arise  from  the  terminal  bud,  first,  of  the 
main  axis,  and  successively  from  that  of  the  branches. 


ELEMENTS    OF   BOTANY.  Xlii 

49.  When  the  flowers  arise  from  the  axil  of  the  ordinary  leaves  of  the  stem, 
they  are  said  to  be  axillary ;  but  oftener,  they  are  disposed  in  a  more  or  less 
obvious  cluster,  each  arising  from  the  axil  of  a  greatly  reduced  leaf,  or  Bract. 

50.  The  stalk  of  a  solitary  flower,  or  of  a  cluster  of  flowers,  is  termed  the 
Peduncle;  or,  when  it  proceeds  from  the  root,  a  Scape;  and  that  of  each  indi- 
vidual  of  a  cluster  is  called  a  Pedicel.  The  main  axis  of  a  cluster,  or  that 
portion  of  the  common  peduncle  which  bears  the  flowers,  is  called  the  Rac/iis. 

51.  The  indefinite  inflorescence  includes  the  Spike,  Anient,  Spudix,  Raceme 
Corymb,  Umbel,  Head,  and  Panicle ;  the  definite,  the  Cyme  and  its  modifications. 

52.  The  Spike  consists  of  a  more  or  less  elongated  rachis,  with  the  flowers 
sessile,  or  nearly  so,  in  the  axils  of  the  bracts. 

53.  The  Ament,  or  Catkin,  is  the  scaly  deciduous  spike  of  the  Pine  and 
Willow. 

54.  The  Spadix  is  a  spike  with  the  flowers  borne  on  a  thick  and  fleshy  rachis. 
It  is  naked,  as  in  the  Golden-club,  or  enclosed  in  a  hood,  called  the  Sputhe,  as  in 
the  Indian  Turnip. 

55.  The  Raceme  presents  the  elongated  rachis  of  the  spike,  but  the  flowers 
are  raised  on  pedicels. 

56.  The  Corymb  is  a  short  raceme,  with  the  lower  pedicels  elongated,  so  as  to 
bring  their  flowers  to  the  same  level  as  the  upper  ones. 

57.  The  Umbel  is  a  modification  of  the  raceme,  but  with  the  rachis  so  much 
contracted,  that  the  pedicels  (rays)  apparently  spring  from  a  common  centre. 
When  the  umbel  is  compound,  the  partial  umbels  are  termed  Umbellets. 

58.  A  Head  is  an  umbel  with  sessile  flowers.  The  crowded  bracts  of  this  and 
the  preceding  are  collectively  termed  the  Involucre,  and  those  of  the  umbellets, 
the  Involucel. 

59.  When  the  pedicels  of  a  raceme  or  corymb  are  transformed  into  branches, 
either  simple  or  successively  divided,  the  inflorescence  becomes  a  Panicle. 

60.  When  the  further  growth  of  the  axis  is  arrested  by  a  single  terminal 
flower,  and  from  the  axils  below  branches  are  developed,  each  terminated  by  a 
flower,  and  bearing  branches  in  the  same  manner,  the  inflorescence  is  said  to  be 
cymose  or  centrifugal.  But  it  presents  several  peculiar  forms,  occasioned  either 
by  the  imperfect  development,  or  by  the  entire  suppression  of  some  of  its  parts. 
Some,  as  the  true  Cyme,  are  short  and  expanded  ;  others  are  elongated,  like  the 
spike  or  raceme.  In  all,  the  flowers  expand  successively  from  the  summit, 
downward,  or  from  the  centre,  outward. 

61.  The  Flower  consists,  commonly,  of  one  or  more  whorls  of  leaves,  called 
the  Floral  Envelopes,  —  of  which  the  outer  one  is  termed  the  Calyx,  and  the  inner 
one  the  Corolla,  —  an  inner  whorl  of  thread-like  organs,  called  the  Stamens,  and 
orfe  or  more  central  organs,  called  the  Pistils.  These  are  inserted  on  the  apex 
of  the  axis,  which  here  takes  the  name  of  Torus,  or  Receptacle. 

62.  The  Floral  Envelopes  are  sometimes  wanting ;  but  the  stamens  and  pis- 
tils, being  the  fertilizing  organs,  are,  in  all  perfect  flowers,  always  present. 

63.  The  Calyx  is  composed  of  leaves  (Sepals),  usually  of  a  greenish  color, 
which  are  distinct,  or  united  by  their  margins.  When  the  floral  envelopes  con- 
sist of  a  single  whorl  only,  it  is  always  a  calyx.  ^ 

'  b 


xiv  INTRODUCTION. 

64.  The  Corolla  is  usually  of  a  thinner  texture  than  the  calyx,  and  variously 
colortd.  Its  leaves  (I'dals),  when  of  the  same  number  as  the  sepals,  always 
iilteniatc  with  them.  They  aii;  also  often  united  liy  their  eontiguous  margins,  to 
form  a  tnonopetaluus  corolla. 

65.  When  the  ealyx  and  corolla  arc  so  nearly  alike  as  not  to  be  readily  dis- 
tinguished, they  are  colleetively  termed  the  Ptrlnnth. 

G6.  A  tiower  is  com/ilcte  when  all  its  parts  are  present  ;  iucom/ihlc,  when  the 
Horal  enveloi)es,  or  a  part  of  them,  are  wanting ;  perfect,  when  the  suimens  and 
pistils  are  borne  in  the  same  flower  ;  impcrftct,  or  diclinous,  when  they  arc  borno 
in  separate  flowers ;  reyular,  when  the  sej)als  or  petals  are  of  uiiifmin  shape  and 
size ;  and  iirer/ular,  when  they  arc  unlike  in  shape  or  size. 

67.  Imperfect  flowers  are  further  distinguished  into  monoecious,  when  those  fur- 
nished with  stamens  (staminate  or  sterile  Jloivers)  and  those  furnished  with  |)istils 
(pistillate  or  fertile  Jlowers)  are  borne  on  the  same  plant;  diacious,  when  they  are 
borne  on  separate  plants ;  and  pohjfjmhous,  when  both  j)erfect  and  imjierfcct  flow- 
ers are  borne  on  the  same  oriliflerent  individuals. 

68.  The  manner  in  which  the  parts  of  the  floral  envelopes  are  arranged  with 
respect  to  each  other  in  the  bud  is  termed  their  ^Estivation.  They  are  valvate, 
when  their  contiguous  margins  meet,  without  overlapping ;  indiiplicate,  when 
these  project  inwardly ;  reduplicate,  when  they  project  outwardly ;  imbricated, 
when  the  margins  of  one  overlap  the  adjacent  margins  of  the  two  next  within  ; 
convolute,  or  twisted,  when  one  edge  of  each  piece  covers  the  margin  of  the  one 
next  before  it,  and  the  other  edge  is  covered  by  the  margin  of  the  one  next  after 
it ;  and  plaited,  when  the  parts  are  folded  lengthwise. 

7.    The    Stamens. 

69.  A  Stamen  consists  of  a  sac,  called  the  Anther,  and,  usually,  a  stalk,  called 
the  Filament,  by  which  it  is  supported. 

70.  They  are  hi/pogj/nous,  when  they  are  inserted  on  the  receptacle  ;  perigynous, 
when  on  the  calyx ;  epigynoiis,  when  on  the  ovary ;  epipetalous,  when  on  the  co- 
rolla ;  and  gynandrous,  when  they  are  united  with  the  style.  They  are,  also, 
often  combined  with  each  other,  either  into  one  set  (monadelphous) ,  or  into  two, 
three,  or  more  sets  (diadelphous,  triadelphous,  &c.). 

71.  The  Anther  is  composed,  commonly,  of  two  united  cells,  which  open  in 
various  ways,  and  discharge  a  yellow,  fertilizing  powder,  called  the  Pollen.  The 
part  which  connects  the  cells  is  the  Connective. 

72.  It  is  erect,  or  innate,  when  fixed  by  its  base  to  the  apex. of  the  filament; 
adnate,  when  fixed  to  the  filament  by  its  whole  length ;  versatile,  when  fixed  by 
the  middle  to  the  apex  of  the  filaments  on  which  it  turns  as  on  a  pivot;  introrse, 
when  it  faces  inwardly  toward  the  pistils ;  and  extrorse,  when  it  faces  outwardly 
toward  the  petals.     Occasionally,  they  are  united  into  a  tube  (syngenesious). 

7.3.  Between  the  stamens  and  the  pistils  is  often  a  fleshy  expansion,  called  the 

Disk. 

8.    Tlie  Pistils. 

74.  The  Pistils  occupy  the  centre  of  the  flower.     They  are  inserted,  singly  or 

in  a  whorl,  on  the  receptacle ;  or,  when  this  is  elongated  or  enlarged,  they  cover 

its  surface. 


ELEMENTS    OF    BOTANY.  XV 

75.  A  Pistil  consists  of  three  parts,  —  the  Ovaiy,  the  Stijle.,  and  the  Stigma. 

76.  The  Ovary  is  the  lower  and  hollow  portion,  containing  the  Ovules,  or  ru- 
diments of  seeds. 

77.  The  Style  is  an  extension  of  the  ovary,  commonly  of  its  apex,  which  sup- 
ports the  stigma. 

78.  The  Stigma  is  commonly  the  apex  of  the  style,  or,  when  this  is  wanting, 
of  the  ovary,  denuded  of  the  epidermis. 

79.  When  the  pistil  is  composed  of  a  single  piece,  or  carpel,  it  is  simple;  but, 
oftener,  it  is  compound,  consisting  of  two  or  more  cai-pels,  united  by  their  margins, 
or  by  their  sides,  which  then  form  partitions  or  dissepiments,  that  divide  the  pistil 
into  as  many  cells  as  there  are  carpels. 

80.  The  line  next  the  axis,  or  whicli  corresponds  to  the  united  margins  of  a 
folded  leaf,  is  called  the  Ventral  Suture ;  and  that  which  corresponds  to  the  mid- 
rib, the  Dorsal  Suture. 

81.  The  Ventral  Suture  bears  the  ovules ;  and  the  line  of  their  attachment  is 
called  the  Placenta.  This  is  central  or  axile,  when  it  occupies  the  centre  of  the 
pistil,  and  parietal,  when  it  is  borne  on  its  walls. 

82.  The  Ovule  is  connected  with  the  placenta  by  a  cord,  called  the  Funiculus. 
It  consists  of  a  central  body,  called  the  Nucleus,  enclosed  in  two  sacs,  each  with 
an  opening  at  the  apex,  called  the  Foramen.  The  outer  sac  is  termed  the  Primine, 
and  the  inner  one  the  Secundine.  The  point  where  these  parts  unite  is  called  the 
Chalaza. 

83.  The  Ovule  is  ortliotropous  when  the  chalaza  is  next  the  placenta,  and  the 
apex  at  the  opposite  extremity;  campylotropous,  when  it  curves  on  itself,  so  as  to 
bring  the  apex  near  the  chalaza ;  anatropous,  when  it  is  inverted  on  its  cord,  to 
which  it  adheres ;  the  true  apex  pointing  to  the  placenta,  while  the  chalaza,  or 
true  base,  points  in  an  opposite  direction ;  and  amphitropous,  when  it  is  half  in- 
verted on  its  cord,  its  axis  running  parallel  with  the  placenta.  The  adhering 
portion  of  the  cord  in  the  last  two  cases  is  termed  the  Raphe. 

9.    The  Fruit. 

84.  The  Fruit  is  the  ovary,  with  its  contents,  brought  to  maturity.  But  dur- 
ing this  process  it  sometimes  undergoes  important  changes,  either  by  the  obliter- 
ation or  abortion  of  some  of  its  cells,  partitions,  or  ovules,  or  by  the  formation  of 
false  partitions,  or  by  various  changes  effected  in  its  walls,  or  in  the  parts  which 
surround  them. 

8.5.  In  some,  the  walls,  or  Pericarp,  remain  closed ;  in  others,  they  open,  or 
are  dehiscent  in  various  ways,  oftener  splitting  regularly  into  separate  pieces, 
called  Valves. 

86.  Many  terms  are  employed  to  designate  the  different  kinds  of  fruit,  but  only 
the  following  are  in  general  use. 

87.  A  Follicle  is  a  simple  fruit,  opening  along  the  ventral  suture  only ;  as  the 
fruit  of  the  Milkweed. 

88.  A  Legume  is  a  simple  fruit  opening  at  both  sutures  ;  as  in  the  Pulse  Fam- 
ily.    When  it  is  divided  across  into  closed  joints,  it  is  a  Lament. 

89.  A  Capsule  is  a  dry  compound  fruit,  opening  in  various  ways.  When  it 
opens  at  the  dorsal  sutures,  or  into  the  cells,  the  dehiscence  is  said  to  be  loculicidali 


Xvi  INTUOnrCTION. 

and  septicidul,  when  it  opens  at  tlie  vcntnil  suture,  or  tlirou'Ji  the  partitions. 
When  it  opens  transversely,  tlic  upper  portion  fulHng  otl"  entire,  Uke  u  lid,  the 
deliisecnee  is  circiiinscissiU'. 

90.  A  Sllique  is  a  slender  two-valved  eapsule,  with  two  parietal  j)laeentffi  con- 
nected by  a  ]>ersistent  false  partition.  A  short  and  broad  silicjue  is  a  Silicle. 
These  are  jicculiar  to  the  Mustard  Family. 

91.  A  Pi/io  is  the  lieshy  iudehiseent  fruit  of  the  Gourd  Family,  with  the  seeds 
often  embedded  in  the  pulpy  plaeent:e. 

92.  A  Pume  is  the  indchiscent  fruit  of  the  Apple  or  Quince  tribe,  where  the 
cells  arc  enclosed  in  the  enlarged  and  He.shy  tuijc  of  the  calyx. 

93.  A  Berry  is  an  indehisceut  fruit,  with  the  seeds  embedded  in  soft  jiulp. 

94.  A  Drupe  consists  of  one  or  more  hard  or  bony  cells,  called  the  Puta- 
men,  covered  with  a  fleshy  or  pulpy  coat,  called  the  Sarcocarp;  as  the  Peach, 
Holly,  &c. 

95.  An  Achcnium  is  a  small,  dry,  one-seeded,  indchiscent  fruit,  the  walls  of 
which  do  not  adhere  to  the  enclosed  seed.  When  these  are  closely  united,  it 
becomes  a  Caryopsis ;  or  when  the  walls  are  thin  and  bladder-like,  and  open 
irregularly,  a  Utricle. 

96.  A  Nut  is  a  dry,  iudehiseent  fruit,  with  hard  or  bony  walls ;  as  the  Acorn 
and  Hickory-nut. 

97.  A  Samara  is  a  dry,  indehiscent  fruit,  with  its  walls  expanded  into  a  wing; 
as  that  of  the  INIaple  and  Elm. 

98.  The  collective  fruit  of  the  Pine  is  called  a  Cone  or  Strobile. 

10.    The  Seed. 

99.  The  Seed  is  the  matured  ovule,  and  contains  the  Embryo,  or  the  rudiment 
of  a  future  plant.  The  outer  coat,  or  Integument^  is  called  the  Testa.  It  varies 
greatly  in  texture,  and  is  occasionally  furnished  with  hairs,  which  either  cover  the 
entire  seed,  or  form  a  tuft  (Coma)  at  one  or  both  extremities. 

100.  The  terms  employed  in  describing  the  ovule  are  chiefly  applicable  to  the 
seed.  The  foramen  of  the  ovule,  which  is  closed  in  the  seed,  becomes  the  Mi- 
cropyle,  and  is  always  opposite  the  radicle  of  the  embryo.  The  scar  left  on  the 
seed  by  the  separation  of  the  cord  is  the  Hilum.  It  is  sometimes  enveloped  in 
a  false  covering,  originating,  during  its  growth,  from  the  cord  or  from  the  pla- 
centa.    This  is  called  the  Aril. 

101.  The  Testa  mcludes  either  the  embryo  alone,  or  an  additional  nutritive 
substance,  called  the  Albumen. 

102.  The  Embryo  consists  of  the  Radicle,  the  Plumule,  and  the  Cotyledons. 

103.  The  Radicle  is  the  first  joint  of  the  stem.  In  germination,  it  elongates 
at  one  end  to  form  the  root,  and  at  the  other,  from  a  minute  bud  [Plumule),  to 
form  the  stem.  It  is  inferior  when  it  points  to  the  base  of  the  pericarp,  and  su- 
perior when  it  points  to  its  summit. 

104.  The  Cotyledons  are  the  seed-leaves.  The  embryo  of  the  Exogenous 
Plants  bears  two  of  these,  placed  opposite  (rarely  three  or  more  in  a  whori), 
while  that  of  Endogenous  Plants  bears  only  one.  Hence  the  former  are  called 
dicotyledonous,  and  the  latter  monocotyledonous. 

10.5.  When  the  embryo  is  exposed  to  the  combined  influence  of  air,  heat,  and 
moisture,  it  develops  into  a  growing  plant.     Tiiis  is  termed  Germination. 


ELEMENTS    OF    BOTANY.  XTIJ 

106.  The  preceding  considerations  refer  solely  to  Phtenogamous  Plants,  or 
those  which  hear  flowers,  consisting  of  stamens  and  pistils,  and  produce  seeds, 
which  contain  an  embryo,  or  a  rudiment  of  a  future  plant. 

107.  But  there  are  plants  of  a  lower  grade,  which  do  not  bear  flowers  furnished 
with  ordinary  stamens  and  pistils,  nor  seeds  containing  an  embryo,  but  in  place 
of  seeds  they  croduce  minute  powdery  bodies,  called  Spores.     These  are  termed 

11.    Cryptoganf»ous  or  PloAverless  Plants. 

108.  The  stems  of  the  higher  orders  of  Cryptogamous  Plants  —  and  these  only 
are  embraced  in  this  work  —  exhibit  nearly  the  same  anatomical  structure  as 
those  of  PhiBHogamous  Plants.  But  they  grow  only  from  the  apex,  without  any 
perceptible  increase  of  diameter,  and  therefore  are  termed  Acrogens  or  Point- 
growers. 

109  The  different  orders  presenting  no  common  type,  the  habit,  the  mode  of 
inflorescence,  and  the  process  of  fertilization,  so  far  as  it  is  known,  being  different 
in  all  of  them,  the  characteristics  of  each  are  more  conveniently  explained  in  the 
body  of  the  work,  and  need  not  be  enumerated  here. 

1$2.    Classification. 

1 10.  Classification  consists  in  the  airanging  of  plants  possessing  like  structure, 
habits,  &c.,  into  groups,  designating  theni  by  proper  names,  and  defining  them 
by  appropriate  characters. 

111.  An  assemblage  of  individuals  which  are  so  essentially  alike  as  to  indicate 
their  descent  from  a  common  parent,  and  which  preserve  their  characteristics 
when  propagated  from  seed,  is  termed  a  Species.  But  circumstances  connected 
with  the  growth  of  an  individual  may  produce  some  deviation  from  its  ordinary 
state,  and  it  then  becomes  a  Variety. 

112.  When  the  pistil  of  one  species  is  fertilized  by  the  pollen  of  another  allied 
species,  the  result  is  a  Hybrid. 

113.  An  assemblage  of  species  agreeing  with  one  another  in  structure  and  ap- 
pearance constitutes  a  Genus.  In  the  same  manner,  although  with  fewer  points 
of  agreement,  genera  are  collected  into  Orders,  or  Families,  and  these,  in  turn,  into 
Classes. 

114.  But  each  of  these  may  include  members  that  agree  in  some  important 
points,  which  are  not  common  to  the  others.  Of  such  are  formed  the  intermedi- 
ate divisions  of  Subgenera,  Suborders,  and  Subclasses. 

11.5.  There  are  two  modes  or  systems  of  classification;  the  Artificial  System 
of  Linnaeus,  and  the  Natural  System  of  Jussieu. 

116.  In  the  Artificial  System,  the  Classes  and  Orders  are  founded  on  the  num- 
ber, position,  and  connection  of  the  stamens  and  pistils,  regardless  of  any  other 
relationship  In  the  Natural  System,  every  part  of  the  plant  is  taken  into  consid- 
eration ;  and  the  Orders  embrace  those  genera  which  agree  with  each  other  in  the 
greatest  number  of  important  particulars.  The  latter  system  is  now  in  almost 
universal  use,  and  is  the  one  adopted  in  this  work. 


n.  GLOSSARY  OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


%*  The  mimbcrs  annexed  to  the  names,  or  their  definition,  refer  to  the  pamcmplis  of  the 
preceding  Skctcli  ;  but  those  preceded  by  "  Flora,  p."  refer  to  the  piiges  of  the  Flora. 


Abortive :  not  Ailly  developed. 

AbiTjptly  pininite,  43. 

Accumbent:  Flora,  p.  24. 

Achenium,  95. 

Achlamydeous:  -withoiit  floral  envelopes. 

Acrogens:  Flora,  p.  585. 

Acuminate :  tapering  into  a  slender  point. 

Acute :  pointed. 

Adherent  :  growing  fast  to  another 
body. 

Adnate :  same  as  Adherent. 

Adnate  Antliers,  72. 

Aerial  Roots,  10. 

^Estivation,  68. 

Air-Plants,  11. 

Aggi-egate:  crowded  together. 

Albumen,  101. 

Alburnum,  30. 

Alternate:  scattered;  one  after  another. 

Alveolate :  deeply  pitted. 

Ament,  53. 

Amentaceous :  bearing  aments. 

Amijliitropiius,  83. 

Anatropous,  83. 

Androgynous :  containing  both  staminate 
and  pistillate  flowers. 

Angiospemia? :  Flora,  p.  1. 

Annual:  lasting  only  one  year. 

Annular:  disposed  in,  or  forming,  a  ring 
or  circle. 

Anterior:  applied  to  that  part  of  an  axil- 
lary flower  which  is  farthest  removed 
from  the  main  axis. 

Anther,  71. 

Apetalous:  without  petals. 

Apiculate  :  tipped  with  a  short  abnipt 
point. 

Appendage:  something  added  to  a  part. 

Appressed :  lying  near  to ;  pressed  against. 

Aquatic  :  growing  in  water. 

Arborescent:  tree-like. 

Areolation :  spaces  between  the  leaf- veins. 

Aril,  100. 

Arilled:  covered  with  an  aril. 

Armed:  furnished  with  thorns,  prickles, 
&c. 

Articulated:  divided  into  joints;  connect- 
ed by  a  joint. 


Ascending:  )  curving  outward  and  uj)- 
Assurgent:  j       ward. 
Attenuated :  gradually  narrowed. 
Auriculate:  eared;  bearing  small  lateral 

lobes. 
Awl-shaped:  narrow  and  sharp-pointed. 
Awn:  a  rigid  bristle-like  appendage. 
Awncd :  bearing  an  awn. 
Axil:  the  point  where  the  upper  surface 

of  the  leaf  joins  the  stem. 
Axillary:  borne  in  the  axil. 
Axis:  tlie  central  line  of  a  body;  the  part 

around  which  others  grow. 

Baccate :  berry-like ;  juicy. 

Barbed:  bearing  rigid  points  which  are 

directed  backward. 
Bark,  31. 

Basal:  belonging  to  the  base. 
Beaked :  ending  in  a  stout  point. 
Bearded:  bearing  tufts  or  lines  of  hairs. 
Bell-shaped:  expanding  from  a  short  and 

rounded  base,  into  a  spreading  border. 
Beny,  93. 

Bidentate :  two-toothed. 
Biennial :  lasting  two  vears. 
Bifid:  two-cleft. 

Bifoliolate:  bearing  two  leaflets. 
Biglandular:  bearing  two  glands. 
Bilabiate :  two-lipped. 
Bipinnate:  twice  pinnate. 
Biternate:  twice  ternate. 
Bladders :  small  sacs  filled  with  air. 
Blade:  the  expanded  portion  of  a  leaf,&c. 
Boat-shaped :  see  Carinate. 
Brachiate;  with  pairs  of  opposite  branches 

spreading  at  right  angles. 
Bract,  45. 

Bracted :  furnished  with  bracts. 
Bractlet,  45. 
Bristle :  a  rigid  hair. 
Bristlv:  beset  with,  or  like,  bristles. 
Brush-shaped:  divided  at  the  apex  into 

numerous  hairs  or  filaments. 
Bud,  14 
Bulb,  21. 

Bulbous :  shaped  like  a  bulb. 
Bulblet,  21. 


GLOSSARY. 


Caducous :  fallinp;  a^vay  early. 

Ctespitose:  gi-owing  in  a  tuft. 

Callous:  thickened. 

Calyx,  63. 

Cambium,  31. 

Campanulate:  see  Bell  shaped. 

Campylotropous,  83. 

Capillary:  hair-like. 

Capsule,'  89. 

Capsular:  relating  to,  or  with  the  char- 
acters of  a  capsule. 

Carinate:  keeled;  bearing  on  the  back  a 
sharp  longitudinal  ridge. 

Cariopsis,  95. 

Carpel:  a  single  pistil,  or  one  of  the  parts 
of  a  compound  pistil. 

Carpellary :  jjertaining  to  a  carpel. 

Carpophore :  Flora,  p.  157. 

Cartilaginous:  hard  and  tough. 

Carancle :  an  appendage  of  the  hilum. 

Caudate :  tailed. 

Caudex,  17. 

Caulescent:  furnished  with  a  stem. 

Cauline:  pertaining  to  the  stem. 

Cell :  one  of  the  cavities  of  the  fniit  or 
of  the  anther,  &c. 

Celled:  divided  into  cells. 

Cellular  Tissuq,  3. 

Centrifugal  Inflorescence,  48. 

Centripetal  Inflorescence,  48. 

Chaff:  thin  scales  or  bracts. 

Chaffy :  furnished  with  chaff,  or  of  the 
texture  of  chaff. 

Chalaza,  82. 

Channelled  :  with  a  deep  longitudinal 
furrow. 

Character :  a  phrase  employed  to  distin- 
guish a  genus,  &c.  from  all  others. 

Chartaceous :  of  the  texture  of  paper. 

Chlorophyll :  the  gi-een  matter  of  leaves, 
&c. 

Ciliate:  fringed  with  a  row  of  hairs. 

Circinate:  rolled  inward  at  the  ajjex. 

Circumscissile,  89. 

Cirrhose:  bearing  tendrils;  tendril-like. 

Clasping :  enclosing  by  its  base,  as  a  leaf 
the  stem. 

Clavate:  club-shaped. 

Claw :  the  stalk  of  a  petal. 

Clawed:  raised  on  a  claw. 

Climbing:  clinging  to  other  objects  for 
support. 

Club-shaped :  terete  and  gradually  thick- 
ened upward. 

Clustei'ed:  crowded. 

Coated  Bulb,  21. 

Cobwebby:  bearing  fine  loose  hairs. 

Cochleate :  coiled  like  a  snail-shell. 

Coherent:  growing  together. 

Column:  the  axis  of  a  compound  pistil; 
the  united  stamens  of  the  Mallow  Fam- 
ily;  the  united  stamens  and  pistil  of  the 
Orchis  Family. 

Commissure:  Flora,  p.  157. 

Comose:  bearing  a  coma,  99. 

Compound:  composed  of  similar  simple 
parts,  36. 


Compressed :  flattened. 

Cone:  the  scaly  fniit  of  the  Pine. 

Confluent:  running  together. 

Conglomerate :  heaped  together. 

Conical :  cone-shaped. 

Connate:  growing  together  at  the  base, 

as  opposite  leaves  around  the  stem. 
Connective,  71. 

Connivent :  brought  near  together. 
Continuous:  in  one  piece;  not  jointed. 
Contorted :  twisted ;  bent. 
Contorted  aistivation :  see  Convolute. 
Contracted :  narrowed ;  not  spreading. 
Convolute,  68. 
Cordate:  heart-shaped. 
Coriaceous :  of  the  texture  of  leather. 
Conn,  20. 

Coi-neous :  hard  like  horn. 
Corniculate :  bearing  a  horn  or  spur. 
Corolla,  64. 
Corymb,  56. 
Corymbose  :  branched  like  a  corymb  ; 

arranged  in  corymbs. 
Costate:  ribbed. 
Cotyledons,  104. 

Creeping :  prostrate,  and  rooting. 
Crenate  :  having  sharp  notches  on  the 

edge  separated  by  rounded  teeth. 
Ci'euulate:  slightly  crenate. 
Crested:  bearing  an  elevated  ridge. 
Crown :  an  appendage  of  the  corolla  at 

the  base  of  the  limb. 
Crowned:  bearing  anything  at  the  apex. 
Cruciform:  shaped  like  a  cross. 
Cnistaceous :  hard  and  brittle,  like  a  shell. 
Cryptogamous  Plants.  107. 
Cucullate:  see  Hooded. 
Culm,  16. 

Cuneate :  wedge-shaped. 
Cup-shaped:  shaped  like  a  bowl  or  cup. 
Cuspidate  :  ending  abruptly  in  a  sharp 

point. 
Cuticle  31. 
Cylindrical:  round  and  of  nearly  equal 

thickness. 
Cyme,  60. 
Cyraose:  arranged  in  a  cyme. 

Decandrous :  having  ten  stamens. 

Deciduous:  falling  off  at,  or  before,  the 
close  of  the  season. 

Declining:  le^aning  to  one  side. 

Decompound:  several  times  divided. 

Decumbent:  prostrate,  but  ascending  at 
the  summit. 

Decurrent:  with  the  edges  extending  be- 
low the  main  point  of  attachment. 

Definite:  few;  a  number  easily  counted. 

Definite  Inflorescence,  48. 

Deflexed:  bent  downward. 

Dehiscence:  the  manner  in  which  closed 
oi-gans  regularly  open. 

Dehiscent:  opening  regularly. 

Deltoid :  triangular. 

Dentate :  having  sharp  notches  on  the  edge 
separated  by  coarse  and  spreading  teeth. 

Denticulate:  slightly  toothed. 


IN  I  KODCCTION. 


Dpprossoil:  fliittencd  horizontally. 

De.-ceiuiiiijj:  (lirected  ilowiiwurJ. 

Dhidt'lphous:  collcc-tt'il  in  two  sets. 

Diiindrous:  liiivin;;  two  stiunens. 

Dlililaniyiicuus:  liuviiig  both  calyx  mid 
corolla. 

Difliotonious:  forked. 

Dielinou^,  00. 

Diciityledonous:  Iniving  two  cotj-lcdons. 

Kidynions:  twin. 

Didyiianions:  having  four  .stamens,  with 
two  of  them  longer  than  the  otlicrs. 

DilVnse:  loosely  spreading. 

Digitate  :  when  the  apex  of  the  petiole 
bears  five  or  more  leaflets. 

Diniorphons:  of  two  forms. 

Diteeious,  07. 

Discoid:  Flora,  p.  184. 

Disk,  73.  .\lso  the  central  part  of  the 
head  of  composite  flowers. 

Dissected:  divided  into  many  lobes. 

Distichous:  two-ranked;  placed  on  oppo- 
site sides  of  the  axis. 

Distinct:  separate. 

Divaricate:  widely  spreading. 

Divided:  parted  nearly  to  the  base. 

Dorsal :  pertaining  to  Lack  or  outside. 

Dorsal  Suture,  80. 

Downy :  bearing  soft  short  hairs. 

l)rui)e,  'J4. 

Drupaceous  :  with  the  characters  of  a 
dni])c. 

Duramen,  SO. 

Dwarf:  below  the  common  size. 

Eared:  see  Auriculate. 

Echinate:  beset  with  prickles. 

Elliptical  :  in  outline  twice  as  long  as 
wide,  broadest  in  the  middle,  and 
rounded  at  each  end. 

Elongated:  unusually  long;  extended. 

Emargiuate:  notched  at  the  apex. 

Embryo,  102. 

Emerscd :  raised  out  of  water. 

Endocarp :  the  inner  layer  of  the  pericarp. 

Endogenous  (stems),  32. 

Enneandrous:  having  nine  stamens. 

Ensiform :  sword-shaped. 

Entire :  with  margins  not  toothed  or  di- 
vided. 

Epigynous,  70. 

Epi])hytes,  11. 

Equilateral :  equal-sided- 

E(|uitant  (leaves):  two-ranked,  with  their 
bases  clas])ed  one  within  the  other,  and 
their  sides  facing  the  horizon. 

Erose :  with  the  margin  irregularly  scal- 
loped, as  if  gnawed. 

Evergreen :  lasting  through  the  winter. 

Exogenous,  28. 

Exserted:  proti-uding  out  of  the  surround- 
ing parts. 

Exstipulate:  without  stipules. 

Extrorse  Anthers,  72. 

Falcate :  scvthe-shaped. 
Family,  113. 


Fan-shaped:  fuldeil  or  jilMitcd  like  a  fan. 

Farinaceou.s :  mealy. 

Fascicle:  a  cluster. 

Fascicled:  collected  in  a  cliistiT. 

Fastigiate:  rising  t(j  tiie  .same  level;  flat- 

to])])ed. 
Feather-veined,  41. 

Female  (flower.-):  itearing  only  piBtils. 
Ferruginous:  of  the  color  of  iron-inist. 
Fertile:  bearing  fruit. 
Fibre,  4. 

Fibrous  Itoots,  8. 
Fiddle-sliajied  :    ol)long   in    outline,  and 

contracted  in  the  middle. 
Filament,  09.     xVny  thread-like  part. 
Filamentose  :    bearing  or  composed  of 

threads. 
Filiform :  thread-like. 
Fimbri:vte  :  with  the  margin  cut  into  a 

fringe. 
Fistulous :  hollow. 
Fleshy:  soft  and  Juicy. 
Flexuous:  zigzag;  bent  outward  and  in- 
ward. 
Floating:  resting  on  the  surface  of  the 

water. 
Floccose :  bearingtuftsof  deciduous  hairs. 
Flora  :    a  systenuitic  description  of  the 

plants  of  k  country. 
Floral:  belonging  to'the  flowers. 
Floret :  one  of  the  flowers  of  a  cluster. 
Flower,  61. 

Flowering  Plants,  106. 
Flowerle.ss  Plants,  107. 
Foliaceous :  leaf-like. 
Foliolate:  bearing. leaflets. 
Follicle,  87. 

Follicular:  like  a  follicle. 
Forked:  divided  into  two  branches. 
Free :  separate :  disconnected. 
Fringed:  see  Ciliate. 
Frond:  the  leaf  of  a  Fern. 
Fructification:  the  fruiting  state. 
Fruit,  84. 

Frutescent :  shrubby. 
Fugacious :  continuing  for  a  short  time. 
Fulvous:  tawny. 
Funiculus,  82. 
I'nnnel-shaped :  gradually  dilated  upward 

from  a  tuliular  base. 
Furroweii :  grooved  lengthwise. 
Fusiform  :    sjiindle-shaped  ;  broadest  in 

the  middle,  and  tapering  at  each  end. 

Geminate:  by  pairs. 
Geniculate:  bent  abruptly. 
Genus,  113. 
Gennination.  10.5 
Gibbous:  puffed  out. 
Glabrous :  free  from  roughness,  or  hairs. 
Glands :  small  knobs  or  excrescences. 
Glandular:  bearing  glnnds. 
Glaucous :  covered  with  a  minute  whitish 
powder. 

gKula;:j-"'^-P^---l- 
Glomerate:  collected  in  a  close  cluster. 


GLOSSARY. 


Glumaceous  ;     glume-like,    or    bearing 

glumes. 
Glumes  :    the   scale-like   bracts,  &c.  of 

grasses  and  sedges. 
Granular :  covered  with  grains. 
Gyranospermous  Plants:  Flora,  p.  431. 
Gynandrous,  70. 

Habit:  the  general  appearance  of  a  plant. 
Habitat :  the  native  situation  of  a  plant. 
Hairs:  hair-like  appendages  of  the  cuticle. 
Haiiy :  furnished  with  hairs. 
Hastate  or  Halberd-shaped :  dilated  at  the 

base  into  two  spreading  lobes. 
Heart-shaped :  ovate,  with  a  sinus  at  the 

base. 
Heptandrous :  having  seven  stamens. 
Herb,  26. 
Herbaceous,  26 ;  of  the  color  and  texture 

of  a  leaf. 
Herbarium :  a  collection  of  dried  plants. 
Hilum,  100. 

Hirsute:  beset  with  coarse  hairs. 
Hispid:  beset  with  rigid  hairs. 
Hoary:  grayish-white. 
Homogeneous:  uniform  in  substance. 
Hooded :  rolled  inward  or  arched. 
Horn :  an  appendage  like  a  hom. 
Horny:  of  the  texture  of  horn. 
Hyaline:  thin  and  nearly  transparent. 
Hybrid,  112. 
Hypogynous,  70. 

Imbricated,  68. 

Imperfect  (flowers),  66. 

Incised:  cut  into  notches  or  lobes. 

Included :  enclosed ;  opposed  to  Exserted. 

Incumbent :  Flora,  p.  24. 

Incun^ed:  bending  inward. 

Indefinite :  numerous;  not  readily  counted. 

Indefinite  Inflorescence,  48. 

Indehiscent :  not  opening. 

Indigenous :  native  to  a  countrj% 

Induplicate:  folded  inward. 

Indusium:  Flora,  p.  5S6. 

Inferior:  below,  10.3. 

Inflated:  puflTed  out,  as  if  distended  with 
air. 

Inflexed;  bent  inwai'd. 

Inflorescence,  47. 

Innate  (anther),  72. 

Inserted  on :  used  in  the  sense  of  growing 
from  a  part. 

Insertion :  the  mode  of  attachment. 

Internodes,  14. 

InteiTupted:  not  continuous;  not  jointed. 

Interruptedly  pinnate :  with  smaller  leaf- 
lets between  the  larger  ones. 

Intervals:  Flora,  p.  157 

Introrse  (anthers),  72. 

Introduced :  brought  from  another  coun- 
trj% 

Inverted :  turned  upside  down. 

Involucel,  58. 

Involucre,  58. 

Involute:  with  the  margins  rolled  inward. 

Irregular  (flowers),  66. 


Jointed  :  separating  across  into  pieces  ; 
furnished  with  joints. 

Keel :  a  sharp  longitudinal  ridge  on  the 
back  of  an  organ;  Flora,  p.  86. 

Keeled:  see  Carinate. 

Kidney-shaped  :  heart-shaped,  but  the 
width  greater  than  the  length. 

Labellum:  the  odd  petal  (lip)  of  the  Or- 
chis Family. 

Labiate:  divided  into  an  upper  and  lower 
lobe  or  lip. 

Laciniate :  divided  into  irregular  lobes. 

Lamellate :  formed  of  thin  plates. 

Lamina:  the  blade  of  a  leaf,  &c. 

Lanceolate :  lance-shaped. 

Lanuginous :  woolly. 

Lateral:  jilaced  at,  or  pertaining  to  the 
side. 

Leaf,  33. 

Leaflet,  36. 

Leathery:  see  Coriaceous. 

Legume,  88. 

Lenticular:  like  a  double-convex  lens. 

Liber,  31. 

Ligulate:  strap-shaped. 

Ligula:  Flora,  p.  545. 

Limb:  the  expanded  part  of  a  leaf,  &c. 

Linear  :  long  and  narrow,  with  parallel 
margins. 

Lip:  see  Labellum  and  Labiate. 

Lobe :  one  of  the  parts  of  a  divided  body. 

Loculicidal,  89. 

Lunate :  crescent-shaped. 

Lyrate:  pinnatifid,*with 
enlarged. 


the  upper  lobes 


Marginal:  borne  on,  or  pertaining  to,  the 
edge  or  margin. 

Medullarv  Ravs,  30. 

Jledullary  Sheath,  29. 

jMembranous  :  of  the  texture  of  mem- 
brane 

Mericarp:  Flora,  p.  157. 

Micropyle,  100. 

Jlidrib:  the  prolongation  of  the  petiole 
through  the  limb  of  a  leaf. 

Monadelphous,  70. 

Monandrous :  bearing  one  stamen. 

Moniliform:  bearing  short  joints;  like  a 
string  of  beads. 

Monochlamydeous :  bearing  only  one  row 
of  floral  envelopes. 

Monocotyledonous,  104. 

jMoncecious.  67. 

Monopetalous  :  with  the  petals  united 
into  one  piece. 

Monosepalous  :  with  the  sepals  united 
into  one  piece. 

Mucronate:  tipped  with  an  abrupt  slen- 
der point. 

Muricate  :  beset  Avith  hard  wart-like 
points. 

Naturalized  :  introduced,  but  propagat- 
ing freely  by  seed. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Necklace-slinpod:  see  Moniliforni. 

Ni'ctiirv:  iiiiv  lioiK'V-bi'iiring  purt. 

NiM-vi-.[  (Iciivfs),  40. 

Nfttcil-vuiiicMi,  40. 

Neutnil  (tio\vtM>):  without  stiunciis  and 

I.i>tils. 
NuiUliii]i?:  turning  outwanl  (jr  downward. 
Nodes.  14. 
Nodose:  knotty. 
Nut,  90. 
Nutlet:  same  as  AcliiMiiuni. 

Obconlate:  inversely  lieurt-shaped. 

01.)lanc-eohite :  inversely  lance-snaped. 

Oblique :  unequal-sided. 

Oblonjr:  narrower  than  Elliptical,  with 
nearly  i)arallel  margiii>. 

Obovate:  egg-shaped,  with  the  narrow- 
end  downward. 

Obtuse:  blunt;  not  pointed. 

Ochrea,  .38. 

Octandrous :  having  eight  stamens. 

One-sided:  borne  one  side  of  the  axis. 

<Jpaque:  dull. 

Opposite  :  placed  directly  against  each 
other,  as  leaves  on  the  stem;  placed 
before,  as  stamens  before  the  petals. 

Orbicular:  circular. 

Organs.  6. 

Orthotropous,  8.3. 

Oval :  same  as  Elliptical. 

Ovary,  76. 

Ovate:  egg-shaped. 

Ovoid:  a  solid  with  an  oval  outline. 

Ovule,  76. 

• 

Palate  :  a  prominence  at  the  throat  of 
some  Inlabiate  flowers. 

Palea:  Flora,  p.  545. 

Palmate:  hand-shaped;  when  the  lobes 
or  divisions  spread  from  a  common 
centre. 

Palmately-veined,  41. 

Panicle,  59. 

Papery:  of  the  texture  of  paper. 

Papilionaceous  (flower):  Flora,  p.  86 

Papillose:  studded  with  minute  wart-like 
prominences. 

Pappus:  the  limb  of  the  calyx  of  com- 
posite flowers. 

Parallel-veined,  40. 

Parasitical :  supported  and  nourished  by 
other  plants. 

Parietal,  81. 

Parted:  divided  nearh^  to  the  base. 

Partial:  pertaining  to  the  parts  of  a  com- 
pound organ. 

Pectinate :  cut  into  fine  parallel  lobes. 

Podate :  nearly  as  palmate,  but  with  the 
lateral  lobes  divided. 

Pedicel.  50. 

Pedicelled:  raised  on  a  pedicel. 

I'eduncle,  50. 

Peduncled:  raised  on  a  peduncle. 

Peltate  :  fixed  to  the  stalk  at  a  point 
within  the  margins. 

Pendent:  hanging,  drooping. 


Pendulous:  somewhat  drooping. 

Penicillate:  see  Urnsh-shaped. 

Pentandrous:  having  five  sturaens 

Pepo,  91. 

Pcrfnni:d:  lasting  from  year  to  yeiir. 

Perfect  Flowers,  (it;. 

I'erfoliate:  growing  around  the  stem. 

Perianth,  6.''.. 

I'ericarp:  the  walls  of  the  fruit. 

Perigynium:  Flora,  p.  632. 

I'erigyn<ius,  70. 

Persistent:  remaining  late,  as  opposed  tu 

deciduous. 
Personate:  bearing  a  pahite. 
Petal,  64. 

Petaloid:  petal-like;  colored  like  a  petal. 
Petiole:  the  stalk  of  a  leaf. 
Petioled:  borne  on  a  petiole. 
Petiolule:  the  stalk  of  a  liMiflet. 
Petiolulate:  raised  on  a  jietiolule. 
PlncnogaTnous  Plants,  106. 
Pilose:  beset  with  stiff  straight  hairs. 
Pinnaj:  the  primary  divisions  of  a  pin- 

natelv  compound  leaf. 
Pinnate,  43. 
Pinnately  divided,  43. 
Pinnules':   the  secondary  divisions  of  a 

pinnatelv  compound  leaf. 
Pistil,  74.  " 
Pith,  29. 

Pitted:  marked  with  fine  indentations. 
Placenta,  81. 

Plaited.  68;  folded  lengthwise. 
Plumose:  featherv. 
Plumule,  103. 
Pollen.  71. 

PolJinia:  the  pollen-masses  of  the  Milk- 
weed. 
Polyandrous:  bearing  many  stamens. 
Polypetalous  and  Polysepalous:  applied 

to  a   corolla   or  calyx  with   separate 

petals  or  sepals. 
Polvmorphous:  of  various  forms. 
Pome,  92. 
Prickles :  sharp  and  rigid  appendages  of 

the  cuticle. 
Prickly :  beset  with  prickles. 
Primine,  82. 

Prismatic:  angular,  ■with  flat  sides. 
Process:  a  pi-ominence  or  jirqioction. 
Procumbent :  resting  on  the  ground. 
Produced :  prolonged. 
I'roliferous:  where  a  cluster  of  flowers 

arises  out  of  another  cluster. 
Prostrate :  see  Procumbent. 
Pubescence :  hairiness  in  general. 
Pubescent :  hairy  or  downy. 
Pulverulent:  covered  with  fine  powder. 
Punctate:  dotted. 

Pungent:  ending  in  an  al)ni])t  hard  point 
Pyramidal :  pyramid-shaped. 
Pyriform:  pear-shaped. 

Quinate:  bearing  five  leaflets. 

Raceme,  55. 
Rachis,  50. 


GLOSSARY. 


Rav«  57 ;  t'l^  marginal  flowers  a  head  or 
cvme  •  the  partial  stalks  of  an  umbel. 

Radiate 'or  Kadiaut  :  bearing  rays;  di- 
vero-iiio-  from  a  centre. 

Radic!il:°near  or  belonging  to  the  root. 

Radicle,  103. 

Raphe,  S3. 

RccGDtiicls   61. 

Keclinino-: 'leaning  or  faUing  to  one  side. 

iX^V  I  bent  gradually  backward. 

Refracted:  bent  abruptly  backward,  as  if 
broken. 

Regular:  of  uniform  shape  and  size. 

Reniform:  see  Kidney-shaped. 

Repand :  wavy. 

Resupinate:  turned  upside  down. 

Reticulate :  disposed  in  little  spaces,  like 
network. 

Revolute:  rolled  backward. 

Rhizoma,  18. 

Rhombic  or  Rhomboidal  :  diamond- 
shaped. 

Ribs,  33;  longitudinal  ridges. 

Ribbed:  bearing  ribs. 

Root,  7. 

Rootlet,  7. 

Rootstock,  18. 

Rostrate:  Ijeaked. 

Rotate :  wheel-shaped ;  with  a  short  tube 
and  a  spreading  limb. 

Rudimentary :  imperfectly  developed. 

Rugose:  uneven;  wrinkled. 

Ruminated  (albumen)  :  divided  into 
lobes. 

Runcinate :  same  as  IjTate,  but  with  the 
lobes  directed  backward. 

Runner,  23. 

Sagittate :  arrow-shaped. 

Samara,  97. 

Scabrous:  rough. 

Scales  :    reduced   leaves,  or   any   small 

and  thin  appendage. 
Scaly:  beset  with  scales;  of  the  texture 

of  scales. 
Scape,  50. 

Scarious:  very  thin  and  colorless. 
Scurfy :  covered  with  minute  scales. 
Secund:  one-sided. 
Seed,  99. 
Segment:  one  of  the  parts  of  a  divided 

leaf,  &c. 
Sepal,  63. 
Septicidal,  89. 
Serrate :  with  the  margin  cut  into  teeth 

like  a  saw. 
Serrulate:  finely  serrate. 
Sessile:  not  raised  on  a  stalk. 
Setaceous :  bristle-like. 
Sheath:   the  base  of  a  leaf  when  it  is 

wrapped  round  the  stem. 
Sheathing  :    enclosing  the   stem   like  a 

sheath. 
Shield-shaped:  see  Peltate. 
Shrub,  26. 
Silicle  and  Silique,  90. 


Silk}-:  clothed  with  fine  appressed  shin- 
ing hairs. 

Silvery :  white  and  shmmg. 

Simple :  of  one  piece. 

Sinuate  :  with  the  margins  cut  into 
i-ounded  incisions  (sinuses)  which  are 
separated  by  rounded  lobes. 

Solitary :  standing  alone. 

Sorus :  the  fruit  cluster  of  ferns. 

Spadix,  54. 

Spathe,  54. 

Spatulate  :  dilated  into  a  broad  and 
rounded  summit,  from  a  slender  base. 

Species,  111. 

Specific :  pertaining  to  a  species. 

Spike,  52. 

Spikelet :  a  small  spike,  or  a  branch  of  a 
spike. 

Spindle-shaped:  see  Fusiform. 

Spine,  24. 

Spiny:  armed  with  spines;  spine-iike. 

Spiral  Vessels,  5. 

Sporangia :  Flora,  p.  585. 

Spores :  Flora,  p.  585. 

Spur:  a  hollow  appendage  of  the  calyx 
or  the  corolla. 

Spurred:  furnished  with  a  spur. 

Squarrose  :  covered  with  spreading 
scales. 

Stamen,  69. 

Staminate :  bearing  stamens. 

Standard:  Flora,  p.  86. 

Stellate  or  Stellar  :  radiating  from  a 
common  centre. 

Stem,  13. 

Stemless,  13. 

Sterile:  unfiiiitful;  imperfect. 

Stigma,  78. 

Stigmatic :  belonging  to  the  stigma. 

Stipe :  the  stalk  of  an  ovar\^  or  of  a  fern- 
leaf. 

Stipel,  38. 

Stipellate :  furnished  with  stipels. 

Stipule,  38. 

Stipulate:  furnished  with  stipules. 

Stolon,  22. 

Stoloniferous :  bearing  stolons. 

Stomata,  33. 

Strap-shaped  :  long  and  flat,  with  par- 
allel margins. 

Striate :  marked  with  fine  furrows. 

Strigose  :  bristly  with  rigid  appressed 
hairs. 

Strobile,  98. 

Style,  77. 

Subulate:  awl-shaped. 

Sulcate:  marked  with  deep  furrows. 

Suspended:  hanging. 

Suture,  80. 

Syngenesious,  72. 

System,  115. 

Tap-root,  8. 
Tendril,  25. 

Terete:  cylindrical;  round. 
Ternate  :   of  three  leaflets  ;    three  in  a 
whorl. 


INTUODUCTION. 


Ti'stn :  tlie  covorinp  of  the  gocd. 
'ri'tnmu'rous:  in  luirts  of  four. 
'l'i'tninilniii>:  having  four  ^taiuuns. 
Tliorn,  24. 
Throiit :  the  orilice  of  a  tubuhir  corolla, 

calyx,  &c. 
Toiiiciitose:  clothed  with  ii  close  velvety 

liiiliuscence. 
Toutlieil:  M'e  Dentate. 
Top-shaped:  like  an  inverted  cone. 
Torose,  or  Tunilose:  knotted;  knobby. 
Torus,  01. 
Tree,  2i}. 

Trianch'ous:  having  three  stamens. 
Tribe:  a  subdivision  of  an  order. 
Triehotomous  ;      dividing     into     three 

branches. 
Trifoliolate:  bearing  three  leaflets. 
Truncate:  ending  abruptly,  as  if  cut  off. 
Tube :  the  united  part  of  a  calvx  or  co- 
rolla. 
Tuber,  19. 
Tubercle :  a  wart-like  ai)pendage ;  Flora, 

p.  504. 
Tubereled :  bearing  tubercles,  or  crowned 

with  a  tubercle. 
Tuberous:  like  a  tuber. 
Tubular:  shaped  like  a  tube. 
Tumid:  swelled;  thickened. 
Tunicated  pjulb,  21. 
Twin:  in  pairs;  a  pair  united. 
Twining  :    rising  by   coiling   around   a 

support. 

Umbel.  57. 

Umbelled:  arranged  in  an  umlel. 

Umbellet,  57. 

Unarmed :  destitute  of  thorns,  prickles,&c. 

Uncinate :  hooked. 

Undulate :  wavy. 

Unequally  pinnate,  43. 

Unguiculate :  clawed. 


Unifoliolate  :  bearing  a  single  leaflet. 
UrccDlate  ;  urn-shaped;  pitcher-shaped. 
I'triele,  \)b. 
Utricular  :  formed  like  a  uiriilc. 

Valve,  85. 

Yalvate,  (5S  :  ojiening  bv  valves. 

Varietv,  111. 

Vascular  Tissue,  5. 

Vaulted  :  arched. 

Veins,  33. 

Veiny  :  furnished  with  reticulated  veins. 

\'ein)('ts  :  the  ultimate  branches  of  veins. 

^'enation,  3'.i. 

Ventral  Suture,  SO. 

Ventricose  :  inflated. 

Vernation,  34. 

Versatile,  72. 

Vertical :  with  the  edges  directed  upward 

and  downward,  and  the  sides  facing  the 

horizon. 
Vessels,  2. 

Vexillum  :  Flora,  p.  86. 
Villous :  woolly. 

Virgate :  wand-like;  long  and  slender. 
Viscid  :  clammy;  glutinous. 
VittiB  :  Flora,  p.  157. 

Waxy :  like  beeswax. 

Wedge-shaped  :  broad  at  the  summit,  and 

tapering  regularly  to  the  base. 
Wheel-shaped :  see  Rotate. 
Whorl :  a  collection  of  parts  arranged  in 

a  ring  or  circle. 
Whorled  :  disposed  in  a  whorl. 
Wing:  Flora,  p.  80;  any  thin  expansion. 
Winged  :  furnished  with  wings. 
^\'ood,  30. 

Woody  :  of  the  texture  of  wood. 
Woody  Fibre  or  Woody  Tissue,  4. 
Woolly :  clothed  with  long  aud  dense  soft 

haks. 


ni.  ABBEEVIATIONS  OF  THE  NAMES  OF  AUTHORS. 


Adans.       = 

=      Adanson, 

Good.       = 

Goodenougli. 

Ait. 

Alton. 

Griseb. 

Grisebach. 

All. 

Allioiii. 

Gronov. 

Gronovius. 

Andr. 

Andrews. 

Brno. 

Haworth. 

Am. 

Arnott. 

H.  B.  K. 

Humboldt,  Bonpland,  and 

Aubl. 

Aublet. 

Hoff. 

Hoffmann.               [Kunth. 

Baldw. 

Baldwin. 

Book. 

Hooker. 

Bartr. 

Bartram. 

Houst. 

Houston. 

Beauv. 

Palisot  de  Beauvois. 

Iluds. 

Hudson. 

Benth. 

Bentham. 

J  acq. 

Jacquin. 

Bigel. 

Bigelow. 

Juss. 

Jussieu. 

Boerh. 

Boerhaave. 

L.  0)-  Linn. 

Linnfflus. 

Brongn. 

Brongniart. 

Lag 

Lagasca. 

Buckl. 

Buckley. 

Lam. 

Lamark. 

Cass. 

Cassini. 

Lehm. 

Lehmann. 

Catesb. 

Catesby. 

merit. 

L'Heritier. 

Qiv. 

Cavanilles. 

Lindl. 

Lindley. 

Chapm. 

Chapman. 

Marsh. 

Marshall. 

Chois. 

Choisy. 

Mart. 

Martins. 

Darl. 

Darlington. 

Mey. 

Clever. 

DC. 

De  Candolle. 

3richx. 

Michaux. 

A.  DC. 

Alphonse  de  Candolle. 

Midix.f. 

Michaux  the  younger. 

Desf. 

Desfontaines. 

Mill. 

Miller. 

Desv. 

Desveaux. 

Mcench. 

Jloenchausen. 

Dew. 

Dewey. 

Muhl. 

Muhlenberg. 

Dill. 

Dillenius. 

Murr. 

Murray. 

Ehrh. 

Elirhart. 

Neck. 

Necker. 

Ell. 

Elliott. 

Nets. 

Nees  von  Esenbeck. 

Endl. 

Endlicher. 

Nutt. 

Nuttall. 

Engelm. 

Engelmann. 

Panz. 

Panzer. 

Fisch. 

Fischer. 

Pers. 

Persoon. 

Forst. 

Forster. 

Plum. 

Plumier. 

Gcert. 

GjErtner. 

Poir. 

Poiret. 

Gavd. 

Gandin. 

Raf. 

Rafinesque. 

Ging. 

Gingins. 

R.  Br. 

Eobert  Brown. 

GmeL 

Gmelin. 

R.  cj-  S. 

Eoemer  &  Schultes. 

IXTUOULCTION. 


A'/<  h. 

Richard. 

Tourn.       = 

=      Toumefort. 

SiilUb. 

Salisbury. 

Tiin. 

Triiiius. 

Schk. 

Selikuhr. 

Tuck. 

Tuc'kerniau. 

Sihrwl. 

Schrader. 

Vent. 

Veiiteiiat. 

Schrtb. 

Sc-hreber. 

Wahl. 

Wahlenberg. 

Schw. 

Schweinitz. 

Waiif/. 

Waiigeiiheim. 

S(OJ>. 

Scopoli. 

Walt. 

\\'alter. 

SliiiKlir. 

Sliuttleworth. 

WaUr. 

Wallroth. 

SuUiv. 

Sullivant. 

Weitdl. 

Wendhiiid. 

Tun: 

Torrey. 

mild. 

Willdeuow. 

IV.     SIGNS  USED  IN  THIS  WORK. 


(1)  An  annual  plant. 

(2)  A  biennial  plant. 
U   A  perennial  plant. 

°  The  length  in  feet;  as,  "  2°  long,"  two  feet  long. 
'  The  length  in  inches;  as,  "2'  long,"  two  inches  long. 
"  The  length  in  lines;  as,  "2"  long,"  two  lines  long. 
(*)  Placed  at  the  end  of  a  specific  character,  denotes  that  the  species  is  not  well 

known. 
Two  adjectives  connected  by  a  hyphen  denote  a  form  intermediate  between  the 
two;  as,  "ovate-lanceolate,"  between  ovate  and  lanceolate. 

Two  figures  connected  by  a  dash,  as  "stem  4^-63  long,"  denote  that  the  length 
of  the  stem  varies  from  four  to  six  feet, 
n.  sp.    )  indicate  that  the  species,  or  genus,  is  new,  or  has  not  been  previously 
n.  gen.  )     characterized. 


V.    DIRECTIONS  TO   THE   STUDENT. 


Having  acquired  a  general  knowledge  of  the  principles  of  botany,  and  of  the 
meaning  of  the  peculiar  terms  employed  in  the  science,  the  student  proceeds  to 
study  or  analyze  plants,  with  a  view  to  determine  their  names,  and  the  place  they 
occupy  in  the  system. 

His  chief  difficulty,  at  the  outset,  will  be  to  ascertain  to  which  one  of  the  164 
natural  orders  or  families  contained  in  this  work  the  plant  he  may  have  in  hand 
belongs.  Were  he  to  attempt  to  compai'C  it  with  the  characters  of  each  order 
successively,  the  task  would  be  tedious  and  discouraging. 

To  obviate  this,  and  to  enable  him  to  refer  any  unknown  plant  directly  to  its 
proper  place  in  the  Flora,  some  guide,  sucli  as  is  supplied  by  the  following  An- 
alysis of  the  Natural  Orders,  will  be  necessary.  One  or  two  examples  will  best 
explain  its  use. 

Suppose  we  have  in  hand  a  flowering  branch  of  the  Linden-Tree  or  Bass- 
wood.  Turning  to  the  Analysis  on  page  xxix.,  we  compare  it,  first,  with  tiie 
Series  of  Ph^enogamous  Plants,  with  which  we  find  it  to  agree  in  having 
flowers. 

Then,  dividing  the  branch  across,  we  see  if  it  is  made  up  of  pith,  wood,  and 
bark ;  if  the  leaves  are  netted-veined ;  and  if  the  floral  envelopes  are  in  fours 
or  fives.  Exhibiting  these  peculiarities,  it  doubtless  belongs  to  the  Class  of 
Dicotyledonous  Plants  ;  although,  in  consequence  of  the  minuteness  of  the 
seed,  we  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain  the  number  of  the  cotyledons. 

We  next  see  if  the  ovules  are  contained  in  an  ovary.  This  being  clearly  the 
case,  it  comes  under  the  Subclass  of  Angiospekmous  Plants.  The  double 
floral  em'elopes,  and  the  separate  petals  of  the  corolla,  carry  it  to  the  Polypet- 
ALOus  Division. 

Our  attention  is  next  directed  to  the  insertion  of  the  stamens  and  petals, — 
whether  on  the  calyx,  or  hypogynous.  In  our  plant  they  are  hypogynous. 
Then,  if  the  stamens  are  more  than  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  They  are  so 
in  ours.  Then,  if  the  leaves  are  opposite  or  alternate.  In  ours  they  are  alter- 
nate. Then,  if  the  ovaries  are  more  than  one,  or  solitary  and  1-ceIled,  or  soli- 
tary and  2  -  many-celled.  In  ours  they  are  solitary  and  5-celIed ;  bringing  it 
under  the  last  alternative.      Then,  if  the  stamens  are  in  any  way  connected 


XXVllI  INTnoniTTION. 

with  the  petals,  or  free  from  tlieni.  In  ours  they  ni"e  fi-ee.  Ln'-tly,  wlicther 
they  arc  uiiiteil  into  a  tulie,  or  in  dusters,  or  are  all  separate.  In  ours  they  arc 
fro  united  in  live  eiusters,  and  the  sepaU  are  deeiduous.  This  brinj^s  our  plant 
to  the  mitiiiiil  orilir,  Tiliaci;^,  59,  —  the  number  referring  to  the  j)age  of  the 
Flora  wiiere  the  order  is  deseribed. 

Turning  to  that  Jjage,  and  comparing  our  plant  with  the  character  of  the 
order,  we  notice  their  agreement. 

We  then  i)roceed  to  lind  tlie  name  of  the  genus.  Tiiis  is  readily  done,  in  this 
instance,  by  com|)aiing  the  iilant  with  the  two  genera  comprised  in  this  order. 
With  the  first  it  will  be  found  to  agree  in  every  particular,  and  therefore  we 
need  not  carry  it  further.  We  find,  then,  the  plant  in  question  to  be  a  species 
of  the  genus  Tilia,  so  named  by  Tournefort,  and  commonly  called  Linden  or 
Dasswood. 

Again,  suppose  the  jilant  under  consideration  to  be  the  common  Bear-Grass. 
Having  flowers,  it  is,  of  course,  Pluvncxjiunous.  But,  cutting  across  the  stem,  we 
find,  in  the  place  of  pith,  wood,  and  bark,  a  wiiite  mass  of  cellular  tissue,  stud- 
ded with  minute  points,  wiiich  are  the  ends  of  the  divided  threads  of  woody 
fibre ;  the  veins  of  tlie  leaf  run  parallel  from  the  base  to  the  apex  ;  the  floral 
envelopes  are  in  two  rows  of  three  each  ;  and  the  embryo,  if  examined,  will  be 
found  to  have  but  one  cotyledon.  In  these  respects,  our  plant  difters  widely 
from  the  Class  of  Dicotyledonous  Plants,  and  wc  therefore  turn  to  its  alterna- 
tive, the  Class  of  Monocotyledonous  Plants,  on  page  xxxvii.  of  the  Anal- 
ysis, which,  we  observe,  includes  plants  possessing  these  characters. 

Our  plant,  having  the  floral  envelopes  double,  and  not  glumaccous,  falls 
under  the  second  heading,  marked  with  two  stars  (  *  *  ). 

Proceeding  as  in  the  former  example,  and  carefully  coinparing  the  plant  with 
the  analysis  that  follows,  we  see,  first,  if  the  ovary  is  adherent  with,  or  free  from, 
the  perianth.  In  ours  it  is  free.  Then,  if  the  perianth  is  single,  or  double.  In 
ours  it  is  double.  Then,  if  the  calyx  and  corolla  are  alike  or  unlike.  In  ours 
they  are  alike.  Then,  if  the  leaves  of  the  perianth  are  glume-like,  or  otherwise. 
In  ours  they  are  not  glume-like.  Then,  if  the  leaves  are  netted-veined  or  par- 
allel-veined. In  ours  they  are  parallel-veined.  Then,  if  the  capsule  is  1-celled, 
or  3-6-celled.  In  ours  it  is  6-celled.  Lastly,  if  the  anthers  are  introrse  or  ex- 
trorse     In  ours  they  are  introrse. 

This  brings  us  to  the  natural  order  Liliace.15,  described  on  page  480  of  the 
Flora.  It  contains  ten  genera,  belonging  to  three  tribes,  the  characters  of  which 
are  briefly  given  in  the  Synopsis.  Our  plant,  by  its  capsular  fruit,  the  separate 
divisions  of  the  perianth,  and  leafy  stem,  comes  under  the  third  tribe,  Tclipa- 
CE^.  Of  the  two  sections,  marked  with  a  star  (  *  ).  our  plant  belongs  to  the 
second;  having  a  Palm-like  stem.  No  10,  Yucca,  alone  remains;  and  to  it 
our  plant  must  belong. 

Turning  to  page  48.5,  where  this  genus  is  more  fully  described,  we  find  it  to 
embrace  four  species,  divided  into  two  sections  based  upon  the  character  of  the 
stem  and  capsule.  The  short  stem  (excluding  the  scape)  and  dry  capsule  of 
our  plant  belong  to  the  former.  It  contains  but  one  species,  Y.  filamentosa,  L., 
which  we  therefore  find  to  be  the  botanical  name  of  the  plant  in  question. 


VI.    ARTIFICIAL  ANALYSIS  OF  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS. 


Series  I.    PH.ENOGAMOUS  or  FLOWERING  PLANTS. 

Plants  furnished  with  flowers,  consisting  of  stamens  and  pistils, 
and  producing  seeds  which  contain  an  embryo  plant. 

Class  I.   DICOTYLEDONOUS   or  EXOGENOUS   PLANTS. 

Stem  composed  of  bark  and  pith,  with  an  interposed  layer  of  woody 
fibre  and  vessels,  and  increasing  in  diameter,  in  all  perennial  stems, 
by  the  annual  deposition  of  a  new  layer  between  the  wood  and  bark. 
Leaves  netted-veined,  commonly  articulated  with  the  stem.  Floral 
envelopes  usually  in  fours  or  fives.     Cotyledons  two,  rarely  more. 

Subclass  I.   ANGIOSPERMOUS  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Ovules  contained  in  an  ovary,  and  fertilized  by  the  action  of  the 
pollen,  through  the  medium  of  a  stigma.     Cotyledons  two. 

Division  I.     POLYPETALOUS  EXOGENOUS   PLANTS. 

Floral  envelopes  double,  consisting  of  both  calyx  and  corolla ;  the  latter  of 
separate  petals. 

*   Stamens  and  petals  free  from  the  calyx,  hypogynous  or  nearly  so. 

■^-  Stamens  more  than  twice  at  many  as  the  petals. 

Page 
Ovaries  two  or  more,   1-celled. 
Shrubs,  trees,  or  woody  vines. 
Petals  imbricate.     Flowers  small,  dioecious.    Woody  vines,      MENISPERMACE.^,     14 
Flowers  large,  perfect.     Trees,  MAGNOLIACE^,     11 

Petals  valvate.     Flowers  solitary,  nodding.     Fruit  pulpy.     Shrubs.     ANONACE.^,     13 
Herbs, 
Leaves  peltate.     Aquatic. 
Ovaries  in  cavities  at  the  top  of  a  large  receptacle,  NELUMBONE^S,    18 

Ovaries  on  the  receptacle.    Leaves  glutinous  beneath,  CABOMBEiE,    17 

Leaves  not  peltate. 
Stamens  separate.    Leaves  cxstipulate.  RANtJNCULACE.E,      2 

Stamens  monadelphons.    Leaves  stipulate.  MALVACEiE,    45 

Ovary  solitary,  1-celled. 
Leaves  opposite,  pellucid-punctate,  entire,  HYPER1CACE.E,    55 


I       CAPPARIDACE.E,     31 


Stamens  separate. 

HYPERICACE^, 

55 

Stamens  united. 

CLUSIACE.E, 

IX) 

Stamens  laouadelphous. 

MALVACE.E, 

45 

Stamens  separate,  or  in  clusters. 

TILIACE^, 

54 

XXX  INTIJODICTIOX. 

Leaves  alternate. 

Sepals  2.     Leaves  entire.     Placenta  central.  i'ORTULACACE.E,     38 

JLeaves  lobed.     Placenta  parietal.  PAPAVERACE.«,    30 

Sepals  4.     Fruit  iiidehiscent.    Leaves  entire.     Slirnbs. 

•      Fruit  valvate.     Leaves  3- 7-foliolate.     Herby 
Sepals  5.     Leaves  small,  entire.    Two  outer  sepals  small  and   bract-like. 

C1STACE.E,    35 
Leaves  large,  3-ternate.    Fruit  a  follicle.  Cl.MICIFUG.*:,      2 

Leaves  all  radical,  fringed,  irritable.  DROSERACE.E,    10 

Sepals  united  into  a  4-5-toothed  calyx.     Leaves  compound.     Flowers  capitate. 

MIMOSE.E,  'M,  I'iG 
Ovary  solitary,  2-  or  more-celled. 
Shrubs  or  trees. 
Leaves  opposite.    Sepals  5. 
Sepals  (i. 
Leaves  alternate,  stipulate. 

Leaves  alternate,  exstipulate. 

Flowers  perfect.     Stamens  on  the  base  of  the  petals.                   CAMELLIACEiE,  01 

Flowers  monoecious.     Stamens  hypogynoua.     Capsule  3-celled,  3-seeded. 

Herbs.                                                                                                        EUPHORBIACE.E,  421 

Flowers  irregular.     Stamens  G  or  8.     Petals  3.                                   POLYGALACE.*;,  88 

Flowers  regular.     Leaves  exstipulate,  opposite,  entire.                   HYPERICACE.E,  55 

Leaves  exstipulate,  alternate,  tubular.          SARRACENIACE.E,  18 

Leaves  stipulate.     Stamens  monadelphous.              M.4.LVACE.E,  45 

+-  H-  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals. 
Stamens  12-20.    Leaves  peltate,  lobed.    Flowers  solitary,  nodding.    PODOPHYLLUM,     10 
Stamens  10. 
Leaves  compound. 
Leaves  stipulate,  alternate.    Fruit  a  legume.  LEGUMIXOS.E.    93 

opposite.    Fruit  separating  into  indehiscent  carpel.?. 

ZYGOPHYLLACE.E,     07 
Leaves  exstipulate,  trifoliolate,  the  leaflets  obcordate.    Herbs.        OX.VLIDACE.E,    G5 
pinnate.     Flowers  dioecious.     Trees.  BURSERACE.E,     71 

pinnate  or  bipinnate.    Flowers  perfect.    Trees.     MELIACE.E,    03 
Leaves  simple. 
Herbs. 
Flowers  monoecious.    Capsule  3-celled,  3-seeded.  EUPHORBIACE.E,  421 

Flowers  perfect.     Leaves  alternate,  or  3  in  a  whorl.     Stamens  8  or  10. 

CRASSULACE^,  149 
Leaves  alternate,  palmately  lobsd.     Fruit  of  5  elastic  carpels. 

GERANIACE^,     06 
Leaves  opposite,  entire,  dotted.     Flowers  yellow. 

HYPERICACE.E,     55 
Leaves  opposite,  or  whorled,  not  dotted.     Flowers  never  yellow. 
Trees  or  shrubs.  CARYOPHYLLACE.E,     39 

Leaves  stipulate,  lobed.     Fruit  unciuate-hispid.  TILIACE.E,     54 

Leaves  exstipulate,  entire.     Cells  of  the  capsules  l-seeded.  CYRILLACE.E,     83 

Cells  of  the  capsule  many-seeded.  ERICACEAE,  279 

Stamens  less  than  10  (two  exceptions). 
Petals  3.     Stamens  6  or  8,  united  in  one  or  two  sets.     Flowers  irregular. 

POLYGALACE^.     88 
Petals  3.    Stamens  6.    Aquatic  herbs,  with  finely  dissected  opposite  leaves. 

CABOMBE.E,  17 
Petals  3-5.    Stamens  6-10.    Leaves  trifoliolate.    Trees.  BURSERACE.E,  71 

Petals  4 -5.    Stamens  8  or  10.    Leaves  simple,  succulent.    Flowers  cymose. 

CRASSULACE^,  149 
Petals  4.    Stamens  8.     heaves  simple.     Flowers  racemose.     A  shrub.      ELLIOTTI.V,  288 


ARTIFICIAL    ANALYSIS    OF    THE    NATURAL    ORDERS.       XXxi 

■I-  -1-  H-  Fertile  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  or  fewer. 
Ovaries  more  than  one. 
Trees,  shrubs,  or  woody  vines. 
Flowers  dioecious.     Trees  or  shrubs.     Leaves  pinnate,  punctate.  RUTACEjE,     G8 

Woody  vines.     Anthers  4-oelled.     Stamens  separate. 

MENISPERMACE^,     14 
Anthers  2-celled.     Stamens  united,  disk-like. 

SCHIZANDRE^.     11 
Flowers  perfect.     Petals  gland-like.     Leaves  pinnate.  ZANTHORHIZA,     10 

Herbs.     Leaves  linear.     Scape  l-flowered.     Achenia  spiked.  MYOSURUS,      6 

Ovary  solitary,  1-celled. 
Leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 
Sepals  2.     Stem  2-leaved.     Flowers  racemose,  purple.  PORTULACACE^E,  38 

Sepals  5.     Leaves  punctate.     Placentae  parietal.     Flowers  yellow. 

HYPERICACE.E,    55 
Leaves  not  punctate.     Placentae  central.     Flowers  red  or  white. 

CARYOPHTLLACE.E,    39 
Leaves  alternate,  stipulate. 
Leaves  pinuately  compound.     Fruit  a  legume.  LEGUMINOS^,    93 

Leaves  simple.     Flowers  irregular.     Capsule  many-seeded.  VIOLACEJi,     32 

Flowers  regular,  clustered.     Capsule  1-seeded. 

BYTTNERIACE^,    53 

Leaves  alternate,  exstipulate. 

Sepals  2.     Stamens  6,  diadelphous.     Flowers  irregular.  FUMARIACE^,     21 

Sepals  4.     Stamens  6.     Flowers  regular.     Fruit  silique-like.        CAPPARIDACE^E,     31 
Sepals  5.     Stem  a  naked  or  1-leaved  scape. 

Scape  1-leaved,  l-flowered.     Leaves  smooth.  PARNASSIACE^,  148 

Scape  naked.     Flowers  racemose.     Leaves  bristly,  glandular.      DROSERACE^E,     19 
Scape  paniculately  branched.     Flowers  in  1-sided   spikes,  blue. 

PLUMBAGINACE^,  300 
Sepals  5.    Stem  leafy. 

Flowers  monoecious,  the  pistillate  apetalous.  EUPHORBIACEJi;,  421 

Flowers  perfect,  irregular.     Fruit  spiny.     Leaves  entire.  KRAMERIACE.S;,     92 

Flowers  perfect,  regular.     Leaves  large,  biternate.     Fruit  follicular. 

CIMICIFUGE^,      2 
Flowers  perfect,  regular.     Leaves  small,  entire.      Outer  sepals  small 
and  bract-like.  CISTACE^,    35 

Sepals  6.     Anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves.  BERBERIDACEiE,     15 

Ovary  solitary,  2-  or  more-celled. 
Trees,  shrubs,  or  woody  vines. 
Leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 
Flowers  dioecious. 
Leaves  pinnate.     Fruit  a  samara.  OLEACEjE,  351 

Leaves  pinnate  or  lobed.     Fruit  a  double  samara.  ACERINE^,     85 

Leaves  simple,  club-shaped.     Ovaries  and  fruit  capitate.  BATIDACE^E,  434 

Leaves  simple,  heath-like,  3  in  a  whorl.     Sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  2. 

EMPETRACE^,  434 
Flowers  perfect.     Leaves  simple,  with  pellucid  dots,  entire.       HYPERICACE^E,     55 
Leaves  digitate.     Stem  climbing.  VITACE  Ji,    73 

Leaves  alternate. 
Leaves  pinnate.     Flowers  dioecious.     Fruit  a  drupe.  SIMARUBACE..E,    70 

Leaves  trifoliolate.     Flowers  polygamous.     Fruit  a  circular  samara.       PTELEA,     69 
Leaves  simple,  evergreen.     Flowers  perfect.     Fruit  a  2-celled  drupe. 

CYRILLACE^,     83 
Leaves  simple,  deciduous.     Flowers  monoecious.     Fruit  a  3-celled  capsule. 

EUPHORBIACE.E,  421 
Herbs. 
Flowers  irregular.     Sepals  4,  the  lowest  large  and  saccate,  spurred. 

Capsule  elastically  dehiscent.  BALSAMINACE.E,     C7 


xxxii  ixTunniTTiox. 

Flowers  Irreprular.     Si'pals  r>,  tlie  two  lateral  ones  pctal-liko.     BtamniB 

united  ill  1- -J  setH.  I'ULVGALACEJE,     88 

FlowiTH  rt'ifular. 
Sepalri  and  {>ctal8  r>.     Stamens  united. 
StoineDS  5,  united  at  tite  base.     Styles  5.     Leaves  exstlpulate,  entire. 

LINAGES,    Ot 
united  at  the  ba.se  or  apex.     Style  single.     Leaves  stipulate. 

BYTTNKRIACEiE,    53 
united  in  a  tube.    Style  single.    Capsule  3-celled.    Leaves  all  radical. 

DIAF'ENSIACEiE,  290 

Stamens  0,  united  In  sets.    Leaves  opposite,  entire,  dotted.     HYPERICACE^E,    55 

Sepals  and  petals  4.     Stamens  G.     Fruit  a  silique  or  silicle.  CRUCIFEKiE,    23 

*  *  Stamens  and  petals  inserted  on  the  ovary. 

Floating  aquatic.    Leaves  and  flowers  long-stalked.    Petals  and  stamens 

numerous.  NYMPHEACEjE,     17 

*  •  *  Stamens  and  petals  inserted  on  the  cal)/ir,  or  on  a  more  »r  less  perigynoui  disk. 
t-  Calyx  not  adherent  to  the  ovary. 
Stamens  fe>ver  than  the  petals. 

A  woody  vine.    Leaves  opposite,  entire.    Fruit  3-winged.  HIPPOCRATEiE,    7D 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals. 
Leaves  stipulate. 
Stamens  monadelphous  around  the  stipe  of  the  ovary.      Vines 

PASSIFLORACE.SI,  168 
Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous.      Legume  1  -  several-seeded. 

LEGUMINOS^,     93 
Stamens  separate,  alternate  with  the  petals. 
Leaves  pinnate.     Calyx  uncinate-hispid.     Herbs.  AGRIMONIA,  133 

Leaves  trifoliolate.     Capsule  Inflated,  3-lobed.     Shrubs.  STAPHYLEACE^,    84 

Leaves  simple.     Sepals  imbricate.     Flowers  small,  in  racemes  or  cymes. 

CELASTRACE.E,    78 
Stamens  separate,  opposite  the  petals. 
Sepals  valvate.    Leaves  entire.     Shrubs  or  trees.  RHAMNACE.!!,    75 

Calyx  truncate.    Leaves  mostly  lobed.    Woody  vines.  VITACE.1E,    73 

Leaves  exstlpulate. 
Ovaries,  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  3  or  4.    Small  annuals.  CRASSULACE.S,  149 

Ovaries  5.     Leaves  simple.     Flowers  perfect,  axillary.  I  sijh^ruBACE.E      70 

Ovary  solitary.     Leaves  pinnate.     Flowers  dioecious,  terminal.  I 

Leaves  opposite.    Flowers  perfect.    Calyx  valvate.  LYTHRACE.fi,  157 
Flowers  dioecious.     Calyx   imbricate. 

ACERIXE^.    85 
Leaves  alternate.    Calyx  persistent.     Aquatic  shrub.  ITEA,  140 

Calyx  deciduous.     Low  perennial. 

1'URNERACE.ffi;,  1G7 
Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  petals. 
Ovaries  more  than  one. 
Leaves  alternate,  stipulate,  mostly  lobed.    Herbs  or  shrubs.  ROSACES,  129 

exstlpulate,  mostly  entire.     Succulent  herbs.      CRASSULACE.®,  140 
Leaves  opposite,  exstlpulate.     Sepals  and  petals  numerous  and  alike.     Shrubs. 

CALYCANTHACE.a;,  142 
Ovary  solitary. 
Leaves  simple,  stipulate. 
Style  basal,  single.    Fruit  a  drupe.    Shrubs.     Calyx  lobes  persistent. 

CHRYSOBALANEiE,  129 
Style  terminal,  single.    Fruit  a  drupe.    Trees.    Calyx  lobes  deciduous. 

AJfYGDALES,  129 
Styles  3.    Petals  clawed.    Leaves  opposite.  MALPIGHIACE.E,    88 


ARTIFICIAIi    AJfALYSIS    OF    THE    NATURAL    ORDERS.       XXXUl 

Leaves  simple,  exstipulate. 
Style  single.     Leaves  opposite  or  whorled.     Flowers  axillary.  LYTHRACEjE,  157 

Styles  2.     Leaves  alternate.     Flovi^ers  terminal,  perfect.  SAXIFRAGACEiE,  142 

Leaves  opposite,  lobed.     Flowers  polygamous.     Fruit  a  samara. 

ACERLNE^,    85 
Leaves  compound,  alternate,  pinnate.   Flowers  polygamous.  Trees.    BURSERACE^,    71 
abruptly  pinnate  or  biteruate.     Flowers 

polygamous.    Trees.  SAPDJDACEiE,    84 

pinnate  or  bipiunate.     Stamens  monadelphous. 

MELIACE^,    C3 
Stamens  separate  or  dia- 
delphous.         LEGUMINOS^,     93 
Leaves  compound,  opposite,  palmately  5-7  foliolate.     Stamens  7. 

Fruit  capsular.  HIPPOCASTANE.E,    85 

trifoliolate.     Fruit  drupaceous.  AMYRIS,    G9 

■t-  ■•-  Calyx:  ad/ierent  to  the  ovary. 
Herbs. 

Ovary  1-celIed.     Capsule  and  2-lobed  calyx  circumscissile.  PORTULACACE^E,    38 

Capsule  2-3- valved.     Stamens  5  or  10.     Styles  separate. 

SAXIFRAGACE^,  142 
Stamens  numerous.     Styles  united. 

LOASACE^,  1C6 
Ovary  2  -  G-celled. 
Style  single.     Anthers  opening  by  a  terminal  pore.     Leaves  ribbed. 

MELASTOMACE^,  1,55 
Anthers  opening  lengthwise.     Leaves  ribless.  ONAGRACEJS,  100 

Styles  or  stigmas  2  or  more. 
Flowers  umbeUed.     Fruit  dry,  separating  into  two  pieces.         UMBELLIFERjE,  173 
Fruit  berry-like,  of  2  -  5  nutlets.  ARALIACE^,  183 

Flowers  not  umbelled. 
Flowers  perfect.     Fruit  capsular.     Leaves  alternate.  S.\XIFRA6ACE^,  142 

Flowers  monoecious.     Fruit  nut-like.     Leaves  whorled.  HALORAGE^,  159 

Fruit  pulpy.   Tendril-bearing  vines.   CUCURBITACE^,  1G9 
Shrubs  or  trees. 
Leaves  opposite. 
Fruit  dry,  variously  dehiscent,  many-seeded.  HYDRANGEiE,  143 

Fruit  indehiscent,  1-2-seeded. 
Stipules  between  the  petioles.  RHIZOPHORACE^,  152 

Stipules  none.    Leaves  dotted.     Stamens  numerous.  MYRTACE^,  154 

Leaves  dotless.     Stamens  4.     Ovary  2-celled.  CORNACE.E,  184 

Leaves  dotless.   Stamens  10.    Ovary  1-ceIled.    COMBRETACE^,  152 
Leaves  alternate. 

Flowers  umbelled.    Leaves  compound.  ARALIACEiE,  183 

Flowers  not  umbelled. 

Leaves  stipulate.     Fruit  fleshy  or  baccate,  indehiscent.  POME^E,  130 

Fruit  dry,  woody,  2-valved.  HAMAMELACE^,  151 

Fruit  dry,  of  three  1-seeded  nutlets.  RHAMNACE>E,    75 

Leaves  exstipulate. 

Flowers  dioecious.     Drupe  baccate.     Sterile  flowers  apetalous.  CORNACE^ 

Flowers  perfect.     Ovary  3-celled.     Fruit  a  2-winged  nut. 


r.          OKI,  .^w..     IK        iji,  STYRACACE^, 
Ovary  2-5  celled.   Fruit  a  1  -  5-seeded  berry.  ( 

Ovary  1-celled,  with  two  parietal  placentae.  RIBES, 

Ovary  1-celIed,  with  numerous  placentae.  CACTACE^S!- 


184 

291 

148 
170 


XXXIV 


INTRODUCTION. 


Division   II.     MONOI'KTALOrs    EXOCKNOl'S    PLANTS. 


Floral  ciivi'ldpcs  (luiitjlc,  ronsisting  of  lioili  calvx  and  corolla;  the  latter  of 
more  or  less  uuitiil  petals. 

•  Calijz  free  from  the  ovary. 
*■  Flowers  reijular. 
■w.  Fertile  stamens  fewer  than,  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 


Fruit  a  1-seeiiud  fleshy  drupe.     Evergreen  shrub?  or  trees. 
Fruit  separating  into  2-4  nutlets. 

Ovary  4-lobed  ;  the  style  rising  from  between  the  lobes. 

Ovary  not  lobed  ;  the  style  terminal. 
Fruit  a  'J-celled  capsule. 

Capsule  circumscissile.     Leaves  alternate,  radical. 

Capsule  i-valved.    Corolla  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Corolla  lobes  twisted  in  the  bud. 


OLEACEvE,  351 

LABIATJi;,  ."iTl 
VERBENACE-E,  307 

PLANTAGINACE^,  390 

SCROPHULARIACEjE,  306 

ACANTHACEiE,  303 


■H-  ++  Fertile  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  opposite  them. 

Herbs.     Capsule  1-ceUed,  many-seeded.  PRIMULACE^,  297 

Trees  or  shrubs,  rarely  herbs. 

Anthers  introrse.     Calyx  plaited,  glandular.     Fruit  a  utricle.     PLUMBAGINACEwE,  300 
Calyx  not  plaited.     Fruit  a  drupe.     Embryo  transverse. 

MTRSINACE.*;,  296 

Anthers  extrorse.     Ovary  1-celled.     Flowers  racemose.  THEOPHRASTEiE,  290 

Ovary  3 -8  celled.     Flowers  clustered.  SAPOTACE.^.  294 

++  ++  4.V  Fertile  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  them. 

Ovaries  2,  separate. 
Juice  milky. 

Stamens  united  with  the  stigmas  into  a  mass. 
Stamens  separate  and  free  from  the  stigma. 
Juice  not  milky.    Stems  creeping.    Utricle  1-seeded. 
Ovary  solitary. 


ASCLEPIADACE.S:,  343 
APOCYNACE.E,  ajl 
DICHONDRE^,  326 


Fruit  indehiscent. 

Leaves  opposite. 

Ovary  2-celled, 

Ovary  4-celled. 


Drupe  1-seeded.     Corolla  lobes  long. 
Drupe  4-seeded.     Corolla  lobes  short. 
Ovary  4-lobed,  the  style  between  the  lobes. 
Leaves  alternate. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Fruit  baccate,  4-9  seeded. 
Flowers  perfect. 
Ovary  2-celled.     Corolla  plaited  or  valvate. 
Ovary  4-celled.     Corolla  mostly  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Fruit  dehiscent. 
Capsule  circimiscissile.    Flowers  on  a  scape. 
Capsule  dehiscent  by  valves. 
Ovary  1-celled.     Leaves  lobed,  hairy  or  pubescent. 

Leaves  bipinnate.     Flowers  capitate. 
Leaves  entire,  smooth. 
Ovary  2-5  celled. 

Stipules  membranous  or  annular  between  the  opposite 
Stipules  none. 
Capsule  few-seeded. 

Stems  twining.     Leaves  alternate.  1 
Stems  twining.     Leaves  none.         ' 


OLEACE.D,  351 

VERBENACEiSE,  307 

LABIATE,  371 

ELICINE^,    81 

SOLANACEiE,  321 
BORRAGINACE^,  357 

PLANTAGINACE.E,  390 

HTDROPHYLLACE^,  354 

MIMOSEiE,    90 

GENTLANACE.E,  335 

leaves.  LOGANIACE^,  200 


CONVOLVULACE^,  326 


ARTIFICIAL    ANALYSIS    OF    THE    NATURAL    ORDERS.      XXXV 


Steins  not  twining.     Leaves  opposite  or  alternate. 
Stamens  5.     Capsule  3-celled. 
Stamens  4.     Capsule  2-celled. 
Capsule  many-seeded. 


Style  single. 
Capsule  '2-celled, 
Capsule  2-celled. 


POLEMONIACE^,  333 
ACANTHACE^,  363 


SOLANACE.E,  321 


Corolla  plaited  in  the  bud. 
Corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

SCROPHULARIACE^,  306 
Capsule  3-celled.     Anthers  opening  transversely.  DIAPENSIACE^,  290 

Capsule  5-celled.     Anthers  opening  by  a  terminal  chink  or  pore. 

ERICACE^,  279 
Capsule  2-celled.  HYDROLEACE.E,  354 


Styles  i 


Stamens  more  numerous  tluin  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 


MIMOSE^,     96 
CRASSULACE^,  149 


Leaves  compound,  stipulate.     Fruit  a  legume. 

exstipulate.     Fruit  of  4  carpels. 
Leaves  simple. 

Flowers  dioecious.     Ovary  8-celled.     Fruit  a  berry. 

Ovary  1-celled.     Fruit  pulpy. 
Flowers  perfect.     Stamens  numerous. 

Stamens  united  into  a  column.     Anthers  1-celled. 
Stamens  united  in  a  ring  or  in  clusters  at  the  base. 
Flowers  perfect.     Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  corolla  lobes. 
Corolla  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Caps"le  many-seeded. 

Capsule  1-seeded,  3-valved.    STYRACACEiE,  291 
Corolla  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud.    Drupe  1-seeded.  0LACACE.4;,    62 


EBENACE^,  293 
PASSIFLORACE^,  108 


MALVACEAE,    45 
CAMELLIACE^,    61 


ERICACE^,  279 


■I-  +-  Flowers  irregular. 

Stamens  6.     Calyx  of  2  sepals.     Capsule  1-celled.  PUMARIACEjE,     21 

Stamens  6  or  8.     Sepals  5,  the  outer  ones  petaloid.  POLYGALACE^,    88 

Stamens  (the  fertile  ones)  2  or  4. 

Ovary  1-ceUed.     Stamens  2.     Corolla  spurred.  LENTIBULACEiE,  ,301 

Stamens  4.     Fruit  1-seeded,  reflexed.  PHRYMEjE,  367 

Stamens  4.     Fruit  many-seeded.     Leaves  scaly. 

OROBANCHACE^,  305 
Ovary  2-celled.     Shrubs  or  woody  vines.     Corolla  large,  tubular.     Seeds  winged. 

BIGNONIACE^,    303 
Herbs.     Capsule  woody,  2-beaked.  SESAMES,  303 

Capsule  many-seeded.     Corolla  imbricated  in  bud. 

SCROPHULARIACE^,  306 
Capsule  few-seeded.     Corolla  twisted  in  bud. 

ACANTHACE^,  363 

Ovary  4-celled,  4-lobed,  the  style  rising  from  between  the  lobes.  LABIATJi,  371 

not  lobed.     Style  terminal.  VERBENACE^,  367 

*   *  Calyx  more  or  less  adherent  to  the  ovary. 
Anthers  united. 
Anthers  contorted.     Vines  climbing  by  tendrils.  CUCURBITACE^,  169 

Anthers  straight.     Flowers  in  a  raceme.     Fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule. 

LOBELIACE^,  275 
Flowers  in  a  raceme.  Fruit  a  1  -  4  seeded  drupe.  RUBIACE^,  190 
Flowers  in  a  head.     Fruit  a  dry  achenium.  COMPOSITE,  203 

Anthers  separate.     Leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 
Leaves  connected  by  stipules,  or  whorled. 
Stipules  none.     Chiefly  shrubs  or  woody  vines.     Stamens  5. 
Herbs.     Flowers  cymose.     Stamens  1-3. 
Flowers  capitate.     Stamens  4. 


RUBIACE^,  190 

CAPRIFOLIACE.E,  ISO 

VALERIANACE^,  202 

DIPSACACE^,  203 


XXXVI 


IXI'KnlHH  THIN. 


Authors  separate.     Leaves  altonuitc. 

Uer(>». 

Corolla  lobes  valvnte  in  tlie  bud.    Capsule  openinR  at  the  sidoH.    CAMI'ANULACE.E,  '.*78 

Corolla  lobes  imbricated  In  thu  bud.     Capsule  valvate.                        I'KIMULACK^U,  •JITT 

SliruUs.     Flowers  irregular.     Sti);uia  within  a  ciliate  cup.                 GUOUENIACK.K,  Til 

Flowers  regular.     Autliers  opening  by  a  terminal  chink.           VACCINIK.fC,  '/79 

Flowers  regular.     Authurs  openuig  leiigtliwiae                       STYKACACE^,  "JUl 

Flowers  regular.     Stamens  4-5,  opposite  the  corolla  lobes.        ULACACE^,  02 


Division   III.     Al'ETALOUS   EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Elural  t'lIVt)l^>]K^•<  single,  con.si.stiiij;  of  a  v:\\\\  only,  or  altugctlior  wanting. 

»  Amentaceous  frees  or  shrubs.     Flowers  momecious  or  dUecioiu. 

-I-  Only  the  sterile  flowers  in  aments. 

Leafless.     Branches  grooved  and  sheathed.  CASUARINA0EJ5.  4.''>4 


Leaves  simple,  stipulate.    Involucre  scaly.    Seed  entire. 
Leaves  pinnate,  exstipulate.    Involucre  none.    Seed  4-lobed. 


CUPULIFER.E.  443 
JUGLANDACE^,  441 


■t-  -^  Both  the  sterile  and  fertile  flowers  in  aments. 

Aments  globose.     Calyx  none. 

Fruit  2-beaked,  2-valved,  many-seeded.     Sterile  aments  spiked.     HAMAMELACKvE,  l.")l 


Fruit  nut-like.  1-seeded,  hairy.     Amenta  single. 
Aments  oblong  or  linear. 
Ovary  1-celled.     Drupe  1-seeded. 

Leaves  persistent.     Drupe  waxy  granular. 

Leaves  deciduous.     Drupe  smooth. 

Capsule  2-valved,  many-seeded.     Seed  comose. 
Ovary  2-celled.     Fruit  dry,  angled  or  winged. 

Fruit  enclosed  in  the  confluent  berry-like  calyx. 

*    *   Flowers  not  in  nments. 


PLATANACEJi,  441 


MYRICAOE/E,  449 

LEITNERIACE.E,  4.V) 

SALICACE.*;,  4.-)2 

BETULACE^,  451 

MORACEiE,  437 


■t-  Calyx  and  corolla  none 

Ovaries  3-4,  united  below.     Leaves  cordate.      Stamens  4-8, 
Ovary  single.     Leaves  obovate.     Stamens  2. 

Involucre  none.     Capsule  4-celled.     Aquatic. 

Involucre  spathe-like.     Styles  2.     Leaves  alternate,  parted. 

Involucre  8  - 12  parted.   Style  one.  Leaves  whorled,  forked.    CERATOPHYLLACEiE,  419 

Involucre  4-5  toothed,  cup-like,  containing  one  fertile  flower  and 

several  sterile  ones,  each  reduced  to  a  single  stamen.  EUPHORBIACE^,  421 


PIPERACE.E,  418 

CALLITRICHACE.E,  420 
PODOSTEMACE.E,  420 


1-  ■<-  Calyx  herbaceous  or  corolla-like. 
Ovaries  more  than  one. 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx.     Leaves  stipulate. 
Stamens  hypogynous.     Stipules  none. 
Embryo  minute. 
Embryo  and  seeds  large,  curved. 
Ovary  solitary. 
Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary. 
Ovary  1-celled. 
Fruit  a  2-valved,  many-seeded  capsule. 
Fruit  indehiscent,  1-seeded. 

Anthers  (and  stigma)  sessile.     Tree  parasites. 
Anthers  on  filaments. 

Dnipe  berry-like.     Stigma  decurrent. 

Drupe  dry.     Albumen  copious.     Root  parasites. 

Drupe  dry.     Albumen  none.     Trees. 


ROSACE.aE,  129 


RANUNCULACE^,      2 
MENISPERMACE^,     14 


SAXIFRAGACE^,  142 

LORANTHACE^,  418 

CORNACEiE,  184 

SANTALACEJE,  416 

COMBRETACE^,  152 


ARTIFICIAL    ANALYSIS    OF    THE    NATURAL    ORDERS.       XXXVli 


391 
ICO 
159 
151 
154 
75 


PASSIFLORACE^,  108 


Ovary  2-6  celled. 
Herbs.     Stamens  5-12.     Capsule  many-seeded.     Leaves  cordate. 

ARISTOLOCHIACE^, 
Stamens  4.     Leaves  not  cordate,  entire.  ONAGRACEJi, 

Stamens  3  or  S.  Capsule  3- 4-seeded.  Leaves  dissected.    HALORAGE^, 
Trees  or  shrubs.     Capsule  2-valved.     Leaves  alternate.  HAMAMELACE^, 

Fruit  a  berry.     Leaves  opposite.  MYRTACE^E, 

Fruit  a  1-seeded  drupe.     Calyx  lobes  valvate.   RHAMNACE.^, 
Calyx  free  from  the  ovary. 
Ovary  l-celled. 
Ovules  and  seeds  numerous. 
Fruit  baccate.     Tendril-bearing  vines. 
Fruit  a  capsule. 

Capsule  circumscissile.     Leaves  alternate. 
Capsule  valvate.     Leaves  opposite. 
Ovule  and  seed  solitary.     Leaves  stipulate. 
Stipules  sheathing.     Leaves  alternate. 
Stipules  scarious.     Leaves  opposite. 
Stipules  not  sheathing  nor  scarious. 
Flowers  perfect,  spiked.    Achenium  2-lobed,  spiny.    Herbs.    PETIVERIE^, 
clustered.     Drupe  baccate.    Shrubs.  RHAMNACE^, 

Flovyers  imperfect. 
Herbs.     Stems  twining.     Leaves  3- 5-lobed:  CANNABINACE^, 

Stems  not  twining.     Leaves  serrate  or  entire.  URTICACEJi;, 

Trees  or  shrubs.    Juice  watery.    Flowers  single  or  clustered.    ULMACE^, 
Juice  milky.    Flowers  included  in  a  fleshy  receptacle.  MORACE^E, 

Ovule  and  seed  solitary.     Leaves  witliout  stipules. 
Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  calyx  lobes. 
Anthers  opening  by  valves.  LAURACEJi, 

Anthers  openmg  lengthwise. 

Calyx  5-6  parted.  POLYGONACE.E, 

Calyx  entire.     Berry  oval.  THYMELEACE^, 

Stamens  equaUing  in  number  or  fewer  than  the  calyx  lobes. 


CELOSIE^, 
CARYOPHYLLACE^, 

POLYGONACE.E, 
ILLECEBRACE^, 


398 
39 


406 
396 


437 
434 
439 
437 


414 


400 
416 


Flowers  with  scarious  bracts. 
Flowers  without  scarious  bracts. 
Calyx  corolla-like,  plaited. 
Calyx  herbaceous.     Styles  2. 
Ovary  2  -  12-celled. 
Leaves  whorled. 
A  heath-like  shrub.     Calyx  of  imbricated  scales. 
A  prostrate  annual.     Calyx  corolla-like. 
Leaves  opposite. 

Fruit  a  single  samara.     Calyx  minute,  persistent, 
Fruit  a  double  samara.     Calyx  deciduous. 
Fruit  a  drupe.     Flowers  perfect.     Stamens  on  the  calyx, 


AMARANTACE^,  398 


NYCTAGINACE^, 
CHEXOPODIACE.E, 


EMPETRACE^, 
MOLLUGINE^, 


393 
403 


434 
172 


352 

85 

75 

Flowers  dioecious.     Stamens  hypogynous.   FORESTIERE^,  352 

157 
172 


FRAXINE^, 

ACERINE^, 

RHAMNACEiE, 


LYTHRACEiE, 
FICOLDE^, 


Fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule.     Valvate. 

Circumscissile. 
Leaves  alternate. 
Ovules  and  seeds  1  -2  in  each  cell. 
Flowers  mono-dicecious.     Fruit  a  drupe  or  capsule.  EUPHORBIACE^, 

Flowers  polygamous.     Capsule  3  -  4-winged.  SAPINDACE^, 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous. 

Fruit  a  berry.     Calyx  colored.  PHYTOLACCACE.E, 

Fruit  a  samara.     Leaves  stipulate.  ULMACE  JS, 

Ovules  and  seeds  numerous  in  the  cells.     Capsule  circumscissile. 


Capsule  3-celled.     Flowers  solitary. 
Capsule  5-celled.     Flowers  cymose. 


PORTULACACE^, 
CRASSULACE^, 


421 
84 


395 
439 


38 
149 


INTltODUCTION. 


Subclass  II.    GYMNOSPEIIMOUS   KXOGENOUS   PLANTS 

Ovules  naki'd  (not  contained  in  an  ovary),  supported  l)y  an  open 
scale  or  leaf,  or  else  terminating  a  brand),  and  fertilized  by  the  direct 
tapplication  of  the  pollen. 

Stem  brambiiij;.     Leaves  simple.  CONIFF,R;E,  455 

Stem  simple,  palm-like.     Leaves  pinnate.  CYCADACK^IS,  -kJU 


Class    11.     .MOXOCOTYLEDONOUS    ok    ENlMXiK.XOL'S 
PJ.AXTS. 

Stem  composed  of  cellular  tissue  and  scattered  bundles  of  woody 
fibre  and  vessels,  destitute  of  proper  pith,  bark,  or  concentric  layers, 
and  increasing  in  diameter  by  the  deposition  of  new  fibrous  bundles. 
Leaves  mostly  alternate,  entire,  and  parallel-veined,  commonly  sheath, 
ing  at  the  base,  seldom  falling  off  by  an  articulation.  Floral  enve- 
lopes usually  by  threes.     Cotyledon  single. 

*   Floral  envelopes  none.     Floicers  on  a  spadlz. 

Stemless,  floatinf;  herbs. 

Plants  frond-like,  with  no  distinction  of  stem  and  leaves.  LEMNACE^E,  466 
Leaves  clustered,  spreading.     Flowers  axillary.                                 Pistia  in  ARACE.E,  4(j5 

Caulescent,  leafy,  rooting  herbs. 

Fruit  a  berry.     Spadix  enclosed  in  a- spatlie.  ARACE^,  4r>4 

Fruit  an  achenium.     Stem  immersed,  floating.  NAIADACE^'E,  4()8 

Stem  not  immersed,  erect.  TYPUACE.4;,  407 

*    *    Floral  envelopes  {  perianth)  single  or  double,  not  glumaceous. 

Ovary  adherent  to  the  perianth. 
Stamens  and  pistil  united  into  a  column.     Flowers  irregular.  ORCHIUACEjK,  477 

Stamens  and  pistil  separate. 
Flowers  mounecious  or  dinecious. 
Flowers  enclosed  in  a  spathe  in  the  bud.     Aquatics.         HrDROCHARIDACEiE,  475 
Flowers  without  a  spathe.    Leaves  reticulate.     Terrestrial  vines. 

DIOSCOREACE-E,  501 
Flowers  perfect. 
Ovary  1-celled.     Stamens  .3.     Leaves  minute.  BURMANNIACEiE,  47G 

Ovary  3-celled.     Stamen  1.    Flowers  irregular.  CANNACE^,  491 

Stamens  3.     Anthers  extrorse.  IRIDACE.E,  499 

Stamens  3  or  G.    Perianth  woolly  or  scurfy.    H.EMODORACK.ii,  496 
Stamens  6.     Perianth  smooth  or  hairy.       AMARYLLIDACEJi,  492 
Ovary  free  from  the  perianth. 
Perianth  single  (calyx). 
Flowers  on  a  spadix.     Ovary  solitary,  ARACE.E,  404 

Ovaries  4.     Stem  leafy.  NAIADACE.E,  408 

Flowers  on  a  scape,  spiked.     Leaves  rush-like.  JUNCAGINEiE,  520 

Flowers  on  axillary  peduncles.     Leaves  ovaL  ROXBURGHIACEiE,  506 

Perianth  double  (calyx  and  corolla). 
Calyx  and  corolla  alike,  or  nearly  so,  and  glume-like.  JUNCACEjE,  .519 

Calyx  and  corolla  alike,  or  nearly  so,  and  not  glume-like. 
Leaves  ribbed  and  netted-veined.     Fruit  a  berry.  SMILACE.^,  502 


ARTIFICIAL    ANALYSIS    OF    THE    NATURAL    ORDERS.       XXXIX 

Leaves  parallel-veined. 

Capsule  1-celled.     Stamens,  or  the  fertile  ones,  three.        PONTEDERIACE^,  523 

Capsule  or  berry  3-  (rarely  4  or  6-)  celled. 

Anthers  iutrorse  (except  LUium).     Style  single.  \ 

a.J  %  ,  -,     }    LILIACE^,  507 

Stigmas  3,  nearly  sessile.  ) 

Styles  3.  1 

.    ,.  ,  ,  .  rr  «  ,^-  ^     c.  I      Q       1    }         MELANTHACE^,  513 

Anthers  extrorse  (except  Toneldia).    Styles  3  or  1.  ) 

Calyx  and  corolla  unlike. 

Ovaries  few  or  numerous,  forming  achenia  in  fruit.  ALISMACEiE,  472 

Ovary  solitary. 

Palms.     Calyx  tubular.     Leaves  fan-shaped.  PALMJ5,  461 

Epiphytes.     Plants  scurfy.  BROMELIACE^,  497 

Herbs.     Stamens  6.     Leaves  3  in  a  vi^horl.     Ploveer  single.        TRILLIACEjE,  502 

Leaves  alternate,  sheathing.  COMMELYNACE.E,  524 

Stamens  3.     Flowers  perfect,  solitary.    Stem  leafy.     MAYACACEiE,  526 

Flowers  perfect,  capitate.     Scape  leafless. 

XYRIDACE^,  526 

Stamens  3  or  4.     Flowers  monoecious,  capitate.     Scape  leafless. 

ERIOCAULONACE^,  529 

#    «    *    Floivers  glumaceoiis,  i.  e.  with  scale-like  bracts,  in  place  of  proper  floral 
envelopes. 
Bracts  single.     Slieaths  closed.     Fruit  an  aclienium.  CYPERACE^E,  531 

Bracts  by  pairs.     Sheaths  open.     Fruit  a  caryopsis.  GRAMINEjE,  573 


Series  II.     CRYPTOGAMOUS   or  FLOWERLESS 
PLANTS. 

Plants  destitute  of  proper  flowers,   and  producing,  in  place  of 
seeds,  minute  bodies  (spores)  which  do  not  contain  an  embryo. 

Class  III.    ACROGENS. 

Plants  with  a  distinct  stem  containing  woody  and  vascular  tissue, 
growing  from  the  apex  only. 

Spores  of  only  one  kind. 
Sporangia  borne  beneath  peltate  scales  in  a  terminal  spike.     Stem  leafless. 

EQUISETACE^,  621 
Sporangia  borne  on  the  back  or  margin  of  fronds  circinate  in  vernation.  FILICES,  622 
Sporangia  borne  in  spikes  or  panicles.  Fronds  not  circinate.  OPHIOGLOSSACEiE,  636 
Sporangia  solitary  in  the  axils  of  small  leaves.  LYCOPODIACE.^,  638 

Spores  of  two  kinds,  large  or  small. 
Sporangia  solitary  in  the  axils  of  small  4-ranked  leaves.     Stems  branching. 

SELAGINELLAOE^,  639 
Sporangia  solitary  in  the  dilated  base  of  long  clustered  leaves.     Stem  corm-like. 

ISOETACE.E,  640 
Sporangia  enclosed  in  a  peduncled  sporocarp.  Leaves  4-foliate.  MARSILIACE^,  640 
Sporangia  enclosed  in  a  sessile  sporocarp  beneath  branching  floating  stems. 

SALVINIACE^,  641 


FLORA 


OF    THE 


SOUTHERN    UNITED    STATES. 


SERIES   I. 

PH.ENOGAMOUS   or  FLOWERING  PLANTS. 

Vegetables  furnished  with  flowers,  consisting  of  stamens 
and  pistils,  and  usually  floral  envelopes  of  some  kind,  and 
producing  seeds  which  contain  an  embryo. 

Class  L     DICOTYLEDONOUS   or  EXOGENOUS   PLANTS. 

Stem  composed  of  bark  and  pith,  which  are  separated  by 
an  interposed  layer  of  woody  fibre  and  vessels,  and  increas- 
ing in  diameter,  in  all  perennial  stems,  by  the  annual  depo- 
sition of  new  layers  between  the  wood  and  bark.  Leaves 
reticulate-veined,  commonly  articulated  with  the  stem. 
Floral  •  envelopes  usually  in  fours  or  fives.  Cotyledons 
two,  rarely  more. 

Subclass  I.     ANGIOSPEKM"^. 

Ovules  enclosed  in  an  ovary,  and  fertilized  by  the  action 
of  the  pollen  through  the  medium  of  a  stigma.  Cotyledons 
two. 

Division  I.    POLYPETALOUS  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Floral  envelopes  double,  consisting  of  both  calyx  and 
corolla ;  the  latter  of  separate  petals. 

1 


2  UAXUNrULArK.lC.       (cKOWKoOT    I'AMII.V.) 

Oui>Ku  1.    K^VNUNCULACE.l-:.     (Ckowjuut  Famu.v.) 

Chiefly  lierbs,  rarely  shrubs  (ir  woody  viiu's,  with  watery  acrid  juice. 
Leaves  exstiinihite,  ofteiier  divided.  Flowers  liypoi^yuous,  soiiietinies 
irregular.  Sepals  few  or  many,  He])arate,  ofteji  colored.  Petals  com- 
monly as  many  as  the  sepals,  and  alternate  with  them,  or  wanting. 
Stamens  mostly  indefinite.  Ovaries  numerous  and  distinct,  or  few,  or 
solitary,  1-celled.  1  -many-ovuled.  Fruit  dry  or  baccate.  Seeds  anat- 
ropous,  with  flesiiy  or  horny  all)ujiien,  and  a  miuute  embryo 

Synopsis  of  the  <«enera. 

♦  Sepals  valvate  or  with  incurved  luargius  in  tlie  bud.     Fruit  an  achenium. 
Tribe  I.     CLKMATIUKyE.    Sepals  colored.    Petals  none.    Style  persistent.  —  Chiefly 
vines,  with  opposite  mostly  teruately  or  pinnately  divided  leaves. 

1.  CLEMATIS.     Flowers  solitary  or  cymose,  when  vines  climbing  by  the  coiling  tendril- 

form  summit  of  the  petiole. 

*  *  Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Fruit  an  aeheuium. 
Tribe  II.     ANEMONE.E.     Sepals  colored.     Petals  none. — Perennial  herbs.     Leaves 
alternate  or  whorled,  variously  lobed  or  divided. 

2.  ANEMONE.     Flowers  solitary.     Stem  leaves  wliorled,  forming  an  involucre  vinder  the 

Hower.     Achenia  not  ribbed  nor  inflated. 

3.  ANEMORELLA.     Flowers  umbelled.     Stem  leaves  involucrate.     Achenium  ribbed. 

4.  THALICTRUM.     Flowers  corymbose  or  panicled.     Leaves  alternate.     Aeheuium  ribbed 

or  inflated. 

5.  TRAUTVETTERIA.      Flowers  corymbose.      Leaves  alternate,   lobed.      Achenium  4- 

angled.     Seed  erect. 

Tribe  III.    RANUNCITLE^.    Sepals  mostly  herbaceous.    Petals  manifest. — Herbs. 
Leaves  alternate.     Flowers  solitary  or  corymbose. 

6.  MYOSURUS.     Sepals  .spurred  at  the  base.     Leaves  radical.     Scape  l-flowered. 

7.  RANUNCULUS.     Sepals  spurless.     Petals  yellow  or  white,  with  a  pit  or  scale  at  the 

base.     Stem  leafy. 

8.  ADONIS.     Petals  red,  not  pitted  at  the  base. 

#  *  *    Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Fruit  a  follicle  or  berry. 
Tribe  IV.     HKL.L.EBOKINE.E.    Sepals  colored.     Petals  mostly  irregular,  or  none. 
Fruit  a  1  -  many-seeded  follicle. 

#  Petals  none. 

9.  CALTHA.     Sepals  yellow.     Leaves  entire. 

10.  ISOPYRUM.     Sepals  white.     Leaves  teruately  divided. 

*  «  Petals  2 -10. 

11.  AQUILEGIA.     Petals  . 5,  alike,  hollow,  spurred.     Leaves  compoundly  divided. 

12.  DELPHINIUM.     Outer  sepal  hollow,  .spurred.     Petals  4,  unlike.     Leaves  lobed. 

13.  ACONITUM.     Outer  sepal  large,  hooded,  enclosing  the  two  stalked  petals. 

14.  HELLEBORUS.     Petals  8-10,  small,  tubular, '2-Iipped.     Sepals  regular. 

1.').  COPTIS.     Petals  . 5 -G,  thickened  and  hooded  at  the  apex.     Scape  l-flowered. 
IG.  ZANTHORHIZA.     A  shrub.     Flowers  regular,  5-petalled.     Follicle  1-2-seeded. 

Tribe  V.     CIMICIFUGE^.     Sepals  colored.     Petals  small  and  flat,  or  none.     Fruit 
a  follicle  or  berry.  —  Leaves  alternate. 

17.  HYDRASTIS.     Petals  none.     Fruit  baccate.  —  Stem  l-flowered. 

18.  ACT.EA.     Petals  entire.     Racemes  short.     Fruit  a  berry. 

19.  CIMICIFUGA.     Petals  2-cleft.     Racemes  long.     Fruit  a  follicle. 


EANUNCULACE^,        (CROWFOOT    FAMILV.)  3 

1.    CLEMATIS,   L.     Virgin's  Bower. 

^Sepals  4,  petal-like,  valvate  or  with  incurved  margins  in  the  bud,  decidu- 
ous. Petals  none.  Stamens  indefinite.  Ovaries  numerous,  capitate,  1-ovuled, 
forming  acheuia  in  fruit,  with  the  persistent  styles  in  the  form  of  long,  mostly 
plumose  tails.  Seed  suspended.  —  Perennial  herbs  or  woody  vines,  with  op- 
posite entire  or  divided  leaves,  and  single  or  cymose  perfect  or  polygamous 
flowers. 

§  1.  Flowers  solitari) ;  outer  stamens  petal-like,  sterile;  huds  scaly. — Atkagene. 

1.  C.  verticillaris,  DC.  Stem  woody,  climbing;  leaves  ternate,  the 
stalked  leaflets  cordate-ovate ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  spreading,  bright 
purple,  1'-  U'  long;  sterile  stamens  spatulate  ;  tails  of  the  achenia  plumose. 
(Atragene  Americana,  Sims.)  —  Mountains  of  N.  Carolina.     April -]\Iay. 

§  2.  Sterile  stamens  none  ;  buds  not  scuhj.  —  Clematis. 

*  Flowers  solitarij, perfect,  nodding  ;  sepals  thick,  valvate  ;  stems  herbaceous. 

-(—   Stems  erect,  mostlii  simple. 

2.  C.  OChroleuca,  Ait.  Villous  or  silky-pubescent,  rarely  glabrous; 
stems  rigid,  1°  liigli ;  leaves  ovate  or  roundish,  entire,  reticulate,  glabrate 
above;  flower  yellowish,  1' long  ;  tails  of  the  villous  achenia  plumose.  (C. 
ovata,  Pursh,  the  smooth  form.)  —  Rocky  woods  in  the  upper  districts. 
May- June. 

3.  C.  Baldwinii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stems  slender,  1°  -  li°  high,  smoothish ; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  entire  or  three-lobed ;  peduncles  8'  -  1 0'  long ; 
flower  purple  ;  tails  of  the  achenia  2'  -  3'  long,  plumose.  —  S.  Florida. 

•(—  H—  Stems  climbing ;  leaves  pinnately  divided. 

4.  C.  erispa,  L.  (Blub  Jessamine.)  Glabrescent ;  leaflets  3-9,  thin, 
ovate  or  oblong,  lobed  or  entire,  acute,  or  (in  var.  Walter!,  Torr.  Sj-  Gray)  lance- 
olate or  linear ;  calyx  l'-2'  long,  pale  purple ;  sepals  recurved  or  revolute  and 
wavy-margined  above  the  middle ;  tails  of  the  achenia  stout,  pubescent.  — 
Marshes  and  wet  banks,  middle  and  lower  districts.     May  -  June. 

5.  C.  Viorna,  L.  (Le.\ther-Floaver.)  Smoothish;  leaflets  5-7,  thin, 
oval  or  ol)long-ovate,  lobed  or  entire;  calyx  V  long,  ovate,  reddish  brown: 
sepals  tapering  into  a  short  recurved  point ;  tails  of  the  achenia  plumose.  — 
Woods  and  along  rivers,  rare  in  the  lower  districts.     May- July. 

6.  C.  reticulata,  Walt.  Smooth ;  leaflets  7-9,  coriaceous,  oval,  mostly 
entire,  strongly  reticulated  ;  calyx  ovate,  purple  ;  sepals  spreading  at  the 
point;  tails  of  the  achenia  long  and  slender,  plumose. — Dry  sandy  soil, 
chiefly  in  lower  districts.     May  -  July. 

*  *  Flowers  ci/mose,  poli/gamo-diacious  ;  sepals  tliin,  spreading ;  stems  icoodij, 

climbing  ;  leaves  ternately  divided  ;  tails  of  the  achenia  plumose. 

7.  C.  Virginiana,  L.  (Virgin's  Bower.)  Glabrate ;  leaves  ternate,  the 
oblong  or  cordate-ovate  leaflets  2'  -  3'  long,  lobed  or  toothed  ;  cymes  axillary, 
trichotomous,  many-flowered ;  sepals  oblong,  Y  long,  white  or  yellowish.  — 
Eiver  banks,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts.     June  -  July. 


4  KAXl'NC'ULACE.*:.        (cHOW  K()(»T    lAMlLV.) 

8.  C.  Catesbyana,  I'lnsli.  rnlKsccnt  :  leaves  tiTiiato,  (|ninate,  or  biter- 
natp  ;  lealiets  ()\ale  or  omlate-ovate,  usually  ."Moljeii ;  eyiiies  few-Howereil, 
mostly  coiiiiiouikI  or  jiuiiiik'tl ;  He|ial8  white,  toiiienlose.  —  Dry  wiiiily  soil  near 
the  coast.     August. 

2.    ANEMONE,  I..     Wim-Im...wi;r. 

Se])als  4 -."JO,  eoloreil,  imlniiated  iu  the  liud,  deeiduous.  I'elals  none. 
Stamens  indetiuite,  their  filaments  filiform.  ( )varies  mo.stly  numerous.  Ovule 
solitary.  Aelu-nia  even  (not  rihhed),  capitate,  comjiressed,  jxiinted  l»y  the 
siiort  persistent  style.  Seed  suspended.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  naked  stems 
bearing  at  the  summit  2- .5  op|)osite  or  whorleil  leaves,  whi'-li  form  an  invo- 
lucre at  the  base  of  the  I-Howered  peilunde.     Leaves  lol)ed  or  divided. 

*    Stem  simple,  \-JI<ncered. 

•i—   luvulucre  close  under  the  Jiowers,  small,  sessile,  resemlilinr/  a  calijx ;  stems 

several,  pednncle-like  ;  leaves  cordate,  3  -  b-lobed,  persistfitt. 

1.  A.  Hepatiea,  L.  (Liver-Leaf.)  Silky-villous ;  stems  spreading, 
4'- 6' long;  leaves  reiiiform-cordate,  the  lobes  roundeil ;  sepals  6-8,  oblong, 
generally  purple;  achenia  oval,  longer  thau  the  curved  styles.  (Hepatiea 
triloba,  Dill.)  —  Dry  rocky  woods,  chietly  iu  the  upi)er  districts.     March. 

2.  A.  acutiloba,  Lawson.  Leaves  cordate,  3-  (rarely  5-)  lobcd,  the 
lobes  acute;  sepals  i;-eiierally  white ;  otherwise  like  the  preceding. — Moun- 
tains of  (ieorgia,  and  northward.     March. 

-)—    -1—   Iii.r<>li"'ri'  rcmofe  from  the  lomj-pfditncled  floicer,  lobed  or  divided. 

3.  A.  nemorosa,  L.  (Wood  Axemoxe.)  I'ubescent ;  stem  4' - 8' high 
from  a  slender  scaly  rootstock ;  radical  leaves  (wanting  on  flowering  ])lants) 
ternately  divided,  the  wedge-slia])ed  divisions  lobed  and  toothed,  or  the  lateral 
ones  deeply  2-parted  ( Var.  (|uinquefolia),  those  of  the  involucre  similar,  longer 
than  the  petioles;  sepals  white,  oval,  or  oblong,  -J'  long;  achenia  few,  oblong, 
pubescent,  pointed  by  the  short  hooked  persistent  style.  —  AVoodlands,  moun- 
tains.    March  -  April. 

4.  A.  triflora,  L.  ?  Divisions  of  the  involucre  ovate-lanceolate,  entire, 
finely  serrate,  acute,  equalling  or  shorter  than  tlie  ))eti<)le  ;  aclienia  numerous. 
—  Mountains  of  Georgia.     March. 

5.  A.  Caroliniana,  Walt.  Stem  3' -lO' high,  fromaglolmlar  stolonifer- 
ous  tulier;  radical  leaves  ternately  divided  into  linear  toothed  divisions ;  in- 
volucre small,  .se.«sile,  3  -  5-lobed  ;  peduncle  long,  pubescent;  sepals  10-30, 
oblong-linear,  white,  the  outer  ones  dotted  with  purjile ;  achenia  numerous  in 
an  oblong  head,  woolly.  (A.  heterophylla,  .Y»^/.,  with  coarser  leaves  and  green- 
ish flowers.)  — Dry  woods,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts.     March- April. 

*   *    Stem  cymoselji  branched,  bearinq  a  2-leaved  involucel,  and  a  single  long- 
pediincled  JInwer  at  each  Joint. 

6.  A.  Virginiana,  L.  (Wixd-Flowek.)  Hirsute  or  villous.  2<^-30 
high  ;  radical  leaves  long-petioled,  broadly  cordate,  twice  3-lol)ed,  the  divis- 
ions acutely  lobed  and  toothed  ;  involucres  petioled,  deeply  3-parted ;  sepals 
5,  greenish,  the  two  outer  ones  lanceolate,  acute,  tlie  inner  obovate  ;  achenia 
woolly,  in  an  oblong  head.  — Dry  woods  in  the  up])er  districts.     July- Aug. 


KANUNCULACE^.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.)  5 

3.     ANEMONELLA,  Spach.     Rue-Anemone. 

Habit  and  flowers  of  Anemone,  with  the  foliage  of  Thalictrum.  Flowers 
umbelled.     Style  none.     Acheuia  few,  smooth,  oblong,  strongly  ribbed. 

1.  A.  thalictroides,  Spath.  Glabrous,  6' -10'  high,  from  clufitered 
tubers;  leaves  teruately  compouud ;  leaflets  long-stalked,  oval  or  roundish, 
cordate,  shortly  3  -  .5-lobed,  of  the  involucre  G  -9  ;  umbel  3  -  6-flowered  ;  seprls 
6  - 10,  oblong,  white,  4"  -  6"  long.  —  Dry  woods.     April  -  May. 

4.     THALICTRUM,  Touru.    Meadow-Eue. 

Sepals  4-5,  imbricated  in  tlie  bud,  colored,  deciduous.  Petals  none.  Sta- 
mens numerous.  Ovaries  3-15,  1-ovuled.  Achenia  furrowed  or  inflated, 
pointed  by  the  persistent  stigma  or  short  style.  Seed  suspended.  —  Perennial 
mostly  glabous  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  teruately  compound  leaves, 
and  mostly  diacious  or  polygamous  small  flowers. 
*    Flowers  diitcious   or  poli/guinous  ;  sepals  s/iorier  than  tlie  stamens  ;  stijle  short; 

achenia  ribbed. 
•i—  Leaves  2-3-ternate,  petioled ;  leaflets  roundish,  eremite,  ylaitcoKs ;  anthers 

longer  than  the  filaments ;  achenia  oval   or  oblong;  pedicels  long,  axillari/ ; 

sepals  greenish ;  flowers  dicecious. 

1.  T.  debile,  Buckley.  Stem  prostrate,  6' -12'  long,  from  clustered 
tubers;  pedicels  mostly  in  pairs;  stamens  10-15;  acheuia  1-6,  oblong. — 
Rocky  woods,  mountains  of  Georgia  and  Alabama.     April-  May. 

2.  T.  dioicum,  L.  vStem  erect,  from  a  fibrous  root ;  pedicels  2  -  6  in  a 
cluster;  stamens  20 -30;  achenia  4- 10,  oval,  sessile,  or  rarely  stipitate.  (Var. 
stipitatum,  Torr.  Sf-  Graij).  —  Rocky  woods,  in  the 'upper  districts.  March - 
April. 

H—  -1—  Lowest  leaves  petioled,  decomponnd,  the  others  sessile  ;  leaflets  veri/  vari- 
able, entire  or  3-lobed  ;  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments;  achenia  acute; 
flowers  panicled. 

3.  T.  purpurascens,  L.  Stem  .3° -5°  high,  generally  purplish  ;  leaf- 
lets ovate  or  oblong,  often  cordate,  strongly  veined,  3-lobed  or  entire,  mostly 
pubescent  beneath  ;  flowers  dioecious,  greenish  or  purplish  ;  filaments  long 
and  drooping,  slightly  tliickened  upwards  ;  anthers  linear,  mucronate.  —  Dry 
soil  in  the  upper  districts.     July  -  August. 

4.  T.  polygamum,  Mulil.  Like  the  la.st,  but  taller ;  leaflets  less  strongly 
veined  and  thinner ;  flowers  polygamous,  white ;  filaments  plainly  thickened 
under  the  short  oblong  obtuse  antliers.  —  Swamps  and  wet  banks.  July  - 
August. 

*   *   Flowers  perfect ;  stigma  sessile  ;  achenia  stipitate,  inflated,  veiny  ;  flowers 
panicled;  leaves  petioled,  hiternate. 

5.  T.  Clavatum,  DC.  Stem  l°-2°high,  sparingly  branched  ;  leaflets 
thin,  obovate  or  rounded,  3-lobed  ;  panicle  corymbose  ;  flowers  white ;  achenia 
5-10,  scimitar-shaped,  short-pointed.  (T.  nadkuvle,  Schweinitz.)  —  Moun- 
tains of  X.  Carolina.     Julv. 


6  EANUNCL'LACK-K.       (<liO\V  Kt  lo  T    FAMILY.) 

5.    TRAUTVETTERIA,  Fiscl..  i  Alcy. 

Sepals  .'J-S,  orliiciiliir,  iiiilnicatcil  in  tlio  hud,  cadiicuiis.  IN-tals  iidiic. 
Slaiiuiis  iinlcliiiiU'.  Ovarifs  luiintroii.s,  1-ovulod.  Aclieniat ii}(ilatc,4-aii;;leil, 
beakt'd  liv  tlu'  liooked  pcitiislciit  stvle.  St-cd  erect.  —  riTciiiiial  licrlw,  witli 
alteriiati'  iialinali'lv  lol)ed  leave**,  aud  coninhotie  white  flower.s. 

1.  T.  palmata,  Fisdi.  &  Mey.  stem  a°  -  4°  hi^h ;  leaves  divided  into 
.5 -9  senate  and  ttuitlied  loljes,  the  lowest  4  -G'  wide,  long-petioJed. — 
Mouutains,  ali>o  dry  pine  woods,  W.   Tloriila. 

6.     MYOSURUS,   L.     Mouse-Tail. 

Sepals  5-7,  imhricated,  spurred  at  the  hase.  Petals  5-7,  lincar-spatulate. 
Stamens  5  -  20.  Ovaries  numerous,  1-ovuled.  Aeiicnia  3-augled,  imhrieated 
on  tlie  spike-like  receptacle.  Seed  suspended.  Small  annuals,  witji  line:ir 
radical  leaves,  and  a  small  yellowish  flower  on  a  naked  scape. 

1.  M.  minimus,  I.^-  Scape  2' -6' long,  longer  than  the  leaves;  aciienia 
beakles.s.  —  Angii.-ia,  Georgia  ;  Js:i.shville,  Teuncssee. 

7.     RANUNCUIiUS,   L.     Crowfoot,  Bltterclp. 

Sepals  .3-5,  regular,  herbaceous,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Petals 
3-  10,  with  a  pit  or  scale  at  the  narrowed  base.  Stamens  mostly  numerous. 
Ovaries  few  or  numerous,  1-ovuled.  Achenia  capitate,  compressed,  mostly 
beaked  bv  the  short  persistent  style.  Seed  erect.  —  Herbs.  Leaves  alternate, 
the  lowest  petioled.  Flowers  axillary  or  corymbose,  white  or  yellow. 
§  1.     Petals  with  a  pit  at  tin-  base,  iclu'te  ;  achenia  rugose. 

1.  R.  aquatilis,  L.  var.  trichophyllus,  Gray.  Aquatic,  filiform, 
immersed;  leaves  ]jetioled,  divideil  into  very  numerous  capillary  segments; 
peduncles  opposite  the  leaves.  —  Slow-flowing  streams  in  the  upper  districts, 
Pnrsh.     June  -  August. 

§  2.     Petals  )/ellow,  u'ith  a  small  scale  at  the  base. 
*   Achevia  viuricate  ;  annuals.     {Introduced.) 

2.  R.  parviflorus,  L.  Softly  villous,  much  branched,  P  -  1°  high  : 
lower  leaves  round-cordate,  3-lobed,  toothed,  the  upper  3-parted  or  entire  ; 
flowers  small ;  petals  3  -  5,  as  long  as  the  sepals  ;  styles  recurved.  —  Roadsides 
and  waste  ground.     April  -  ^Nlay. 

3.  R.  murieatus,  L.  Nearly  glabrous;  stem  1°-U°  high;  petals  5, 
longer  than  the  sejjals  ;  styles  straight;  achenia  strongly  margined;  other- 
wise like  the  preceding.  —  Wa.ste  grouud,  Charleston  (Elliott).     April  -  May. 

*    *    Achetiia  smooth  ;  chiefli/  perennials.^ 

H-   Leaves   undivided,  denticulate  or  entire,  lanceolate,  the   lower  broader  and 

petioled ;  flowers  small. 

4.  R.  ambigens,  Watson.  Stem  10-2°  long,  ascending,  rooting  at  the 
lower  joints  ;  flowers  3"-  5''  wide,  the  petals  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  achenia 
tumid,  slender-beaked.  (R.  alisma-folius,  Grai/.)  —  Wet  banks,  chiefly  in  the 
upper  (li.<tricts.  —  Leaves  2'  -  4'  long. 


RANUNCULACE.^.        (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.)  7 

5.  R.  pusillus,  Poir.  Stems  several,  erect,  6' -12'  high;  lowest  leaves 
oyate  or  rounded ;  flowers  2"  wide,  the  1-5  petals  as  long  as  the  calyx ; 
achenia  obovate,  miuutely  pointed.  —  Miry  banks  in  the  upper  districts. 
April -May.  —  Leaves  1' long.  —  Stamens  5-9. 

6.  E..  oblongifolius,  Ell.  Stem  l°-2°  high;  lower  leaves  oblong; 
flowers  .3" -3"  wide;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx;  stamens  numerous; 
achenia  globular,  pointless.  —  Ditches  and  wet  places  iu  tlie  lower  districts. 
May -July.     Rare. 

^—   -1—  Lp.aves  (exceptincj  No.  7)  ternateli/  lobed  or  divided,  the  lowest  petioled. 
•H-  Petals  small,  not  exceeding  the  cahjx. 

7.  R.  abortivus,  L.  Biennial,  glabrous,  1*^-1  j°  high;  lowest  leaves 
broadlv  cordate,  crenate,  rarely  3-pai-ted ;  stem  leaves  3-5-parted,  the  lance- 
olate lobes  toothed  or  entire ;  achenia  iu  globose  heads,  very  short-pointed.  — 
Low  grounds.     April  -  May. 

8.  R.  sceleratus,  L.  Annual,  glabrous,  \°-\\°  high;  lower  leaves 
round-cordate,  3-lobed,  obtusely  toothed,  the  upper  3-parted ;  achenia  in  an 
oblong  or  cylindrical  head,  pointless.  —  Ditches,  etc.,  Charleston  {Elliott). 
Introduced.     April -May. 

9.  R.  recurvatus,  Poir.  Hirsute,  I°- 2°  high;  leaves  all  petioled,  cor- 
date, 3-5-lobed  or  parted,  the  broad  divisions  mucronate-toothed  or  serrate; 
achenia  iu  a  globose  head,  pointed  with  a  lung  and  slender  recurved  beak.  — 
Low  grounds.     June -July. 

10.  R.  Pennsylvanicus,  L.  Hirsute,  1°- 2°  high;  leaves  ternate,  the 
leaflets  stalked,  3-parted,  narrowly  lobed  and  toothed ;  achenia  in  an  oblong 
head,  pointed  with  a  broad  straight  beak.  —  Damp  grounds,  N.  Carolina 
( Curtis ) .     May  -  June. 

++  ++  Petals  much  larger  than  thecali/.r;  achenia  in  a  globose  head,  compressed, 
the  margins  thickened. 

11.  R.  raultifidus,  Pursh.  Stem  long,  floating ;  immersed  leaves  as  in 
No.  1,  the  floating  ones  palmately  much  divided  ;  achenia  pointed  with  a  short 
straight  beak.  —  In  shallow  ponds,  N.  Carolina  {Curtis). 

12.  R.  septentrionalis,  Poir.  Stem  erect  or  spreading,  1°  high,  hir- 
sute ;  leaves  ternate  or  3-parted,  the  divisions  mostly  stalked,  3-lobed ;  achenia 
broadly  straight-beaked.  (R.  repens,  1st  edition.) — Low  or  wet  ground,  in 
the  upper  districts.     April- May.  —  Stem  sometimes  stoloniferous. 

Var.  Marilandieus.  Densely  hirsute  with  spreading  hairs ;  leaves 
mostly  ternate,  the  leaflets  ovate  or  cuueate,  3-lobed.  —  Dry  shaded  soil  in 
the  middle  and  upper  districts. 

Var.  nitidus.  Smooth,  prostrate,  l°-2°  long;  leaves  trifoliolate ;  beak 
of  the  achenium  .slightly  curved.  —  River  swamps  iu  the  lower  districts. 
Early  spring. 

13.  R.  fascicularis,  Muhl.  Silky  pubescent ;  stem  ^°-l°  high  from  a 
cluster  of  fleshy  fibres ;  leaves  ternately  or  somewhat  pinnately  divided ;  flow- 
ers large ;  achenia  long-beaked.  —  Rocky  woods,  N.  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 
March -April. 


8  RANUNCULACE.E.       (ri{(>WKf>OT    FAMII.V.) 

14.  R.  bulbosus,  I-.  Sti'iii  erect  finm  a  soli. I  hull.;  leaves  pimiately 
diviileil ;  H()\voi*s  large  (T  wide)  ;  adieiiia  pninted  with  a  sliort  cui-ved  lieuk. 
—  N.  Carolina.     Introduced. 

1").  R.  acris,  L.,  and  of  the  l.st  edition,  i.-<  jirobaldv  not  jicrniaiiently 
established  within   my  limits. 

8.     ADONIS,  L.     riii:.vsANT's  Eve. 

Differ.^  from  the  incceding  mainly  in  the  ab.sence  of  a  pit  (jr  scale  at  the 
base  of  the  j)etals,  the  spike-like  arrangement  of  the  achenia,  and  in  the  ])in- 
uate  division  of  the  lea\es. 

1.  A.  autumnalis,  L.  Annual;  leaves  finely  dissected;  petals  6-8, 
crimson.  —  New  Urleans.     Introduced. 

9.     CALTHA,  L.     ^Mahsii  Mahk-old. 

Sepals  4-10,  regular,  colored,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Petals 
noue.  IStamens  numerous.  Ovaries  5- 15,  forming  numy-seeded  follicles  iu 
fruit.  Stigma  sessile.  —  Perennial  smooth  herb.s,  with  corilate  or  renifurm 
undivided  leaves,  and  showy  yellow  flowers. 

I.  C.  palustl'is,  L.  Stem  furrowed,  simple  or  l)ranched,  6'- 10' high; 
leaves  long -petioled,  or  the  upper  sessile,  entire,  crenate,  or  sharjily  denticu- 
late, 2'  -  G'  wide  ;  flowers  single  or  corymbose,  long-jjcduncled  ;  follicles  spread- 
ing. —  Marshes,  N.  Carolina  {I/ijams),  Tennessee  [Gattinyer). 

10.    ISOPYRUM,  L. 

Sepals  5-6,  regular,  colored,  deciduous.  Petals  none,  or  5  and  minute. 
Stamens  numerous.  Ovaries  2-20.  Ovules  few  or  many,  in  1-2  rows. 
Style  short,  subulate.  Follicles  sessile.  Seed  horizontal.  —  Low  and  tender 
perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  teruately  divided  leaves,  and  solitary  white 
flowers. 

1.  I.  biternatum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  6'- 12'  high,  from  fibrous 
tuber-bearing  roots;  radical  leaves  biternate,  long-petioled ;  stem  leaves  ter- 
nate.  nearly  sessile  ;  leaflets  ovate  and  obovate,  obtusely  3-lobed  ;  petals  none ; 
follicles  1-5,  2-seeded.  —  Shaded  cliffs  of  the  Chipola  Kiver,  W.  Florida, 
Alabama  {E.  A.  Smith).     March -April. 

11.     AQUILEGIA,  L.     Columhine. 

Sepals  5,  regular,  coloreil,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  prolonged  downward  into 
hollow  spurs.  Filaments  long,  filiform.  Follicles  5,  connivent,  many-seeded, 
tipped  with  the  long  filiform  persistent  styles.  —  Erect  branching  herbs,  with 
alternate  2  -  3-ternate  leaves,  and  showy  nodding  .solitary  flowers. 

1.  A.  Canadensis,  L.  Stem  l°-.3°  high,  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent; 
radical  leaves  biternate,  the  leaflets  roundish,  crenately  lobed  ;  flowers  scarlet 
stamens  and  .styles  exserted.  —  Rocky  woods,  chiefly  iu  the  upjjer  districts. 
April- May. 


RANUNCULACE^.        (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.) 


12.     DELPHINIUM,  L.    Larkspur. 

Sepals  5,  irregular,  colored,  the  upper  oue  prolonged  backward  iuto  a  hollow 
spur.  Petals  4,  and  separate,  or  2  and  united,  the  2  upper  with  spurs  which 
are  received  in  the  spur  of  the  sepal.  Ovaries  1-5.  Follicles  many-seeded. 
—  Erect  herbs,  with  alternate  palmately  divided  leaves,  and  showy  flowers  in 
terminal  racemes. 

*   Petals  4  ;  follicles  3.     Perennial. 

1.  D.  exaltatum,  Ait.  Stem  2° -4°  high,  branching  and  hairy  above; 
leaves  4'-  6'  wide,  the  divisions  lanceolate  or  oblong ;  racemes  man v- flowered ; 
flowers  blue;  spur  straiglit,  rather  longer  than  the  calyx;  follicles  erect. — 
Mountains  of  Alabama  to  N.  Carolina.     June  -  August. 

2.  D.  azureum,  Michx.  Stem  mostly  simple,  downy,  l°-2°  high; 
leaves  2' -3'  wide,  the  divisions  linear ;  racemes  many-flowered;  flowers  blue; 
spur  curved,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  follicles  erect.  —  Light  soil  in  the 
middle  and  upper  districts.     May -June. 

3.  D.  trieorne,  Michx.  Stem  smoothish,  1°-  U°  high  from  small  clus- 
tered tubers;  leaves  2' -3'  wide,  with  oblong-linear  divisions;  racemes  many- 
flowered,  the  pedicels  shorter  than  the  deep-blue  flowers;  s])ur  straight, 
equalling  the  calyx ;  follicles  arcuate  spreading.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  and 
Tennessee.     Ajiril  -  May. 

4.  D.  virescens,  Nutt.  ?  Stem  downy,  slender,  6'- 10'  high;  leaves  1' 
wide ;  racemes  3  -  6-flowered,  the  pedicels  longer  than  the  yellowish  white 
flowers ;  spur  longer  than  the  caly.x.  curved  at  the  summit ;  follicles  arcuate- 
spreading.  —  Valley  of  the  Coosa  Kiver,  Georgia.     May  -June. 

*    *    Petals  2,  and  united ;  follicles  single.     Annual. 

5.  D.  COnsolida,  L-  Smooth;  divisions  of  the  leaves  narrow-linear; 
flowers  white  or  various  shades  of  blue  or  purple ;  follicle  glabrous.  —  Grain- 
fields  and  around  homesteads.     Introduced. 

13.     ACONITUM,  L.     Monkshood,  Wolfsbane. 

Sepals  5,  irregular,  colored,  tlie  uppermost  large,  helmet-shaped,  the  2  lat- 
eral large  and  rounded,  the  lower  oblong.  Petals  2  or  5,  the  2  upper  long- 
stalked,  produced  backward  into  a  short  spur,  the  three  lower  minute  or 
wanting.  Stamens  numerous.  Ovaries  2-5.  Follicles  many-seeded.  Seed 
rugose.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  palmately  dissected  leaves,  and 
racemose  showy  flowers. 

1.  A.  uncinatum,  L.  Stem  slender,  2° -6°  long;  leaves  3 - 5-cleft, the 
ovate-lanceolate  lobes  coarsely  toothed;  raceme  few-flowered;  sepals  blue,  the 
upper  helmet-shaped.  —  Mountains  of  N.  Carolina.     June-  August. 

2.  A.  reclinatum.  Gray.  Stem  reclining,  4° -8°  long;  leaves  deeply 
3  -  7-clef t,  the  cuneate  lobes  acutely  toothed ;  racemes  few  -  many-flowered ; 
sepals  white,  the  upper  long-conical.  —  Mountains  of  N.  Carolina.  July  - 
August. 


Ill  KAXr.NCL'LACE.E.        (CUOWKOOT    FAMILY.) 

14.  HELLEBORUS,  1-.  IIki.i.iik.kk. 

Sepals  ;'),  nuiiHled,  jicrfisteiit.  Petals  8-10,  very  small,  tiilmlai,  2-li]»|ifii. 
Stainoiis  iiuiiu'niiis.  Fullick's  3-10,  coriaceims,  iiian\ -sueilod.  —  IViTiiuial 
hcrlis,  with  ](almatc'  nr  pcilate  leaves,  aud  solitary  iioddinjj  flowers. 

I.  H.  viridis,  I..  Sicm  l°-2°liigli;  lowest  leaves  jiedate,  lon^'-jietiuled, 
the  U|iiier  palmate  and  uearly  sessile,  the  divisions  lanreolate ;  sej)als  oval, 
green;  follicles  obloug.  —  N.  Carolina  (JJijains).     Intiudueed. 

15.     COPTIS,   Salisb.     GoLU-TiiKiiAD. 

Sepals  5-6,  colored,  regular,  deciduous.  Petals  5-6,  thickened  aud 
hooded  at  the  apex.  Stamens  numerous.  Follicles  3- 10,  long-sti])itate  (as 
if  umbellate),  ixdnted  with  the  hooked  style,  few-.^ecded.  —  Perennial  smooth 
herbs,  with  teruately  divided  leaves,  aud  1  -4  small  flowers  at  the  summit  of 
a  uaked  scape. 

1.  C.  trifolia,  Salisb.  Scape  4' -6'  high,  from  a  slender  yellow  root- 
stock,  1  dowered;  leaves  persistent,  trifoliolate,  long-petioled,  the  leaflets 
obovate  and  slightly  lobed ;  flowers  white.  —  Mountains  of  E.  Tennessee  {Gat- 
linger).     June. 

16.    ZANTHORHIZA,   Marshall.     Ylllow  Root. 

Sepals  5,  regular,  colored,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  small,  gland-like,  2-lobed. 
Stamens  5-  10.  Ovaries  5-  10,  2-ovuled.  Style  .subulate,  incurved,  at  length 
dorsal.  Follicles  sessile.  Seed  solitary,  susjiended.  —  A  smooth  slender 
shrub,  2° -3°  high,  with  yellow  roots.  Leaves  pinnate,  long-petioled,  the 
3-5  ovate  leaflets  lobed  and  toothed.  Flowers  iu  slender  compound  racemes, 
appearing  before  the  leaves,  dark  purple. 

1.  Z.  apiifolia,  L'Herit.  —  Shady  banks,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts. 
March- A])ril. 

17.     HYDRASTIS,  L.     Golden  Se.al. 

Sepals  3,  ovate,  colored,  caducous.  Petals  none.  Stameus  numerous. 
Ovaries  12-20,  fleshy,  2-ovuled,  ri])ening  into  a  head  of  1  -2-seeded  crimson 
berries.  —  Stem  1°  high,  from  a  thick  knotted  rootstock,  2-leaved,  l-flowered; 
leaves  palniately  5-7-lobed,  toothed  and  serrate,  the  lower  ])etioled,  the  upper 
sessile  under  the  short-stalked  greenish  white  flower. 

1.  H.  Canadensis,  L.  —  liidi  oj)en  woods.  Mountains  of  Georgia,  and 
northward.     May. 

18.    ACTJEA,  L.     Bani-rerry. 

Sepals  3-5,  ovate,  colored,  caducous.  Petals  4-10,  eutire.  Stamens  nu- 
merous. Ovary  solitary,  1-celled,  ripening  into  a  many-seeded  berry.  —  Per- 
ennial herbs.  Stem  simple,  bearing  one  or  two  large  2-3  teruately  coinpnund 
leaves,  and  a  single  oval  or  oblong  raceme  of  small  white  flowers. 

1.  A.  alba,  Bigel.  (White  Cohosh.)  Smooth  or  nearly  so,  2°  high; 
leaves  mostlv  2,  long-petioled,  the  ovate  leaflets  acutely  toothed ;  raceme 
long-peduncled,  the  pedicels  in  fruit  thick  and  red;  berry  white  —Rocky 
woods.     Mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward.     jNIay. 


MAGNOLIACE^.       (mAGJVOLIA    FAMILY.)  11 

2.  A.  spicata,  L.,  var.  rubra,  Ait.  (Red  Cohosh.)  Like  the  pie- 
ced iug,  but  the  pedicels  not  thickeued  in  fruit,  aud  the  berries  cherry-red.  — 
Tennessee.     May. 

19.    CIMICIFUGA,  L.    BuGBANE. 

Sepals  4-5,  ovate,  colored,  caducous.  Petals  1-8,  2-lobed.  Stamens  very 
numerous,  the  filiform  filaments  elongated.  Ovaries  1-8,  1-celled,  ripening 
iuto  many-seeded  follicles.  —  Tall  perennial  herbs,  with  large  ternately  com- 
pound leaves,  and  long  slender  racemes  of  white  fiowers. 

*    Ovary  mostly  siiu/le ;  stigma  large,  depressed ;  seeds  horizontal,  smooth. 

1.  C.  raoemosa,  EU.  (Black  Sxakeroot.)  Stem  4° -8°  high; 
leaves  3-ternate,  the  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  leaflets  sharply  toothed  and 
serrate  ;  racemes  6'-  12'  long,  mostly  branched,  downy ;  follicles  ovate,  sessile 
on  the  pedicel.  —  Rich  shady  woods  in  the  upper  districts. 

*    *   Ovaries  3-%;  stigma  minute ;  seeds  vertical,  chaffy. 

2.  C.  Americana,  Michx.  Stem  30-4°  high;  leaves  3-ternate ;  leaflets 
ovate,  sharply  toothed  and  serrate,  the  terminal  one  3-lobed ;  racemes  some- 
what pauicled  ;   follicles  3^5,  compressed,  obovate-obloug,  short- stipitate. 

Mountains  of  N.  Carolina.     June- July. 

3.  C.  COrdifolia,  Pursh.  Stem  2° -3°  high;  leaves  2-ternate,  ovate  or 
cordate-ovate,  2  -  3-lobed,  toothed  and  serrate  ;  racemes  long,  panicled ;  fol- 
licles 2-3,  oblong,  sessile.  —  High  mountains  of  N.  Carolina.  Rare.  June- 
July. 

Order  2.    MAGNOLIACE^.     (Magxolia  Family.) 

Aromatic  trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  alternate  leaves,  and  regular 
hypogj-nous  flowers.  —  Sepals  and  petals  mostly  alike,  imbricated  in 
three  or  more  rows  in  the  bud.  Stamens  distinct  or  united.  Anthers 
adnata.  Ovaries  numerous,  imbricated  or  whorled,  1  -  2-ovuled.  Fruit 
fleshy,  baccate,  or  samara-like,  distinct,  or  in  cone-like  heads.  Seed 
dry  or  baccate.     Embryo  minute  at  the  base  of  fleshy  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder  I.  "WINTERED.  Flowers  perfect.  Stamens  numerous,  separate.  Ovaries 
in  a  single  wliorl,  1-ovuled,  becoming  coriaceous  follicles  in  fruit.  —  Erect  shrubs. 
Leaves  entire.     Stipules  none. 

1.  ILLICIUM.     Leaves  evergreen.     Flowers  nodding. 

Suborder  II.  SCHIZANDRE.^.  Flowers  monoecious.  Stamens  united.  Ovaries 
imbricated  in  a  head,  2-ovuled,  becoming  scattered  berries  in  fruit.  —  Climbing  shrubs. 
Leaves  deciduous,  often  toothed.     Stipules  none. 

2.  SCHIZANDRA.     Stamens  .5,  united  into  a  5-lobed  disk. 

Suborder  in.  MAGNOLTE.^i;.  Flowers  perfect.  Stamens  numerous,  separate. 
Ovaries  imbricated  in  a  head,  2-ovuled.  Fruit  fleshy  or  somewhat  woody,  in  cone- 
like heads  or  spikes.  —  Chieiiy  trees.     Leaves  entire.     Stipules  large. 

.3.  MAGNOLIA.     Fruit  fleshy,  dehiscent,  persistent  on  the  receptacle.     Anthers  intror^e. 

4.  LIRIODENDRON.  Fruit  woody,  indehiscent,  samara-like,  deciduous.  Anthers 
extrorse. 


IL*  MAONOLIACK.E.        (mAUXULIA     IA.MILV.) 

1.     ILLICIUM,    L.     Amsi-tkkk. 

Flowers  jiorfcrt.  Srpiils  '.i  or  (>.  IVtals  l(-.'J(i,  sjircjidiiifi.  StamciiH  uu- 
iiifroiis.  Aiiiliers  iiitrorsc.  iMillicles  6  or  iiiuro,  in  :i  sinj^lc  whorl,  coriaceous, 
at  Ifimtli  2  valvcil,  l-sietled.  Seed  asceiiiling.  —  Smooth  iinise-sceiited  shrubs, 
witli  entire  exstijdilate  ever^ri-en  leaves.  I'ediinclcs  from  terminal  lunis, 
1-Howered,  noddinj;. 

1.  I.  Floridanum,  Kllis.  Shrul>  G°-  10°  lii<jh  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
aiuminatc  :  ]iilals  :i()-.'io,  linear,  widely  spreading,  dark  purple.  —  Sandy 
swanii)s,  Florida  to  Mi.^si.ssippi.     April. 

2.  I.  parviflorum,  Miihx.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acute  ;  petals  6-12,  ovate 
or  rouudisli,  concave,  yellow.  — Coa.st  of  (jeorgia  and  E.  Florida. 

2.    SCHIZANDRA,  Mi.lix. 

Flowers  moncccious.  Sepals  5- fi,  ovate.  I'etals  ."j-r),  oljlong.  Stamens  5, 
their  short  filaments  united,  forming  a  circular  .5-lobed  disk,  with  the  anther- 
cells  widelv  sejiarated.  Ovaries  numerous,  imbricated,  ripening  into  1-2- 
seeded  berries  which  are  scattered  on  the  greatly  elongated  filiform  receptacle. 
—  A  woody  dimbiug  vine,  with  ovate  membranaceous  deciduous  leaves,  aud 
small  long-peduncled  crimsou  flowers  from  a.xillary  buds.     Stijmles  none. 

1.  S.  COCCinea,  Michx.  —  Low  shaded  ground  in  the  lower  districts. 
May- June. 

3.    MAGNOLIA,   L.    Cicumber-tree. 

Flowers  ])erf<'ct.  Sepals  .3,  caihu-ous.  Petals  6-9,  deciduous.  Stamens 
indefinite.  Ovaries  numerous,  imbricated,  ripening  iuto  a  cone-like  head  of 
2-seeded  persistent  follicles  opening  on  the  back.  Seeds  fleshy,  suspended  by 
a  .^lender  cord.  —  Trees  or  shrul)s.  Stipules  adnate  to  the  leaf  stalks.  Flowers 
large,  solitar}^  terminal,  odorous. 

*   Leaves  perennial. 

1.  M.  grandiflora,  L.  (Magnolia.)  Leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  smooth 
above,  rusty-pubescent  beneath,  6'- 12' long  ;  flowers  6'-9' wide,  the  petals 
white,  obovate,  concave  ;  cone  of  fruit  oval,  3' -4'  long.  —  Light  fertile  soil  in 
the  lower  districts.     May.  —  A  large  tree. 

2.  M.  glauoa,  L.  (Sweet  Bay.)  Leaves  4'- 6'  long,  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late, silkv-pul)escent,  glabrate  above,  glaucous  beneath;  flowers  1'- 2' wide, 
white  and  fragrant,  the  petals  obovate,  concave  ;  cone  of  fruit  I'-li'  long.  — 
Swamps.     April  -  May.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree. 

*    *    Leaves  deciiluous,  acute  at  the  base. 

.3.  M.  Umbrella,  Lam.  Leaves  1°-  l^o  long,  obovate-oblong,  clustered 
at  the  summit  of  the  branches,  glabrate  ;  flowers  4' -6'  wide,  the  white  jtetals 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute;  cone  of  fruit  oblong,  4'-6'  long.  —  Upper  districts. 
June.  —  A  small  tree. 

4.  M.  acuminata,  L.  Leaves  6' -9' long,  oval,  acuminate,  downy  be- 
neath; flowers  3' -4'  wide,  the  yellow  petals  oblong,  olituse ;  cone  of  fruit 
cylindrical,  2^-3  long.  —  T'rper  districts.     May. —  A  large  tree. 


ANONACE^.        (cUSTARD-APPLE    FAMILY.)  13 

*    *    *    Leaves  deciduous,  auriculate  or  cordate  at  the  base. 

5.  M.  COrdata,  Michx.  Leaves  oval  or  rouudish,  4' -5'  wide,  white- 
downy  beueath  ;  flowers  3' -4'  wide,  the  yellow  petals  obloug,  acute;  cone  of 
fruit  oblong,  3'  long. —  Western  parts  of  S.  Carolina  (AJic/iaux),  and  Co- 
lumbia County,  Georgia,  very  rare. 

6.  M.  Fraseri,  Walt.  Leaves  spatulate-obovate,  glabrous,  8'- 12' long, 
auriculate-cordate  at  the  base;  flowers  3' -4'  wide,  the  oblong  obtuse  petals 
white  ;  coue  of  fruit  ovate.  —  Mountains,  and  a  small-leaved  form  in  the  lower 
districts.     June  -  July.  —  Mostly  a  small  tree. 

7.  M.  macrophylla,  Michx.  Leaves  1° -2°  long,  oblong-obovate,  cor- 
date, glaucous  lieneatli  ;  flowers  8'-10' wide,  white,  the  petals  oblong,  obtuse; 
cone  of  fruit  4'  long,  oval.  —  Middle  and  upper  districts,  local.  April.  —  A 
Bmall  tree. 

4.     LIRIODENDRON,  L.     White  Poplar. 

Flowers  perfect.  Sepals  3,  reflexed.  Petals  6,  erect.  Stamens  indefinite. 
Ovaries  numerous,  imbricated,  1-celled,  forming  in  fruit  a  cone-like  head 
of  indehiscent  1  -2-seeded  deciduous  carpels.  —  A  large  tree.  Leaves  lobed. 
Stipules  free.     Flowers  terminal. 

1.  L.  Tulipifera,  L.  (Tulip-tkee.)  Leaves  smooth,  rounded  at  the 
base,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  trnncated ;  flowers  bell-shaped,  the  petals 
greenish  yellow  .striped  with  orange.  —  Low  grounds.     May. 


Order  3.     AlNTONACEiE.     (Custard-Apple  Family.) 

Tree,s  or  shrubs,  with  simple  entire  alternate  leaves,  and  solitary- 
axillary  perfect  hypogynous  flowers.  --  Sepals  3.  Petals  6,  in  two 
row\s,  valvate,  deciduous.  Stamens  numerous.  Anthers  adnate. 
Ovaries  few  or  many,  baccate  in  fruit.  Seeds  large,  anatropous. 
Embryo  minute,  at  the  base  of  ruminated  albumen. 

1.     ASIMINA,  Adans.     Clstard-Apple. 

Petals  thick,  the  3  outer  ones  larger  and  spreading.  Ovaries  3-15,  1-celled, 
few- many-ovuled,  pulpy  or  fleshy  in  fruit.  Seeds  horizontal,  enclosed  in  a 
thin,  succulent  aril.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  deciduous  exstipulate  leaves 
and  nodding  flowers. 

*    Floirers  appearing  \oith  or  he/ore  the  leaves. 

1.  A.  triloba,  Dunal.  (Papaw.)  Leaves  4' -8'  long,  obovate-oljlong, 
acuminate,  rusty-))ubescent,  like  the  branches,  at  lengtli  glabrous;  flowers 
r  wide;  outer  petals  round-ovnte,  purplish  brown,  3-4  times  longer  than  the 
calyx  ;  fruit  oblong,  many-seeded,  edible.  —  Low  ground,  chielly  in  the  upper 
districts.     March.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree. 

2.  A.  parviflora,  Dunal.  Shrub  2° -5°  high.  Leaves  4'-  6'  long,  obo- 
vate-oblong,  acute,  glabrate ;   flowers  ^'  wide,  the  oblong-ovate  outer  petals 


14  MENIsrKKM.VCK.K.        (mOUNSKKI)    IA.MILV.) 

twice  as  long  as  tlif  calyx,  ]mri)iisli  hrowii  ;    fruit  nhlung  or  jiear  Hhaiicd,  fcw- 
gj.i.,li.,l.  —  Dry  sandy  Miil  in  the  lnwer  districts.     Marcli. 

3.  A.  grandiflora,  I'liiial.  Slirul)  2°-3°  liigii ;  leaves  oliovato,(»l)tii8e, 
rigid,  2'-3'  long,  densely  piiliescenl,  like  the  l>raiiclie»,  wlnn  y<iinig,  at  length 
sniootii  above  ;  outer  petals  2'  long,  round-ohovate.  yellowish,  many  times 
longer  than  the  calyx;  fruit  small,  1  -few-seeded. —  Dry  sajidy  .suil  in  llie 
lower  districts  of  (ieorgia  aud  E.  Florida.     March  -  April. 

♦    *   Flowers  from  the  axils  of  coriaceous  leaves. 

4.  A.  pygmsea,  Dunal.  Glahrous  ;  shrub  2°-3°  high  ;  leaves  2'-6'  long, 
cuneate-oldong  to  linear,  early  deciduous;  flowers  l'-3'  wide,  white  or  pale 
yellow,  the  outer  petals  ol)long-obovate  ;  fruit  cylindrical,  few-seeded.  (A.an- 
gustifolia,  Graif  '. )  —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida,  and  lower  districts  of 
Georgia.  May.  —  On  young  stems  the  leaves  are  broader  and  tiie  flowers 
larger. 

5.  A.  CUneata,  Slmttl.  Leaves  lanceolate-olilong,  jmliescent  beneath, 
3'  -4'  long  ;  flowers  V  wide,  the  outer  petals  oblong,  three  times  longer  than 
the  calyx,  aud  twice  as  long  as  the  inner  ones.  —  S.  Florida  (Fcay). 

2.    ANONA,  L.    CiSTARD-AppLE. 

Differs  from  the  preceding  iu  its  numerous  ovaries,  with  a  single  erect 
ovule,  forming  in  fruit  a  compound  many-seeded  pulpy  berry.  —  Tropical 
trees  or  shrubs. 

1.  A.  laurifolia,  Dunal.  Glabrous;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  3' -4'  long; 
flowers  r  wide,  whitish;  petals  thick,  the  outer  ones  round-ovate;  fruit 
smooth  ;  seeds  compressed.  —  Wet  banks,  S.  Florida.  — A  small  tree. 


Order  4.     MEXISPEK3IACEyl3.     (Moonseed  Family.) 

Climbing  woody  vines,  with  alternate  ex.stipulate  palmately  veined 
leaves,  and  small  polygamous  ordioecion.s  flowers,  in  axillary  or  supra- 
axillary  racemes  or  panicles.  —  Sepals  and  petals  mostly  alike,  in  two 
or  more  rows,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  0  or  more,  hypog}'- 
nous.  Anthers  2-  or  4-celled.  Ovaries  3  -  8,  drupaceous  in  fruit. 
Seed  and  embryo  curved,  the  latter  large,  in  thin  albumen. 

1.     COCCULUS,  DC. 

Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous.  Sepals  and  petals  6,  each  in  two  rows. 
Stamens  6,  the  anthers  4-celled.  Ovaries  3-6,  1-celled,  1-oviiled.  Stigma 
subulate.  Drupe  baccate.  Nut  uniform,  rugose.  Seed  conformed  to  the 
cavity  of  the  nut.     Embryo  semicircular. 

1.  C.  Carolinus,  DC.  Pubescent;  leaves  petioled,  ovate  or  cordate, 
entire  or  3  -  5-lobed,  acute  or  obtuse  ;  racemgs  of  the  fertile  flowers  simple, 
of  the  sterile  compound  ;  flowers  white ;  drupe  red.  —  Woods  and  thickets. 
June- Jul  V. 


BERBERIDACE^.       (BARBERRY    FAMILY.)  15 

2.     MENISPERMUM,  L.    Moonseed. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Sepals  and  petals  4  -  8.  Stameus  12-24.  Anthers  4- 
celled.  Ovaries  2-4.  Stigma  dilated,  spreading.  Otherwise  like  the 
preceding. 

1.  M.  Canadense,  L.  Glabrous  ;  leaves  long-petioled,  round-cordate, 
entire,  angular,  or  lobed,  slightly  peltate  at  the  base,  glaucous  beneath ;  pan- 
icles supra-axillary,  single  or  in  pairs,  drooping;  flowers  small,  white. — 
Kiver  banks,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts.     July. 

3.    CALYCOCARPUM,  Xutt. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Sepals  6.  Petals  none.  Stamens  12.  Anthers  2- 
celled.  Ovaries  3,  1-ovuled.  Stigma  radiate,  many-cleft.  Drupe  oval.  Nut 
excavated  on  the  inner  face.     Embryo  curved,  foliaceous. 

1.  C.  Lyoni,  Nutt.  —  River  banks  in  the  upper  districts.  May- June. 
Pubescent ;  leaves  round-cordate,  3  -  7-lobed,  acuminate  ;  racemes  compound, 
supra-axillar}- ;  flowers  white  ;  drupe  globose. 

Order  5.     BERBERIDACE^.     (Barberry  Family.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  mostly  divided  leaves,  and  perfect 
regular  hyijogynous  flowers.  —  Sepals  and  petals  in  two  or  more  rows 
of  2-4  each,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Stamens  opposite 
the  petals.  Anthers  2-celled,  opening  by  uplifted  valves  (or  length- 
wise in  Podophyllum).  Fruit  baccate  or  capsular.  Embryo  in  the 
axis  of  fleshy  or  horny  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

*  Anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves. 

1.  BERBERIS.     Stamens  G.     Leaves  bristly-serrate.     Slirubs. 

2.  CAULOPHYLLUM.     Stamens  G.     Leaves  compound.     Herb. 

3.  DIPHYLLEIA.     Stamens  G.     Leaves  peltate,  deeply  2-cleft  and  lobed.     Herb. 

4.  JEFFERSONIA.     Stamens  8.     Scape  l-flowered.     Leaves  2-parted.     Herb. 

*  *   Anthers  opening  longitudinally. 

5.  PODOPHYLLUM.     Stamens  12  or  more.     Flower  solitary  in  the  fork  of  the  two  peltate 

lobed  leaves. 

1.     BERBEBIS,  L.     Barberry. 

Sepals  6,  orbicular.  Petals  6,  obovate,  often  biglandular  near  the  base. 
Stamens  8,  irritable.  Stigma  circular,  depressed.  Fruit  a  1  -  9-seeded  berry. 
Seeds  erect.  —  Shrubs  with  yellow  wood.  Leaves  bristly  serrate,  often  reduced 
to  branching  spines.     Flowers  racemose,  yellow.     Berries  acid. 

1.  B.  Canadensis,  Pursh.  Shrub  smooth,  spiny,  2° -3°  high;  leaves 
obovate,  bristly-serrate  ;  racemes  6  -  8-flowe  ed  ;  petals  notched  ;  berries  oval, 
red. —  Mountains  of  N.  Carolina. 

2.     CAULOPHYLLUM,  Michx.    Bute  Cohosh. 

Sepals  6,  ovate-oblong.  Petals  6,  thick  and  gland-like,  shorter  than  the 
sepals.     Stamens  6.     Style  short,  stigmatic  within.     Ovary  thin,  early  rup- 


1(;  NYMl'II.KACK.K.        (w  ATlJi-l.l  LV     KAMII.V.) 

turcil  liv  the  two  ^ruwiiii,'  ovules.  Seeds  glol)08(',  drupe-like,  stalked.  Albu- 
nu'ii  lioniy.  A  .siiioutli  iieremiiiil  licrl),  with  hii-f^e  loriiateh- i-(»in|ioiiU'l  leaves, 
and  small  yellmvish  jijroeii  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme  or  paniile. 

I.  C.  thalictroides.  Miehx.  (I'appoosk-Koot.)  —  Kich  valleys  in  the 
upjier  districts.  .Mav.  —  Stem  l°-20  liigli,  glaucous.  Kadical  leaf  3-ternate, 
long-petioled  ;  stem  leaves  (mostly  two)  .sessile,  tlie  upper  :i-ternate.  Leaflets 
ovate  or  ohovate,  2-3-lol)ed.     Tanicle  few-flowered.     Seed  glaucous. 

3.    DIPHYLLEIA,  .Michx. 

Sepals  0,  caducous.  Petals  G,  oval,  flat.  Stamens  6.  Stigma  circular, 
depressed,  l-riiit  baccate,  2-3-sce(led.  Seeds  erect.  —  A  smooth  jierennial 
herb,  with  two  large  alternate  i)eltate  2-parted  lohed  leaves,  and  a  terminal 
long-])eduncled  cyme  of  white  Howers. 

1.  D.  cymosa,  Michx.  —  Margins  of  streams,  mountains  of  N.  Carolina. 
May -June.  —  Stem  l'^-2°  high.  Leaves  1°  or  more  wide,  the  divisions 
5-7-lolied.     Berries  lilue. 

4.     JEFFERSONIA,  Barton.     Twin-leaf. 

Sepals  4,  petal-like,  caducous.  Petals  8,  ohloug.  Stamens  8.  Stigma 
nearly  sessile,  2-lobed.  Capsule  coriaceous,  obovate,  many-seeded,  opening 
transversely  on  the  back,  near  the  summit.  Seeds  numerous,  furnished  with 
a  flesliy  laciniated  aril.  —  A  low  stemless  perennial  herb,  with  long-petioled, 
2-parted  leaves,  and  a  naked  scape  bearing  a  single  white  flower. 

1.  J.  diphylla,  Pers.  —  Bich  shady  woods,  Tennessee.  May.  —  Divis- 
ions of  the  lea\  es  half-ovate,  toothed  or  entire.  Scape  6'  -  12'  high.  Flowers 
1'  wide. 

5.     PODOPHYLLUM,  L.    May-Apple. 

Sepals  6,  caducous.  I'etals  6-9,  obovate.  Stamens  twice  as  many  (in  our 
species)  as  the  petals.  Anthers  opening  longitudinally.  Stigma  larijre,  pel- 
tate, sessile.  Fruit  baccate,  many-seeded.  Seeds  enveloped  in  a  pulpy  aril.  — 
Low  perennial  herbs,  with  the  naked  stem  terminated  by  two  large  peltate 
5-9-parted  lobed  and  toothed  leaves,  with  a  solitary  nodding  flower  in  the 
fork. 

1.  P.  peltatum,  L.  (Mandrake.)  Glabrous,  1°  high,  from  creeping 
rootstocks ;  leaves  of  the  flowering  stem  laterally  peltate,  4'  -  6'  wide,  of  the 
barren  ones  single  and  centrally  peltate  ;  flower  greenish,  1'  wide  ;  berry  1'  - 
2'  long,  ovate,  fragrant.  — Low  rich  woods.     April  -  May. 

Ordkr  6.     NY3IPH^ACE^.     (Water-Lily  Family.) 

Perennial  aquatic  herbs,  with  peltate  or  cordate  floating  leaves  and 
flowers.  —  Sepals  3  -  6,  colored  within.  Petals  and  stamens  few  or 
indefinite.  Carpels  indehiscent,  distinct  and  few-seeded,  or  united, 
forming  a  several-celled  many-seeded  berry.  Embryo  enclosed  in  a 
sac  outside  the  albumen,  when  present.  The  Order  also  includes,  as 
Suborders,  the  Cabombacese  and  Xelumbiacese  of  the  first  edition. 


NTMPH^ACEiE.       ( WATER-LILY    FAMILY.)  17 

Synopsis. 

ScBORDEB  I.  CABOMBE,^.  Caulescent,  leafy.  Flowers  axillary,  hypogynous. 
Sepals  and  petals  3  - 4.  Stamens  6  - 18.  Ovaries  2-18.  Ovules  suspended  from  the 
dorsal  suture.     Carpels  distinct,  1  -3-seeded.     Embryo  at  the  base  of  Heshy  albumen. 

1.  CABOMBA.     Stamens  G.     Submerged  leaves  finely  dissected. 

2.  BRASENIA.     Stamens  12-18.     Leaves  entire,  peltate,  floating. 

SnBORDER  2.  NEIiUMBONEiE.  Stemless.  Leaves  floating.  Flowers  hypogynous. 
Sepals  and  petals  alike,  deciduous.  Stamens  indefinite,  the  filaments  prolonged 
above  the  anthers.  Ovaries  1-celled,  1-ovuled,  embedded  in  the  flat  summit  of  the 
large  obconical  receptacle.     Seed  suspended.     Embryo  large.     Albimien  none. 

3.  NELUMBIUM.     Characters  of  the  Suborder. 

SuBOEDEB  3.  NYMPH^ACE.^.  Stemless.  Leaves  floating,  cordate.  Flowers 
solitary.  Sepals  3  -  (J.  Petals  numerous.  Stamens  indefinite.  Ovary  many-celled, 
the  numerous  ovules  inserted  on  the  partitions.  Fruit  iudehiscent,  baccate.  Seed 
albuminous. 

4.  NTMPH^A.     Petals  perigynous.     Stigma  radiate. 

5.  NUPHAR.     Petals  hypogynous.     Stigma  peltate. 

1.     CABOMBA,  Aublet. 

Sepals  and  petals  3.  Stameus  6.  Ovaries  2-4.  Carpels  1 -3-seeded. — 
Stems  filiform,  brauching.  Submerged  leaves  opposite,  finely  dissected,  the 
floating  peltate,  entire.     Flowers  small  in  the  axils  of  the  floating  leaves. 

1.  C.  Caroliniana,  Gray.  Floating  leaves  small,  linear-oblong ;  flowers 
long-peduncled,  white.  —  Ponds  and  still  water  in  the  lower  districts.     July. 

2.     BRASENIA,  Schreber.     Watek-shield. 

Sepals  and  petals,  3  -  4.  Stamens  12-18.  Ovaries  4-18.  Carpels  1-2- 
seeded. — Leaves  alternate,  peltate,  entire.     Flowers  axillary,  small. 

1.  B.  peltata,  Pursh.  Stem,  petioles,  and  lower  surface  of  the  leaves 
coated  with  a  gelatinous  exudation ;  leaves  2'  -  3'  wide ;  flowers  dull  purple.  — 
Still  water.     July. 

3.    NELUMBIUM,  Juss.    Water-Chinquepin. 

Characters  of  the  Suborder. 

1.  N.  luteum,  Willd.  Rhizoma  thick,  creeping;  leaves  1°-U°  wide, 
centrally  peltate,  depressed  in  the  centre,  the  petioles,  like  the  peduncles, 
more  or  less  muricate  ;  flowers  5'  -  8'  wide,  pale  yellow ;  appendage  of  the 
anther  linear.  —  Ponds  and  still  water,  chiefly  in  the  lower  districts.     July. 

4.    NYMPH^A,  Tourn.     Water-Lily. 

Sepals  4.  Petals  inserted  on  the  ovary.  Stamens  inserted  above  the  petals, 
the  outer  ones  petal-like.  Stigmas  as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary,  linear, 
incurved.  Seed  enclosed  in  a  membranous  aril.  —  Petioles  and  peduncles 
long  and  mostly  spiral. 

1.  N.  odorata,  Ait.  Rootstock  long,  creeping;  leaves  orbicular  or 
reniform  ;  6'- 12'  wide;  flowers  white,  2' -6'  wide,  more  or  less  fragrant. — 
Still  water.     May-Aug. 

2 


18  SARUACENIACE^.       (iMTCIIKR-PLANT    FAMILY.) 

2.  N.  flava,  Lcitiicr.  IJootstoc'k  short,  oMoiipj ;  leaves  broadly  oval, 
oftiii  with  wavy  inart,niis,  3' -5'  wide;  flowers  yellow,  3' -4'  wide.  —  East 
Florida. 

5.     NUPHAR,  Smith.     Yellow  Watek-Lilv. 

Sepals  5-6,  obovate,  yellow  within.  Petals  short,  stainen-like,  hypogynous, 
or  none.  Stamens  at  lenj^th  recurved,  persistent.  Stifjina  circular,  sessile, 
many-rayed.     Seed  without  an  aril.  —  Leaves  and  flowers  floating  or  erect. 

1.  N.  advena,  Ait.  Leaves  thicki.sh,  cordate,  or  reniforni,  downy  be- 
neath; .sepals  concave;  petals  numerous,  thick  and  fleshy.  —  IVmds  and 
rivers.     ALay  -  Aug. 

2.  M".  sagittsefolia,  Tursh.  Leaves  thin,  floating,  olilong,  sagittate, 
smooth  ;  petals  none.  —  In  still  water,  near  the  coast,  Florida  to  N.  Carolina. 
Rare. 

Order  7.     SARRACENIACE^S:.     (Pitciier-Plaxt  Family.) 

Perennial  marsh  lierbs,  with  hollow  pitcher  or  trumpet-shaped 
leaves,  and  a  naked  or  bracted  scape  bearing  few  or  solitary  nodding 
hypogjnious  flowers.  Sepals  5,  colored,  persistent.  Petals  5,  imbri- 
cated in  the  bud,  deciduous,  rarely  wanting.  Stamens  numerous : 
anthers  adnate,  introrse.  Ovary  5-celled,  many-ovuled.  Placentae 
central.  Style  single,  5-cleft,  or  umbrella-shaped.  Capsule  5-celled, 
many-seeded.     Embryo  minute  at  the  base  of  fleshy  albumen. 

1.    SAHRACENIA,  L.    Trumpet-leaf.     Side-Saddle  Flower. 

Calyx  3-bracted.  Petals  obovate,  drooping  or  incurved.  Style  umbrella- 
shaped,  5-augled  ;  the  angles  emarginate,  and  bearing  the  minute  hooked 
stigmas  beneath.  Capsule  globose,  papillose,  loculicidally  5-valved.  —  Scape 
1-flowered.  Flowers  large,  purple  or  yellow  Leave*  1-winged,  hairy  within, 
expanded  at  the  summit  into  a  short  hood,  usually  containing  water  and 
dead  insects ;  the  earlier  ones  more  broadly  winged,  with  smaller  tube  and 
hood,  or  destitute  of  both. 

*  Flowers  purple. 

1.  S.  purpurea,  L.  (Huntsman's  Cup.)  Leaves  short,  spreading,  the 
tube  inflated,  contracted  at  the  throat,  broadly  Avinged;  hood  reniforni,  erect, 
hairy  within,  often  purple-veined.  —  Mossy  swamps.  April -May.  —  Leaves 
4' -6' long.     Scapes  1°  high. 

2.  S.  Psittacina,  Michx.  (Parrot-beaked  Pitcher-Plant.)  Leaves 
short,  spreading  ;  tube  slender,  broadly  winged,  marked  with  white  spots,  and 
reticulated  with  purple  veins ;  hood  globose,  inflated,  incurved-beaked,  almost 
closing  the  orifice  of  the  tube.  —  Pine  barren  swamps,  Florida,  Georgia,  and 
westward.     April  -  May.  —  Leaves  2' -  4' long.     Scapes  1°  high. 

3.  S.  rubra,  Walt.  (Red-flowered  Trumpet-leaf.)  Leaves  elon- 
gated, erect,  slender,  narrowly  winged,  paler  above,  and  reticulated  with 
purple  veins  ;  hood  ovate,  erect,  beak-pointed,  contracted  at  the  base,  tomentose 
within  ;  flowers  reddish  purple.  (S.  Sweetii,  A.  DC;  hood  not  contracted.) 
—  Sandy  swamps  in  the  middle  and  upper  districts,  Georgia  to  N.  Carolina 
and  westward.     May.  —  Leaves  l°-2°  long,  shorter  than  the  scapes. 


DROSERACE^.       (SUXDEW    FAMILY.)  19 

4.  S.  Drummondii,  Croom.  Leaves  elongated,  erect,  trumpet-shaped, 
narrowly  winged;  hood  erect,  rounded,  short-pointed,  hairy  within,  and  like 
the  upper  portion  of  tlie  tube  white,  variegated  with  reticulated  purple  veins. 
—  Pine  barren  swamps,  Florida,  to  the  middle  districts  of  Georgia,  and  west- 
ward. April.  (S.  undulata,  Decaisne.)  —  Leaves  2°  long.  Scapes  longer  than 
the  leaves.     Flowers  3'  wide. 

*  *   Flowers  yellow. 

5.  S.  flava,  L.  (Trumpet-leaf.  Watches.)  Leaves  large,  erect, 
trumpet-sliaped,  narrowly  winged ;  hood  yellow,  erect,  orbicular,  slender- 
pointed,  tomentose  within,  reddish  at  the  base,  or  reticulated  with  purple 
veins.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  April 
-May.  —  Leaves  yellowish,  2°  long.  Hood  3' -4'  wide.  Scapes  as  long 
as  the  leiives.    Flowers  4'  -  5'  wide. 

6.  S.  variolaris,  Michx.  (Spotted  Trumpet-leaf.)  Leaves  erect, 
trumpet-shaped,  broadly  winged,  spotted  with  white  near  the  yellowish  summit ; 
hood  ovate,  concave,  arching  over  the  orifice  of  the  tube,  hairy  and  reticulated 
with  purple  veins  within.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and 
westward.  May.  —  Leaves  6'- 12' long,  longer  than  the  scapes.  Flowers  2' 
wide. 


Order  8.     DROSEKACE^:.     (Sundew  Family.) 

Low  marsh  herbs,  with  tufted  radical  leaves,  and  regular  hypogy- 
nous  white  or  purplish  flowers,  borne  on  a  naked  scape.  Sepals  5, 
persistent.  Petals  5,  withering.  Stamens  5-L5,  distinct:  anthers 
extrorse.  Ovary  1-celled,  many-ovuled,  with  3-5  parietal  placentae. 
Styles  separate  or  united.  Capsule  3-5-vaIved.  Seeds  anatropous. 
Embryo  minute  at  the  base  of  fleshy  albumen. 

1.     DROSERA,  L.     Sundew. 

Stamens  5.  Styles  3-5,  deeply  2-parted ;  the  divisions  2  -  manv-lobed. 
Capsule  3-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Leaves  dewy  with  glandular  hairs,  circinate 
in  vernation.     Scape  often  forking.     Flowers  racemose,  secund,  scorpioid. 

1.  D.  filiformis,  Raf.  Rootstock  thick,  creeping;  leaves  erect,  filiform, 
elongated,  smooth  at  the  base ;  scape  .smooth,  many-flowered  ;  flowers  large, 
briglit  purple;  calyx  hairy;  seeds  oblong,  dotted. — Low  pine  barrens,  in 
the  lower  districts.  April.  % — Scapes  1°-H°  high.  Flowers  1' or  more 
wide. 

2.  D.  longifolia,  L.  Rootstock  long  and  slender ;  leaves  linear-spatu- 
late,  gradually  narrowed  into  the  long  and  smooth  petiole,  the  upper  ones 
erect;  scape  smooth,  declined  at  the  base,  8- 12-flowered ;  calyx  obovate  ; 
seeds  oblong.  —  Sandy  swamps,  oftener  in  water.  Rare.  May  -  June.  2/  — 
Scapes  4' -6'  high.     Flowers  small,  white. 

3.  D.  capillaris,  Poir.  Rootstock  short  or  none ;  leaves  spatulate,  nar- 
rowed into  the  long  and  smoothish  petiole;   scape  slender,  smooth,  erect. 


20  !■  AI'AVKUACK.K.       (iMilTV    FAMILY.) 

9  -  20  lloworod  ;  calyx  oluiviite  ;  seeds  oval,  finely  furrowcil  and  granular.— 
Boiiijcy  jjouds,  Horida  tu  South  Carolina  {Jiosc).  Ajtril-May.  l^i/)  or  ^  — 
Scape  6'-  13'  liif^h.     Leaves  2' -3'  long.     Fhjwers  pale  rose-ccjlor. 

4.  D.  rotundifolia,  L.  Uootstock  ncjnc ;  leaves  orbicular,  abruptly 
coutracteil  iniu  liie  liairy  petiole;  scape  erect,  smooth,  6- lO-Howered  ;  calyx 
ovoid ;  seeds  covered  with  a  loose  membranaceous  coat.  —  Mossy  swamps. 
Mav-June.     (l)  —  Scapes  6' -9' high.     Leaves  2' long.     Flowers  white. 

5.  D.  brevifolia,  Pursh.  (ilaudular-pubescent  throughout ;  rootstock 
none;  leaves  short,  wedge-sliaped ;  scape  erect,  .'3  -  6-fluwered ;  calyx  oval; 
seeds  ovoid,  minutely  glandular.  —  Low  sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina.  April.  {Ij  —  Scapes  3' -6'  high.  Leaves  ^'  long.  Flowers  ^' 
wide,  white. 

2.     DION.S3A,  Ellis.     FYv-tkap. 

Stamens  10- 1.5.  Styles  united.  Stigmas  5,  fimbriate.  Capsule  1-celled, 
openiu"'  irregularly.  Placenta  at  the  base  of  the  cell,  many-seeded.  —  A 
smooth  perennial  lierb,  with  the  habit  <>f  Drusera.  Leaves  spreading,  on 
broadlv  winged  spatnlate  petioles,  with  the  limb  orbicular,  notched  at  both 
ends,  and  fringed  on  the  margins  with  stnmg  bristles;  sensitive  !  Flowers  iu 
a  terminal  umbel-like  cyme,  white,  bracted. 

1.  D.  muscipula,  Ellis.  —  Sandy  bogs  near  the  coast,  North  Carolina 
and  the  adjacent  parts  of  South  Carolina.  April -May.  —  Scape  1°  high, 
8- 10-flowered.  Flowers  1' wide. — F^or  an  interesting  account  of  this  re- 
markable plant,  see  Curtis's  Plants  of  Wilmington,  in  the  Boston  Journal  of 
Natural  History,  Vol.  I.,  1834. 


Ordkr  9.    PAPAVERACEiE.     (Poppy  Family-.) 

Herbs,  with  colored  juice,  alternate  exstipulate  leaves,  and  regular 
hypogynous  flowers.  —  Sepals  2-3,  caducous.  Petals  4-12,  imbri- 
cated, deciduous.  Stamens  numerous.  Anthers  introrse.  Capsule 
1-celled,  many-seeded,  with  parietal  placentae.  Embryo  minute,  at 
the  base  of  oily  or  fleshy  albumen. 

1.     ARGEMONE,  L.     Mkxicax  Poppy. 

Sepals  2-3,  hooded  or  horned.  Petals  4-8.  Stigmas  sessile.  Capsule 
oval,  hispid,  the  3  -  6  valves  separating  at  the  top  from  the  persistent  placentae. 
Seed  globular,  pitted,  crestless.  —  Glaucous  herbs,  with  yellow  juice,  sessile 
pinnatifiil  l)ristly  leaves,  and  showy  white  or  yellow  flowers. 

1.  A.  Mexieana,  L.  Annual,  hispid,  l°-3°  high,  branching;  leaves 
blotclicd  with  white  ;  flowers  large  and  white,  or  smaller  and  yellow ;  calyx 
hispid.  —  Waste  ground.     Introduced. 

2.     STYLOPHORUM,  Nutt.    Yellow  Poppt. 

Sepals  2,  hairy.  Petals  4.  Style  conspicuous.  Capsule  oval,  bristly,  the 
3-4  valves  separating  from  the  base  from  the  persistent  placenta.     Seed 


FUMARIACE^.       (FUMITORY   FAMILY.)  21 

crested.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  yellow  juice,  1  -  2-piunatifid  leaves,  and  showy 
loug-peduucled  yellow  flowers. 

1.  S.  diphyllum,  Nutt.  Stem  1°- 1^°  high  ;  leaves  petioled,  5-  T-loted ; 
peduncles  terminal,  single  or  clustered;  flowers  1'  wide,  bright  yellow.  — Rich 
woods.    Tennessee. 

3.     CHELIDONIUM,  L.     Celandine. 

Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  linear,  2-valved.  Seed 
crested.  —  Herbs,  with  yellow  juice,  pinnately  divided  leaves,  and  small  yel- 
low umbelled  flowers. 

1.  C.  majUS,  L.  Glabrous,  branching,  l°-2°  high;  divisions  of  the 
leaves  lobed  and  toothed;  umbel  peduucled,  4-flowered ;  capsule  knotty. — 
Waste  groimd.     Introduced. 

4.     SANGXJINARIA,  L.    Puccoon,  Bloodroot. 

Sepals  2.  Petals  8-12.  Stigmas  2.  Capsule  2-valved,  the  valves  separat- 
ing from  the  filiform  persistent  placentiE.  Seeds  crested.  — A  stemless  peren- 
nial herb,  with  orange-colored  juice.  Rhizoma  thick.  Leaves  reniform,  with 
5-7  wavy  or  toothed  lobes.  Flowers  white,  solitary  at  the  summit  of  the 
naked  scape,  fugacious. 

1.  S.  Canadensis,  L.  —  Rich  woods,  Florida  and  northward.  March.  — 
Scape  4'  -  6'  high.     Flowers  1'  wide,  apj^eariug  with  the  leaves. 


Order  10.     FUMARIACE^.     (Fumitory  Family.) 

Smooth  herbs  with  watery  juice,  alternate  compound  dissected 
leaves,  without  stipules,  and  irregular  flowers.  Sepals  2.  Petals  4; 
the  two  outer  or  one  of  them  spurred  or  gibbous  at  the  base ;  the  two 
inner  callous  at  the  apex,  and  cohering  over  the  stigma.  Stamens  6, 
commonly  united  in  two  sets  of  three  each,  placed  opposite  the  outer 
petals,  lijijogynous :  anther  of  the  middle  stamen  2-celled,  of  the  lat- 
eral ones  1-celled.  Capsule  1-celled  and  2-valved,  with  two  parietal 
placentfB,  or  1-seeded  and  indehiscent.  Embryo  minute  in  fleshy 
albumen. 

1.     ADLUMIA,    Raf.     Climbing  Fumitory. 

Petals  united,  free  at  the  summit,  the  two  outer  gibbous  at  the  base.  Fila- 
ments united.  Stigma  2-crested.  Capsule  linear-oblong,  4  -  8-seeded.  Seed 
reniform,  crestless.  —  A  smooth  biennial  vine.  Leaves  3-pinnate,  Avith  ten- 
dril-like petioles.     Flowers  purplish,  in  axillary  drooping  panicles. 

1.  A.  cirrhosa,  Raf.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee.  — 
Stem  climbing  high.  Leaflets  thin,  obovate,  2  -  3-lobed.  Corolla  thick  and 
spongy. 

2.    DICENTRA,  Bork.     Dutchman's  Breeches. 

Petals  connivent  but  scarcely  united,  the  two  outer  spurred  or  gibbous  at 
the  base,  the  inner  ^rested.     Filaments  slightly  united  in  two  sets.     Stigma 


V 


.^ 


22  FUMARIACE-IC.       (kUMITOUY    FAMILY.) 

2-orcsted.  Capsule  10-20-scc(ic(l.  Seed  crostod.  —  Stemless  herbs,  from 
creejiiiij!;  or  gnuiular  rootstucks,  with  teriiiitcly  divided  lt)iif;-])etiijlo<l  leaves, 
and  a  nailed  scape  of  rareiuosc  noiidiiij^  (lowers. 

1.  D.  Cucullaria,  DC.  Rootstock  of  du.stercd  grains;  scape  few- 
flowered  ;  lolics  of  tlio  leaves  linear;  corolla  white,  trianj^ular,  the  iliverjjent 
spurs  longer  than  the  j)edicel ;  inner  petiils  minutely  crested.  —  Rich  woods  in 
tho  upper  districts.     April. 

2.  D.  Canadensis,  DC.  (Squirrel-Corn.)  Rootstock  of  scattered 
grains,  cree])ing ;  scai)e  lew-flowered;  leaflobcs  olilong-linear ;  corolla  greeu- 
isli,  cordateH)hlung,  the  short  rounded  spurs  mostly  shorter  than  tho  pedicel ; 
inner  ])etals  crested.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee.     May. 

3.  D.  eximia,  DC.  Rootstock  cree]ting,  scaly  ;  scape  many-flowered  iu 
a  compound  raceme ;  leaf-lolies  ohlong ;  corolla  cordate-obloug,  purple ;  inner 
petals  crested.  —  Mouutaius  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee.    June  -  July. 

3.    CORYDALIS,   Vent. 

Petals  separate,  deciduous ;  one  of  the  outer  ones  spurred  at  the  base. 
Filaments  united  nearly  to  the  summit,  with  a  gland  at  the  base.  Stigma 
2-lobed.  Capsule  silique-like,  many-seeded.  Seed  crested.  —  Caulescent,  an- 
nual or  biennial  herbs,  with  bipiunate  dissected  leaves,  and  flowers  in  lateral 
and  terminal  racemes. 

1.  C.  glauca,  Pursh.  Glaucous;  stem  erect,  l°-2°  high;  leaves  ter- 
nately  divided,  the  lobes  |'- 1'  long  ;  racemes  few-flowered  ;  corolla  purplish, 
tipped  with  yellow,  short-spurred ;  capsule  erect.  —  Mountains  of  North  Caro- 
lina.    August. 

2.  C.  micrantha,  Gray.  Stem  diffuse,  10' -20' long;  leaf -lobes  small, 
obtuse;  early  racemes  long,  10- 20-flowered,  tlie  corolla  V  l'>iig.  crested, 
golden  yellow,  and  the  spar  mostly  longer  tlien  the  short  pedicel ;  later  ones 
short  and  few-flowered,  these  very  small  and  fertilized  in  the  bud  ;  capsule 
erect-spreading,  even  ;  seed  smooth,  turgid. —  (C.  aurea,  var.  australis,  S.  Fl.) 
—  Cultivated  ground  in  the  lower  districts.     April-  May. 

3.  C.  flavula,  D.C.  Stem  slender,  5'- 10' high  ;  leaf-lobes  small  and 
acute;  racemes  fow-flowered;  corolla  3" -4"  long,  pale  yellow,  crested ;  the 
short  spur  much  shorter  than  the  pedicel ;  capsule  slightly  torulose,  spread- 
ing or  drooping  ;  seed  rugose-reticulate,  the  margins  acute.  —  Dry  woods  in 
the  upper  districts.     May  -  June. 

4.   PUMARIA,  L.    FtMiTORY. 

Posterior  petal  spurred,  united  l)elow  with  the  two  inner  ones.  Stamen 
united  in  two  sets  of  three  each.  Style  deciduous.  Fruit  glolmlar,  1 -seeded, 
indehiscent ;  jfeeds  crestless.  —  Tender  branching  annuals,  with  finely  dis- 
sected leaves,  and  small  flowers  iu  lateral  or  terminal  racemes. 

1.  P.  ofiB.Cinalis,  L.  Leaves  bipinnately  divided,  the  narrow  lobes 
widening  upwards  ;  racemes  many-flowered  ;  sepals  sharp]}-  toothed  ;  petals 
flesh-color,  tipped  with  crimson.  —  Waste  places,  sparingly  introduced. 


CRUCIFEB^.       (mustard    FAMILY.)  23 

Order  11.     CRUCIFER^:.     (Mustard  Family.) 

Herbs  with  pungent  watery  juice,  alternate  exstipulate  leaves,  and 
regular  hypogenous  racemose  or  corymbose  bractless  flowers.  Fruit 
a  silique  or  silicle.  —  Sepals  4,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  regular,  placed 
opposite  each  other  in  pairs,  their  spreading  limbs  forming  a  cross. 
Stamens  6  (rarely  fewer) ,  two  of  them  shorter.  Capsule  2-celled  by 
a  membranaceous  partition  which  unites  the  two  marginal  placentae, 
from  which  the  two  valves  separate  at  maturity,  or  indehiscent  and 
nut-like,  or  separating  into  1-seeded  joints.  Seeds  campylotropous, 
without  albumen,  filled  with  the  large  embryo,  which  is  cui'ved  or 
folded  in  various  ways,  or  straight  only  in  Leavenworthia.  (The 
genera  are  distinguished  chiefly  by  the  fruit  and  seed ;  the  flowers 
being  nearly  similar  throughout  the  order.) 

Synopsis. 

I.   SILIQUOS^E.     Fruit  a  silique,  few- many-seeded. 

*  Cotyledons  flattened,   parallel  with  the   partition,  one   edge  applied  to  the  ascending 

radicle  {accumbent). 
-I—   Valves  of  the  fruit  nerveless. 

1.  NASTURTIUM.     Silique  short,  nearly  terete.     Seeds  in  two  rows  in  each  cell. 

2.  CARD  AMINE.     Silique  linear,  compressed.     Seeds  wingless,  in  a  single  row. 

3.  DENTARIA.     Silique  lanceolate,  compressed.     Seeds  wingless,  in  a  single  row. 

4.  LEAVENWORTHIA.     Silique  oblong.     Seeds  winged.     Embryo  straight. 

•t-   -I—  Valves  of  the  fruit  1-nerved. 

5.  ARABIS.     Silique  linear,  elongated  :  valves  flattened. 

6.  lODANTHUS.     Silique  nearly  terete  :  valves  convex.     Flowers  purple. 

7.  BARBAREA.     Silique  terete  or  4-sided.     Seed  wingless.     Flowers  yellow. 

*  *  Cotyledons  flat,  with  one  edge  turned  toward  the  partition,  and  the  back  of  one  of  them 

applied  to  the  ascending  radicle  (incumbent'). 

8.  SISYMBRIUM.     Silique  sessile,  nearly  terete. 

9.  WAREA.     Silique  stalked,  compressed.     Petals  on  long  claws. 

10.  ERYSIMUM.     Silique  4-angled,  valves  keeled.     Leaves  entire.     Flowers  yellow. 

11.  HESPERIS.     Silique  nearly  terete.     Seeds  triangular.     Leaves  toothed  or  serrate. 

12.  SINAPIS.     Silique  beaked.     Seeds  globular.     Cotyledons  folded. 

II.   SILICULOS.E.     Fruit  a  silicle. 

*  Silicle  compressed  parallel  with  the  broad  partition,  or  globular. 

H—   Cotyledons  accumbent. 

13.  DR.^BA.     Silicle  oval  or  oblong,  many-seeded  :  valves  1-3  nerved. 

14.  LESQUERELLA.     Silicle  orbicular,  few-seeded  :  valves  nerveless  :   flowers  yellow. 

15.  ALYSSUM.     Silicle  orbicular,  2- 4-seeded  :  flowers  white. 

-1—   -1—  Cotyledons  incumbent. 

16.  CAMELINA.     Silicle  obovoid  :  valves  l-nerved. 

*  *  Silicle  compressed  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition.     Cotyledons  incumbent,  rarely 

accumbent. 

17.  SENEBIERA.     Valves  of  the  silicle  globular,  rugose  :  seeds  solitary. 

18.  LEPIDIUM.     Valves  of  the  silicle  boat-shaped  :  seeds  solitary. 

19.  CAPSELLA.     Valves  of  the  silicle  boat-shaped  :   seeds  numerous. 

III.   LOMENTACEyE.    Fruit  separating  transversely  into  joints. 

20.  CAKILE.     Fruit  2-jointed. 


24  CRUCIFERiE.       (mustard    FAMILY.) 

1.    NASTURTIUM,   H.  IW.     \Vater-Cbe88. 

Sili(|ue  nearly  tereU',  linear  or  oblong,  or  siiort  and  silicic-like,  usually 
curved  ui)\vard  ;  the  valves  nerveless.  Seeds  numerous,  small,  in  two  rows  in 
each  cell,  not  marj^ined.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  —  Herbs.  Leaves  pinuately 
lobed.     Flowers  white  or  yellow,  small. 

*    Petals  yellow,  minute  (except  No.  6). 

1.  N.  tanacetifolium,  Hook.  &  Am.  Stems  diffuse,  6'- 12'  long; 
leaves  bii)iuiiaiili(l,  tlie  lobes  toothed  ;  silique  oblong-linear,  twice  as  long  as 
the  pedicel.  —  Ditches  and  wet  ground  in  the  lower  districts.     May- June. 

•2.  N.  sessiliflorum,  Nutt.  Stem  erect,  branching,  10-2° high;  leaves 
obloiig-uhovate,  jiiiiiiatilid  towards  the  base,  tuutlied  above;  silicjue  linear- 
oblong  ;  nearly  sessile  ;  style  short  and  thick.  —  Wet  ground.  South  Carolina, 
Tennessee,  and  westward.     May -June. 

3.  N.  palustre,  DC.  Smooth  or  hairy  ;  stem  erect,  1°-  3°  high,  branch- 
ing; leaves  i)iniiatifid,  the  lobes  oblong,  tootlied  ;  silicjue  short,  ovate  or 
oblong-ovate,  barely  half  as  long  as  the  spreading  pedicel ;  style  slender.  — 
"Wet  ground,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts. 

4.  N.  obtUSUm,  Nutt.  Low  and  spreading ;  leaves  pinnatifid,  the  ob- 
long or  rounded  lobes  sparingly  tootlied  ;  silicjue  oblong,  obtuse,  twice  as  long 
as  the  slender  pedicel.  — Banks  of  the  Mississippi. 

5.  N.  limosutn,  Nutt.  "Very  smooth;  leaves  lanceolate,  laciniately 
pinnatifid  towards  the  base,  nearly  entire  above,  or  angularly  toothed,  the 
lobes  serrate  or  entire  ;  pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  short  silique  ;  stigma 
nearly  sessile."  —  New  Orleans  (Nuttall). 

6.  N.  sylvestre,  E.  Br.  Stem  ascending  ;  leaves  pinnately  divided  into 
narrow  toothed  lo])es  ;  silique  linear,  mostly  shorter  than  the  slender  pedicel ; 
style  very  short ;  petals  yellow,  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  New  Orleans. 
Litroduced. 

*   *  Petals  white,  consjiicuous. 

7.  N".  oflSclnale,  K.  Br.  (Water-Cress.)  Stems  spreading  and  root- 
ing; leaves  ]iinnate,  the  oblong  or  roundish  lohes  nearly  entire ;  .silique  lin- 
ear, curved,  longer  than  the  spreading  pedicel.  —  Cool  springs  and  branches. 
Litroduced. 

8.  N.  lacustre,  Gray.  Aquatic;  stem  2° -3°  long;  immersed  leaves 
pinnately  divided  into  indefinite  capillary  segments,  deciduous  ;  the  emerged 
ones  oblong ;  sili(iue  obovate,  shorter  than  the  pedicel ;  style  shorter  than  the 
ovary.  —  In  a  cool  sjjring,  Marianna,  Florida,  and  New  Orleans.     Rare. 

2.    CARDAMINE,  L. 

Silique  linear  flattened,  the  valves  veinless,  usually  opening  elastically 
from  the  base.  Seeds  wingless,  disposed  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell  and  sus- 
pended by  a  filiform  stalk.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  — Tender,  mostly  smooth 
herbs,  with  usually  pinnately  divided  leaves,  and  white  flowers. 


CRUCIFEK^.       (mustard    FAMILY.)  25 

*  Leaves  entire  :  /lowers  conspicuous :  perennials. 

1.  C.  rotundifolia,  DC.  Koot  fibrous  :  stem  simple,  6'  -  12'  high,  soon 
bearing  from  the  root  or  upper  axils  loug  and  leafy  ruuuers ;  leaves  oval  or 
roundish,  with  wavy  or  toothed  margius,  the  lowest  long-petioled  ;  silique  subu- 
late ;  seeds  oval.  —  Cool  springs.     Mountains  of  North  Carolina.     June  -  July. 

2.  C.  rhomboidea,  DC.  Root  tuberous;  stem  without  runners,  12'- 
18'  high  ;  lower  leaves  ronnd-cordate,  petioled,  the  upper  oblong-ovate,  toothed, 
sessile  ;  silique  fusiform  ;  seed  roundish.  —  Wet  springy  places,  chiefly  iu  the 
upper  districts.     May. 

*   *   Leaves  pinnatelji  divided :  flowers  small :  annuals. 

3.  C.  hirsuta,  L.  Smooth  or  hairy;  stems  branching,  ^°-2°  high; 
leaves  piunate,  the  leaflets  varying  from  oval  to  linear,  toothed  or  entire ; 
silique  narrow-linear,  erect ;  seeds  minute,  oval.  —  Wet  ground,  sometimes  in 
dry  soil.     April  -  May. 

4.  C.  Clematitis,  Shutthv.  Smooth,  6'- 12'  high;  leaves  broadly  3- 
lobed  and  toothed,  the  lowest  reniform,  entire  ;  racemes  short ;  silique  narrow- 
linear,  compressed,  tipped  with  tlie  slender  style.  —  Cool  shaded  banks, 
mountains  of  North  (yarolina.     July. 

5.  C  (?)  CUrvisiliqua,  Shuttlw.  Stem  erect  from  the  creeping  base, 
6'-  12'  high,  branching  ;  leaves  pinnate,  the  leaflets  few,  oblong,  the  terminal 
one  larger,  oval  or  obovate  ;  racemes  at  length  elongated  ;  silique  subterete, 
incurved,  the  valves  finely  veined ;  tipped  with  the  short  thick  style ;  seeds 
wingless,  oval,  emarginate.       Wet  places,  ditches,  etc.     Florida. 

3.    DENTARIA,  L.    Toothwort. 

Silique  linear.  Seeds  ovate,  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  on  a  flattened 
stalk,  not  margined.  Style  slender.  —  Perennial  smooth  herbs,  erect  from 
a  fleshy  rootstock,  the  simple  stem  bearing  at  the  summit  2-3  palmately 
divided  leaves,  and  a  single  long-peduncled  raceme  of  large  white  or  purple 
flowers.     Eadical  leaves  mostly  separate  and  solitary. 

*   Rootstock  continuous  :  flowers  white. 

1.  D.  diphylla,  Michx.  Stem  6'- 9'  high;  leaves  2,  temate,  long- 
petioled  ;  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed,  of  the  radical  leaf  ovate  or 
roundish.  —  Rich  woods.     Mountains.     April. 

2.  D.  multifida,  Muhl.  Stem  slender,  6' -12'  high;  leaves  ternate, 
leaflets  divided  into  tliree  simple  or  pinnately  parted  linear  entire  segments. 
—  Rocky  woods  in  the  upper  districts.     April. 

*    *    Rootstock  jointed :  floweis  mostly  purple. 

3.  D.  laciniata,  Muhl.  (Pepper-root.)  Stem  4'- 12' high  ;  leaves  usu- 
ally 3,  3  -  5-nate ;  leaflets  varying  from  oblong  to  linear,  coarsely  and  sharply 
toothed  or  lobed  ;  the  radical  similar.  —  Rich  woods  in  the  middle  and  upper 
districts.     March. 

4.  D.  heterophylla,  Nutt.  Stem  6' -  1 2' high ;  leaves  mostly  2,  small 
(1'  or  less),  ternate,  the  leaflets  lanceolate  or  linear,  entire;  radical  leaves 
with  large  ovate  crenately  toothed  leaflets.  —  Rich  woods  in  the  upper  dis- 
tricts.    March. 


2G  CEUCIFER.E.       (MUSTAKD    FAMILY.) 

4.    LEAVENWORTHIA,  Torn 

Silique  oblong  or  oblong-linear,  compressed,  often  contracted  between  the 
seeds.  Seed.s  in  a  single  row  in  eadi  cell,  orbicular,  flat,  winged.  Embryo 
straight  or  nearly  so. — Small  annual  or  biennial  lierb.s,  with  short  1  -  few- 
Howercii  steins,  pinnatitid  leaves,  and  yellow,  white,  or  ])iir])lish  (lowers,  on 
elongate<l  ])edieels. 

1.  L.  aurea,  Torr.  Leaves  mo.stly  radical,  witli  4-8ol)long  tootlied  l<jbes, 
tlie  terminal  one  larger  and  rounded  ;  raceme  at  length  4  -  10-(lowered  ;  style 
manifest ;  embryo  straight. —  On  Hat  rocks  in  the  upper  districts  of  Alabama, 
and  westward.  —  Plant  2' -6'  high.     Flowers  yellow 

2.  L.  Michauxii,  Torr.  Leaves  as  in  No.  l  ;  tiowirs  mostly  solitary,  on 
radical  peduncles  ;  style  almost  none;  embryo  slightly  curved.  (Cardamine 
uniHora,  Mic/tx.)  —  Kocks,  Alabama  and  Tennessee. —  Flowers  purplish  or 
wliite. 

3.  L.  torulosa,  Gray.  Sili(jne  linear,  torose;  .style  fully  eijualling  the 
breadth  of  the  siliiiue ;  seeds  broadly  oval,  narrowly  winged;  radicle  nearly 
transverse,  strictly  applied  to  the  edges  of  the  cotyledons  at  the  base  on  one 
side ;  petals  purplish  with  a  yellow  base.  —  Cedar  barrens,  Tennessee  {Dr. 
Gattinger). 

4.  L.  stylosa,  Gray.  Slender,  strictly  steniless ;  sili()ue  oval  or  broadly 
oblong  (4"  long),  plane,  surmounted  by  a  slender  style  of  fully  2  lines  in 
length  ;  seeds  only  3-6,  orbicular,  distinctly  winged  ;  embryo  as  iu  the  pre- 
ceding ;  petals  pure  golden  yellow.  —  Witli  the  preceding. 

5.    ARABIS,  L. 

Silique  elongated,  linear,  flattened;  valves  l-nerved,or  finely  veined.  Seeds 
numerous,  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  roundish,  usually  winged  or  margined. 
Cotyledons  accumljent.  —  Chiefly  annual  or  biennial  herbs.  Radical  leaves 
mostly  pinuatifid  ;  those  of  the  stem  sessile  and  often  cordate  or  sagittate  at 
the  base.     Flowers  white  or  rose-colored,  in  terminal  racemes. 

*   Silique  compressed-filiform,  erect  or  spreadimj ;  seeds  wingless  or  narrowli/ 

margined. 

1.  A.  hirsuta,  Scop.  Stem  slender,  erect,  pubescent,  2"  high  ;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  cordate-clasping,  smooth,  sparingly  denticulate,  the 
radical  petioled ;  petals  white,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals;  silicpie  (and  pedi- 
cel) erect,  2'  long,  tipped  with  the  short  style  ;  seed  margined.  —  Banks  of  the 
Coosa  River,  Georgia.     May. 

2.  A.  patens,  Sulliv.  Leaves  ovate,  coarsely  toothed  ;  pedicels  and 
'Sili(iues  .-ipreading;  style  distinct.  Otherwise  like  the  last.  —  River  banks, 
Tennessee  (Gattinger).     May. 

3.  A.  dentata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Pubescent  and  rougliish,  branching  from 
the  base,  1°  high  ;  leaves  ohhmg,  toothed,  clasping  and  auriculate  at  the  base, 
l'-2'  long,  the  lowest  obovate,  petioled;  petals  barely  exceeding  the  calyx; 
silique  spreading,  1'  long;  seed  not  margined.  —  Rich  soil,  Tennessee. 
April. 


CBUCIFER^.       (mustard    FAMILY.)  27 

4.  A.  lyrata,  L.  Smooth,  branching,  4'  -  10'  high ;  radical  leaves  tufted, 
pinnatifid,  of  the  stem  linear,  entire ;  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  si- 
lique  erect,  pointed  by  the  short  style  ;  seeds  not  margined.  —  Mountains  of 
North  Carolina.     April. 

*    *    Silique  linear,  Jiat,  ei'ect-spreudinff  ;  seed  winged. 

5.  A.  Ludoviciana,  Meyer.  Smooth  or  nearly  so,  branching  from 
the  base,  4'- 10'  high;  leaves  pinnately  lobed,  the  lobes  oblong  or  linear, 
toothed ;  flowers  minute ;  stigma  sessile ;  seeds  orbicular.  —  Waste  ground 
around  homesteads.     March -May. 

*    *   *    Silique  linear,  recurved-spreadiny  or  drooping  ;  seed  broadly  winged. 

6.  A.  Canadensis,  L.  Pubescent,  with  branching  hairs  ;  stem  2°  -  3° 
high,  mostly  simple ;  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  the  radical  pinnatifid  ;  petals 
exserted  ;  silique  flat,  drooping,  2'  -  3'  long.  —  Dry  rocky  woods  in  the  upper 
districts.     April  -  May. 

7.  A.  laevigata,  DC.  Smooth  and  glaucous;  stem  mostly  simple, 
I°-2°  high  ;  lower  leaves  mostly  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  the  upper  linear  and 
entire,  clasping  and  sagittate  at  the  base,  petals  slightly  exserted;  silique 
3'  -  4'  long,  recurved.  —  Rocks  along  the  mountains.     April. 

6.     lODANTHUS,  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Silique  linear,  elongated,  terete ;  the  valves  nerveless.  Seeds  in  a  single 
row  in  each  cell,  not  margined.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  Claws  of  the  violet 
purple  petals  longer  than  the  calyx.  — A  smooth  perennial,  with  ovate-oblong 
pointed  and  toothed  leaves,  the  lowest  sometimes  lyrate-piunatifid,  and  showy 
flowers  in  panicled  racemes. 

1.    I.  hesperidoides,   Torr.  &  Gray.     (Hesperis  pinnatifida,  J/(VA.r.)  — 

Banks  of  rivers,  Tennessee,  and  northward.    May- June Stem  1°  -3°  high. 

Silique  1'  or  more  long,  curving  upward. 

7.    BARBAREA,    R.  Br. 

Silique  long,  linear,  terete  or  4-sided,  the  valves  keeled.  Seeds  in  a  single 
row  in  each  cell,  marginless.  Cotyledon  thick,  accumbent.  —  Biennial  or  per- 
ennial herbs,  with  pinnatifid  clasping  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers. 

1.  B.  vulgaris,  R.  Br.  (Scurvy  Grass.)  Lower  leaves  lyrate,  with 
the  terminal  lobe  obovate,  the  upper  ones  pinnatifid,  with  oblong-linear  lobes ; 
silique  compressed,  barely  thicker  than  its  pedicel ;  style  short  and  thick.  — 
Waste  places.  North  Carolina.     Introduced. 

8.     SISYMBRIUM,  L.    Hedge-Mustard. 

Silique  linear  or  oblong,  terete  or  angled,  with  1  -3-nerved  valves.  Seeds 
in  a  single  row  in  the  cells,  marginless.  Cotyledons  incumbent.  —  Herbs, 
with  simple  or  pinnately  divided  leaves,  and  small  white  or  yellow  flowers. 

1.  S.  canescens,  Nutt.  Pube.scent;  stem  i°-2°  high;  leaves  bipin- 
uatifid,  the  lobes  small  and  toothed ;  silique  ^'  long,  shorter  than  the  spreading 
pedicel;  petals  barely  exserted,  greenish  yellow.  —  Fallow  ground.  March - 
May.     (T)- 


28  CRUCIFER-E.       (mustard    FAMILY.) 

2.  S.  Thaliana,  (Jaud.  Stom  smooth  and  brauched  al)ove,  hairy  at  the 
basf,  G  -12'  liigli,  lowest  leaves  spatulato-obijvate,  petioled,  tlio  ui)per  lance- 
olate, sessile,  1'  long ;  petals  white,  exserted  ;  silitiues  linear,  spreading,  longer 
than  ])edicel.  (C'ardaniinc  spatlmlata,  Miihx.  '.)  —  Low  ground  in  the  ujiper 
districts.     Introdiued.     April.     [2J. 

3.  S.  ofl&Cinale,  Seop.  Stem  2° -a'' high,  wideh  branched;  leaves  run- 
cinate,  ]iiilns(tiii ;  ])etals  yellow;  silicjnc  subulate,  nearly  sessile,  appressed  to 
the  rhachis.  —  Waste  ground  in  tlie  n])per  districts.     Introduced.     (J^. 

9.    WAREA,   Nutt 

Sili(|uc  linear,  flattened,  long-stalked,  recurved  ;  tiie  valves  1-nerved.  Seeds 
in  a  single  row  in  each  cell.  Cotyledons  oblong,  flat,  incumbent.  —  Smooth 
and  erect  branching  annuals.  Leaves  entire.  Mowers  showy,  in  corymb-like 
racemes.     I'etals  long-clawed,  white  or  purple. 

\.  W.  amplexifolia,  Nutt.  Leaves  oval  and  slightly  clasping ;  petals 
oval,  bright  purple  ;  silitjue  linear.  —  Sand  hills,  Florida.  Sept.  —  Stem  \°  - 
2°  high. 

2.  W.  cuneifolia,  Nutt.  Leaves  wedge-lanceolate ;  petals  obovate, 
white  or  rarely  purple ;  siliijue  narrow-linear.  —  Sand  hills,  Florida  and 
Georgia.     Sept.  —  Stem  1  °  -  2°  high. 

10.    ERYSIMUM,  L. 

Silique  linear,  4-angular,  the  waives  keeled.  Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each 
cell,  oblong,  marginless.  Cotyledon  flat,  incumbent.  —  Chiefly  biennial  herbs, 
with  narrow  leaves,  aud  yellow  flowers. 

1.  E.  cheiranthoides,  L.  (Wormseed  Mustard.)  Stem  erect, 
brandling  above,  clnsely  jjuhescent ;  leaves  thin,  lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or 
slightly  toothed,  roughish ;  flowers  small ;  silicjue  ascending,  rather  longer 
than  the  slender  pedicel,  the  angles  rounded.  —  North  Carolina  (Curtis). 
July. —  Stem  l°-2°  high.     Silique  8'- 10'  long. 

11.  HESPERIS,  L.    KocKET. 

Sili(iue  nearly  terete.  Seeds  oblong-tritjuetrous.  Cotyledons  incumbent, 
Petals  obovate  or  linear.     Stigmas  erect.  —  Chiefly  annuals  or  biennials. 

1.  H.  matronalis,  L.  Stem  tall,  simple,  pubescent;  leaves  ol)long, 
roughish,  denticulate ;  petals  large  purple.  —  North  Carolina.  Escaped  from 
cultivation. 

12.  SINAPIS,   L.     Mustard. 

Silique  terete  or  4-angled,  prolonged  into  an  empty  or  1 -seeded  beak,  the 
valves  1  -  5-nerved.  Seed  globose,  in  a  single  row.  Cotyledons  incumbent, 
folded  around  the  radical.  —  Erect  branching  annual  or  biennial  herbs,  with 
coarse  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers.     All  introduced. 

1.  S.  nigra,  L.  (Black  Mustard.)  Sili(|ues  smooth,  appressed  to  the 
rachis ;  beak  short ;  seed  dark  brown.  —  Grain-fields. 


CRUCIFER^.       (mustard    FAMILY.)  29 

2.  S.  alba.  L.  (White  Mustard.)  Siliques  hispid,  on  spreading  pedi- 
cels, scarcely  as  long  as  the  sword- sh.aped  beak;  seed  pale  brown.  —  With 
the  preceding. 

3.  S.  arvensis,  L.  (Charlock.)  Siliques  smooth,  angular,  knotted, 
spreading  thrice  as  long  as  the  2-edged  beak;  seed  black.  —  Around 
homesteads. 

13.    DRABA,  L. 

Silicle  oblong  or  oval,  flattened  parallel  with  the  broad  partition.     Seeds 

numerous  in  two  rows  in  each  cell,  compressed,  wingless.     Cotyledons  accum- 

bent.  —  Small  herbs  with  entire  or  toothed  leaves,  and  yellow  or  white  flowers 

in  terminal  racemes. 

§  1.   DRABA. —Pe/«/s  entire. 

1.  D.  brachycarpa,  Nutt.  Annual;  minutel}^  downy;  stems  leafy, 
simple  or  branciied ;  radical  leaves  round-ovate,  stalked,  those  of  the  stem 
oblong-linear ;  silicle  oval,  as  long  as  the  pedicel.  —  Middle  districts  of  Georgia, 
in  dry  soil,  and  westward.  March  -  April.  —  Stem  2'  -  6'  high,  Silicle  2"  - 
•3"  long.     Flowers  white. 

2.  D.  Caroliniana,  Walt.  Annual ;  stems  leafy  and  hispid  at  the  base, 
smooth  above ;  leaves  tufted,  spatulate-obovate,  hispid ;  silicle  linear-oblong, 
two  or  three  times  as  long  as  the  pedicel.  —  Dry  sterile  soil.  Feb. -April. 
—  Stems  l'-3'  high.     Silicle  4"- 6"  long.     Flowers  white. 

3.  D.  cuneifolia,  Kutt.  Annual;  leaves  obovate,  wedge-shaped,  or  the 
lowest  spatulate,  toothed;  raceme  somewhat  elongated  in  fruit  (I'-S'),  at 
length  equalling  the  naked  peduncle ;  petals  emarginate,  much  longer  than 
the  calyx ;  silicles  oblong-linear,  minutely  hairy,  longer  than  the  horizontal 
pedicels.  —  West  Florida  (Xuttall),  and  westward.     March-  April. 

4.  D.  ramosissima,  Desv.  Perennial;  stems  diffuse,  pu])e.scent ;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate  or  the  lowest  oblanceolate  and  crowded,  coarsely  toothed  ; 
racemes  corymbose-branched ;  silicle  lanceolate,  flat,  twisted,  hairy ;  style 
slender.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina.  April  -  May.  —  Stems  4'-  8'  long. 
Flowers  white. 

§  2.    EROPHILA.  —  Petals  2-chft. 

5.  D.  verna,  L.  Stems  naked,  slender  (2' -4' high) ;  leaves  radical,  ob- 
long ;  silicles  oblong,  smooth,  shorter  than  the  pedicels,  scattered ;  flowers 
small,  white.  —  Waste  places,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts.     Introduced,    (l). 

•    14.    LESQUERELLA,   Watson. 

Silicle  globular,  or  flattened  parallel  to  the  orbicular  partition,  the  valves 
nerveless.  Seeds  few,  flat.  Cotyledons  aocumbent.  Filaments  toothless.  — 
Low  herbs,  pubescent  or  hoary  with  stellate  hairs.  Racemes  many-flowered. 
Flowers  yellow. 

1.  L.  Lescurii,  Watson.  Biennial,  pubescent ;  .stems  clustered,  |°  high  ; 
leaves  oval  or  oblong,  \'  long,  toothed,  half  clasping  by  the  sagittate  base, 
the  lowest  narrowed  in  a  petiole ;  style  half  as  long  as  the  flattened  hispid 
2-8-seeded  silicle;  seed  wing-margined.  —  Hills  near  Nashville,  Tennessee. 
April -May. 


30  CRUCIFERJE.       (mustard    FAMII-V.) 

2.  L.  globosa,  Watson.  Biennial,  hoary-tomentose ;  stems  clustered, 
mostly  siiii))lo,  1^  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  l)ase,  mostly  entire ; 
style  longer  than  tlie  glohular  1  -4-see(le(l  silicle;  seeds  wingless.  —  Bluffs  of 
the  Cuniherland  ]{ivcr,  Tennessee.     April. 

15.     ALYSSUM,   Tourn. 

Silicle  Hat,  2  -  4-seeded.     Filanieuts  of  leu  toothed.     Flowers  (of  ours)  white. 

—  Otherwise  like  the  last. 

1.  A.  maritimum,  L.  (Sweet  Alyssim.)  Perennial,  prostrate; 
leaves  lauceolale  ;  silicle  2-seeded.  —  North  Carolina.     Introduced. 

16.  CAMELINA,   Crantz. 

Silicle  ovoid  or  pear-shaped,  flattened  parallel  to  the  broad  partition  ;  valves 
1-iierved.     Seeds  numerous,  oblong.     Cotyledons  incumbent.     Style  slender. 

—  Flowers  small,  yellow. 

1.  C.  sativa,  Crantz.  Leaves  alternate,  sagittate  ;  silicle  large.  —  Fields, 
North  Carolina,  and  northward.     Introduced.     (T)- 

17.  SENEBIERA,    Poir. 

Silicle  didymous,  compressed  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition;  the  cells 
globular,  1-seeded,  crested  or  pitted,  indehiscent,  at  maturity  separating  from 
the  partition.  Cotyledons  incumbent.  —  Annual  or  biennial  diffuse  strong- 
scented  herbs,  with  pinnately  lobed  or  divided  leaves,  and  minute  white  flow- 
ers, in  short  racemes,  opposite  tiie  leaves.     Stamens  2,  4,  or  6. 

1.  S.  pinnatifida,  DC.  Stem  prostrate ;  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid,  with 
the  numerous  lobes  toothed  on  the  upper  edge ;  silicle  pitted,  emarginate  at 
both  ends.  —  Wa.ste  places,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  March  -  May.  —  Ra- 
cemes many-flowered. 

2.  S.  Coronopus,  Poir.  Stem  jiro.strate  ;  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid,  with 
the  lobes  entire,  toothed,  or  pinnatifid ;  silicles  not  emarginate,  the  margins 
crested.  —  Waste  places.     Introduced.     March -April. 

18.     LEPIDIUM,   L.    Peppergrass. 

Silicle  rounded  or  obcordate,  compressed  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition ; 
valves  carinate;  cells  1-seeded.  Cotyledons  accumbent  and  incumbent. 
Petals  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  2,  4,  or  6. — Leaves  entire,  toothed, 
or  pinnately  divided.     Flowers  minute,  in  terminal  racemes. 

1.  L.  Virginicum,  L.  Smooth;  stem  erect,  much  branched;  leaves 
lanceolate,  sharply  toothed,  the  lowest  tapering  and  mostly  pinnatifid  toward 
the  base ;  silicle  orbicular,  wingless ;  cotyledons  accumbent ;  .stamens  mostly 
two.  —  Waste  places,  very  common.     March- June.    (J)  —  Stem  1°- 2°  high. 

19.     CAPSELLA,   Vent.     Shepherd's  Purse. 

Silicle  triangular  wedge-shaped,  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition, 
many-seeded ;  valves  wingless.      Cotyledons  incumbent.  —  An  annual  herb, 


CAPPARIDACE.E.       (CAPEB    FAMILY.)  31 

with  the  radical  leaves  clustered  and  pinnatifid ;  those  of  the  stem  clasping 
and  often  entire.  Racemes  elongated.  Silicle  shorter  than  the  spreading 
pedicel.     Flowers  white. 

1.  C.  Bursa-pastoris,  Moench.  —  Waste  ground.  March- April. 
Introduced. 

20.     CAKILE,   Tourn.     Sea  Mustard. 

Loment  2-jointed,  tlie  joints  thick,  1-celled,  1-seeded.  Seed  of  the  upper 
joint  erect,  of  the  lower  suspended.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  —  Fleshy  seaside 
annuals,  with  pinnatifid  or  lobed  leaves,  and  racemose  white  or  purple  flowers. 

1.  C.  maritima,  Scop.,  var.  aequalis,  Chapm.  Glabrous;  stem  much 
branched,  l°-2°  high;  leaves  oblong-obovate,  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  petioled; 
petals  wedge-shaped,  pale  purple;  loment  (dry)  sulcate,  6"-8"  long,  short- 
stalked,  the  upper  joint  beaked,  larger  than  the  lower  one.  —  Drifting  sands 
along  the  coast.     May  -  Sept. 


Order  12.     CAPPARIDACE^E.     (Caper  Family.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  acrid  watery  juice,  alternate,  simple  or 
palmately  compound  leaves,  and  regular  hypogynous  flowers.  Stipules 
spiny  or  wanting.  —  Sepals  4,  imbricated  or  valvate  in  the  bud.  Petals 
4,  mostly  clawed.  Stamens  6  or  numerous.  Ovary  1-celled :  ovules 
amphitropous  or  campylotropous,  attached  to  the  two  parietal  placentae. 
Fruit  silique-like,  and  2-valved  or  indehiscent.  Seeds  reiiiform,  with- 
out albumen.     Embryo  curved. 

Synopsis. 

#  Calyx  4-Eeptalous.  —  Herbs. 

1.  POLANISIA.     Stamens  8  -  32,  free.     Torus  short.     Style  filiform. 

2.  CLEOME.     Stamens  6,  free.     Torus  short.     Stigma  sessile. 

3.  GYNANDROPSIS.     Stamens  6.     Filaments  partly  united  with  the  stipe  of  the  ovary. 

*  *  Calyx  4-parted.  —  Shrubs. 

4.  CAPPARIS.    Stamens  numerous,  free.    Leaves  entire. 

1.    POLANISIA,    Eaf. 

Petals  clawed.  Stamens  8  -  32  :  filaments  free,  unequal,  filiform.  Recep- 
tacle short,  bearing  a  truncated  or  emarginate  gland  on  the  upper  side.  Ovary 
sessile  or  short-stipitate.  Style  filiform.  Capsule  silique  like,  many-seeded. 
—  Annual  clammy  herbs,  with  palmately  trifoliolate  petioled  leaves,  and  race- 
mose flowers. 

1.  P.  tenuifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  slender,  erect,  branching;  leaf- 
lets filiform,  longer  than  the  petiole ;  petals  oval,  entire,  short  clawed,  unequal ; 
stamens  12- 1.5;  capsule  linear,  smooth,  short-stipitate,  pointed  with  the  per- 
sistent .style;  seeds  minute,  circular.  —  Georgia  (Le  Conte)  and  South  Florida 
(Blodgett).  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high.     Flowers  white. 

2.  P.  graveolens,  Raf.  Glandular-pubescent,  branching,  6'-18'liigh; 
leaflets  oblong  or  lanceolate ;   petals   cuneate,   notched,  4"  long,  yellowish 


32  violack.t:.     (violkt  family.) 

wliitc :  stainoiis  10  -  12,  liari-ly  Imii^rT  tliaii  tlio  jictals  ;  stylo  shnrtor  than  the 
ovary  ;  cajisiilr  nearly  scssiii-.  —  .Marj^iiis  of  pDiids,  Tumiesseo. 

3.  P.  uniglandulosa,  DC.  (ilaiidulai-imlicscfnt;  leaflets  and  hracts 
ovate  or  ohlonj^ ;  raieine  loo.sely  inany-Howcred  ;  jR'tals  yellow  |J'  long),  the 
oliovate  notc'iied  linilj  as  long  as  the  caijillary  daw;  stamens  20-30,2-3 
times  as  long  as  the  petals;  style  longer  than  tiie  ovary  ;  cai)sule  stipitate. — 
Koadsides,  Dadeville,  Alabama  (M<>lir). 

2.     CLEOME,  L. 

Petals  long-clawed,  nearly  equal,  entire.  Stamens  6,  the  filaments  distinct, 
Stigma  sessile.  Ca])sule  sili(iue-like,  stipitate,  or  nearly  sessile,  many-seeded. 
—  Chiefly  annuals,  with  jjalmately  3  -  7-1'oliolate  leaves  with  .spiny  .stipules,  or 
none,  and  racemose  bracted  flowers. 

1.  C.  pungens,  Willd.  Clammy-pubescent;  leaves  5  - 7-foliolate,  the 
leaflets  lanceolate ;  bracts  cordate ;  flowers  purple ;  capsule  shorter  than  the 
elongated  stipe.  —  Waste  ground.     Introduced.  —  Stem  2°  -4°  high. 

3.     GYNANDROPSIS,  DC. 

Like  the  preceding,  but  the  filaments  partly  aduate  to  the  stipe  of  the 
ovary. 

1.  G,  pentaphylla,  DC.  Stem  2° -3°  high;  leaves  3 - 5-foliolate,  the 
leaflets  oblong  obovate ;  flowers  white  ;  cap.sule  hispid.  —  Waste  ground. 
Introduced. 

4.       CAPPARIS,    L.       C.\PER-TREE. 

Sepals  partly  united,  often  with  a  gland  at  the  base.  Petals  imbricated. 
Stamens  numerous.  Stigma  sessile.  Fruit  mostly  silique-like,  stipitate, 
many-seeded.  —  Shrubs  or  trees,  with  simple  entire  coriaceous  leaves,  spiny 
or  aduate  stipules,  and  mostly  showy  flowers. 

1.  C.  Jamaicensis,  Jacq.  Leaves  elliptical,  the  lower  surface,  like 
the  liranches  and  iuflorescence,  covered  with  minute  scales ;  peduncles  2- 
flowered  ;  sepals  ovate,  valvate,  about  half  the  length  of  the  white  petals ; 
stamens  16-32,  villous  at  the  base  ;  capsule  dry.  —  Keys  of  South  Fluri<ia.  — 
Shrub  80-10°  high. 

2.  C.  eynophallophora,  L.  Leaves  oblong,  glabrous ;  peduncles 
few-flowered  ;  sepals  imltricated,  rounded,  mucii  shorter  than  the  white  petals; 
stamens  indefinite,  naked,  2'  long ;  capsule  pulpy  within.  —  Coast  and  keys 
of  South  Florida.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree. 


Okder  13.     VIOLACE^.     (Violet  Family.) 

Herbs  or  .shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  involute  in  the  bud. 
Stipules  persistent.  Flowers  irregitlar.  axillary,  on  liracted  peduncles, 
nodding.  Sepals  5,  persistent,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  5,  hy- 
pogynous,  obliquely  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with 
the  petals,  connivent.     Anthers  adnate,  introrse.     Style  single.     Cap- 


VIOLACE^.        (violet    FAMILY.)  33 

sule  1-celled,  loculicidally  o-valved,  many-seeded  :  valves  each  beaj'ing 
a  placenta  in  the  middle.     Embryo  straight,  in  fleshy  albumen. 

1.     VIOLA,   Tourn.     Violet,   Heart's-ease. 

Sepals  nearly  equal,  produced  at  the  base  into  a  free  appendac^e.  Petals 
unequal,  the  lower  one  produced  into  a  sac  or  spur  at  the  base.  Stamens  sliort ; 
the  broad  filaments  membranaceous  and  jirolonged  above  the  anthers ;  the 
two  anterior  ones  spurred  on  the  back.  Stigma  often  beaked.  —  Low  herbs. 
Peduncles  1 -flowered. 

§  1.     Leaves  and  peduncles  arising  from  a  subterranean  rliizoma,  without  appar- 
ent stems:  perennials,  flowering  in  earlij  spring,  the  later  flowers  apetulous. 
*  Flowers  blue  or  purple. 

1.  V.  CUCUllata,  Ait.  Smooth  or  pubescent;  leaves  long-petioled,  all 
undivided,  varying  from  cordate-ovate  to  reniform,  serrate,  the  sides  at  the 
base  involute  when  young ;  the  later  ones  acutish ;  lateral  petals  bearded ; 
stigma  beakless.  —  Low  ground,  common. — Flowers  blue,  often  variegated 
with  white. 

2.  V.  palmata,  L.  Downy  or  hairy,  rarely  smooth ;  earliest  leaves 
entire,  cordate  or  reniform  ;  later  ones  variously  3  -  9-lobed,  the  central  lobe 
always  largest,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  the  lateral  ones  spreading  ;  flowers  large, 
with  the  lateral  and  lower  petals  bearded.  —  Dry  soil,  common.  —  Flowers 
purple  or  blue. 

3.  V.  villosa,  Walt.  Downy  ;  leaves  prostrate,  short-petioled,  orbicular 
or  broadly  cordate,  crenate,  purple-veined  ;  peduncles  mostly  shorter  than 
the  leaves,  flowers  small.  —  Dry  sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  Florida  to  North 
Cai'olina.  —  Flowers  pale  blue. 

4.  V.  sagittata,  Ait.  Smoothish  ;  leaves  cordate-oblong,  acute,  toothed 
and  somewhat  sagittate  at  the  base,  the  earliest  ones  rounded,  short-jjetioled ; 
lateral  petals  bearded.  —  Damp  pastures  in  the  upper  districts.  —  Flowers 
larger  than  in  the  last,  deep  blue. 

5.  V.  pedata,  L.  Smoothish  ;  leaves  all  7  -9-parted,  the  divisions  linear- 
lanceolate,  entire  or  toothed,  narrowed  downward ;  petals  beardless.  —  Dry 
sandy  soil  in  the  middle  and  upper  districts. — Flowers  large,  deep  blue  or 
purple. 

*  *  Flowers  ichite. 

6.  V.  primulsefolia,  L.  Smooth  or  hairy ;  leaves  oblong,  mostly  acute, 
crenate,  cordate  or  abruptly  decurrent  on  the  winged  petiole ;  petals  often 
acute,  the  lower  ones  bearded  and  striped  with  purple.  —  Low  grounds,  com- 
mon. —  Rhizoma  .slender,  and  commonly  bearing  long  leafy  runners.  Flowers 
small. 

7.  V.  lanceolata,  L.  Smooth  or  pubescent ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  lin- 
ear, narrowed  into  tlie  long  and  winged  petioles ;  flowers  beardless.  —  Low 
pine  barrens.  —  Phizoma  like  the  last. 

8.  V.  blanda,  "Willd.  ]\Iinutely  pubescent;  rhizoma  slender;  leaves 
small,  orbicular-cordate,  crenate,  shorter  than  the  peduncles ;  flowers  small, 


34  VIOLACK.K.       (violet    KAMILV.) 

beardless,  Bweet-ecented,  tho  lower  ])Otal  striped  with  imrplo.  —  Lfiw  ground 
and  meadows,  Nortli  Carolina. —  I'etioles  slender,  winglesH.     Leaves  rarely 

aeuto. 

*    *    «    Flowns  jiellow  :  ronlstock  short  and  fleshy. 

9.  V.  rotundifolia,  Mielix.  Nearly  fflai)roiis,  stolitniferoua;  leaves 
round-eurdate,  tJie  sinus  closed;  petals  striped  with  purple,  the  lateral 
l)earded  ;  spur  very  short.  —  Shady  woods,  niuuntains  of  Nortii  Carolina  and 
Tennessee. 

§2.      Ctiulesccnt:   jiereiiuial. 

*  Stems  leafy  only  at  the  suininit :  flowers  yellow:   stipules  not  fringed :  spur 

small. 

10.  V.  pubescenS,  Ait.  Pubescent;  stem  6'- 12'  iiipli,  with  a  bmet- 
like  stipule  helow  tlie  mid<lle  ;  leaves  hroailly  eordate  or  deltoiil,  coar.-^ely  .ser- 
rate;  spur  very  short;  capsule  densely  villous.  —  Shady  woods  aud  bauks  iu 
the  upper  districts. 

Var.  scabriuscula,  Torr.  &  Gi-ay.  Nearly  glalirous ;  stem  bractle.ss 
leaves  smaller  (1^'  h^ng) ;  capsule  glabrous.  —  With  the  type. 

11.  V.  hastata,  Miclix.  Glabrous;  rootstock  thick  and  creeping;  stem 
4'- 12'  liiiili,  1  tract  less ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceulate  from  a  cordate 
and  hastate  base,  finely  serrulate;  stipules  minute;  spur  very  small. — 
Shaded  banks,  mountains  of  North  Carolina  (Michanx).  Athens,  Georgia 
(Elliott).     IJristol,  Florida.     Very  rare. 

Var.  glaberrima,  Ging.  Stem  glabrate,  6'- 10' Ingh  ;  leaves  rhombic 
ovate,  acute  or  truncate  (rarely  cordate)  at  tiie  ba.'^e,  pubescent  on  tlie  veins. 

—  Dry  ricli  woods,  chieHy  in  tlie  upper  districts. 

Var.  tripartita  (V.  tripartita,  A7/.).  Stem  hairy;  leaves  .3  -  5-parted  or 
lobed,  tiiu  divisions  dentate-serrate.  —  Upper  districts,  in  rocky  woods. 

*  *    Stems  leafy  from  the  base ;  flowers  purple ;  stipules  frinf/ed  {except  No.  15). 

12.  V.  canina,  L.  Primary  stems  erect,  the  later  ones  prostrate;  leaves 
broadly  corchite  or  reniform,  crenate  and  roughened  with  minute  elevated 
points,  the  uppermost  acute ;  spur  obtuse,  half  as  long  as  tlie  pale  purple 
petals  ;  lateral  jietals  liearded.  —  Damp  shades  in  the  upper  districts. 

Var.?  multicaulis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stoloniferous  ;  ])rimary  stems  none, 
the  peduncles  rising  from  the  rootstock  and  the  axils  <jf  the  leafy  stolons ; 
leaves  orbicular-cordate,  crenulate,  i'-l'long,  flowers  pale  purple,  ^' wide. 

—  Dry  rocky  wooils,  mostly  in  the  upper  districts. 

13.  V.  Thompsonae,  n.  sp.  Stoloniferous,  nearly  glabrous ;  leaves  or- 
bicular-cordate, finely  crenate,  membranaceous,  2' -2^'  long;  stipules  lance- 
olate, acuminate,  slightly  ciliate  ;  sepals  oblong-ovate,  as  long  as  the  rostrate 
spur ;  petals  purple,  beardless ;  capsule  globose-ovate,  glabrous.  —  Shady 
banks  of  .streams,  Smithville,  Georgia  {Mrs.  Sarah  Thompson).  April. — 
Habit  of  the  preceding  variety,  with  the  foliage  of  No.  1. 

14.  V.  rostrata,  Pursh.  Stems  numerous,  ascending  (3' -6'  long); 
leaves  cordate,  serrulate  ;  stipules  large  ;  spur  straight,  slender,  longer  than 
the  pale  purple  beardless  petals ;  stigma  beakless.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia 
and  Alabama. 


CISTACE^.       (kOCK-ROSE    FAMILY.)  35 

15.  V.  striata,  Ait.  Stems  ascending ;  leaves  cordate,  serrate,  roughened 
as  in  No.  12,  the  uppermost  often  acute  ;  stipules  large  ;  .spur  thick,  shorter 
than  the  large  cream-colored  petals  ;  lateral  petals  bearded,  the  lower  striped 
with  purple.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  and  Tennessee.  April.  —  Stems  10'  - 12' 
high.     Peduncles  elongated. 

16.  V.  Canadensis,  L.  Tall;  leaves  large,  broadly  cordate,  acuminate, 
coarsely  serrate,  longer  than  the  peduncles  ;  stipules  nearly  entire ;  spur  very 
short ;  petals  white,  externally  purplish,  the  lateral  ones  bearded.  —  Rich  soil 
along  the  mountains.     May- August.  —  Stems  l°-2°  high. 

§  3.     Stems  leaf  if ;  root  annual. 

17.  V.  tricolor,  L.,  var.  arvensis,  DC.  Stems  branching;  lowest 
leaves  roundish,  the  upper  lanceolate,  entire ;  stipules  leafy,  pinnatifld ; 
flowers  small,  yellow  and  purple.  —  Open  woods  and  waste  places,  perhaps 
indigenous.' —  Stem  6'  high. 

2.    SOLEA,   Ging. 

Sepals  not  produced  at  the  base.  Petals  unequal,  the  lowest  one  gibbous 
at  the  base  and  2-lobed  at  the  apex,  the  others  smaller.  Stamens  with  the 
filaments  united  and  produced  above  the  anthers,  the  two  lower  ones  glandu- 
lar at  the  base.  Style  hooked  at  the  summit.  —  An  upright  simple  hairy 
perennial  herb,  with  numerous  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  and  entire  leaves, 
and  1-3  short-stalked  greenish  nodding  flowers  in  each  axil. 

1.  S.  COncolor,  Ging.  —  Kich  soil  in  the  upper  districts,  in  deep  shades. 
June- July.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.     Leaves  sliort-petioled. 


Ordkr  14.     CISTACE^.     (Rock-rose  Family.) 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs,  with  entire  leaves,  and  regular  mostly  poly- 
androus  flowers.  —  Sepals  5,  persistent,  the  two  outer  ones  smaller,  the 
three  inner  twisted  in  the  bud.  Petals  mostly  5,  twisted  contrary  to 
the  sepals  in  the  bud,  rarely  wanting.  Stamens  few  or  numerous, 
distinct,  hypogj'nous.  Anthers  innate.  Ovary  1-celled.  Style  single. 
Capsules  3-5-valved,  bearing  as  many  parietal  placentte  each  in  the 
middle  of  the  valve,  few-  or  many-seeded.  Seeds  orthotropous.  Em- 
bryo curved,  in  mealy  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

L  HELIANTHEMUM.     Style  none.     Stigma  capitate.     Embryo  nearly  annular. 

2.  LECHEA.     Style  none.     Stigmas  plumose.     Embryo  nearly  straight. 

3.  HUDSONIA.     Style  filiform.     Stigma  minute.     Embryo  coiled. 

1.     HELIANTHEMUM,  Tourn.    Rock-rose. 

Petals  5,  corrugated  in  the  bud,  sometimes  wanting.  Stigma  sessile  or 
nearly  so,  capitate,  3-lobed.  Capsule  3-valved.  Embryo  curved  nearly  into 
a  ring.  —  Low  herbs  or  partly  shrubby  plants,  with  fugacious  yellow 
flowers. 


36  cistacEjE.      (ko<;k-kose  famii.v.) 

*   Flowers  ulikv,  sulitar If :  jwtals  <:(>UHplcuous  :  slumcns  iiiJeJinitc :  ctijiside 
mnnji -seeded. 

1.  H.  Carolinianum,  Mic-lix.  Hirsute;  Iciives  Iaiic-CM)l.ite,  (li'iiticuljitts 
acute,  sliort-pctioled,  tlie  lowest  obovale,  crowileil ;  flowers  larj^e,  solitarv, 
borue  above  tbe  axils.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  Nortli  Carolina  aurl  west- 
ward. March- April.  — Stems  G'-  12'  high,  asceuding  from  a  shrubby  base. 
Flowers  1'  wide. 

2.  H.  Georgianura,n.sp.  Tomentosa;  .stem  6' -9'  liigli,  miicli  branched 
from  near  the  base ;  leaves  lanceolate,  flat,  or  tbe  margins  sliglitly  revolute, 
6" -9"  long;  flowers  all  single  and  opjjosite  the  leaves,  or  the  uppermost 
racemose,  the  slender  pedicels  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  petals  3" -4" 
lonj^.  —  Fields  and  pastures.  Baiubridge,  Georgia,  Mobile  (Mofir).  May- 
June. 

3.  H.  arenicola,  Cliapm.  Hoary;  leaves  sma'l,  lanceolate,  obtu.se,  entire, 
witii  till'  sides  revolute  ;  flowers  solitary,  or  2-4  in  terminal  umliellate  clus- 
ters, on  slender  pedicels.  —  Drifting  sands  near  the  coast.  West  Florida. 
March  -  April.  —  Stems  slirnliby  and  Itraiiched  at  the  base,  all  but  the  short 
(2' -6')  flowering  steins  Imried  in  tlie  sand.     Flowers  ^'  wide. 

«  *  Flowers  of  two  kinds :  the  earliest  as  in  the  last  section,  the  later  ones 
smaller,  clustered,  with  smalt  petals,  or  none,  fewer  stamens,  and  few- 
seeded  capsules, 

4.  H.  COrymbOSUm,  Michx.  Tomentose  and  hairy ;  stems  erect,  shrubby 
at  the  base ;  leaves  lanceolate,  obtuse,  entire,  hoary  beneath,  with  the  sides 
revolute ;  flowers  neai'ly  sessile  in  a  cymose  cluster  at  the  summit  of  the  stem, 
the  earlier  ones  long-peduucled ;  sepals  woolly. — Dry  sands  near  the  coast, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina.     April.  —  Stems  1°  high.     Capsule  smooth. 

5.  H.  Canadense,  Michx.  Stem  soon  branching  above,  tomentose,  and 
sparsely  pilose ;  leaves  lanceolate,  mostly  obtuse,  short-petioled,  rather  sca- 
brous above,  canescent-tomentose  beneath,  the  margins  revolute;  j)rimary 
flowers  large  (V  wide),  solitary,  the  calyx  pilose,  later  ones  very  small,  clus- 
tered, tomentose. —  Dry  soil  in  the  middle  districts.  April.  —  Stem  6' -12' 
high      Leaves  9"  -  1 2"  long. 

6.  H.  rosmarinifolium,  Pursh.  Tomentose ;  stem  strictly  erect,  sim- 
ple below,  witli  sliort  flowering  branches  above,  10'- 15' high;  loaves  linear, 
1'  long,  the  margins  revolute  ;  earlier  flowers  single,  long-pedicelled,  ^'  wide, 

""the  later  in  axillary  clusters,  i"  long.  — Louisville,  Georgia  (.1/.  //.  Hopkins, 
whose  ol)servations  on  this  genus  have  afforded  me  valuable  aid). 

2.    LECHEA,  L.    Pinweed. 

Petals  3,  persistent,  not  longer  than  the  sepals.  Stamens  3-12.  Stig- 
mas 3,  plumose,  sessile.  Capsule  oval  or  globose,  3-valved,  incompletely 
3-celled,  3  -  6-seeded.  Embryo  slightly  curved.  —  Perennial  herbs  branching 
above,  and  later  at  the  base  in  the  form  of  barren  leafy  shoots,  witb  entire 
leaves,  and  small  mostly  greenish  flowers  in  panicled  bracted  racemes. 


CISTACE^.        (rock-rose    FAMILY.)  37 

§  1.      PlacenUe  fragile,  separating  from  the  paiiitiuns,  and  ivrapped  around  the 

seeds.  —  Lechea. 

*   Leaves  of  the  barren  shoots  oblong  or  oval. 

1.  L.  major,  Michx.  Stem  1°  -  2°  higli,  the  branches  and  barren  shoots 
villous ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  the  lower  and  those  on  the  barren  shoots  op- 
posite or  whorled ;  racemes  short,  closely  2  -  6-flowered,  these  longer  than 
their  pedicels.  —  Dry  light  soil.     Common. 

2.  L.  thymifolia,  Michx.  Stem  l°-2°  high,  the  erect  branches  very 
numerous  and  leafy  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  of  the  barren  shoots  elliptical,  ojjposite 
or  whorled  ;  racemes  leafy,  3- 5-flov/ered;  outer  sepals  longer  than  the  ovoid 
capsule. —  Dry  saiidy  soil.     July. 

3.  L.  racemulosa,  Michx.  Stem  l°-2°  high,  the  slender  branches 
spreading  ;  leaves  alternate,  linear ;  of  the  barren  shoots  oblong ;  racemes  very 
slender,  partly  bractless,  3  -  6-fiowered ;  outer  sepals  shorter  than  the  oblong 
capsule.  —  South  Carolina  and  westward.     July. 

4.  L.  patula,  Leggett.  Stems  6' -12'  high,  widely  branched;  leaves 
linear,  2" -3"  long,  of  the  ascending  barren  shoots  oblong;  racemes  short, 
2  -  .5-flowered  ;  flowers  very  small,  diojcious ;  sepals  equal ;  capsule  1-seeded.  — 
Dry  sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.     August. 

*   *    Leaves  of  the  ban-en  shoots  linear. 

5.  L.  tenuifolia,  Michx.  Stems  clustered,  6' -12'  high,  the  branches 
spreading ;  leaves  linear  ;  racemes  vei-y  slender,  5  -  12-flowered ;  pedicels  erect, 
shorter  than  the  globular  flowers  ;  outer  sepals  longer  than  the  1-nerved  inner 
ones;  capsule  globose.  —  Dry  sandy  soil.     July- August. 

6.  L.  cinerea,  Raf.  Canescent,  1°-U°  high,  branching  above ;  leaves 
erect,  linear ;  racemes  loosely  3-5-flowered;  sepals  villous,  the  outer  ones 
shorter  ;  capsule  3-seeded.  —  Florida,  near  the  coast,  in  damp  soil.     August. 

Var.  Torreyi.  Leaves  and  branches  spreading  or  recurved;  capsule 
6-seeded.     (L.  Torreyi,  Leggett.)  —  South  Florida. 

§  2.     Placentce  frm,  scarcehj  recurved,  adhering  to  the  persistent  partitions. — 
Lechidicm. 

7.  L.  Drummondii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  branching  at  the  base,  6' -8' 
high ;  leaves  scattered,  narrow-linear ;  racemes  loosely  few-flowered,  the 
spreading  or  reflexed  pedicels  much  longer  than  the  flowers  ;  petals  purple  ; 
stamens  10  or  more;  capsule  globose.  —  Barrens  of  Tennessee,  and  west- 
ward. 

3.    HUDSONIA,  L. 

Petals  .5,  larger  than  the  sepals,  fugacious.  Stamens  9  -30.  Style  filiform. 
Stigma  minute.  Capsule  oblong,  1-celled,  3-valved,  with  2-6  erect  seeds  at- 
tached near  their  base.  Embryo  coiled.  —  Low  tufted  shrubs,  with  minute 
hoary  subulate  imbricated  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers  at  the  summit  of  the 
branches. 

1.  H.  montana,  Nutt.  Stems  2' -4  high;  leaves  loosely  imbricated; 
pedicels  longer  than  the  flowers;  calyx  campanulate ;  sepals  acuminate. — 
Table  Rock,  North  Carolina. 


38  poktulacace.t:.     (i'ikslane  family.) 

2.  H.  ericoides,  L.  Iloary-pubesccnt ;  Hteiu  erect,  6' high ;  leaves  sub- 
ulate, ert-it,  or  lousflv  iiiil>riuateil ;  jieiiuiu-les  aliniit  as  long  as  the  Howers; 
sepals  barely  acute  ;  capsule  pubescent,  mostly  3-seedecl.  —  Coast  of  North 
Carolina,  and  nnrtliward.     May. 

3.  H.  tomentosa,  Nutt.  Tumeutose,  intricately  branched,  C  high  ; 
leaves  minute,  ovate-lanceolate,  closely  iniliricated ;  tiowers  nearly  sessile  ; 
sepals  obtuse,  the  outer  oues  minute;  capsule  smoothish,  mostly  1-seeded. — 
Coast  of  J^'orth  Carolina,  aud  northward.     May.  , 


Order  15.     POKTULACACE^.     (Purslane  Family.) 

Succulent  plants,  with  entire  leaves  and  regular  hypogynou.s  or 
perigynous  flowers.  Sepals  2-5.  Petals  3  -  6,  inibricat*?d  in  the  bud, 
sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  opposite 
them,  or  indefinite.  Styles  3-6,  mostly  united  below,  stigniatic 
along  the  inside.  Capsule  1  -  5-celled,  few  -  many-seeded.  Seeds 
campylotropous,  erect  from  the  base  of  the  cell,  or  attached  to  a  cen- 
tral i^laceuta.     Embryo  slender,  curved  around  mealy  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1.  CLAYTONIA.     Petals  and  stamens  .I.     Capsule  .'Vvalved,  3  -  6-seeded. 

2.  TALINUM.     Petals  5.     Stamens  10-30.     Capsule  3-valved,  many-seeded. 

3.  PORTULAC  A.     Petals  5  -  G.     Stamens  8  -  20.     Capsule  circumscissile. 

1.     CLAYTONIA,  L.     Si'iaxG-BEArxY. 

Sepals  2,  free,  per.sistent.  I'etals  5,  hypogynous.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on 
the  claws  of  the  petals.  Style  3-cleft.  Capsule  1-celled,  3-valved,  3  -  6-seeded. 
—  Smooth  herbs,  with  a  simple  stem  bearing  two  opposite  leaves  and  ter- 
minated with  a  loose  raceme  of  pale  rose-colored  veiny  flowers.  Root 
tuberous. 

1.  C.  Virginica,  L.  Leaves  long  (3'-6'),  linear,  acutish;  petals  mostly 
emarginate,  l)Ut  sometimes  acute.  —  Damp  rich  soil  in  the  upper  districts. 
Marcli.  —  riant  4'-  10'  long. 

2.  C.  Caroliniana,  Michx.  Leaves  short  (l'-2'),  ovate-lanceolate  or 
oblong,  tapering  at  the  base,  obtuse ;  petals  obtuse.  —  Mountains  of  North 
Carolina.     March  -  April. —  Smaller  than  the  last. 

2.     TALINUM,  Adans. 

Sepals  2,  free,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  hypogynous.  Stamens  10-30.  Style 
3-lobed.  Capsule  3-celled  at  the  base,  3-valved,  man3'-seeded.  —  Smooth  and 
fleshy  lierlis,  with  alternate  leaves  and  cymose  flowers. 

1.  T.  teretifolium,  Tursh.  Stemthick,  leafy  ;  leaves  linear-cylindrical; 
cymes  on  long  peduncles  ;  petals  purple,  fugacious.  —  Kocks,  North  Carolina. 
June  -  August,     y.  —  Stems  2'  -  4'  long.     Peduncles  5'  -  8'  long. 


CARYOPHYLLACE.^.       (PINK    FAMILY.)  39 

3.     PORTULACA,   Tourn.    Purslane. 

Sepals  2,  united  and  cohering  with  the  ovary  below,  the  upper  portion  cir- 
cumscissile  and  deciduous  witli  the  upper  part  of  the  capsule.  Petals  4-6, 
inserted  with  the  8 -20  stamens  on  the  calyx.  Style  3  -  8-parted.  Capsule 
globose,  1-celled,  many-seeded.  —  Low,  fleshy  herbs,  with  terete  or  flat,  mostly 
alternate  leaves,  and  fugacious  yellow  or  purple  flowers. 

1.  P.  oleracea,  L.  Leaves  flat,  cuneate,  naked  in  the  axils  ;  flowers  yel- 
low; stamens  10-  12.  —  Cultivated  ground  everywhere. —  Stem  prostrate. 

2.  P.  pilosa,  L.  Stem  mostly  prostrate  and  diffusely  branched ;  leaves 
linear,  woolly  in  the  axils ;  flowers  clustered,  purple ;  stigmas  4 ;  stamens 
10-15.  —  Waste  grouud.     Introduced. 

3.  P.  halimoides,  L.  Stem  thick,  erect  (3'- 6'  high),  branching ;  leaves 
terete,  woolly  in  the  axils ;  flowers  few,  in  a  terminal  cluster,  immersed  in 
wool,  and  surrounded  by  a  whorl  of  short  subulate  bracts ;  petals  4-6,  yellow ; 
stamens  8-  12.  —  Shell-Hummocks  at  Sarasota  Bay  ( Garher). 


Order  16.     CARYOPHYLLACE^E.     (Pink  Family.) 

Herbs  with  tumid  joints,  entire  opposite  or  whorled,  often  connate 
leaves,  and  regular  hypogynous  or  perigynous  cymose  flowers.  Stip- 
ules dry  and  scarious,  or  none.  —  Sepals  4-5,  imbricated  in  the  bud, 
persistent.  Petals  4-5.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  opposite 
them,  or  twice  as  many,  or  by  abortion  fewer.  Ovary  free,  1-5- 
celled,  with  the  amphitropous  or  campylotropous  ovules  attached  to  a 
central  placenta.  Styles  2  -  5,  distinct  or  partly  united,  stigmatic 
along  the  inner  side.  Fruit  valvate,  1  -  many-seeded.  Embryo  curved, 
or  forming  a  ring  around  mealy  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Tbibe  I.  SIL1ENE.E.     Sepals  united  into  a  tube.     Petals  and  stamens  inserted  on  the 
stipe  of  the  ovary.  —  Stipules  none. 

1.  SILENE.     Styles  3.     Capsule  0-toothed. 

2.  SAPONARIA.     Styles  2.     Capsule  4-toothed. 

3.  AGROSTEarMA.     Styles  5.     Capsule  5-toothed. 

Tribe  II.     ALSINE^.     Sepals  separate  or  nearly  so.     Stamens  inserted  at  the  base 
of  the  sessile  ovary.  —  Stipules  none. 

*  Valves  of  the  capsule  as  many  as  the  styles. 

4.  SAGINA.     Styles  and  valves  4-5. 

5.  ALSINE.     Styles  and  valves  3. 

«  *  Valves  or  teeth  of  the  capsule  twice  as  many  as  the  styles. 

6.  ARENARIA.     Valves  of  the  capsule  2-4,  each  soon  2-cleft.     Petals  entire. 

7.  STELLARIA.     Valves  of  the  capsule  G  - 10.     Petals  2-cleft. 

8.  CERASTIUM.     Capsule  8 -10-toothed. 

Tribe  III.     SPERGULiE.ai;.     Sepals  separate.     Ovary  sessile.    Leaves  stipulate. 
^-  Leaves  opposite. 

9.  STIPULICIDA.      Stem-leaves    minute ;    the  lowest  spatulate.      Flowers  in    terminal 

clusters. 


40  CARYOPllYLLACE.K.       (I'lNK    KAMIl.V.) 

10.  SPKRGULARIA.     LeavM  all  linear.     Flowers  aoliUry,  axillary. 

*-  -t-  Jvcaves  wliorled. 

11.  SPERGUL.\.     Styles  5.     Btaiuens  5  -  10.     Capsule  5-valved. 
IJ.   I'DLVCAUrON.     Styles  3.     Staiueus  3 - 5.     Capsule  3-valveiL 

1.     SILENE,  L.     Catchfly. 

Sepals  imitcd  iiiiu  a  a-looilii-il  iiiliu.  Petals  .'3,  long-clawed,  inserted  with 
tlie  10  stamens  on  the  stipe  of  the  ovary,  t(jnnnonly  crowncil  with  two  scales 
at  the  l)a.se  of  the  limb.  Styles  3.  Capsule  1 -celled,  or  3-celled  at  the  base, 
opening  by  6  teeth,  niany-seeiled.  —  Leaves  mostly  connate.  Flowers  cy- 
mose,  often  shuwy. 

*   Perennials  :  Jlowers  showy. 

•^-~  Petals  gash-Jiiiihriate,  crownless. 

1.  S.  stellata,  Ait.  Leaves  in  whorls  of  four,  lance-ovate,  acuminate, 
the  uppermost  oj)pi)site ;  flowers  white,  in  a  large  spreading  panicle;  calyx 
inflated,  bell-shaped.  —  Dry  woods  in  the  upper  districts,  and  northward. 
June -August.  —  Steins  2° -3°  high,  downy,  branching  above. 

2.  S.  ovata,  Pur.sli.  Rough-pubescent;  leaves  large  (4' -.5'),  opposite, 
oblong-ovate,  acMiminate  :  flowers  white,  in  a  contracted  lanceolate  panicle ; 
calyx  tubular.  —  Moimtains  of  Georgia  and  Carolina.  July. — Stems  stout, 
2° -4°  high. 

3.  S.  Baldwinii,  Xutt.  Villims;  stems  low,  slender,  bearing  runners 
at  the  creeping  base;  leaves  opposite,  spatulate;  the  upper  ones  oblong, 
sessile;  cymes  few-flowered;  flowers  very  large,  white  or  pale  rose-color,  on 
slender  pedicels  ;  calyx  tubular.  —  Low  shady  woods,  Georgia  and  Florida. 
April-  May.  —  Stems  6'-  12'  high.     Leaves  thin.     Flowers  2'  wide. 

H—  -i—  Petals  emarginate  or  2-cleft,  crowned. 

4.  S.  Virginioa,  L.  Clammy-pul)escent ;  leaves  abruptly  pointed,  the 
lowest  ones  clustcrtNl,  spatulate-obovatc,  on  fringed  petioles,  the  upper  small, 
remote,  lanceolate,  sessile ;.  cymes  loosely  few-flowered  ;  caly.x  tubular-club- 
shaped,  ol)l()ng  and  nodding  in  fruit;  petals  crimson,  lanceolate.  —  Rich  open 
woods,  chiefly  in  the  uj)])er  districts.  June -July.  —  Stems  l°-2°  high. 
Flowers   1'  wide. 

5.  S.  regia,  Sims.  Viscid-pubescent  and  roughish  ;  stem  tall  (3° -4°) 
and  erect,  branched  above ;  leaves  ovate,  the  Tipper  ones  acuminate  ;  flowers 
bright  scarlet,  short-stalked,  clustered  and  forming  a  strict  panicle ;  calyx 
long,  cylindrical,  .striate,  dilated  in  fruit;  petals  oblanceolate  ;  stamens  and 
style  exserted.  —  Upper  districts  of  Georgia  and  westward.     July. 

6.  S.  rotundifolia,  Nutt.  Hairy  and  viscid;  stems  weak,  decumbent, 
branched ;  leaves  thin,  roundish,  abruptly  acuminate  at  each  end,  the  lowest 
obovate ;  flowers  few,  large,  bright  scarlet ;  calyx  cylindrical ;  petals  2-cleft, 
with  the  lobes  cut  toothed.  —  Shady  rocky  banks,  Alabama  and  Tennessee. 
June  -  August.  —  Stems  2°  long.     Flowers  showy. 

7.  S.  Pennsylvanica,  Michx.  Clammy-pubescent ;  stems  low,  clus- 
tered ;  lowest  leaves  spatulate-obovate,  the  upper  lance-oblong,  mostly  obtuse ; 


..i^ 


CARYOPHYLLACE.E.       (PINK    FAMILY.)  41 

cymes  dense-flowered ;  calyx  club-shaped,  erect ;  petals  white  or  rose-color, 
obovate,  emargiuate  or  entire.  —  Rocky  hills,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts. 
March  -April.  —  Stems  6'  -  12'  high. 

8.  S.  nivea,  DC.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stem  slender,  2° -3°  high; 
leaves  distant,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  nearly  .sessile,  2' - 4'  long;  cymes  few- 
flowered  ;  calyx  cylindrical,  at  leugth  inflated ;  flowers  white.  —  Mountains 
of  East  Tennessee,  and  westward.     July. 

*   *   Annuals :  flowers  small,  crowned,  expanding  at  night. 

9.  S.  Antirrhina,  L.  Stem  slender,  smoothisli,  clammy  below  the 
upper  joints ;  leaves  linear,  acute,  sessile,  the  lowest  lanceolate,  narrowed  into 
a  petiole ;  flowers  panicled  ;  calyx  smooth ;  petals  obcordate,  rose-colored.  — 
Dry  old  fields.     May  -June.  —  Stems  6'  -  2°  high,  simple  or  branched. 

10.  S.  quinquevulnera,  L.  .Hairy;  stem  branching  ;  leaves  spatulate, 
the  upper  ones  linear ;  flowers  in  1-sided  racemes ;  calyx  hairy ;  petals 
rounded,  entire,  pink  or  crimson  with  a  paler  border.  —  Near  Charleston. 
Naturalized.  —  Stem  1°  high. 

2.     SAPONARIA,  L.    Soapavort. 

Calyx  tubular,  terete,  5-toothed.  Petals  long-clawed.  Stamens  10.  Styles 
2.  Capsule  sessile  or  short-stiped,  l-ceUed,  or  2-celled  at  the  base,  4-toothed 
at  the  apex.  —  Cymes  dense-flowered. 

1.  S.  officinalis,  L.  Perennial;  stems  stout,  erect,  smooth;  leaves 
ovate,  connate,  strongly  3-ribbed  ;  petals  crowned,  white  or  rose-color,  mostly 
double.  —  Waste  places.    Naturalized.  —  Stems  1  °  -  2°  high. 

3.    AGROSTEMMA,  L.    Corn-Cockle. 

Calyx  tubular,  with  5  elongated  linear  deciduous  lobes.  Petals  5,  entire, 
crownless.  Stamens  10.  Styles  5.  Capsule  1-celled.  5-toothed.  —  Annual 
or  biennial  pubescent  herbs,  with  linear  leaves,  and  showy  purple  flowers  on 
elongated  peduncles. 

I.  A.  GithagO,  L.  Plant  (1°- 2°  high)  whitened  with  long  appres-sed 
hairs ;  stem  forking  ;  petals  obovate,  emargiuate,  shorter  than  the  lobes  of 
the  calyx.  —  Grain  fields.  Introduced.  Juue-July.  (l) — Peduncles  4' -6' 
long.     Flowers  1'  wide. 

4.    SAGINA.  L. 

Sepals  4-5.  Petals  4-5,  entire,  or  wanting.  Stamens  4-10.  Styles 
4-5,  alternate  with  the  sepals.  Cap.sule  4-5-valved;  the  valves  entire, 
opposite  the  sepals.  —  Small  herbs,  with  filiform  forking  stems,  subulate 
leaves,  and  solitary  flowers. 

1.  S.  decumbens,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smooth  or  nearly  so;  .stems  erect 
or  ascending,  tufted;  peduncles  erect;  petals  and  sepals  5,  equal,  obtuse; 
stamens  10.  —  Damp  cultivated  ground,  common.  April -June.  —  Stems 
2'  -  6 '  high.     Peduncles  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  sharj^-pointed  leaves. 


42  CAHYnlMIYLLACK-K.       (I'lNK    FAMILY.) 

'2.  S.  prOCUmbenS,  I^  stems  |)ri>strate;  leaves  narrow-linear;  pepalfl, 
jielals,  and  stanuus  4;  cajK-iuk'  4-valvcMl. —  Wet  bauksi,  Nurtli  C'aroliua 
(Ili/tims),  and  uorthward. 

5.     ALSINE,  Timru. 

Se]ials  5.  Petals  5.  Stamens  10.  Styles  3.  Capsule  1 -celled,  3-valved, 
the  valves  entire,  opposite  the  iuner  sejjals.  —  Low  slender  herbs,  with  linear 
or  subulate  leaves,  and  wliite  cymose  or  solitary  Howcrs. 

1.  A.  squarrosa,  Fenzl.  Stein.s  tufted;  leaves  8ul)ulate,  rifjid,  those  of 
the  glandular  flowering  stems  distant,  of  the  sterile  stems  imbricated,  with 
spreading  tips ;  sepals  ovate,  obtuse,  shorter  thau  the  capsule.  —  Dry  santl- 
hills  iu  the  middle  districts.  April -May.  "21  — Stems  6' -10'  high.  Cymes 
few-Howcred.     I'cdicels  rigid. 

2.  A.  glabra,  Gray.  Smooth;  stems  filiform,  sparingly  branched; 
leaves  teuder,  narrow-linear,  oljtuse,  spreading;  cyme  few-flowered,  spread- 
ing; sej)als  oblong,  obtuse,  faintly  3-ribbed,  as  long  as  the  capsule. — Moun- 
tains of  North  Carolina.  July.  ^?  —  Stems  tufted,  4'-G'  high.  Cymes 
leafy.     Pedicels  setaceous.     Leaves  ^'-  I'  long. 

3.  A.  Grcenlandica,  Gray.  Very  near  the  preceding ;  stems  lower 
(2'- 5'  high),  mostly  simple;  cymes  le.ss  spreading,  with  fewer  and  larger 
flowers;  petals  wedge-obovate,  fully  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals;  capsules 
rather  acute.  —  High  mountains  of  North  Carolina.     Sejjt. 

4.  A.  patula,  Gray.  Minutely  pul)escent ;  stem  filiform,  diffusely 
branched  from  the  base;  leaves  uarr(jw-linear,  spreading;  cyme  spreading, 
few  -  many-flowered  ;  pedicels  very  slender  ;  petals  spatulate,  emarginate, 
twice  the  length  of  the  lanceolate  acute  3  -  .'i-uerved  sepals  —  Rocky  woods, 
Tennessee  and  westward,  and  sparingly  along  the  coast  of  Florida  and  Ala- 
bama. —  Stems  6'  -  10'  high. 

5.  A.  Michauxii,  Fenzl.  Smooth ;  stems  tufted,  erect  or  diffuse, 
straight;  loaves  ]inear-sul)ulate,  erect,  spreading  or  recurved,  much  clustered 
iu  the  axils;  cymes  spreading  or  contracted;  petals  oldong-ovate,  twice  as 
long  as  the  rigid  ovate  acute  3-ribbed  sepals.  (Areuaria  stricta,  J//c/(.r.)  — 
Rocks  and  barren  soil,  Georgia  and  North  Carolina.  ]\Iay-June.  —  Stems 
3' -10'  high. 

6.  A.  brevifolia.  Stems  smooth,  not  tufted,  erect,  filiform,  simple,  2-5- 
flowered  ;  leaves  minute  (l"-2"),  erect,  lance-subulate;  sepals  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, as  long  as  the  capsule ;  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals.  —  Rocks  in 
the  upper  districts  of  Georgia.  (T)  —  Stems  2'  -  4'  loug,  bearing  3  or  4  pairs 
of  leaves.     Flowers  small,  on  filiform  peduncles. 

6      ARENARIA,  L.     Sandwokt. 

Petals  1-5,  or  none.  Styles  2-4.  Capsule  opening  above  by  as  many 
valves  as  there  are  styles,  each  valve  soon  2-cleft.     Otherwise  like  Alsine. 

1.  A.  diffusa,  Fll.  Downy;  stem  elongated,  prostrate,  alternately 
short-branched  ;  leaves  lanceolate  ;  peduncles  longer  than  tlie  leaves,  lateral, 
reflexed  in  fruit ;  petals  1  -  5,  shorter  than  the  sepals,  often  wanting.  —  Shady 
banks.     May  -  Oct.     IJ.  —  Stems  10-4°  long. 


CARYOPHYLLACE^.        (PIXK    FAMILY.)  43 

2.  A.  serpyllifolia,  L.  Dowuy ;  stems  erect  or  diffusely  branched ; 
leaves  small,  ovate,  acute,  the  lowest  uarrowed  iuto  a  petiole ;  flowers  cymose ; 
petals  much  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  acuminate  sepals.  —  Waste  places. 
Introduced.     April  -  May.     (l)  —  Stems  6'  - 12'  long.     Leaves  i"  long. 

7.     STELLARIA,  L.    Chickweed,  Stakavort. 

Sepals  4-5.  Petals  4-5,  2-cleft,  or  2-parted.  Stamens  3-10.  Styles 
3  -  5,  opposite  the  sepals.  Capsule  1-celled,  opening  by  twice  as  many  valves 
as  there  are  styles,  many-seeded.  —  Stems  weak.  Flowers  white,  on  terminal 
peduncles,  becoming  lateral  in  fruit. 

1.  S.  pubera,  Michx.  Perennial;  stems  erect  or  diffuse,  forking,  hairy 
in  lines;  leaves  oblong,  acutish,  narrowed  at  the  base,  sessile ;  petals  longer 
than  the  sepals.  —  Kocky  woods  in  the  upper  districts.  April  -  May.  —  Stems 
6' -12' high.     Plowers  showy. 

2.  S.  media,  Smith.  Annual ;  stems  prostrate,  forking,  pubescent  in 
lines ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  acute,  the  lower  ones  petioled ;  petals  shorter 
than  the  sepals  — Yards  and  gardens.     March -April.     Introduced. 

3.  S.  prostrata,  Baldw.  Smooth  or  nearly  so ;  stems  forking,  prostrate ; 
leaves  ovate,  acute,  all  on  slender  petioles,  the  lower  ones  often  cordate ; 
petals  twice  as  long  as  the  .sepals  ;  seeds  rough-edged.  —  Damp  shades, 
Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward.  March -April.  (T)  —  Stems  l°-2°long. 
Petiole  mostly  longer  than  the  limb. 

4.  S.  uniflora,  Walt.  Smooth ;  stems  erect  from  a  prostrate  base ; 
leaves  remote,  narrow-linear,  sessile;  peduncles  very  long  (2' -4'),  erect; 
petals  obcordate  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  —  liiver  swamps,  East  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.     May.     (T)  ?  —  Stems  6'  -  12'  high.     Leaves  1'  long. 

5.  S.  fontinalis,  Robinson.  Stems  weak,  diffuse  (6'-  12'  long)  ;  leaves 
linear-spatulate  or  oblong,  spreading ;  peduncles  axillary,  longer  than  the 
leaves ;  flowers  very  small,  mostly  4-androus ;  petals  none ;  sepals  3-nerved, 
acute.  (Sagiua  fontinalis,  Short  i^  Peters.)  — Springy  places,  Tennessee  {Dr. 
Gattinger).     April. 

8.    CERASTIUM,  L.    Mouse-ear. 

Sepals  4-5.  Petals  4-5,  obcordate  or  2-cleft.  Stamens  1 0.  Styles  4-5. 
Capsule  cylindrical,  8  -  10-toothed,  many-seeded.  —  Herbs.  Flowers  white, 
solitary  or  cymose,  peduncled. 

*   Petals  not  longer  than  the  sepals. 

1.  C.  Viscosum,  L.  Villous  and  somewhat  clammy  ;  stems  a.scendiug  ; 
leaves  oval,  remote,  the  lowest  obovate;  cymes  crowded  in  the  bud,  spreading 
in  fruit ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  as  long  as  the  peduncles,  and  half  as  long  as 
the  slender  capsule.  — Fields.     April  -  May.     (T)  —  Stems  6'  -  12'  high. 

2.  C.  VUlgatum,  L.  Hairy  and  clammy;  stems  ascending;  leaves 
lance-oblong,  obtuse,  the  lowest  wedge-shaped ;  cymes  loose  in  tlie  bud ; 
sepals  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  peduncles.  —  Fields.  April - 
May.     ^  — Flowers  and  capsules  larger  than  in  No.  1. 


11  CAKVOl'llVLLACK-E.       (iMNK    FAMILY.) 

♦    ♦    Petals  loiiijcr  than  the  scjkiIs. 

.'}.  C.  arvense,  I^-  Hairy  or  downy;  stems  iiuiiicruus,  naked  above; 
leavi's  narrowly  or  Ijroadly  laueeulale;  cynics  r.iUicr  fi'W-Howered  ;  petals 
oheurdatc,  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong  sepals. —  Kocky  or  dry  soil,  cliietly  in 
the  upper  districts.  May -June.  "21  —  Stems  G' -  12' high.  Leaves  seldom 
r  long.     Flowers  J'  wide.     Capsule  ratiier  longer  than  the  calyx. 

4.  C.  nutans,  liaf.  C'lammy-puliescent;  stems  tufted,  furrowed  ;  leaves 
lanceolate  ;  cymes  ample,  many-liowereii ;  petals  oblong,  emarginate,  ratlier 
longer  than  the  obloug  sepals.  —  Low  grounds  in  the  upper  districts,  (l)  — 
Stems  l^  high.  Peduncles  long.  Cai)siile  curved,  three  times  as  long  as  the 
calyx. 

9.  STIPULICIDA,  Michx. 

Sepals  5,  emarginate,  wliite-niargined.  Petals  5,  spatulate,  2-toothed  near 
the  l)ase,  longer  than  the  sepals,  withering-persistent.  Stamens  3,  o])posite 
the  inner  sepals.  Style  very  short,  3-parted.  Capsule  1-ceDed,  3-valved, 
many -seeded.  —  A  small  perennial,  with  an  erect  forking  stem.  Stem  leaves 
minute,  subulate,  with  adnate  pectinate  stijjules.  Radical  leaves  spatulate, 
clustered,  growing  from  a  tuft  of  bristly  stipules.  Flowers  white,  iu  a 
terminal  cluster. 

1.  S.  setacea,  Miciix.  —  Low  sandy  jiine  l)arreMs,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina.     April- June. — Stem   3'— 6'    iiigli,   the    iminclies   spreading   and 

curving. 

10.  SPERGULARIA,  I'ers. 

Sepals  .5.  Petals  .5,  oval,  entire.  Stamens  2-10.  Styles  3  -  5.  Capsule 
3  -  5-valved  ;  the  valves  when  5  alternate  with  the  sepals.  —  A  low  maritime 
herb,  witli  opposite  fleshy  leaves,  and  conspicuous  .scarious  stij)ules.  Flowers 
axillary,  solitary,  rose-colored. 

1.  S.  salina,  Presl.  Stems  difTusely  branched,  glandular,  4' -6'  high; 
leaves  linear  ;  sepals  oblong,  about  as  long  as  the  pedicels  ;  petals  red;  seeds 
roundish,  roughened  with  raised  points.  —  Sandy  coast.     April. 

11.     SPERGULA,   L.     Siihuy. 

Sepals  .5.  Petals  .5,  entire.  Stamens  ,5  or  10.  Styles  .5.  Capsule  5-valved, 
the  valves  opiiosite  the  sepals.  Embryo  forming  a  ring  around  the  albumen. 
—  Leaves  whorled.     Flowers  cymose,  white. 

1.  S.  arvensis,  L.  Stem  erect;  leaves  fle.shy,  narrow-linear,  several  in 
a  whorl ;  cyme  loose,  long-peduncled  ;  fruiting  pedicels  reflexed  ;  stamens  10; 
seeds  rough.  —  Cultivated  fielils.     Introduced.     (T). 

12.  POLYCARPON,  L. 

Se}>als  5,  carinate.  Petals  5,  emarginate,  shorter  tlian  the  sepals.  Stamens 
3-5.  Styles  3,  very  short.  Capsule  .3-valved.  —  Low  annuals,  witli  whorled 
leaves,  and  minute  flowers,  in  terminal  cymes. 

1.  P.  tetraphyllum,  T>.  Stems  (3' -6')  forking,  diffuse;  leaves  spatu- 
late-obovatc,  the  lower  ones  4  in  a  whorl,  the  upper  opposite;  sepals  acute; 
stipules  coDispicuous.  —  Near  Charleston.     Introduced.     May- June. 


MALVACEAE.        (MALLOW    FAMILY.)  45 


Order  17.     MALA^ACE^.     (Mallow  Family.) 

Mucilaginous  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  palmately  veined  alternate  stip- 
ulate leaves,  and  regular  monadelphous  flowers  on  jointed  peduncles. 
—  Sepals  5,  united  at  the  base,  valvate  in  the  bud,  persistent,  often 
with  a  calyx-like  involucel.  Petals  5,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens 
numerous,  united  into  a  column  which  is  continuous  with  the  claws  of 
the  petals:  anthers  1-celled,  opening  transversely.  Ovaries  united 
into  a  ring,  or  forming  a  several-celled  capsule.  Styles  separate  or 
united.  Seeds  kidney-shaped.  Albumen  scarce  or  none.  Embryo 
large,  curved,  with  leafy  cotyledons.  Pubescence  commonly  stellate. 
Pollen  grains  hispid. 

Synopsis. 

Teibe  I.  MAIiVE^. —  Carpels  as  many  as  the  stigmas,  1  -  few-seeded,  disposed  in  a 
circle  around  a  central  axis,  separating  at  maturity  from  the  axis  and  from  each  other. 
Anthers  borne  at  the  apex  of  the  column. 

*  Carpels  1-seeded. 
■I-  Stigmas  occupying  the  inner  face  of  the  styles. 

1.  MALVA.     Carpels  beakless.     No  process  within. 

2.  CALLIRRHOE.     Carpels  beaked,  and  bearing  a  dorsal  process  above  the  seed  within. 

■I-  -1-  Stigmas  capitate. 

3.  MALVASTRUM.    Involucel  2- 3-leaved.    Ovule  peritropous-ascending.    Radicle  inferior. 

4.  SIDA.     Involucel  none.     Ovule  resupiuate-pendulous.     Radicle  superior. 

*  *  Carpels  2  -  few-seeded. 

5.  ABUTILON.     Carpels  1-celled.     Involucel  none. 

6.  MODIOL.i.     Carpels  transversely  2-ceUed.     Involucel  3-leaved. 

Teibe  II.  UKENE^.  — Carpels  half  as  many  as  the  stigmas,  separating  at  maturity. 
Anthers  borne  above  the  middle  of  the  column. 

7.  PAVONIA.     Involucel  5  -  15-leaved.     Flowers  axillary  or  racemose. 

8.  URENA.     Involucel  5-cleft.     Flowers  racemose.     Carpels  hispid. 

9.  MAL.\CHRA.     Involucel  none.     Flowers  capitate. 

Teibe  III.  HIBISCE.3E;.  —  Carpels  as  many  as  the  stigmas,  united  and  forming  at  ma- 
turity a  loculicidal  capsule.  Column  bearing  the  anthers  throughout,  or  from  above 
the  middle. 

10.  KOSTELrjTZKYA.     Cells  of  the  depressed  capsule  1-seeded. 

11.  HIBISCUS.     Cells  of  the  globose  or  oblong  capsule  few  -  many-seeded. 

12.  THESPESIA.     Capsule  indehiscent.     Involucel  3-leaved,  entire. 

13.  GOSSYPIUM.     Capsule  dehiscent.     Involucel  3-)eaved,  gashed. 

14.  FUGOSIA.     Capsule  dehiscent.     Involucel  of  6  -  9  subulate  leaves. 

1.     MALVA,  L.     Mallow. 

Involucel  .3-leaved,  persistent.  Petals  obcordate.  Styles  9-20,  filiform, 
stigmatic  on  the  inner  face.  Carpels  broadly  reiiiform,  beakless,  1-seeded,  in- 
dehiscent,  disposed  in  a  circle  around  the  central  axis,  from  which  they  sep- 
arate at  maturity.  Embryo  nearly  annular.  Eadicle  inferior. —  Herbs. 
Leaves  rounded.     Flowers  axillary,  not  yellow. 

1.  M.  rotundifolia,  L.  Stems  several,  prostrate ;  leaves  long-petioled, 
round-cordate,  crenate  and  crenately-lobed ;  flowers  single  or  clustered,  white 
veined  with  purple ;  carpels  even.  —  Around  dwellings.     Introduced.     '21. 


46  :malva(K.k.     (mam.ow   family.) 

2.  M.  sylvestris,  L.  Hirsute,  erect,  2° -3°  high;  leaves  sliarply  ser- 
rate, 5-7-lube(l;  Howera  lonp-pedunoled,  2'  wide,  hrigiit  |)iirj»le;  carpela 
wrinkled.  —  Wa.ste  ground.     Introduceil.     dune. 

2.    CALLIRRHOE,   Nutt. 

luvuhuel  1  -3-leaved  and  jjurrii.stent,  or  uone.  I'etals  wedge-shaped,  entire, 
or  ereuate.  Styles  a»  iu  Malva.  Carpels  uumerous,  with  a  short  and  uaked 
beak,  and  a  ligulate  dorsal  process  below  the  beak  witiiiu.  Embryo  curved. 
Radicle  inferior.  —  Perennial  herbs.  Leaves  palmately  lobed,  or  angled. 
Flowers  showy,  ])nr])le  or  whitish. 

1.  C.  triangulata,  Gray.  Rough-pubesceut ;  stem  ascending  from  a 
perpendicular  rootstock,  branching  above;  leaves  triangular,  coarsely  aud 
uuequnlly  crenate.  the  lowest  ones  long-petioled  aud  cordate,  the  upper  3- 
5-lubed ;  flowers  approximate,  panicled,  longer  than  the  pedicels ;  involucel 
3-leaved,  the  leaves  linear;  carpels  at  lengtli  2-valved.  —  Dry  soil  iu  the  u])|)er 
districts  of  Alabama  to  North  Carolina.  July.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.  Flowers 
\'-\y  wide,  ])urple. 

2.  C.  Papaver,  Gray.  Rough  with  scattered  appressed  aud  rigid  hairs; 
stems  low,  simple ;  leaves  3  -5-parted  ;  the  lobes  oblong  or  lanceolate,  toothed 
or  entire;  flowers  few,  solitary,  axillary,  long-peduncled  ;  involucel  1- 3-leaved, 
or  none ;  petals  finely  crenate ;  carpels  iudehiscent.  —  Rich  open  woods, 
Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward.  May -Sept. —  Stems  1°  high.  Flowers 
purple,  2'  wide,  on  peduncles  sometimes  1°  long. 

3.  C.  alcseoides,  Gray.  Strigose-pubescent ;  stems  slender  (l°high); 
lower  leaves  triangular-cordate,  incised;  the  upper  5-7-parted,  laciuiate,  the 
uppermost  divided  into  linear  segments;  flowers  corymbose,  on  slender  pe- 
duncles (rose-color  or  white) ;  involucel  none ;  carpels  obtusely  beaked,  crested 
aud  strongly  wrinkled  on  the  back.  —  Barren  oak  lands,  Tennessee. 

3.    MALVASTRUM,   Gray. 

Involucel  1  -  3-leaved  or  none.     Styles  a  -  20.     Stigmas  capitate.  Carpels 

beaked  or  beakless,  1-seeded.     Seed  ascending.     Embryo  curved  or  annular. 

Radicle  inferior.  —  Herbs  or  shrubby  plants,  rough  with  rigid  hairs.  Flowers 
yellow. 

1.  M.  tricuspidatum,  Gray.  Perennial  or  shrubby  ;  stem  branching; 
leaves  ovate  or  ohloiig-ovate,  serrate,  acute,  petioled ;  stipules  lanceolate; 
flowers  iu  leafy  spiked  racemes ;  petals  obliquely  truncated;  carpels  10-12, 
more  or  less  distinctly  3-toothed  or  awned  at  the  apex.  —  South  Florida  — 
Stems  1°  high.     Involucel  3-leaved. 

2.  M.  angustum,  Gray.  Annual;  stem  erect,  branching;  leaves 
lanceolate,  sparingly  serrate,  short-petioled  ;  stipules  bristle-like ;  flowers  axil- 
lary, mostly  solitary ;  involucel  setaceou.s,  2  -  3-leaved ;  carpels  5,  circular, 
awnless,  at  length  2-valved.  —  Tennessee,  and  westward.  —  Stems  6'-  12'  high. 
Calyx  enlarged  in  fruit. 

3.  M.  Rugelii,  Watson.  Stems  erect,  much  branched,  stellate-hairy; 
leaves  ovate,  coarsely  serrate,  slender-petioled ;  flowers  axillary,  small,  sin- 


MALVACEAE.       (mallow    FAMILY.)  47 

gle,  or  the  upper  ones  densely  spiked ;  iuvolucel  3-leaved,  as  long  as  the  very 
hairy  calyx ;  petals  yellow,  oblique ;  carpels  12,  even,  awnless.  —  South  Florida. 
—  Stems  2°  -  4°  high.     Flowers  ^  wide. 

4.     SIDA,  L. 

Involucel  none.  Calyx  angular.  Styles  .5 -15.  Stigmas  capitate.  Ovaries 
1-celled.  Carpels  erect,  mostly  2-valved  and  2-beaked  at  the  apex,  separating 
at  maturity  from  each  other,  and  from  the  central  axis.  Seed  resupinate,  sus- 
pended, 3-angled.  Embryo  curved.  Eadicle  superior.  —  Branching  herbs  or 
shrubs,  with  chiefly  undivided  leaves,  and  small  yellow,  rarely  red  or  white, 
flowers  in  their  axils. 

*   Leaves,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  cordate. 
+-  Flowers  dioecious,  white. 

1.  S.  Napsea,  Cav.  Nearly  smooth,  4° -8°  high;  leaves  thin,  long- 
petioled,  cordate-ovate,  5-lobed,  acuminate,  toothed  or  serrate ;  peduncles 
few-flowered;  petals  obovate ;  carpels  10,  acuminate. —  Shady  banks,  East 
Tennessee.     June. 

-1—  ■*--  Flowers  perfect,  yellow  or  red. 

2.  S.  spinosa,  L.  Annual,  minutely  pubescent;  branches  erect ;  leaves 
oblong-ovate,  acute,  serrate,  the  slender  petioles  often  with  a  tubercular  spine 
at  the  base,  the  lower  ones  cordate ;  stipules  setaceous,  half  as  long  as  the 
petioles ;  flowers  single  or  clustered,  on  short  erect  peduncles ;  carpels  faintly 
reticulated,  each  pointed  with  two  erect  subulate  spines.  —  Waste  places. 
July -Sept.  —  Stems  l°-2°  high.     Flowers  .^'  wide,  yellow. 

3.  S.  supina,  L'Her.  Perennial,  tomentose ;  stems  divided  at  the  base 
into  slender  simple  a.'scending  or  prostrate  branches;  leaves  all  round-cordate, 
crenate ;  stipules  minute ;  floAvers  solitary ;  the  peduncles  reflexed  in  fruit ; 
carpels  downy,  reticulated,  almost  beakle.ss.  — South  Florida.  Oct.  — Stems 
6' -12'  long;  leaves  i'-l'  long.  Flowers  yellow,  not  half  as  large  as  in  the 
preceding. 

4.  S.  diffusa,  HBK.  Perennial;  stems  prostrate,  hairy,  2°  long;  leaves 
V  long,  cordate  oblong,  serrate;  stipules  setaceous;  peduncles  1'  long,  soli- 
tary ;  flowers  yellow ;  carpels  5,  pubescent,  short-beaked.  —  Keys  of  South 
Florida. 

.5.  S.  cordifolia,  L.  Annual,  villous  ;  stem  tall,  much  branched  ;  leaves 
ovate,  cordate,  entire  or  angularly  3-lobed,  crenate-serrate ;  flowers  small, 
yellow,  mostly  crowded  in  axillary  and  terminal  racemes;  carpels  10-12, 
shorter  than  the  slender  retrorsely  scabrous  awns.  —  Cedar  Keys,  Florida. 
Introduced.  Nov.  —  Stem  3°  -  5°  high.  Leaves  2'  -  3'  long. 
«    *   Leaves  not  rordate. 

6.  S.  earpinifolia,  L.  Nearly  glabrous,  erect,  branching;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  obtuse  and  3nerved  at  the  base,  serrate;  stipules  linear;  flowers 
axillary,  the  earlier  solitary,  the  later  ones  clustered  ;  petals  yellow,  uneqnnlly 
obcordate;  carpels  7-12,  reticulate  rugose. 

Var.  brevicuspidata,  Griseb.     Stem  10-3°  high,  the   branches  and 


48  MAJ.NACK.K.        (MAM.oW    FAMILY.) 

li'iivcs  mostly  disticlious ;  leaves  ()v:ite-ol)l<)iij^  ;  tinwers  1'  wide,  (i(liri)leiuiiu8  ; 
carpels  10,  8liort-l)eakeil.  (S.  stipulate,  C'tic.  <V  Flont).  —  Aruuml  iKJiiiesteuds 
iu  the  lower  distriets.     July -Sept. 

^'ar.  parviflora.  Stem  2° -3°  higli,  with  numerous  long  and  virgate 
branilies,  pubesceut ;  leaves  ovate-obloug ;  flowers  Y  wide,  urauge-^ellow  ; 
carpels  7,  short-beaked.  —  lioberts  Key,  in  Caximbas  liay.  South  Florida. 
July  -  August. 

Var.  acuta.  Stem  3°  -  6°  iiigh,  short-branched ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long ;  peduncles  longer  than  tiie  petioles ;  flowers  I' -  IJ'  wide,  golden  yellow  ; 
cari)ols  10- 12,  slender-beaked.  (S.  acuta,  Burm.) — Sandy  coast  of  South 
Florida.     Augu.st  -  Sept. 

7.  S.  rhombifolia,  L.  Downy  ;  stems  erect,  much  branched ;  leaves 
rhombic-ol)loug,  obtuse  at  each  end,  serrate,  shortpetioled,  pale  beneath;  stip- 
ules setaceous,  longer  thau  the  petioles,  caducous;  peduncles  solitary,  more 
than  half  as  long  as  the  leaves;  carpels  10-12,  even,  pointed  with  a  single 
subulate  spine,  indehiscent.  —  Around  dwellings,  Florida  to  North  Carolina, 
and  westward.  July -Oct.  (T)  —  Stems  2° -3°  high.  Leaves  2' -3'  long. 
Flowers  yellow. 

8.  S-  ciliaris,  Cav.  Rough  with  appressed  rigid  hairs  ;  stems  prostrate  ; 
leaves  elliptical,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  serrate  above  the  middle,  smooth  above, 
the  uppermost  approximate  ;  stipules  setaceous,  and  like  the  calyx  fringed 
with  long  hairs ;  flowers  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves ;  car- 
pels 7,  strongly  reticulated,  pointed  with  two  minute  barbed  spines.  —  Key 
West.     11  —  Stems  6'  long.     Leaves  J'-  1'  long.     Flowers  small,  red. 

9.  S.  EUiottii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Perennial ;  stems  slender,  roughish,  erect, 
with  long  and  straight  branches  ;  leaves  smoothish,  lanceolate  or  linear,  acute, 
serrate,  on  short  petioles  ;  stipules  setaceous ;  flowers  large,  single  ;  peduncles 
longer  than  the  petioles;  carpels  10-12,  strongly  reticulated,  truncate  or 
slightlv  2  pointed.  —  Open  woods,  Florida  to  North  Carolina  and  westward. 
July -Oct.  —  Stems  I°-3°  high.  Leaves  l'-2'  long.  Flowers  1'  wide, 
yellow. 

Var.  parviflora.  Stem  shrubby,  smooth ;  leaves  narrow -linear,  obtuse, 
downy  beneatli :  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  petals  barely  longer  than 
the  calyx.  —  Key  West  {Blodgett). 

5.     ABUTILON,   Tourn.    Txdian  M.\llow. 

Involucel  none.  Stigma  capitate.  Ovaries  5  or  more,  1-celled,  2-9-ovuled. 
Carpels  1-6-seeded,  partly  2-valved,  tardily  separating  from  each  other  or 
from  the  central  axis.  Radicle  ascending.  —  Leaves  cordate.  Flowers  yel- 
low, white,  or  purplish. 

1.  A.  Avicennse,  Gcertn.  Tomentose;  leaves  round-cordate,  acuminate, 
crenate  ;  peduncles  axillary,  1  -  3-flowered,  shorter  than  the  long  petioles ;  car- 
pels 12-14,  hairy,  inflated,  truncate,  3-seeded,  with  two  long  and  spreading 
npines.  —  Waste  places  chiefly  in  the  middle  and  upper  districts.  Introduced. 
(T)  —  Stem  2°  -  5°  high.     Leaves  4'  -  6'  wide.     Flowers  orange-red. 


MALVACE^.       (mallow    FAMILY.)  49 

2.  A.  permolle,  Don.  Stem  erect  (2° -3°),  branching,  smooth  or  soft- 
downy  ;  leaves  long-petioled,  cordate  or  oblong-cordate,  acuminate,  unequally 
crenate,  velvety  on  both  surfaces  and  hoary  beneath,  or  roughish  above; 
peduncles  solitary  in  the  upper  axils,  l-Howered,  about  the  length  of  the  peti- 
oles, or  the  upper  ones  longer;  lobes  of  the  calyx  ovate  or  oblong,  shorter 
than  the  yellow  petals ;  carpels  8  - 10,  rigid,  hairy,  longer  than  the  calyx, 
acute  or  beaked,  3-seeded.  —  South  Florida.  — Flowers  9"-  12"   wide. 

3.  A.  pedunculare,  HBK.  Shrubby,  velvety-tomentose ;  leaves  long- 
petioled,  round-cordate,  acuminate,  crenate,  canescent  beneath ;  peduncles 
axillary,  as  long  as  the  petioles ;  calyx-tube  plicate ;  petals  "  rose-color," 
reflexed,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx;  carpels  about  20,  mucronate,  villous,  3- 
9-seeded.  —  South  Florida  (Miss  Reynolds).  —  Stem  2°-6°  high.  Petals  10" 
long. 

4.  A.  Indicum,  Don,  var.  hirtum,  Griseb.  Stem  pilose,  2° -  4°  high ; 
leaves  cordate,  acuminate,  unequally-toothed,  villous  above,  white-velvety  be- 
neath ;  peduncles  1-flowered  ;  corolla  orange-yellow,  the  centre  dark  brown, 
twice  as  long  as  tlie  calyx  ;  carpels  10  or  more,  as  long  as  the  calyx, 
acuminate,  pilose,  3  -  9-seeded ;  seeds  warty.  —  Coast  and  Keys  of  South 
Florida. 

5.  A.  crispum,  Gray.  Hoary -tomentose  ;  stem  erect,  the  lower  branches 
long  and  trailing;  leaves  round-cordate,  acuminate,  finely  crenate;  peduncles 
axillary,  1-flowered,  elongated, filiform,  refracted  after  flowering;  carpels  10, 
beakless,  inflated,  corrugated,  hispid,  2-seeded.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  slen- 
der, 1°  -  2°  high.  Leaves  T  -  2'  long,  the  upper  ones  nearly  sessile.  Peduncles 
as  long  as  the  leaves.     Flowers  4" -6"  wide,  yellow. 

6.     MODIOLA,   Mcench. 

Involucel  3leaved,  persistent.  Stamens  10-20.  Ovaries  14-20,  trans- 
versely 2-celled,  each  cell  1-ovuled.  Stigmas  capitate.  Carpels  2-valved,  2- 
seeded,  separating  at  maturity  from  each  other  and  from  the  central  axis, 
each  valve  tipped  with  a  slender  spine.  —  Prostrate  herbs,  with  palmately 
divided  leaves,  and  .small  axillary  flowers. 

1.  M.  multifida,  Mcench.  Hirsute;  stems  diffuse ;  leaves  long-petioled, 
cordate-ovate,  more  or  less  deeply  5  -  7-parted  ;  the  divisions  lobed  and  toothed ; 
peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles ;  carpels  hispid.  —  Waste  places,  Florida 
to  North  Carolina  and  westM-ard.  July -Oct.  2/  —  Seras  l°-2°  long. 
Earliest  leaves  orbicular,  undivided.     Petals  red,  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

7.     PAVONIA,  Cav. 

Involucel  5- 1.5-leaved,  persistent.  Ovaries  5,  1-celled,  1-ovuled.  Stigmas 
10,  capitate.  Carpels  indehiscent  or  somewhat  2-valved,  naked  or  armed  at 
the  apex  with  three  hispid  awns,  separating  at  maturity.  Embryo  incurved. 
Radicle  inferior.  —  Chiefly  shrubs,  with  petioled  stipulate  leaves,  and  solitary 
flowers  on  axillary  peduncles. 

1.  P.  Lecontei,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  much  branched,  roughish-pubes- 
ceut ;  leaves  ovate  or  somewhat  sagittate,  obtusely  toothed,  densely  pubescent 

4 


50  MALVACF,.i<:.     (mallow  family.) 

and  lioarv  lionoatli,  rouph  aliovo,  ]<in<;(>r  than  tlif  potiolcs;  involncfl  of  5  -  fi 
ovate  loaves,  wliich  arc  slipjlilly  niiiled  at  the  base  ;  earj)els  olxivate,  a\vnles«, 
stmnRly  retieiilate.  —  South  Georgia  (Lccon^e).  —  Stem  4° -5°  high.  Leaves 
I'  long.     Flowers  large,  pale  red. 

2.  p.  racemosa,  Swartz.  Shrubby,  tomentoae,  sparingly  branrhed ; 
leaves  petinlcil,  lonlate-ovate,  acnininatc,  sligiitly  serrate,  .3-nerved  ;  stipules 
subulate,  deciduous;    racemes  terminal,   leafless,  few-flowered;   involuccl    8- 

. leaved;  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  convolute,  "dull  white  tinged  with 
vellow";  stigmas  sessile,  "  car])els  unarmed." — .Miairii  and  Key  Biscayne 
(Giirber,  C'(//7/.s,s).  —  Stem  6°-8°  high. 

3.  P.  spinif ex,  Willd.  Shrubby,  hir.sute ;  leaves  long-petioled,  oltlong- 
ovate  or  cordate,  coarsely  serrate  ;  flowers  long-i)eduncled  ;  involucel  8-leaved, 
longer  than  the  calyx,  shorter  than  the  yellow  ctjnjlla ;  carjjels  armed  with 
three  stout  retrorsely  bearded  spines.  —  Charleston  {Rev.  Dr.  Bach  man). 
Mayport,  Florida  (Curtiss).  Introduced.  —  Stem  3° -5°  high.  Corolla  1' 
wide. 

8.     URENA,   L. 

Involucel  deeply  5-cleft.  Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  oblique.  Colunm  short ; 
anthers  few,  terminal.  Stigmas  10,  capitate,  capsule  separating  into  5  bristly- 
barbed  1-seeded  carpels.  — Branching  shrubs. 

1.  U.  lobata,  L.  Stem  stout,  tomentose  ;  leaves  roundish,  slightly  cor- 
date, entire  or  obscurely  3-5-lobed,  canescent  beneath;  flowers  small, 
axillary,  and  crowded  in  a  terminal  raceme ;  leaves  of  the  involucel  5-7, 
subulate ;  petals  pale  rose-color ;  carjjels  densely  bristly.  —  Waste  places. 
Introduced. 

9.    MALACHRA,  L. 

Flowers  capitate,  surrounded  by  a  3-5-leaved  involucre.  Leaves  of  the 
iuvolucel  8- 12,  linear  or  setaceous.  Stigmas  10,  capitate.  Cap.sule  separat- 
ing into  five  1-seeded  carpels.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  rough  with  rigid,  often 
stinging  hairs.     Flowers  white  or  yellow. 

1 .  M.  capitata,  L.  Bristly  and  tomentose  in  lines ;  stem  much  branched  ; 
leaves  cordate,  obscurely  lobed  and  toothed;  peduncles  single  or  2-3  in  a 
cluster,  axillary,  7-flowered ;  involucre  3-leaved,  cordate ;  petals  twice  as 
long  as  the  calyx,  yellow ;  capsule  glabrous.  —  Key  in  Chuckolusky  Bay, 
South  Florida  (Curtiss).  —  Stem  3°-  .5°  high. 

10.     KOSTELETZKYA,  Presl.     (Hibisccs,  L.  in  part.) 

Capsule  depressed,  the  cells  1-seeded.  —  Otherwi-se  as  in  Hibiscus. 

1.  K.  Virginica,  Presl.  Rough-hairy;  stem  erect,  stout,  branching; 
lower  leaves  ovate,  cordate,  serrate,  mostly  3-lobed,  the  upper  narrower  and 
usuallv  entire ;  flowers  (purple)  in  terminal  racemes. — Var.  althea;foi.ia. 
Densely  stellate-pubescent  and  somewhat  hoary ;  leaves  all  undivided,  ovate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  unequally  toothed-serrate ;  racemes  dense- 
flowered  ;  capsule  hirsute.  — Marshes,  near  the  coast,  the  var.  South  Florida 
July  -  August. 


MALVACEAE.      (mALLOW   PAMILY.)  51 

2.  K.  smilacifolia,  Chapm.  Stem  slender,  the  lower  branches  long 
(2" -3°)  and  trailing;  leaves  small,  the  lowest  ovate,  the  others  hastate -3- 
lobed,  with  the  middle  lobe  lanceolate,  serrate ;  racemes  loosely  few-flowered  ; 
corolla  rose-color,  2'  wide ;  column  interruptedly  antherif erous ;  capsule  hir- 
sute.    (Hibiscus,  Shuttlw.)  —  Low  pine  woods,  South  Florida. 

11.    HIBISCUS,  L.    Rose-Mallovt. 

Involucel  many-leaved  or  many-cleft,  and,  like  the  calyx,  persistent.  Stig- 
mas 5,  peltate  or  capitate.  Capsule  globose  or  oblong,  5-celled,  loculicidally 
5-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  petioled  stipulate 
leaves,  and  large  showy  flowers,  on  axillary  peduncles. 

*   Leaves  of  the  involucel  forked. 

1.  H.  aculeatus,  Walt.  Muricate-hispid  ;  leaves  round-cordate,  divided 
into  3  -  .5  coarsely  toothed  and  spreading  lobes,  the  upper  ones  narrower  aud 
mostly  entire ;  flowers  yellow,  with  a  purple  centre,  short-peduncled ;  involu- 
cel 10-12-leaved;  capsule  hispid ;  seeds  smooth.  —  Margins  of  swamps  and 
ponds,  South  Carolina,  and  westward.  July.  ^  —  Stems  2°  -  6°  high. 
Flowers  4'  wide. 

2.  H.  furcellatus,  Desrous.  Shrubby ;  stem  tall,  branching,  tomentose  ; 
leaves  cordate,  entire,  finely  .serrate,  rough  above;  tomentose  beneath  ;  leaves 
of  the  involucel  10,  forked  ;  calyx  hispid  ;  corolla  yellow  (3'  long) ;  capsule 
strigose;  seeds  smooth.  —  Eastern  shore  of  South  Florida  (Curtiss). 

*   *  Leaves  of  the  involucel  entire. 
-k—  Perennial  herbs :  stipules  deciduous. 

3.  H.  MoseheutOS,  L.  Tomentose ;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  acuminate, 
toothed-serrate,  mostly  3-lobed  above  the  middle,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate 
at  the  base,  hoary  beneath ;  peduncles  often  partly  adnate  to  the  petioles ; 
flowers  white  or  pale  rose-color  with  a  crimson  centre ;  seeds  smooth.  —  Ponds 
and  marshes.  July.  —  Stems  3°  -  5°  high.  Leaves  3'  -  5'  long.  Flowers 
4'-  5'  wide. 

4.  H.  incanus,  Wendl.  Leaves  lanceolate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  not 
lobed,  slightly  cordate,  acuminate,  finely  serrate,  hoary  on  both  sides ;  flowers 
pale  yellow  with  a  crimson  centre,  often  umbelled  ;  peduncles  mostly  free 
from  the  petioles;  capsule  and  seeds  smooth. — Ponds  and  marshes,  Florida 
to  South  Carolina.  June -July. — Stems  2° -5°  high.  Leaves  3' -6'  long. 
Flowers  6'  -  8'  wide. 

5.  H.  grandiflorus,  IMichx.  Tomentose ;  leaves  round-ovate,  cordate, 
mostly  3-lobed,  toothed-serrate,  hcary  beneath ;  flowers  very  large,  pale  rose- 
color  with  a  deep  red  centre ;  peduncles  free  from  the  petioles ;  capsule  vel- 
vety ;  seeds  smooth.  —  Marshes  near  the  coast,  Florida,  Georgia,  and  west- 
ward. July.  —  Stems  several  from  one  root,  3°  -  5°  high.  Leaves  4'  -  6'  long 
and  nearly  the  same  in  width.     Flowers  10' -12'  wide. 

6.  H.  Carolinianus,  Muhl.  ?  Ell.  Smooth ;  leaves  cordate-ovate,  acu- 
minate, serrate,  sometimes  slightly  3-lobed ;  flowers  purj)le ;  peduncles 
slightly  adhering  to  the  petioles;   seeds  hispid.  —  On   Wilmington   Island, 


,152  MALVACK.K.       (MAM.OW    FAMILY.) 

Ciooro-ia.     Julv-St'i>t.  —  Sums  4'- OMiigli.     Leaves  4'-6'  Imif^.      riuwcra 
6'-tt'  wide.  (•) 

7.  H.  militaris,  Cav.  Smooth ;  leaves  thin,  on  long  and  slender  peti- 
oles serrate,  slightly  cordate,  the  lower  ones  roundish,  3- 5-loi)ed,  the  upper 
ovate-huueolato,  entire  or  soniewluit  hastate,  with  rounded  lohes ;  |ieduncle8 
shorter  than  tiie  ]»ctioles;  calyx  inflated;  corolla  tul>ular-cani])anu]ate,  pale 
rose-color  with  a  red  centre;  seeds  silky.  —  Uiver  hanks  in  the  upper  dis- 
tricts. July -August.  —  Stems  3° -4°  high.  Leaves  3' -.5'  long.  Corolla 
2i'  long. 

8.  H.  COCCineus,  Walt.  Smooth  ;  stem  glaucous ;  leaves  long-petioled, 
5-l):irted  to  the  liase,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  remotely  toothed,  with  long-taper- 
ing entire  tips  ;  corolla  expanding,  bright  scarlet ;  petals  long-clawed  ;  seeds 
pubescent.  —  Deep  marshes  near  the  coast,  Georgia,  and  westward.  July- 
August.— Stems  4° -8°  high.  Leaves  6'- 12'  long.  Corolla  6' -8'  wide. 
Column  of  stamens  naked  below. 

9.  H.  semilobatus,  n.  sp.  Glabrous ;  stem  simple,  4°-  5°  high  ;  leaves 
4' -6'  lono-,  ovate  or  rouudish,  slightly  cordate,  3-5-lobed  above  the  middle, 
coarsely  serrate,  the  lateral  lobes  short  or  angular,  the  middle  one  tapering 
into  a  long  entire  point ;  petals  crimson,  obovate,  3'  -  4'  long ;  column  as  long 
as  the  petals.  (H.  coccineus,  var.  Flora.)  —  Marshes  near  Jacksonville, 
Florida.     June. 

■i—  -1—  Annual  herhs :  cali/x  inflated,  veiny. 

10.  H.  Trionum,  L.  (Bladder  Kktmia.)  Stem  4' -  12' high,  branch- 
ing from  the  base  ;  leaves  3-parted,  coarsely  toothed  ;  calyx  .5-winged  ;  petals 
yellow,  with  a  black  base ;  capsule  hirsute.  —  Grain  fields.     Introduced. 

-I—  -1—  ^—  Trees  or  shrubs  :  stipules  persistent. 

11.  H.  tubiflorus,  DC  Hispid;  leaves  small,  ovate,  obtuse,  crenate- 
.serrate,  nfteii  cordate,  anil  slightly  3-lobed  ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves ; 
corolla  tulnilar-campaiiulate,  crimson;  column  of  stamens  exserted ;  .seeds 
.v^-oollv.  —  South  Florida.  —  Shrub  4° -5"  high,  branching.  Leaves  J'-l' 
long.     Stipules  subulate.     Flowers  1' long. 

12.  H.  tiliaceus,  L.  Leaves  orbicular-cordate,  acuminate,  slightly  ere- 
Date,  hoary-tonieutose  beneath  ;  stipules  large,  oblong,  clas])ing ;  involucel 
9  -  10-toothed  ;  capsule  tomentose  ;  seeds  smooth.  —  South  Florida.  —  A  small 
tree.     Leaves  3' -4' long.     Flowers  yellow. 

H.  ESCULENTUS,  L.  ( H.  CoUinsianus,  A'"»/^  ?)  is  the  garden  Okra. 
H.  SyrIacds,  L,,  the  Altii.ka,  is  everywhere  cultivated. 

12.     THESPESIA,   Correa. 

Livolucel  3-leaved.  Calyx  truncate.  Stigmas  5,  decurrent.  Capsule  5- 
oelled,  several-seeded,  indehiscent.  — Tropical  shrubs  or  trees. 

1 .  T.  populinea,  Correa.  Leaves  cordate,  acuminate,  entire ;  involucel 
caducous  ;  flowers  large,  purplish  ;  capsule  globose  ;  seeds  with  villous  angles. 
—  Kevs  of  South  Florida. 


BYTTNERIACE^.   (bYTTXERIA  FAMILY.)         53 

13.     GOSSYPIUM,  L.    Cotton-Plant. 
Involucels  3-leaved,  united  at  the  base,  incisely  lobed  and  toothed.     Calyx 
cup-shaped,   5-toothed.     Stigmas   3  -  5.     Capsule  3  -  5-celled,   few-  or  many- 
seeded.     Seeds  woolly.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  palmately  lobed  leaves,  and 
axillary  yellow  flowers. 

1.  G.  hirsutum,  L.  Frutescent,  hirsute;  leaves  3-lobed,  or  entire,  a 
linear  gland  on  the  midrib  beneath  ;  flowers  3'  wide  ;  leaves  of  the  involucel 
cordate,  8-10-cleft,  with  narrow  bristle-pointed  lobes;  capsule  3-4-ceUed^ 
few-seeded.  —  Thickets  along  the  coast  and  Keys  of  South  Florida. — Shrub 
6° -12°  high. 

14.     FUGOSIA,  Juss. 

Involueel  6-9-leaved.  Column  of  stamens  naked  above.  Stigmas  3  or  4, 
separate  or  united.  Capsule  3-  or  4-celled,  3-  or  4-valved,  few-  or  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  vvooUy.  — Shrubby  tropical  plants,  with  solitary  axiUary  yel- 
low flowers. 

1.  F.  heterophylla,  Vent.  Smooth,  erect ;  stem  angular,  brandling; 
leaves  lanceolate,  obovate,  or  3-lobed,  3-nerved  ;  peduncles  long,  dilated  under 
the  flower  ;  leaves  of  the  involucel  minute,  subulate ;  calyx  dotted  with  black, 
the  acute  sepals  3-ribbed,  much  shorter  than  the  showy  petals ;  stigmas  3, 
united;  capsule  3-celled,  12 -20-seeded.  —  Keys  of  South  Florida.  —  Stem 
1 2'  -  1 8'  high.     Corolla  1  ^'  -  2'  wide. 


Order  18.     BYTTNERIACE^.     (Byttneria  Family.) 

Chiefly  trees  or  shrubs  differing  from  Malvaceae  in  having  definite 
stamens,  of  which  those  opposite  the  petals  are  usually  sterile,  2-celled 
anthers,  with  smooth  pollen  grains,  and  a  straight  embryo.  —  Ovary 
3  -  5-ceUed,  rarely  l-celled. 

1.    AYENIA,  L. 

Involucel  none.  Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  on  long  capillary  claws,  connivent 
over  the  stigma.  Fertile  stamens  5,  alternating  with  1-2  sterile  ones,  their 
filaments  united  into  a  pedicellate  cup.  Style  single.  Stigma  Saugled. 
Capsule  5-lobed,  5-celled,  loculicidally  5-valved,  the  cells  1-seeded.  —  Low 
shrubby  plants,  with  minute  axillary  flowers.  Capsule  rough.  Albumen 
none. 

1.  A.  pusilla,  L.  Stems  mostly  simple,  prostrate,  downy ;  leaves  (4"  -  8" 
long)  roundish  or  oblong,  coarsely  serrate ;  peduncles  solitary,  reflexed  in 
fruit;  capsiile  depressed,  muricate.  —  South  Florida.  ^  —  Stems  6' -12' 
long.     Flowers  purple. 

2.    WALTHERIA,  L. 

Involucel  3-leaved,  deciduous.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  spatulate,  convo- 
lute in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  united  below.  Ovary  l-celled,  2-ovuled.  Style 
single.     Stigma  penicillate  or  tuberculate.     Capsule  2-valved,  1-seeded.     Em- 


54  TILIACEX.       (lINDEX    FAMILY.) 

brvo  in  the  axis  o(  fleshy  alhumcn. —  Ilerhs  or  shrubs,  with  altoniatc  leaves, 
aud  siiuill  llowers  iu  axillary  clusters. 

1.  "W,  Americana,  L.  Stem  erect,  villous;  leaves  ovate  or  oldoup, 
acute  or  nlitusf,  sirralc,  jilioute,  tomentose  on  hotii  surfaces;  heads  of  Howers 
gloliose,  stalked,  or  sut)sessile  and  shorter  than  tiie  jjetiolee,  the  ujiper  ones 
often  spiked ;  calyx  hirsute  ;  tlowers  yellow. —  South  P'lorida. —  Stem  2° -3° 
high,  rigid.     Leaves  l' -  2' loug. 

3.    MELOCHIA,  L. 

Involuccl  3-leaved  or  none.  Calyx  S-cleft.  I'etals  5,  convolute.  Stamens 
5,  the  lilaments  more  or  less  united  near  the  base.  Cells  of  the  ovary  1  -  2- 
ovuk'il ;  styles  5,  separate,  or  partly  united  ;  stigmas  club-shaped.  Capsule 
5-celled,  few-seeded.  —  Ilerlw  or  shrubs,  with  stellate  pubescence,  and  clus- 
tered white  or  j)urple  flowers. 

§  RiEDLEiA.     Capsule  septicidal  or  loculicidal.     Involucel  3-leai-ed. 
Flowers  purple. 

1.  M.  serrata,  Beuth.  Shrubby,  pilose  ;  stem  slender,  branching  (2° -4° 
hitch) ;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  uneijually  serrate  ;  stipules  linear,  longer  than  the 
petioles;  flower  clusters  axillary,  globose,  the  up])er  ones  spiked;  corolla 
showy,  i)urple  {V  wide).  —  Pine  woods,  South  Florida.     Oct. 

2.  M.  hirsuta,  Cav.  Herbaceous,  pubescent  and  slightly  hispid ;  leaves 
ovate,  subcordate,  crenate-serrate  ;  stipules  subulate,  shorter  than  the  petioles  ; 
flower  clusters  terminal ;  corolla  pale  purple,  yellowish  within.  —  Streets  of 
Savannah  (Feaij).  East  Florida  {Curliss).  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Corolla 
•J'  wide. 

OiJDKR  19.     TILIACE^E.     (Linden  Family.) 

Trees,  rarely  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  with  deciduous  stipules. 
Flowers  axillary  or  extra-axillary,  hypogynous,  polyandrous.  Sepals 
4-5,  valvate  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Petals  4-5,  convolute  or  im- 
bricated in  the  bud.  Stamens  distinct  or  united  in  clusters  :  anthers 
2-celled,  the  pollen  grains  smooth.  Style  single.  Stigma  4  -  10-lobed. 
Capsule  2- 5-cened,  1- many-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous.  Embryo  ia 
the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen.     Cotyledons  flat,  leafy. 

1.     TILIA,  Tourn.     Linden,  Basswood. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  numerous,  united  in  5 
clusters,  with  a  petal-like  appendage  (sterile  stamen)  o])i)osite  each  petal. 
Ovary  5-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell.  Stigma  5-lobed.  Capsule  1 -celled, 
1-2-seeded. — Trees,  with  cordate  leaves,  and  several-flowered  axillary  pe- 
duiules,  which  are  connate  below  with  a  large  ligulate  veiny  bract.  Flowers 
cream-color. 

1.  T.  Americana,  L.  Leaves  smooth  and  green  on  both  surfaces,  o}>- 
liciuelv  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate.  —  Mountains  of 
Georgia  and  North  Carolina.     June.  —  A  large  tree.    Leaves  4'-  5'  wide. 


HYPEBICACE^.       (ST.    JOHN'S-WORT    FAMILY.)  55 

2.  T.  pubescens,  Ait.  Leaves  hoary-tomentose  on  both  surfaces,  be- 
coming smoothish  above,  obliquely  truncate  at  the  base,  mucrouate-serrate.  — 
Rich  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     June.  —  Leaves  4'  -  5'  wide. 

3.  T.  heterophylla,  Vent.  Leaves  larger  (6' -8'  wide),  deep  green 
above,  white-tomentose  beneath.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  and  North  Carolina. 
June  -  July 

2.    CORCHORUS,  L. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  mostly  numerous,  sep- 
arate. Style  slender.  Stigma  dilated,  crenulate.  Capsule  mostly  elongated, 
silicjue-like,  loculicidally  2-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Herbs  or  shrubby  plants, 
with  alternate  serrate  petioled  leaves,  and  small  yellow  flowers  on  short 
peduncles  opposite  the  leaves.     Stipules  deciduous. 

1.  C.  pilolobus.  Link.  Stem  much  branched,  hairy  in  lines;  leaves 
ovate  aud  lanceolate,  smooth  ;  peduncles  1-2-flowered;  stamens  numerous; 
capsule  linear,  compressed,  2-celled,  many-seeded.  —  Coast  of  Florida,  and 
westward.  —  Stems  l°-2°  high.     Capsule  2'  long. 

3.    TRIUMPETTA,  L. 

Sepals  5,  linear.  Petals  5,  convolute.  Stamens  10-30,  separate.  Cells  of 
the  ovary  2-5,  2-ovuled.  Capsule  uucinate-hispid,  2  -  5-celled,  mostly  sepa- 
rable into  as  many  1  -  2-seeded  carpels.  —  Chiefly  shrubs,  with  lobed  leaves, 
and  small  clustered  yellow  flowers. 

1.  T.  semitriloba,  L.  Hirsute,  much  branched;  leaves  round-ovate, 
entire,  or  angularly  3-lobed;  peduncles  3-flowered,  clustered  in  the  axils; 
sepals  pointed,  as  long  as  the  yellow  wedge-shaped  petals;  stamens  10-15; 
capsule  globose.  —  Manatee,  Florida.     Introduced.  —  Stem  3°  -  4°  high. 


Order  20.     HYPERICACE^E.     (St.  John's-wort  Family.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  entire  dotted  leaves,  without  stipules, 
and  regular  hypogynous,  mostly  yellow  flowers.  —  Sepals  4-5,  imbri- 
cated in  the  bud,  persistent.  Petals  4-5,  convolute  or  imbricated  in 
the  bud,  deciduous.  Stamens  mostly  numerous,  and  often  united  at 
the  base  into  3-5  sets  :  anthers  introrse.  Styles  2-5,  often  united, 
persistent.  Capsule  1-celled,  with  strictly  parietal  placentae,  or  2  -  .5- 
celled  by  the  meeting  of  the  placentae  at  the  axis,  septicidally  2-5- 
valved.     Seeds  very  numerous,  minute,  anatropous,  without  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

*    Petals  convolute  in  the  bud. 

1.  ASCYRUM.     Sepals  and  (yellow)  petals  4. 

2.  HYPERICUM.     Sepals  and  (yellow)  petals  5.     Stamens  without  interposed  glands. 

*  *    Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

3.  ELODES.     Sepals  and  (rose-colored)  petals  5.    A  gland  between  the  sets  of  stamens. 


5G  HYrEKICACE.*:.      (.ST.    JOHN V WORT    FAMILY.) 

1.     ASCYRUM,   I..     St.  ri;Ti;u's-wouT. 

Sepals  4,  tlie  two  outer  ones  iiiutli  larger.  Petals  4,  convolute  in  the  bud, 
obli<|Ue.  Stamens  nunierou.s.  Styles  2-4,  distinct  or  united.  Cajisules 
2-4-valved,  1-celled,  with  2-4  parietal  placenta;.  —  Smooth  shrubs  with 
2-edged  brunches.     Flowers  mostlv  solitary,  yellow. 

*   Sti/les  2  :  inner  sepals  small, 

1.  A.  hypericoides,  L.  Stems  single,  l°-3°  high,  branching  above; 
leaves  ^linear-oblong ;  flowers  single  or  in  threes,  short-pedicelled ;  outer 
sepals  oval  or  round-cordate ;  petals  oblong ;  styles  shorter  than  the  ovary ; 
cap.sule  as  long  as  the  sepals.  —  Dry  soil.     July -August. 

2.  A.  Crux-Andreae,  L.  Stems  numerous,  decumbent  and  creeping, 
the  numerous  branches  (j'-  12'  high,  very  leafy;  leaves  linear-obhmg,  obtuse, 
narrowetl  at  the  base,  6"  -  8"  long ;  Howers  tliree  iu  a  terminal  cluster,  and 
single  on  short  branchlets  ;  sepals  and  capsule  like  the  preceding.  —  Dry  open 
woods  iu  tiie  upper  districts.     July. 

3.  A.  pumilum,  Michx.  Dwarf ;  leaves  oblong-obovate,  obtuse ;  outer 
sepals  round-ovate,  the  inner  minute ;  petals  obovate ;  pedicels  long  and 
slender,  reHexed  in  fruit ;  styles  2,  united.  —  Dry  gravelly  soil,  Florida, 
Georgia,  and  westward.  March  -  April.  —  Stems  3'  -  6'  long,  diffuse.  Leaves 
4"  -  6"  long. 

*   *   Stales  3  -4  :  sepals  nearly  equal. 

4.  A.  CUneif  olium,  n.  sp.  Stem  widely  branching,  6'  -  9'  long ;  leaves 
cuueate,  sessile,  6" -9"  long;  flowers  large  (!'  wide),  single,  long-peduncled ; 
outer  sepals  orbicular,  shorter  than  the  obovate  petals,  twice  as  long  as  the 
oblong  capsule  ;  styles  3,  filiform,  half  the  length  of  the  ovary.  —  Low  pine 
barrens.     Florida.     August -Sept. 

5.  A.  stans,  Michx.  Stem  and  branches  erect,  l°-2°high;  leaves  1' 
long,  oblong,  closely  sessile ;  flowers  short-peduncled,  single  ;  outer  sepals 
round-cordate,  as  long  as  the  obovate  petals  and  oblong  capsules ;  styles  3-4, 
short,  subulate.  —  Low  ground.     July  -  Oct. 

6.  A.  amplexicaule,  Michx.  Leaves  and  outer  sepals  cordate-ovate, 
clasping  ;  inner  se])als  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  outer  ones ;  petals  obovate ; 
styles  3;  capsule  ovoid,  barely  half  as  long  as  the  sepals. — Damp  soil  near 
the  coast,  Florida,  Georgia,  and  westward.  April -Sept. —  Shrub  2° -3° 
high.     Branches  many  times  forking. 


2.     HYPERICUM,  L.    St.  John's-wobt. 

Sepals  5,  similar.  Petals  .5,  oblique,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  mostly 
numerous,  and  commonly  collected  in  3-5  sets,  without  intervening  glands. 
Styles  3-5,  distinct  or  united.  Capsule  1  -  5-celIed.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs. 
Flowers  mostly  cyraose,  yellow. 


HYPERICACE^.       (ST.  JOHN's-WORT    FAMILY.)  57 

§  1.     Stamens  numerous. 

*    Capsules  3  -  5-ceUed :  placentce  central :  styles  connivent :  shrubs. 

•t—  Carpels  {cells}  united  only  at  the  axis  :  flowers  in  leaf y  few-flowered  axillary 

and  terminal  cymes  :  leaves  narrow,  and  clustered  in  the  axils,  persistent. 

1.  H.  aspalathoides,  Willd.  Stem  l°  -3°  Wgh,  widely  branched; 
leaves  2" -6"  long,  liuear,  obtuse,  spreading,  the  margins  revolute;  sepals 
like  the  leaves,  half  tlie  length  of  the  slightly  1-toothed  petals,  and  the  oblong- 
linear  obtuse-angled  3-celled  capsule.  —  Wet  pine  barrens.     July  -  August. 

2.  H.  fascieulatum,  Lam.  Stem  6° -18°  high,  strictly  erect,  and 
with  long  erect  straight  branches;  leaves 9"-  12"  long,  filiform,  acute,  erect; 
sepals  about  the  length  of  the  sharply  1-toothed  petals,  and  the  oblong  rather 
acute-angled  3-celled  capsule.  —  Shallow  ponds  near  the  coast.     July. 

3.  H.  galioid.es,  Lam.  Leaves  liuear-oblanceolate,  obtuse,  tapering  to 
the  base,  glossy  above,  rigid  ;  cymes  lateral  and  terminal,  few-flowered,  or  the 
terminal  ones  compound  ;  sepals  equal,  liuear,  acute,  shorter  than  the  petals  ; 
capsules  acute.  —  Pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward. 

Var.  ambiguum.  Leaves  oblanceolate,  mucronate,  pale  and  thin  ;  sepals 
unequal,  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  longer  than  the  petals. — Eiver 
swamps,  Florida.  July  -  August.  —  Stems  2°  -  4°  high.  Branches  often 
elongated.     Leaves  I'-l^'  long- 

4.  H.  lobocarpum,  Gattinger.  Stem  erect,  5°  -  7°  high  ;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  barely  acute,  H'-2'  long;  cymes  terminal, 
naked,  many-flowered;  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  2" -3"  long,  shorter  than 
the  petals;  capsule  oblong,  5-celled,  sharply  5-angled,  scarcely  longer  than 
the  very  .slender  style.  —  Deep  marshes.  West  Tennessee  ( Gattiiu/er). 

5.  H.  densiflorum,  Pursh.  Stem  2° -4°  high,  much  branched;  leaves 
lanceolate,  fiat,  obtuse,  mucronate,  1'- 2' long;  cymes  simple  or  compound, 
naked;  sepals  oblong  or  oval,  i  as  long  as  the  petals,  and  f  the  length  of 
the  ovate  3  -  5-ceUed  capsule.  —  Low  ground  in  the  middle  and  upper  dis- 
tricts.    July  -  August. 

^—  ^_-  Carpels  partly  united,  formin>j  a  3-&-celled  capsule. 

6.  H.  prolifleum,  L.  "Stem  l°-4°  high,  with  long  rather  simple 
shoots ;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  mo.stly  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base ;  fiowers 
numerous  in  simple  or  compound  clusters  ;  pods  oblong,  3-celled."  Gray,  — 
North  Carolina  {Curtis).     Tennessee  {Gattinger). 

7.  H.  ambiguum,  FU.  Stem  4°  -  8°  high,  the  long  straight  branches 
erect,  very  leafy ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  or  linear,  tapering  to  the  base, 
1'- 2'  long;  cymes  axillary  and  terminal,  7- 14-flowered ;  sepals  unequal, 
linear,  acute,  as  long  as  the  oblong  petals ;  capsule  ovate,  3  -4-ceUed.  —  Banks 
of  streams,  on  the  mountains  of  Georgia  and  North  Carolina.  July  -  August. 
—  A  low  rigid  form  (1°  -  2°  high)  occurs  on  the  summit  of  Roan  Mouutain 
(J.  D.  Smith). 

*   *    Capsule  3-celled :  placenta  central :  styles  separate :  flowers  dotted  with 
black  points.     Herbs. 

8.  H.  perforatum,  L.  Stem  much  branched,  slightly  2-edged ;  cymes 
corymbose,  many-flowered ;  leaves  elliptical  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  with  pel- 


68  IIYPEKICACE.E.       (sT.  JOHn's-WOKT    FAMILY.) 

lucid  (lots  ;  sopalrt  lancei)lato,  arutc.  — Old  fields,  sparin^'ly  naturalized.  .Tune- 
August. —  b<lem  1"^- 2°  liigli,  bearing  runuer.s  at  tlic  base.  Flowers  1' wide 
di'i'p  yi  How. 

'••.  H.  maculatura,  Walt,  stem  terete, sparingly  l)ranilicd  above ;  leaves 
oblong-cordate,  obtuse,  cliuijiing,  marked  with  pellucid  dots  ;  cymes  niany-llow- 
ered,  coryniljo.-ie  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute ;  styles  twice  as  long  ;us  the  ovary.  — 
Dry  pine  liarrens,  Florida  to  N<jrtli  Carolina.  June- August. — Stem  I°-2° 
high.     Leaves  1'- l.y  long,  rigiil.     Flowers  small. 

!<•.  H,  corymbosum,  -Mnhl.  heaves  thin,  oblong,  slightly  clasping; 
sepals  ovate;  styles  as  long  as  the  ovary;  otherwise  nearly  as  the  last. — 
Mountains  of  North  Carolina.  July.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Leaves  l'-2' 
long. 

*  *  *   Capsule  l-celled,  or  partlallij  3-ctlled  by  the  introversion  oj'tfie  jilacentce. 

■*-  Shrubs :  leaves  evergreen. 

■*-<■  Cymes  leafij. 

11.  H.  myrtifolium,  Lara.  Leaves  cordate-oblong  and  partly  clasping, 
mostly  obtuse,  glaucous  ;  cymes  few-flowered,  terminal;  sepals  leaf-like, ovate, 
acute, as  long  as  the  obovate  ])etals;  stamens  very  numerous;  capsule  conical- 
ovate.  —  Pine  barren  ponds,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward.  May- 
Sept.  —  Shrub  l°-2°  high,  with  spreading  terete  branches.  Leaves  thick, 
1'  long.     Flowers  1'  wide. 

12.  H,  aureum,  Bartram.  Leaves  oldong,  mucronate,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  wavy  on  the  margins,  glaucous  beneath ;  flowers  very  large,  mostly 
solitary  at  the  summit  of  the  2-edged  branches;  sepals  leaf-like,  shorter  than 
the  thick  and  tardily  deciduous  petals ;  stamens  very  numerous ;  capsule  ovate, 
much  smaller  than  the  calyx.  (H.  amrenum,  PursA.)  —  Banks  of  the  Flint 
River,  Georgia  to  Tennessee,  and  westward.  June-  August.  —  Stem  2°  high, 
diffusely  branched.  Leaves  2' -3'  long.  Flowers  sometimes  2'  wide,  with 
recurved  orange-colored  petals. 

++  ++  Cymes  leafless. 
=  Many -flowered. 

13.  H.  nudiflorum,  Michx.  Branches  4-angled  ;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  paler  beneath  ;  cymes  terminal,  pedunded,  5  -  1 5-flow- 
ered ;  bracts  subulate ;  buds  globose ;  petals  oval,  twice  as  long  as  the  oval 
sepals ;  capsule  ovate,  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Low  grounds,  chiefly  in  the 
upper  districts.  July-August.  —  Shrub  2°-3°  high.  Leaves  thin,  V -2' 
long.     Flowers  .V'  wide.     I'etals  recurved. 

14.  H.  opacum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Branches  2-edged;  leaves  rigid,  linear, 
oblong,  sessile  ;  cymes  terminal,  compound,  many-flowered  ;  bracts  subulate  ; 
buds  ovate ;  petals  spreading,  obovate,  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong  unequal 
sepals ;  capsule  3-lobed,  ovate,  longer  than  the  sepals.  —  Pine  barren  swamps, 
near  the  coast,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward.  July -Sept. — 
Shrub  2° -3°  high.  Leaves  very  numerous,  1'  long.  Flowers  Y  wide.  Valves 
of  the  capsule  strongly  impressed  on  the  back. 


HTPERICACE^.       (ST.  JOHN's-WORT    FAMILY.)  59 

15.  H.  adpressum,  Barton.  Stem  2°  -  3°  high,  branching  and  somewhat 
herbaceous  above;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  V-2'  long;  sepals  lanceolate, 
equalling  the  oblong-ovoid  capsule.  (H.  fastigiatum,  Ell.)  —  Margins  of 
swamps  and  ponds,  Georgia  and  Tennessee.    Jime  -  July. 

=  =  Cymes  1  -  few-flower  ech 

16.  H.  Buckleyi,  M.  A.  Curtis.  Low,  widely  branching  from  the  base; 
leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base,  paler  beneath  ;  flowers  solitary, 
terminal,  on  rather  long  and  bracted  pedicels ;  sepals  obovate ;  style  and 
stamens  long  and  slender.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  and  North  Carolina. — 
Shrub  8'- 12'  high.     Flowers  1'  wide. 

17.  H.  microsepalum,  Gray.  Stems  l°-2°  high,  dichotomously 
branched;  leaves  veiy  numerous,  4" -6"  long,  oblong-linear,  sessile;  cymes 
terminal,  1-3-flowered;  flowers  9"- 12"  wide;  petals  mostly  4,  unequal; 
sepals  like  the  leaves,  barely  half  as  long  as  the  oblong  ovate  capsule. 
(Ascyrum,  Torr.  S^  Grai/.) — Low  pine  barrens,  near  the  coast,  Florida, 
Georgia,  and  Alabama.    Feb. -April. 

-1—  -t—  Perennial  herbs. 

18.  H.  cistifolium,  Lam.  Stem  woody  at  base,  simple,  or  branch- 
ing above,  obscurely  4-angled ;  leaves  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  sessile ;  cyme 
compound,  many-flowered ;  sepals  nearly  equal,  ovate,  much  shorter  than  the 
petals;  styles  united;  capsule  coriaceous,  globose.  —  Rocky  hiUs,  Alabama 
and  Tennessee. 

19.  H.  dolabriforme,  Vent.  Stem  woody  at  base,  ascending,  2-edged 
above ;  leaves  linear  lanceolate,  sessile,  spreading  ;  cyme  few-flowered ;  sepals 
unecjual,  ovate-lanceolate,  about  the  length  of  the  very  oblique  petals  ;  capsule 
broadly  conical,  acuminate.  —  Dry  hills,  Tennessee.  July.  —  Stem  6'  -  20' 
high.     Leaves  I'-l^' long. 

20.  H.  graveolens,  Buckl.  Stem  smooth,  terete,  nearly  simple  ;  leaves 
oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  cla.-<ping ;  cymes  lateral  and  terminal,  many- flowered; 
petals  oblong-obovate,  mucli  longer  than  the  lanceolate  acute  sepals ;  stamens 
collected  in  three  sets,  as  long  as  the  petals  ;  styles  slender,  twice  as  long  as 
the  ovary.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina.  July -August.  —  Stem  2° -3° 
high.     Leaves  2'  long.     Flowers  large. 

21.  H.  pilosum,  Walt.  Downy;  stem  terete,  mostly  simple,  slender; 
leaves  small,  lance-ovate,  acute,  erect,  sessile  ;  cymes  compound ;  styles  short. 
—  Wet  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  July  -  August. 
(T)  ^  —  Stems  1°  -  2°  high.     Leaves  Y  ^ong.     Flowers  5"  -  6"  wide. 

22.  H.  virgatum,  Lam.  Smooth ;  stem  4-angled,  branching ;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  sessile ;  cymes  leafy,  many-flowered,  the  branches 
often  simple ;  sepals  ovate,  shorter  than  the  petals,  longer  than  the  ovate 
capsule.  — Varies  (H.  acutifolium.  Ell.)  with  larger  shining  leaves,  compound 
and  nearly  leafless  cymes,  and  more  crowded  flowers.  —  Low  ground  (the  var. 
in  dry  soil),  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  June -August. — 
Stem  2° -3°  high.  Leaves  6"- 12"  long.  Flowers  small.  Styles  longer 
than  the  capsule. 


60  CLUSiACE^.     (balsam-tree  family.) 

§2.     Stamens  3 -'20  :  ccijisitlc  strictli/  X-celleil :   sti/les  sejiarale :   annuals. 
♦  Flowers  in  cymes. 

23.  H.  mutilum,  L.  Stems  slender,  brandling  aliove,  4-angle(l,  loaves 
oblong  or  rouiiclisli,  obtuse,  i-laspiug,  5-nerved  ;  eynies  leafy  at  the  base ;  sepals 
lancx'uhito,  mostly  longer  than  tlie  small  jietals,  and  ocjualling  the  (green) 
ovoiil  cai)suie  ;  stamens  6-12.  —  Ditches  anil  low  grounds,  common.  June- 
August.  —  Stem  1°  high.  Branches  of  the  cyme  filiform.  Flowers  very 
small,  remote. 

24.  H.  Canadense,  L.  Stems  simple  or  l)ranched,  4-angled;  leaves 
linear  or  linear-lanceuhite,  the  upper  ones  acute,  .se.ssile ;  sepals  lanceolate- 
acute,  longer  than  the  petals,  shorter  than  the  oblong  (brown)  capsule.  —  Wet 
sandy  places.  June -Oct.  —  Stem  4'- 12'  high,  with  the  branches  erect. 
Flowers  small,  copper-yellow.     Stamens  5-10. 

*  «  Flowers  scattered  on  the  slender  branches :  leaves  minute. 

25.  H.  Sarothra,  Michx.  Stem  much  branched  ;  branches  erect,  fili- 
form ;  leaves  minute,  subulate,  bract-like;  flowers  small,  sessile;  sepals 
scarcely  half  as  long  as  tiie  lanceolate  purple  capsule.  —  Sandy  old  fields. 
June-August. —  Stems  6'-12'  high.     Stamens  5-10. 

26.  H.  Drummondii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  much  branched  ;  leaves 
linear  or  the  lower  ones  oblong,  acute,  appressed ;  sepals  barely  shorter  than 
the  ovate  capsule ;  flowers  pedicelled.  —  Dry  barren  soil,  Florida,  S(jnth 
Carolina,  and  westward.  July -August.  —  Stems  and  branches  stouter  tiian 
the  last.     Stamens  10-20. 

27.  H.  gymnanthum,  Engelm.  &  Gray.  Stem  sparingly  branched, 
1°-H°  high;  leaves  4" -8"  long,  ovate,  clasping;  cymes  bracted ;  .sepals 
lanceolate,  longer  than  the  petals,  equalling  the  conical  capsule;  stamens  10- 
12.  —  Barrens  of  Tennessee,  and  westward.    July. 

3.     ELODES,   Adans. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  eqiial-sided,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  mostly  9, 
and  united  in  sets  of  three,  ■Rdth  a  scale-like  gland  Ijetweeu  each  .set.  Styles  3. 
distinct.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Smooth  perennial  lierl)8. 
Flowers  ro.se-color,  in  contracted  lateral  and  terminal  cymes. 

1.  E.  campanulata,  Pursh.  Leaves  oblong  or  oval,  cordate,  clasj)ing, 
conspicuously  dotted  beneath  ;  stamens  united  below  the  middle.  —  Swamps, 
Florida,  and  northward.     July- August.  — Stem  terete,  l°-2°  high. 

2.  E.  petiolata,  Pursh.  Leaves  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  1)ase,  short- 
petioled,  obscurely  dotted  beneath ;  .stamens  united  above  the  middle.  —  With 
the  preceding.     July  -  August.  —  Stem  2°  high. 


Order  21.     CLUSIACEyE.     (Balsam-Trke  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  resinous  yellow  juice,  opposite  coriaceous  en- 
tire dotless  leaves  articulated  with  the  stem,  and  regular  hypogynous 
flowers.     Sepals  3-6.     Petals  4-9.     Stamens  mostly  numerous,  dis- 


CAMELLIACE^.       (CAMELLIA    FAMILY.)  61 

tinct  or  variously  united.  Ovary  1  -  many-celled,  few  -  many-ovuled. 

Style  single,  often   none.  Fruit   capsular,   baccate,   or   drupaceous. 

Seeds  without  albumen.  Embryo  straight.     Cotyledons  thick,  dis- 
tinct or  united. 

1.     CLUSIA,  L. 

Calyx  2  bracted,  of  6  imbricated  colored  sepals.  Petals  4-9.  Stamens 
numerous,  the  filaments  united  at  the  base  into  a  thick  and  fleshy  tube.  Ovary 
5-1.5-celled.  Ovules  numerous,  fixed  to  a  central  column.  Stigma  large, 
radiate-peltate.  Capsule  coriaceous,  globose-angled,  5-1 5-celled ;  the  valves 
separating  from  the  central  column  at  maturity.  Seeds  numerous,  ovate.  — 
Parasitical  tropical  trees,  with  thick,  opposite,  entire  and  shining  leaves,  and 
chiefly  poly<^amous,  cymose,  showy  flowers. 

1.  C,  flava,  L.  Leaves  short  stalked,  obovate,  obtuse  or  emarginate, 
finely  veined ;  flowers  polygamous,  single  or  by  threes,  on  short  axillary  and 
terminal  peduncles ;  sepals  rounded  ;  petals  4,  oval,  thick,  yellow  and  unequal ; 
stamens  short  and  thick;  stigma  about  12-rayed;  capsule  pear-shaped,  12- 
seeded,  the  seeds  embedded  in  soft  pulp.  —  South  Florida.  —  A  small  tree. 


Order  22.     CANELLACE^S:.     (Caxella  Family.) 

Aromatic  trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  exstipulate  entire  leaves, 
and  corymbose  flowers.  —  Sepals  3,  imbricated,  like  the  4-5  thick 
petals.  Stamens  10-20,  hypogynous,  united,  forming  an  entire  trun- 
cated tube.  Anthers  adnate  to  the  tube.  Ovary  1-celled,  the  placentae 
parietal.     Fruit  baccate.     Embryo  short,  included  in  copious  albumen. 

1.     CANELLA,    P.  Browne. 

Sepals  rounded,  convex.  Petals  oblong,  deciduous.  Ovary  4-6-ovuled. 
Stigmas  2-3.  Berry  globose,  mostly  3-seeded,  pulpy  within.  —  A  small  tree. 
Leaves  obovate-oblong,  coriaceous.  Corymbs  terminal.  Flowers  small, 
purple. 

1.    C.  alba,  Swartz.  —  Keys  of  South  Florida.     August. 


Order  23.     CAMELLIACE^.     (Camellia  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  exstipulate  leaves,  and  regular  hy- 
pogynous polyandrous  showy  flowers.  —  Sepals  and  petals  5-6,  imbri- 
cated in  the  bud.  Stamens  numerous,  united  at  the  base  into  a  ring, 
or  into  sets  placed  opposite  the  petals,  and  adnate  to  their  bases :  an- 
thers 2-celled,  introrse.  Ovary  2 -5-celled,  2 -many-ovuled.  Styles 
2-5,  distinct  or  united.  Capsule  2 -5-celled,  mostly  loculicidally  de- 
hiscent.    Albumen  scarce  or  none. 


62  OLACACE^.       (XlMENIA    KAMILV.) 

1.     GORDONIA,    Kllis.     Lohlollv-IJay. 

Sepals  5,  rouiuHsh,  concave.     Petals  5,  thick,  obovate,  united  at  the  base. 
Stamens  united  into  5  sets.     Ovary  5-celled,  with  4-8  pendulous  ovules  iu 
each  cell.     Styles  united.     Capsule  loculicidally  5-valved,  woody.     Seeds  an- 
gular or  win/red.     Flowers  axillary. 
§  1.    UoKDONi.v    proj)er. — ^Stamens   short,  inserted   on    tlir  flesh y  b-lohed  cuji 

which  adheres  to  the  base  of  the  pettds  ;  capsule  ovoid,  H-calred.  —  Leaves 

coriaceous,  perennial.     Flowers  lomj-pedttncled. 

1 .  G.  Lasianthus,  L.  Sepals  and  petals  silky ;  leaves  obovate-oblong, 
narrowed  into  a  petiole,  finely  serrate.  —  Swamps  iu  the  lower  districts, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  July -August.  —  A  tree  30° -50° 
high.     Flowers  2'  wide,  wliite. 

§2.  Fraxklinia.  —  Stamens  Ion;/,  distinct,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  petals  ; 
capsule  globose,  loculicidally  5-valved  above  the  middle,  and  septicidally 
5-valved  below.  —  Leaves  deciduous. 

2.  G.  pubescens,  L'Herit.  Sepals  and  petals  silky;  leaves  obovate- 
oblong,  shari)ly  serrate,  white  beneath ;  flowers  short-peduncled.  —  A  small 
tree.  Flowers  3'  wide,  white.  —  Discovered  by  Bartram  a  century  ago  near 
Fort  Barrlngton  on  the  Altamaha.     Not  seen  since. 

2.     STUARTIA,   Catesb. 

Sepals  5-6,  silky,  1-2-bracted.  l*etals  5-6,  obovate,  crenulate,  i'ilky. 
Stamens  united  into  a  ring  at  the  base,  and  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  petals. 
Ovary  5-celled,  with  two  anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell.  Styles  5,  di.stinct  or 
united.  Capsule  ovoid,  woody,  .5-valved;  the  cells  1-2-seeded.  —  Slirubs, 
witli  alternate  leaves,  and  large  white  or  cream-colored  flowers  on  short  axil- 
lary peduncles. 

§1.  Sti'artia.  —  Styles  united :  capsule  globose  :  seeds  not  margined. 

1.  S.  Virginica,  Cav.  Sepals  5,  roundish;  petals  5,  round-obovate ; 
leaves  oval,  tliiii,  serrulate,  finely  pubescent.  (S.  Malachodendron,  L.)  —  Sliady 
■woods,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  April  -  May.  —  Shrub  8°- 
12°  high.     Flowers  2' -3' wide.     Stamens  purple. 

§  2.  Malachodexdrox.  —  Styles  separate :   capsule  ovate,  acuminate :   seeds 

margined. 

2.  S.  pentagyna,  L'Herit.  Sepals  and  petals  5  -  6,  the  latter  obovate, 
with  jagged  edges ;  leaves  oval,  acute.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  and  North 
Carolina.  May- July.  —  Shrub  similar  to  the  preceding,  the  leaves  and  flow- 
ers rather  larger,  and  longer  stamens. 


Order  24.    OLACACE^.     (Ximexia  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  entire  petioled  and  exstipulate  leaves, 
and  regular  hypogynous  perfect  or  polygamous  flowers,  in  axillary  ra- 
cemes or  corymbs.  —  Calyx  truncate  or  4  -  5-toothed,  persistent.    Petals 


MELIACE^.       (mahogany    FAMILY.)  63 

4-5,  distinct  or  partly  united,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  mostly 
twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  opposite  them.  Anthers  introrse. 
Ovary  1-4-celled.  Ovules  few,  anatropous.  Style  single,  filiform. 
Fruit  drupaceous,  often  surrounded  with  the  enlarged  calyx,  1-celled, 
1-seeded.     Embryo  straight  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen. 

1.    XIMENIA,  Plum. 

Calyx  small,  4-toothed.  Petals  4,  united  at  the  base,  villous  within.  Sta- 
mens 8.  Ovary  4-celled,  the  cells  3- 4-ovuled.  Drupe  baccate;  not  enclosed 
in  the  calyx.  —  Thorny  trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  coriaceous.  Flowers  axil- 
lary, single  or  corymbose. 

1.  X.  Americana,  L.  Smooth;  leaves  2-3  together,  oblong,  obtuse, 
short-petioled ;  peduncles  2-4-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  petals  thick, 
lanceolate,  spreading  above,  rusty-hairy  within.  —  South  Florida.  —  Thorns 
stout,  Y  long.  Leaves  2'  long.  Flowers  small,  yellow.  Drupe  yellow, 
roundish,  as  large  as  a  plum.     Nut  white,  globose. 

2.     SCHCEPFIA,   Wallich. 

Calyx  truncate,  calyculate.  Petals  united  into  a  4-.5-cleft  tube,  smooth 
within.  Stamens  4  or  5,  opposite  the  lobes.  Ovary  3-celled,  the  cells  1- 
ovuled.  Stj'le  3-furrowed;  stigma  3-lobed.  Drupe  1-3-seeded.  —  Shrubs 
or  trees.     Flowers  small,  on  axillary  peduncles. 

1.  S.  arborescens,  R.  &  S.  Branches  smooth,  brittle;  leaA'es  ovate- 
lanceolate,  short-petioled;  peduncles  short,  single  or  clustered,  3-flowered; 
corolla  beU-shaped,  red.  —  South  Florida.    A  small  tree. 


Order  25.     MELIACE^S:.     (Mahogaxy  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  exstipulate  leaves,  and  regular  hy- 
pogynous  panicled  flowers.  Sepals  3-5,  distinct  or  united.  Petals 
3-5.  Stamens  twice  as  many,  united  into  a  tube.  Anthers  included. 
Ovary  3-5-celled,  few-many-ovaled.  Style  single.  Seeds  anatro- 
pous.    Cotyledons  leafy. 

1.     SWIETENIA,    L.    Mahogany. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  5.  Stamens  10.  Style  short.  Capsules  woody,  5- 
celled,  many-seeded.     Seeds  winged.  —  Trees,  with  pinnate  leaves. 

1.  S.  Mahogoni,  L.  Leaves  abruptly  pinnate,  the  leaflets  entire ;  pani- 
cles axillary,  with  greenish  yellow  flowers ;  capsule  very  large.  —  Keys  of 
South  Florida. 

2.    MELIA,  L.    Pride  of  Ixdia. 

Calyx  .5-cleft,  and  flowers  as  in  the  preceding,  but  the  fruit  baccate,  with  a 
single  wingless  seed  in  each  cell. 


64  ltnack.t:.     (kt.ax   family.) 

1.  M.  Azederach,  L.  (Chin.v  Tiii;i:.)  Leavos  lii])iimatc,  tlio  leaflets 
ciiarsfly  serrate;  paiiieles  axillary;  Howers  lilae.  —  IntniiliRed  Ky  the  elder 
Mielieaux  a  hiuulred  years  ago,  aud  uow  a  connuou  siiadu  tree  arouud 
dwellings. 

Ohi>kk  "26.     AURANTIACEyE.     (OisAXfJi-   Family.) 

The  OuAXGE,  Lemon,  and  Limi:  (species  of  Citiu's,  L.)  are  com- 
monly cultivated  in  the  wanner  parts  of  the  Soiltliern  States,  and  the 
BiTTEH-swEET  Ohaxge  (C.  yulgauis,  Risso)  is  completely  natural- 
ized in  some  portions  of  South  Florida. 


Order  27.     LINAGES.     (Flax  Family.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  entire  exstipulate  leaves,  and  regular  hj^iogjnious 
racemose  or  panicled  flowers.  —  Sepals  4-5,  imbricated  in  the  bud, 
persistent.  Petals  4-5,  convolute  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Stamens 
4-5,  united  at  the  base.  Styles  4-5,  rarely  united.  Capsule  globose, 
splitting  into  five  2-seeded  carpels,  which  are  more  or  less  perfectly  2- 
celled  and  2-valved.     Seeds  anatropous,  suspended.     Cotyledons  ilat. 

1.     LINUM,  L.     Flax. 

Sepals,  petals,  stamens,  aud  styles  5.  Capsvde  partly  or  completely  10- 
celled,  the  sells  1-seeded  ;  seeds  compressed,  oily.  —  Stems  slender.  Leaves 
narrow  and  mostly  alternate.  Peduncle  1-flowered,  borne  above  or  opposite 
the  leaves. 

*  Sti/les  separate:   capsule  \0-valved. 

1.  L.  Virginianum,  L.  Stem  l°-2°  high,  pauiculately  branched 
above  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  the  lower  mostly  opposite,  the  npper 
linear ;  flowers  small,  distant  on  tlie  filiform  branches  ;  sepals  ovate,  acute,  as 
long  as  the  depressed-globose  capsule,  mostly  smooth  on  the  margins.  —  Dry 
light  soil.     July- August. 

2  L.  Floridanum,  Trelease.  Stem  nearly  simple,  virgate,  l°-2o 
high  ;  leaves  linear,  erect ;  flowers  larger  (|'  wide),  rather  closely  arranged 
on  the  short  corymbose  branches  ;  sepals  shorter  than  the  larger  globo.se-ovate 
capsule,  the  inner  ones  glandular-ciliate.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida.  July  - 
August. 

3.  Ii,  striatum,  Walt.  Stem  striate  with  raised  lines,  widely  branched  ; 
leaves  1' long,  lanceolate,  acute;  flowers  very  small,  onesided  on  the  leafy 
branchlets  ;  sepals  ovate,  as  long  as  the  small  depressed-globose  capsule.  — 
Swamps  in  the  upper  districts. 

*  *  Styles  more  or  less  united :  capsule  b-valved. 

4.  L.  sulcatum,  Riddell.  Annual;  stem  1°  high,  simple  or  sparingly 
branched,  sulcate ;  leaves  linear,  acute,  minutely  biglandular  at  the  base ; 
sepals  glandular-hispid,  as  long  as  the  ovoid  capsule;  styles  united  below  the 
middle.  —  Drv  soil,  North  Carolina. 


OXALIDACE.E.       (wOOD-SORREL    FAMILY.)  65 

5.  L.  rigidum,  Pursh.  Stem  simple  or  sparingly  branched  (6'- 12' 
high);  leaves  narrow-linear;  flowers  few,  racemose,  yellow;  sepals  acute, 
glandular  on  the  margins;  styles  united  to  the  top;  capsule  globose. — 
Miami,   South  Florida  (Gurber). 


Order  28.     OXALIDACE^E.     (Wood-Sorrel  Family.) 

Chiefly  hei'bs,  with  soiu'  juice,  alternate  compound  leaves,  and  reg- 
ular hypogynous  decandrous  flowers.  —  Sepals  5,  imbricated  in  the 
bud,  persistent.  Petals  5,  convolute  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Stamens 
more  or  less  united.  Styles  5,  distinct.  Ovary  5-celled.  Capsule  5- 
celled,  the  cells  fe^Y-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous,  pendulous.  Embryo 
straight  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen.     Cotyledons  flat. 

1.       OXALIS,    L.       WoOD-SoRREL. 

Capsule  5-lobed ;  tlie  cells  loculicidally  dehiscent  on  the  back,  1  -  few- 
seeded.  Seed-coat  loose  and  separating  —  Leaves  3-foliolate-  Leaflets 
obcordate. 

1.  O.  violacea,  L.  (Purple  Wood-Sorrel.)  Stemless ;  root  tuber- 
ous ;  scapes  umbellately  4  -  6-flowered  ;  flowers  purple,  nodding.  —  Rich 
woods,  West  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  May -June. — 
Scapes  and  petioles  5'  -  9'  high. 

2.  O.  AcetOSella,  L.  (White  Wood-Sorrel.)  Stemless ;  root  creep- 
ing ;  scape  l-flowered ;  flower  white,  veined  with  red.  —  Mountains  of  North 
Carolina,  and  northward.     June.  —  Scape  and  petioles  hairy,  2'  -  5'  high. 

3.  O.  grandis,  Small.  Annual;  stem  simple,  smooth  or  villous,  I°- 2" 
high;  leaves  exstipulate,  the  large  {\'-2'  wide)  leaflets  margined  with 
brownish  purple;  flowers  yellow,  umbellate  or  cymose,  5"- 7"  long,  tri- 
morphous.  — Alabama  (Mohr),  and  northward.     May. 

4.  O.  COrnieulata,  L.  (Yellow  Woon-SoRREL.)  Perennial,  appressed- 
hairy ;  stems  creeping;  leaves  small,  minutely  stipulate;  peduncles  1  -2- 
flowered  ;  flowers  yellow,  2" -4"  long;  .styles  as  long  as  the  longer  stamens; 
capsule  many-seeded.  —  Cultivated  ground.     Introduced. 

Var.  macrantha,  Trelease.  Perennial,  villous;  peduncles  3-7-flowered, 
longer  than  the  leaves;  flowers  3"- 6"  long,  trimorphous.  —  Dry  sandy  soil 
near  the  coast,  Georgia,  and  westward.     April -IMay. 

Var.  strleta,  Sav.  Annual,  smoothish,  stem  erect,  6'- 12'  high,  at 
length  much  branched  ;  peduncles  3-9-flowered,  twice  as  long  as  the  leaves; 
stipules  none;  flowers  2" -3"  long;  st^ies  as  long  as  the  stamens;  capsule 
short,  few-seeded  —  Waste  and  cultivated  ground.     April -May. 

5.  O.  recurva,  Ell.  Pubescent,  mostly  simple,  4'- 8'  high;  leaves 
small,  shorter  than  the  2 -6-flowered  peduncles,  petals  obovate,  2-3  times  as 
long  as  the  calyx  ;  styles  shorter  than  the  stamens,  recurved.  —  Cultivated 
aud  waste  ground,  North  and  South  Carolina.     April  -  May. 

6 


66  (iK]^A^•IA^K.^^.     (cncuAxiuM  rAMii.v.) 


Okdkk  '20.     LIMANTIIACKyE.     (T  imantiiis  Family.) 

Low  aiimial  lifibs,  with  alternate  pinnately  divided  leave.-<,  and  sol- 
itary axillary  flowers.  —  Sepals  valvate,  persistent.  Petals  convolute, 
withering-persistent.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals.  Ovaries 
distinct,  willi  a  single  erect  ovule,  heconungrugose-tuberculate  achenia 
at  nialurity.     Seed  without  alliuiiien. 

1.    FLCERKIA,    WilUl. 

Sepals  3.  Petals  3,  oblong,  onti  10.  Stamens  6.  Ovaries  .3,  united  at  base 
to  tlio  central  axis.  Style  3 cleft.  Acbeiiia  globose.  Cotyledons  thick. 
Radicle  inferior.  —  A  small  tender  decumlient  annual,  with  3  -  o-lobed  leaves, 
and  small  white  ])eduncled  flowers. 

1.  F.  proserpinaeoides,  Willd.  —  Marshes  and  sliady  banks.  Ten- 
nessee.    May  -  July. 


Okder  30.     GERANIACEiE.     (Geranium  Family.) 

Herbs  or  shrubby  plants,  -with  tumid  joints,  alternate  or  opposite 
palmately  lobed  stipulate  leaves,  and  hypogynous  decandrous  flow- 
ers. —  Sepals  0,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  persistent.  Petals  5,  convo- 
lute in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Stamens  mouadelphous  at  the  base  ;  the 
5  exterior  ones  shorter  and  often  sterile.  Ovaries  5,  2-ovuled,  and, 
with  the  persistent  styles,  adnate  to  an  elongated  central  axis,  from 
which  they  separate  elastically  at  maturity.  Seed  solitary,  without 
albumen.     Embryo  convolute. 

1.      GERANIUM,  Tourn.     Cranesbill. 

Flowers  regular.  Stamens  perfect,  tlie  inner  ones  with  a  gland  at  the  base. 
Styles  at  maturity  separating  with  the  1-seeded  carpels,  and  coiled  upward, 
the  inner  face  naked. — Herbs.  Stems  forking.  Leaves  palmately  lol)ed. 
Peduncles  1  -3-flowered. 

1.  G.  maculatum,  L.  Peronnial,  erect,  hairy;  leaves  . 5 - 7-parted,  the 
divisions  acutelv  lobed  and  toothed;  peduncles  1  -  2-flowered,  the  terminal 
ones  often  umbellate  ;  petals  large,  entire,  2-3  times  longer  than  the  oldong 
awned  sepals.  —  Open  woods  in  the  upper  districts.  A])ril-May. — Root 
tuberous,  vei-y  astringent.     Stem  1*^-2°  high.     Flowers  purple,  1'  wide. 

2.  G.  Carolinianum,  L  Annual,  generally  prostrate,  pubescent; 
leaves  5-7-parted,  the  narrow  divisions  ol)tusely  lobed  and  toothed  ;  pedun- 
cles 2-flowered  ;  petals  emarginate,  as  long  as  the  ovate  awned  sepals.  — 
Waste  places,  common.  March -April.  —  Stems  forking,  6' -18'  long. 
Flowers  pale  purple. 


ZYGOPHYLLACE.E.       (bEAIN^-CAPER    FAMILY.)  67 

Order  31.     BALSAMINACE^^.     (Balsam  Family.) 

Smooth  and  succulent  annual  herbs,  with  undivided  exstipulate 
leaves,  and  irregular  hypogynous  pentandi'ous  flowers.  —  Sepals  5, 
colored,  deciduous  ;  the  two  inner  (and  upper)  ones  united,  the  lowest 
large  and  saccate.  Petals  4-5,  distinct  or  united.  Stamens  5,  co- 
herent above.  Ovary  5-celled,  the  cells  2  -  several-ovuled.  Fruit 
capsular  or  drupaceous.  Seeds  anatropous,  without  albumen.  Em- 
bryo straight,  with  thick  cotyledons. 

1.    IMPATIENS,  L.    Jewel- Weed. 

Lowest  sepal  saccate  and  spurred.  Petals  4,  united  by  pairs.  Filaments 
short,  with  a  scale  on  the  inner  face.  Capsule  5-celled,  bursting  elastically 
into  5  valves.  Placental  central,  persistent.  —  Stems  branching,  somewhat 
pellucid.  —  Leaves  serrate.  Peduncles  axillary,  1  -  several-flowered.  Earliest 
flowers  fruiting  in  the  bud. 

1.  I.  pallida,  Nutt.  (Pale  Touch-me-not.)  Leaves  ovate  or  oval, 
obtusely  serrate,  membranaceous ;  flowers  pale  yellow ;  lower  sepal  slightly 
spotted,  dilated,  open,  tipped  with  a  short  recurved  spur.  —  Wet  shady  places. 
July  -  Sept.  —  Stems  2°  -  4°  high. 

2.  I.  fulva,  Nutt.  (Spotted  Touch-me-not.)  Flowers  deep  orange; 
lower  sepal  conical,  conspicuously  spotted,  tipped  with  a  rather  long  recurved 
spur;  otherwise  like  No.  1,  but  with  smaller  flowers.  —  Shady  swamps. 
July  -  Sept. 


Order  32.     ZYGOPHYLLACE^E.     (Pveax-Caper  Family.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  hard  wood,  opposite  pinnate  dotless 
stipulate  leaves,  and  regular  hypogynous  mostly  decandrous  flowers. — 
Sepals  and  petals  5-6,  imbricated  or  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens 
distinct,  often  appendaged.  Ovary  2  -  12-celled,  with  the  styles  united. 
Capsule  composed  of  2  -  12  indehiscent  carpels,  which  separate  from 
each  other  and  often  from  a  central  axis  at  maturity.  Embryo  straight. 
Cotyledons  flat.     Radicle  superior. 

Synopsis. 

1.  TRIBULUS.     Carpels  5,  transversely  few-celled,  few-seeded.     Herbs. 

2.  KALLSTROMIA.     Carpels  10,  1-celled,  1-seeded.     Herbs. 

3.  GUAIACUM.     Carpels  2-5,  compressed,  1-seeded.     Trees. 

1.    TRIBULUS,  L. 

Sepals  .5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Stamens  10.  Ovary  S-celled, 
with  3-5  suspended  ovules  in  each  cell.  Carpels  of  the  fruit  5,  spiny  on  the 
back,  transversely  divided  into  2-5  one-seeded  cells,  separating  at  maturity, 


G8  laTAcK.K.     (kuk  family.) 

AviilioiU  ii  central  axis.     Alliiiiiifii  none.  — rro.strato  lii'ih.>i.     Loaves  al)riij)tlv 
jiinnatf.     J'eilunc-lcs  solilary,  l-llowert'd. 

1.  T.  Cistoides,  L.  Leaves  uneiiiial;  IcaHet.s  6- 16,  linearolilung,  nm- 
crouate,  silk\  licncatli ;  peduncles  as  lung  as  the  leaves;  flowers  large, yellow. 
—  South  FKirida.  —  Slenis  \°-'2^  '""J?,  liairy.  IVtaLs  2-3  times  a-s  long  as 
tiie  calyx. 

2.     KALLSTROMIA,   Scop. 

Sejjals  5-G,  per.-<i.stcnt,  iiuluiialeil  in  the  hud.  Stamens  10-12.  Ovary 
10-  12-celled,  the  cells  1-ovuled.  Carpels  of  the  fruit  10-12,  separating  from 
each  other  and  from  the  ceutral  axis.  Alliumcn  none.  —  Hairy  herbs,  with 
the  habit  nl   Tunii  i.us. 

1.  K.  maxima,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Leaves  nearly  equal;  leaflets  6-8,  ob- 
li([uely  ol)]on_n,  muironate,  tiie  terminal  pair  larger;  jiedundes  shorter  than 
the  leaves ;  petals  as  long  as  the  bristly  calyx,  yellow  ;  carpels  rugo.se  ou  the 
back. —  Key  West  and  Savannah.  —  Stems  l°-2°  long. 

3.     GUAIACUM,   rium. 

Sepals  5,  deciduous.  Stamens  10,  with  naked  filaments  Ovary  stalked, 
2-5-eelled,  the  cells  8-10-ovuled.  Carpels  of  the  fruit  2 -.5,  compressed,  1- 
seeded.  Seed-coat  fleshy.  Embryo  straight  iu  hard  thin  albumen.  —  Trees. 
Leaflets  reticulate.     Flowers  blue  or  jiurple. 

1.  G.  sanctum,  L.  Branches  oi)])Osite  and  forking,  jointed,  pubescent 
when  young  ;  leaflets  6  or  8,  obliquely  obovate  or  oblong,  mucronate,  entire; 
peduncles  single  or  clustered  at  the  forks  of  the  branches,  1-flowered,  shorter 
than  the  leaves  ;  sepals  and  petals  obtuse  ;  flowers  blue.  —  South  Florida.  — 
A  small  tree  with  white  bark.     Flowers  y  wide.     Fruit  obovate. 


OiiDER  ;«.     RUTACE^.     (RrE  Family.) 

Herbs,  .shrubs,  or  trees,  with  exstipulate  .simple  or  compound  dotted 
leaves,  and  regular  hypogynous  perfect  or  unisexual  flowers.  —  Sepals 
and  petals  3 -.5.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals. 
Ovaries  2-5,  distinct  or  united,  stipifate  or  sessile  on  a  glandular  disk. 
Styles  mostly  united.  Fruit  commonly  composed  of  separate  1-celled 
2-valved  carpels.  Embryo  straii^ht  or  curved,  mostly  in  fleshy 
albumen. 

1.     XANTHOXYLUM,    L.    Prickly  Ash. 

Flowers  moncvcious  or  diciecious.  Sepals  and  petals  3-5.  Stamens  3 -.5. 
Ovaries  2 -.5,  sessile  or  stipitate,  2-ovulcd.  Carpels  2-valved,  1-2-seeded. 
Seed  smooth  and  shining.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  commonly  armed  with  sfipular 
prickles.  Leaves  unequally  pinnate,  the  leaflets  punctate  with  pellucid  dots 
Flowers  small,  greenish. 

1.  X.  Clava-Herculis,  L.  (Toothache  Tree.)  Smooth;  branches 
and  commonly  the  petioles  armed  with  long  prickles;  leaves  alternate,  7-9- 


KUTACE.E.       (kUE    family.)  69 

foliolate ;  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate,  crenate-sernilate,  unequal-sided,  shining 
above ;  panicles  terminal ;  stamens  5 ;  carjjels  3,  nearly  sessile.  —  Var.  fru- 
TicosuJi,  Gray.  Shrubby ;  leaves  shorter,  ovate  or  oblong,  more  strongly 
crenate ;  ovaries  always  two.  —  Dry  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and 
westward.  June.  —  A  small  tree,  with  tlie  pungent  Ijark  armed  with  warty 
prickles. 

2.  X.  Caribaeum,  Lam.  (Satin-wood.)  Branches  and  petioles  un- 
armed ;  leaflets  5-7,  ovate-lanceolate  on  the  fertile  plant,  and  elliptical,  obtuse, 
or  emarginate  on  the  sterile,  slightly  crenulate,  and  like  the  cymose  panicle 
stellate-pubescent;  stamens  4-5;  carpels  1-2,  obovate,  stipitate;  seed  soli- 
tary, obovate,  black  and  shining.  —  South  Florida.  —  Leaves  r-2'  long. 
Cj'me  sessile,  divided  into  three  primary  branches.     Flowers  minute. 

3.  X.  Pterota,  HBK.  Smooth ;  branches  zigzag,  armed  with  short 
curved  prickles;  petiole  winged,  jointed ;  leaflets  7-9,  .small,  obovate,  coria- 
ceous, crenate  above  the  middle,  sessile ;  flowers  in  axillary  clusters,  which  are 
single  or  by  pairs,  as  long  as  the  first  joint  of  the  petiole ;  stamens  4 ;  ovaries 
2  ;  carpels  solitary,  globose,  pitted,  distinctly  stipitate.  —  South  Florida.  — 
Leaflets  Y  -¥  ^^^^7  those  on  the  fertile  plant  narrower  and  smaller.  Carpels 
small,  dotted. 

2.     PTELEA,    L.     Hop-tree. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Sepals  and  petals  4-5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  de- 
ciduous. Stamens  4-5.  Ovary  2-celIed,  with  two  ovules  in  each  cell.  Style 
short.  Stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-seeded,  surrounded  by  a  broad 
circular  reticulated  wing.  —  Unarmed  shrubs,  with  trifoliolate  leaves,  and 
small  greenisli  flowers  in  a  terminal  cyme. 

1 .  P.  trif oliata,  L.  Pubescent  or  tomentose ;  leaves  long-petioled ; 
leaflets  oval  or  oblong,  mostly  acute,  obscurely  crenulate,  paler  beneath,  the 
lateral  ones  unequal-sided ;  filaments  4-5,  densely  villous  below  the  middle, 
longer  than  the  style  in  the  sterile  flowers,  shorter  in  fertile  ones.  Rocky 
banks.  May -June.  —  Shrub  4° -8°  high.  Leaflets  2' -4'  long.  Fruit  1' 
wide. 

2.  P.  Baldwinii,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Leaves  ver}^  small,  glabrous ;  leaflets 
sessile,  oval,  obtuse,  the  terminal  one  cuneiform  at  the  base;  flowers  tetran- 
drous  ;  .style  none.  —  East  Florida.  —  Shrub  1°  high,  with  numerous  short  and 
scraggy  branches.     Leaflets  1'  long.     Flowers  smaller  than  in  No.  i. 

3.     AMYRIS,   L.     Torch-Wood. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  4parted.  Petals  4,  narrowed  at  the  base,  imbri- 
cated in  the  bud.  Stamens  8,  shorter  than  the  petals,  hypogynous.  Ovary 
1-celled.  Stigma  capitate.  Drupe  globose,  1 -seeded.  Cotyledons  plano- 
convex.—  Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  3-7-foliolate,  opposite,  with  glandular 
pellucid  dots.     Flowers  panicled,  white. 

1.  A.  maritima,  Jacq.  Smooth;  leaves  petioled,  trifoliolate;  leaflets 
ovate,  o]>tuse,  entire,  on  slender  stalks;  branches  of  the  panicle  opposite; 
drupe,  like  the  flowers,  dotted.  —  South  Florida.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree. 
Leaflets  I'-l.^'  long,  shining  above.     Flowers  yellowish  white. 


.SJMAKUI3ACi:-K.        (QUASSIA    lA.MlLY.) 


OiiDKi!  :U.     SI3IAKUBAC'EyK.     ((^iassia  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with,  usually,  bitter  milky  juice,  simple  or  pinnate 
exstipulate  leaves,  and  regular  perfect  or  i>olygamous  hypogynous  flow- 
ers. —  Calyx  3  -  5-clef t,  persistent.  Petals  ;5  -  5,  deciduous.  Stamens 
as  many  or  twice  as  many,  inserted  on  a  hypogynous  disk.  Ovary 
composed  of  distinct  or  united  carpels,  each  l-'2-ovuled.  Fruit  dru- 
paceous. Albumen  none.  —  The  following  genera  represent  as  many 
tribes  of  the  order. 

1.     SIMARUBA,   Aul.let.    Quassia. 

Flowers  moiicpc-ions  or  tli(L'cious.  Calyx  4  -  5-touthe(l.  Petals  4  -  .5,  spread- 
ing. Stamens  8-10,  witli  the  filaments  adliereut  to  the  back  of  a  ciliate  scale. 
Ovaries  4-5,  surrounded  J)y8-10  siale-like  rudiments  of  stamens  with  a 
single  suspended  ovule  in  each.  Drupes  1-5.  —  Trees.  Leaves  abruptly 
piijiiate,  with  alternate  and  entire  leaflets.  Flowers  small,  greeuisii,  in  lateral 
and  terminal  panicles. 

1.  S.  glauca,  DC.  Smooth  throughout;  flowers  dia'cious;  stigmas  5, 
subulate,  .sjireading;  leaflets  4-8,  alternate  and  o])posite,  coriaceous,  obovate 
or  oblong,  obtuse,  paler  beneath;  drupe  oval,  mostly  solitary.  —  South  Flor- 
ida. —  A  large  tree. 

2.     PICRAMNIA,    Swartz. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Calyx  3-5parted.  Petals  3-5,  oblong.  Stamens 
3-5,  opposite  the  petals,  exserted.  Stigmas  2,  sessile.  Fruit  a  2-celled,  2- 
seeded  drupe.  —  Small  trees,  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  and  small  flowers 
in  terminal  racemes  or  panicles. 

1.  P.  pentandra,  Swartz.  Leaflets  5-7,  alternately  distant,  ovate- 
oblong,  uhlu.su ;  ])anicle  simple,  drooping ;  flowers  greenish ;  stamens  5.  — 
Miami,  South  Florida  ( Garber). 

3.     SURIANA,   Plum. 

Calyx  5-])artcd,  persistent;  the  base  filled  with  a  fleshy  torus,  which  bears 
the  ovaries,  petals,  and  stamens.  Petals  5,  oblong-obovate.  Stamens  10, 
hairy,  the  alternate  ones  short  and  sterile.  Ovaries  5,  distinct,  with  2  erect 
collateral  orthotropous  ovules  in  each."  Styles  5,  each  arising  from  the  central 
angle  of  the  ovary  near  the  base,  thickened  upwards.  Carpels  1-seeded,  inde- 
hiscent.  Seeds  without  albumen.  Embryo  hooked.  —  A  downy  shrub,  with 
alternate  crowded  exstij)ulate  leaves,  and  perfect  yellow  flowers,  iu  small 
axillary  Ijracted  racemes. 

1.  S.  maritima,  L.  —  Sea-shore,  South  Florida.  —  Shrub  4°-6°  high. 
Leaves  lincar-.-^patuhite,  fleshy,  imbricated  near  the  summit  of  the  branches- 
Racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves. 


ANACARDIACE^.       (cASHEW    FAMILY.)  71 


Order  35.     BURSERACE^:.     (Torch-Wood  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  resinous  juice,  unequally-pinnate  or  trifoli- 
olate  commonly  dotted  leaves,  and  small  regular  flowers  in  axillary  or 
terminal  racemes  or  panicles.  —  Calyx  free  from  the  1  -  5-celled  sessile 
ovary,  2  -  5-lobed,  persistent.  Petals  2-5,  alternate  with  the  calyx- 
lobes,  and  inserted  under  an  orbicular  or  annular  disk  at  the  bottom 
of  the  calyx,  mostly  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as 
the  petals,  and  inserted  with  them  :  anthers  introrse.  Ovules  anatro- 
pous,  pendulous,  mostly  two  in  each  cell.  Stigmas  1  -  5.  Fruit  dru- 
paceous, dry;  the  pericarp  often  splitting  into  valves.  Albumea 
none.     Radicle  superior. 

1.    BURSEEA,    Jacqiiin. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Sterile  Fl.  Calyx  3-5-parted.  Petals  3-5,  valvate 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  6-10.  Disk  creuulate.  Fertile  Fl.  Calyx  3-pai'ted. 
Petals  3.  Stamens  6.  Ovary  ovate,  3-celled.  Style  short :  stigma  3-lobed. 
Drupe  oblong,  1-seeded;  the  pericarp  3-valved.     Cotyledons  wrinkled. 

1.  B.  gummifera,  Jacquin.  Leaves  alternate,  3  -  9-foliolate,  long-peti- 
oled,  deciduous ;  leaflets  stalked,  opposite,  ovate,  acuminate,  entire,  rounded 
or  sliglitly  cordate  at  tlie  base,  at  leugtli  smooth  on  both  sides;  flowers  small, 
whitish,  in  axillary  racemes  ;  drupe  purplish.  —  South  Florida.  — A  large  tree. 


Order  36.     ANACARDIACE^.     (Cashew  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  milky  or  resinous  juice,  alternate  exstipulate 
dotless  leaves,  and  perfect  or  polygamous  regular  flowers.  —  Sepals 
and  petals  4-5,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  as  many  as  the 
petals,  or  twice  as  many,  and  inserted  with  them  on  the  base  of  the 
calyx.  Ovary  solitary,  with  a  single  ovule  ascending  from  the  base  of 
the  cell.  Style  simple  or  3-cleft.  Fruit  druiJaceous.  Seeds  without 
albumen.     Radicle  curved. 

1.     RHUS,   L.     Sumach. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  .5,  inserted  with  the  5  stamens  on  the  disk  which 
surrounds  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Stigmas  3.  Drupe  dry.  Radicle  superior, 
incurved.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees.  Leaves  pinnate  or  trifoliolate,  rarely 
simple.     Flowers  small,  greenish,  in  spikes  or  panicles. 

*   Flowers  polijgamous,  in  a  close  terminal  panicle:  drupe  red,  hair// :  leaven 
pinnate.     {Not  jioisonous.) 
1.  R.  typhina,  L.     Branches,  petioles,  and  drupes  villous  ;  leaflets  17-21, 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  smooth,  ])ale  beneath.  —  Dry  hillsides  in  the 
upper  districts.     June  -  July.  —  A  slirub  or  small  tree. 


72  ANACAKlHACK.i:.        (CASHEW    FAMILY.) 

2.  R.  glabra,  L.  Smooth  ami  filaiuous ;  k-iiflcts  17  -  .'Jl,  ohloiiff-lancco- 
lati-,  senate,  aemiiiiiate,  wliite  lu'iicatli.  —  ()|)i'n  woods  in  dry  riili  soil.  July. 
—  A  .slinili  (1-  10    lii,!:;li.     I'etioles  terete. 

.'1.  R.  COpallina,  L.  (Simai'II.)  Uranelies  and  \viii<;-iiiargiiif<l  jietiolcs 
tomeiito.sc  ;  leaflets  9-21,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse, 
mostly  entire,  smooth  above,  paler  iuid  (hjwiiy  lieneatii;  jiaiiicle  ofti-n  larf^e 
and  spreading.  —  Margins  of  tields  and  ojien  woods.  July -August. — A 
shrub  or  small  tree. 

4.  R.  pumila,  l\Iichx.  Low,  procumbent ;  branches  and  jicticjles  tomen- 
to.se;  leatlets  11  -13,  oval  or  oblong,  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  jiale  and  tomeu- 
tose  l)eneath.  —  Pine  barrens,  Georgia  to  North  Carolina.  —  IJranches  1°  high. 

»    *   Flowers  diacious,  in  loose  axillary  ]ianicles  :  drupe  whitish,  smooth  :  leaves 
pinnate  and  trijbiiolate.  —  [Juice  jwisonous.) 

5.  R.  venenata,  DC-  (Poison  Elder.)  Smooth  ;  leaves  pinnate  ;  leaf- 
lets 7-13,  ovate  or  oblong,  abruptly  acute  or  acuminate,  entire;  jiauides 
loug-peduncled,  narrow,  erect.  ( U.  Vernix,  L.)  —  Swamps.  July.  —  A  shrub 
8° -12°  high. 

G.  R.  Toxicodendron,  L.  (Poison  Oak,  .Poison  Ivy.)  Branches 
and  petioles  smootii ;  leaves  trifoliolate  ;  leaflets  ovate  or  oblong-ovate  ;  pani- 
cle small,  s])reailing. 

Var.  quercifolium,  Michx.  Stems  low,  erect;  leaflets  mostly  vari- 
ously lobed.  —  Dry  ])ine  barrens. 

Var.  radicans,  Torr.  Stems  climbing  by  rootlets ;  leaflets  toothed  or 
entire,  rarely  lol)ed,  more  or  less  pubescent.  — Swamps.     July. 

*  *    *    Flowers  dicecious,  in  loose  panicles :  drupe  oblong,  smooth,  scarlet :  nut 

chartaceous  :  seeds  arillale  :  leaves  pinnate. 

7.  R.  Metopium,  L.  Smooth;  leaflets  3  -  7,  coriaceous,  long-stalked, 
ovate  or  elliptical,  acuminate,  entire ;  panicle  narrow,  as  long  as  the  leaves  ; 
calvx  lobes  vellow-ish  white;  petals  and  stamens  5.  —  South  Plorida.  — A  tree 
15° -20°  high. 

*  *    *    *   Flowers  dia'cious,  in  short  hracted  spikes,  appearing  with  the  leaves  : 

drupe  red,  hairy :  leaves  trifoliolate. 

8.  R.  Canadensis,  Marsh.  Stem  low,  smooth;  leaflets  ovate,  or  the 
terminal  one  obovate,  obtuse,  pubescent  when  young,  toothed  above  the  mid- 
dle; spikes  single  or  clustered,  spreading.  —  Dry  open  woods  in  the  upper 
districts.  March- April.  — Shrub  l°-2°  high.  Spikes  1'  long.  —  Plant 
aromatic,  not  poisonous. 

*****     Flowers  perfect,  in  an  open  panicle,  the  pedicels  mostly  abortive, 
elongating,  and  plumose  :  drupe  smooth. 

9.  R.  COtinoides,  Nutt.  Smooth ;  leaves  simple,  membranaceous,  oval, 
obtuse,  entire,  acute  at  the  base,  the  upper  ones  long-petioled  ;  panicle  nearly 
sessile,  narrow,  with  erect  branches;  flowers  minute. — Alabama  (Buckley, 
Mohr).  —  Leaves,  with  the  petiole,  3'  -4'  long. 


VITACE^.       (yiKE    FAMILY.)  73 

Order  37.     VITACE^.     (Vine  Family.) 

Climbing  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  alternate  stipulate  leaves,  and 
small  greenish  flowers  in  panicled  or  cymose  clusters  opposite  the 
leaves.  —  Calyx  minute,  truncated.  Petals  4-5,  hypogynous  or  peri- 
gynous,  valvate  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Stamens  4-5,  opposite  the 
petals  :  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  2  erect  collateral  ovules 
in  each  cell.  Style  short  or  none :  stigma  slightly  2-lobed.  Berry 
1  -  4-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous,  bony.  Embryo  minute  at  the  base 
of  hard  or  fleshy  albumen.  Radicle  inferior.  —  Leaves  simple  or 
compound.  Tendrils  opj)osite  the  leaves.  Flowers  perfect  or  po- 
lygamous. 

1.     VITIS,  L.     Vine,  Grape. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Petals  5,  cohering  at  the  top.  free  at  the  base. 
Stamens  5.  Disk  thick,  5-lobed.  Style  short.  —  Leaves  simple,  eutire  or 
lobed,  cordate.     Inflorescence  paniculate.     Berry  pulpy,  edible. 

§  1.  ViTiS  proper.     Bavk  loose  and  shreddj/ :  tendrils  forked:  pith 
interrupted  at  the  nodes. 
*    Tendrils  opposite  each  leaf  {continuous). 
-t—  Leaves  and  branches  woolli/. 

1.  V.  LabrUSCa,  L.  (Fox  Grape.)  Leaves  broadly  cordate,  angularly 
3  -  5-lobed,  mucrouate-serrate,  very  woolly  when  young,  at  leugtli  smoothish 
above ;  fertile  panicles  or  racemes  few-flowered  ;  berry  lai'ge.  —  Kiver  swamps, 
Mississippi  to  Nortli  Carolina.  May -June.  —  Leaves  4' -6'  wide.  Berry 
Y  in  diameter,  purple  or  whitish,  pleasant-flavored. 

*    *    Tendrils  absent  at  euerij  third  leaf  (intermittent), 
•i—  Leaves  and  branches  pubescent. 

2.  v.  aestivalis,  Michx.  (Summer  Grape.)  Branchlets  terete  ;  leaves 
broadly  conlate,  the  sinus  rounded,  entire,  or  obtusely  3-'.5-lobed,  broadly 
serrate,  covered  with  a  woolly  mostly  reddish  pubescence,  at  length  smooth 
on  both  sides  ;  sterile  panicle  long  and  loose  ;  berry  small,  blue.  —  Woods  and 
thickets.  June.  —  Stem  climbing  high.  Leaves  4' -7' wide.  Panicles  6' -12' 
long.     Berry  4"-  5"  in  diameter. 

3.  v.  einerea,  Engelm.  Cinereous-pubescent  ;  branchlets  angular ;  the 
pubescence  persistent ;  leaves  eutire  or  slightly  3-lobed,  the  sinus  narrow ; 
berries  small,  black,  pleasantly  acid ;  otherwise  like  the  preceding.  —  Low 
ground  along  rivers,  Florida,  and  westward. 

4.  v.  COriacea,  Shuttlw.  Leaves  and  branches  white-downy ;  leaves  2' 
long,  reniforni  cordate,  with  the  sinus  broad  and  shallow,  entire  and  with 
undulate  margins,  or  sharply  3 -5-lobed,  glabrate  above ;  panicles  dense, 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  tlie  pedicels  smooth.  —  South  Florida.  — A  low  vine. 
Berries  5" -6"  in  diameter,  pleasantly  acid. 

H—  H—  Leaves  and  branches  smooth. 

5.  V.  COrdifolia,  Michx.  (Frost  Grape  )  Leaves  3'  wide,  cordate, 
with  an  acute  sinus,  acuminate,  entire  or   slightly  3-lobed,  sharply  toothed 


74  VITACE.*:.        (VIXK    FAMILY.; 

paiiiik's  long  aii>l  louse;  berries  small,  i)lack,  ripening  late.  —  Hiver  lianks 
and  low  gronuil.  May-Juue.  —  Stem  climi)ing  liigii.  Berries  2" -.J"  in 
iliameter,  sharply  acid. 

6.  V.  riparia,  .Miehx.  Leaves  orliicuhir-<-onlate,  with  a  rounded  siims, 
3' -6'  wide,  strongly  .'{ -  Tj-Iohed,  coarsely  toothed;  stipules  2"-. "J"  long; 
panicle  small,  the  berries  in  compact  clusters,  4" -5"  in  diameter,  black  with 
a  bloom,  sweet  and  juicy,  ripening  early.  —  Kiver  banks,  'I'ennessee. 

7.  V.  rupestris,  Scheele.  Stem  low,  erect,  branching ;  leaves  3'  long, 
glabrous,  cordate  or  truucate  at  the  ba.se,  rarely  lobed,  coarsely  toothed; 
berries  small,  sweet  and  juicy.  —  Sandy  banks,  Teuuessee,  and  westward. 
May.  —  Teudrils  weak  aud  deciduous,  or  uoue. 

§2.  MusCADiMA.     Bark  pale  and  smooth;  tendrils   siin/ile;  jiith    continuous 
through  the  nodes  ;  seed  transverseli/  wrinkled. 

8.  V.  rotundifolia,  Michx.  (Muscadixk,  Bullace.)  Leaves  broadly 
cordate,  toutlied-serrate,  mostly  smooth  aud  glos.sy,  the  sinus  broad  and 
rounded,  or  narrow  and  acute ;  panicle  small ;  berry  large.  —  Banks  of  rivers, 
Florida  to  North  C'aroliua,  aud  westward.  Juue.  —  Stem  climbing  high. 
Leaves  2' -3'  wide.  Berry  i'-f  in  diameter,  purple,  pleasant  flavored. — 
A  form  with  .smaller  leaves  and  berries,  the  latter  very  austere,  aud  sometimes 
called  the  Mustang  Gkai'E,  is  common  along  the  coast. 

2.     CISSUS,  L. 

Flowers  mostly  perfect.  Petals  4,  and  spreading,  rarely  5,  and  cohering 
at  the  top.  Stamens  4-5.  Disk  cup-shaped.  Styles  mostly  slender.  — 
Leaves  simple  or  c(jiiip(nuid.     Inflorescence  cymose.     Berries  small,  inedible. 

1.  C.  bipinnata,  Nutt.  Leaves  bijjinnate,  smoothi.sli ;  leaflets  small, 
ovate,  sli;ir])ly  toiillicd  ;  flowers  somewhat  cymose,  on  along  forkiiig  j)eduncle  ; 
petals  4 -.5,  united  at  the  ape.x,  or  spreading;  style  conical ;  disk  4-.'J-lolied; 
berry  2-4-seedi'd.  —  Margins  of  .swamps.  June -July. — Stem  climbing. 
Leaflets  Y  -1'  long.     Berry  small,  black. 

2.  C.  acida,  L.  Branches  geniculate  ;  leaves  trifoliolate,  thick  and  rigid ; 
leaflets  small,  cuneate-obovate,  sharply  toothed  at  the  apex ;  flowers  in  com- 
pound umbels;  petals  4;  berry  black,  1-seedcd.  —  Key  West.  —  Tendrils 
stout  and  elongated.     Leaflets  ^'  long. 

3.  C.  incisa,  Desmoul.  Smooth;  stem  climbing,  warty ;  leaves  trifolio 
late,  very  tliick  and  fleshy  ;  leaflets  stalked,  wedge-shaped  and  entire  near  tlie 
ba.se,  the  lateral  ones  2-lobed,  the  middle  3-lobed,  alL  mucronate-toothed  or 
serrate;  cymes  trichotomous  ;  petals  4  ;  berry  globose-ovate,  nodding,  pointed 
with  the  conspicuous  slender  .style,  1-seeded.  —  Sandy  shores,  Florida,  and 
westward.  —  Stem  6° -12°  long.  Leaflets  l'-3'  long.  Panicles  cymose. 
Berry  5" -6"  long. 

4.  C.  Ampelopsis,  Pers.  Leaves  simj)le,  undivided,  ovate,  truncate,  or 
cordate  at  the  base,  acuminate,  toothed-serrate,  pubescent ;  peduncles  forking; 
petals  and  stamens  .") ;  .style  slender  ;  disk  cup-shaped  ;  berry  1 -3-.seeded. — 
Banks  of  rivers,  P'lorida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward.  June.  —  Stem 
climbing  high.     Berry  small,  black. 


KHAMNACE^.       (BUCKTHORN    FAMILY.)  75 

5.  C.  sicyoides,  L.  Pubescent ;  leaves  entire,  oblong-ovate,  cordate, 
2' - 4' long,  setaceously  serrate,  longer  than  the  small  trichotomous  cymes; 
petals  4  ;  styles  long  and  slender ;  berries  globose,  1  -seeded.  —  Low  banks. 
South  Florida.  —  Stem  climbing  high.     Leaves  succulent. 

3.     AMPELOPSIS,  Michx.     Virginian  Creeper. 

Flowers  perfect.  Petals  5,  thick,  spreading.  Style  short,  conical.  Disk 
uoue.  —  Stem  climbing  by  expansion  of  the  ends  of  tlie  tendrils.  Leaves 
digitate.     Flower  in  corymbose  cymes.     Berry  small,  globose. 

1.  A.  quinquefolia,  Michx.  (Virginian  Creeper.) — Low  grounds. 
June.  —  Stem  climbing  by  lateral  tendrils.  Leaflets  5,  oblong-obovate,  ser- 
rate above  the  middle,  smooth.     Berry  sinaD,  dark  blue. 


Order  38.     RHAMNACEtE.     (Buckthorn  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  mostly  stipulate  leaves,  and  small 
regular  perigyuous  greenish  or  whitish  flowers.  —  Sepals  4-5,  united 
below,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Petals  alternate  with  the  sepals,  concave 
or  hooded,  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  opposite  the  petals,  and  in- 
serted with  them  into  the  margin  of  a  fleshy  disk,  which  lines  the 
base  of  the  calyx.  Ovary  1  -  4-cened,  with  a  solitary  erect  anatro- 
pous  ovule  in  each  cell.  Style  single.  Fruit  drupaceous.  Embryo 
large,  iu  the  axis  of  scanty  fleshy  albumen.     Radicle  inferior. 

Synopsis. 

Tbibe  I.     FRANGULE^.    Fruit  superior,  drupaceous,  fleshy  or  baccate. 

*  Putamen  entire,  1  -  3-celled. 

■f-  Petals  none. 

1.  CONDALIA.     Disk  thick,  filling  the  base  of  the  calyx.     Albumen  entire. 

2.  REYNOSIA.     Disk  thin,  lining  the  calyx-tube.     Albumen  ruminated. 

t-  1-  Petals  4-5. 

3.  BERCHEMIA.     Petals  5,  as  long  as  the  calyx.     Woody  vines. 

*  *  Putamen  separating  into  2-4  nutlets. 

4.  SAGERETIA.  Flowers  in  terminal  spikes.  Leaves  opposite. 
.5.  RHAMNUS.  Flowers  in  axillary  clusters.  Leaves  alternate. 
0.  CEANOTHUS.     Flowers  in  thyrsoid  panicles.     Calyx  white. 

7.  COLUBRIXA.     Flowers  in  axillary  clusters.     Calyx  green.     Fruit  dry. 

Tribe  II.     GOUANIE^.     Fruit  inferior,  dry,  3-winged. 

8.  GOUANIA.     A  woody  vine,  climbing  by  tendrils.     Flowers  dioecious. 

1     CONDALIA,   Cav. 

Calyx  4  -  5-cleft,  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  ovary,  the  lobes  deciduous. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  4  or  .5,  alternate  with  the  calyx  lobes.  Ovary  2-3- 
celled,  with  a  single  erect  ovule  in  each  cell.     Style  short ;  stigma  2  -3-lobed. 


76  KUAMNAi  K.K.        (iHCKTIIOKX    KAMIl-V.) 

Drupe  l-rt'lloil,  l-sop»K'(i,tl;e  seeil  iiol  grooved.  —  Mostlv  s|»inv  trees  or  slirubH, 
witli  8hort-ititi.>K'il  leaves,  and  small  clustered  axillary  flowers. 

1.  C  ferrea,  (iri.seb.  Unarmed;  branchlets  jmlierulent ;  leaves  oval  or 
olilon";,  ol)tuse  or  emarginate,  entire,  smooth;  umliel  like  elu.sters  few-How- 
ered,  .sessile  or  short  peduueled;  ealy.x  lohes  4,  ovate,  acute;  stamens  4; 
sti<i;ma  2-lolicd  ;  drn])e  jjlobose.  (Scutia  ferrea,  /Jroiif/n.)  —  Coast  and  Keys 
of  South  Florida.  —  A  small  tree.     Leaves  thick,  l'~2'  loni;. 

2.    REYNOSIA,    (iriseh. 

Calvx  urceolate,  .5-cleft.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  free,  1-celled,  1-ovuled. 
Drupe  baccate.  Seed  large,  with  ruminated  albumen.  Otherwise  like 
Coudalia. 

1.  R.  latifolia,  (iriseb.  Leaves  pale,  coriaceous,  alternate  or  opposite, 
elliptical  or  obovate,  emargiuate ;  flowers  axillary,  short-pedicelled ;  calyx- 
tube  S-angled,  the  lol)es  ovate  ;  stigma  2-lobed  ;  drupe  ovoid.  (Scutia  ferrea, 
1st  edition.)  —  South  Florida.  —  A  small  tree,  or  .shrub.  Leaves  1',  or  less, 
long.     Drupe  V  long. 

3.     BERCHEMIA,    Xeck.     SurrLE-JACK. 

Caly.x  5-cleft,  tlie  tube  hemispherical.  I'etals  5,  sessile,  concave,  as  long  as 
the  calyx.  Ovary  free,  2-celled,  half  immersed  in  the  flesliy  disk.  Styles 
united.  Stigmas  2.  Drupe  oblong,  2-celled,  2-seeded.  —  Erect  or  twining 
shrubs,  with  alternate  piniiately  veined  leaves,  with  minute  stii)ules,  and  small 
greenish  axillary  or  pauicled  flowers. 

1 .  B.  volubilis,  DC.  Stem  twining ;  leaves  oblong,  acute,  wavy  on  the 
margins,  glossy  above,  the  simple  veins  oblique ;  flowers  in  small  terminal 
panicles  ;  drupe  purple.  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward. 
May  -  June. 

4.     SAGERETIA,    Brongn. 

Calvx  .5-cleft,  tlie  tube  hemisplierical,  the  lobes  carinate  within.  Petals 
obovate,  shorter  than  the  calyx,  concave.  Ovary  free,  3-celled.  Stigmas  3, 
nearly  sessile.  Drupe  baccate,  composed  of  three  even  1 -seeded  indehiscent, 
nutlets.  Seeds  not  grooved.  Cotyledons  flat.  —  Slender  trailing  shrulis,  with 
0])p:>site  In-anclies  and  leaves,  and  minute  whitish  spiked  flowers. 

1.  S.  Michauxii,  Brongn.  Stem  vine-like  (6° -18"  long),  with  spine- 
like  spreading  liranches ;  leaves  (1'  long)  nearly  sessile,  ovate  or  olilong-ovate, 
acute,  finely  serrate,  smooth  and  shining,  persistent;  spikes  slender,  inter- 
rupted, mo.stly  pauicled ;  petals  minute  ;  drupe  dark  purple,  globose.  (Rham- 
nus  miuutiflorus,  J//cA.r.)  — Dry  sandy  soil  along  the  coast,  F'lorida  to  North 
Carolina.     Sept.  — Drupes  pleasantly  acid. 

5.     RHAMNUS,    Tourn.    Buckthorn. 

Calyx  4 -.5  cleft,  the  tube  urceolate,  lined  with  a  thin  disk.  Petals  small, 
obovate,  concave,  often  wanting.  Ovary  free,  2- 4-celled.  Styles  united  be- 
low.    Stigm.'us  2  - 4.     Drupe   baccate,  composed  of  2 -4  somewhat  dehiscent 


RHAMXACE.E.       (buCKTHOKM"    FAMILY.)  77 

nutlets.  Raphe  dorsal.  Cotyledons  leafy,  revolute.  —  Shrul);*,  w'itli  alternate 
stipulate  finely  veined  leaves,  and  small  axillary  clustered  polygamous  or 
dioecious  greenish  flowers. 

1.  R.  lanceolatus,  Pursh.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  or  those  of 
the  flowering  branches  oblong  and  obtuse,  serrulate ;  flowers  clustered,  on 
short  pedicels,  with  long  styles,  or  the  more  fruitful  ones  scattered  on 
longer  pedicels,  and  with  short  styles  ;  petals  emarginate ;  drupe  2-seeded ; 
seeds  grooved.  —  Hills  and  river  banks,  in  the  upper  districts,  Alabama  aud 
northward.  June.  —  A  tall  shrub.  Drupes  black,  as  large  as  a  grain  of 
pepper. 

2.  R,  Carolinianus,  Walt.  (Carolina  Buckthorn.)  Leaves  oblong, 
wavy  and  finely  serrulate  on  the  margins,  the  slender  petioles  and  many-flow- 
ered short-stalked  umbels  pubescent ;  petals  5,  minute ;  stigmas  3 ;  drupe 
globose,  .3-seeded  ;  seeds  e^en.  —  Fertile  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and 
westward.     June.  —  A  shruli  or  small  tree.     Leaves  3'  -  4'  lung. 

6.     CEANOTHUS,    L.    Jersey  Tea. 

Calyx  colored,  5-cleft,  with  the  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary  and  persistent,  the 
lobes  connivent,  deciduous.  Petals  .5,  longer  than  the  calyx,  hooded,  long- 
clawed.  Stamens  exserted.  Style  3-parted.  Drupe  dry,  composed  of  three 
2-valved  1-seeded  nutlets.  Embryo  in  fleshy  albumen.  Cotyledons  flat.  — 
Shrubby  plants,  with  alternate  serrulate  minutely  stipulate  3-ribbed  leaves, 
and  small  flowers  in  lateral  and  terminal  corymbs  or  panicles. 

1.  C.  Amerieanus,  L.  Branches  pubescent ;  leaves  deciduous,  variable 
in  size,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  sharply  serrate,  more  or 
less  pubescent,  petioled  ;  peduncles  elongated,  mostly  2-leaved  above.  —  Dry 
woods.  July.  —  Plant  shrubby,  1°  -  2°  high.  Leaves  3-ril)bed,  varying  from 
I'  (C.  intermedins.  Ell.)  to  3'  long,  often  nearly  smooth  (C.  herbaceus,  Raf.). 
Flowers  and  pedicels  white. 

2.  C.  microphyllus,  Michx.  Stem  erect,  diffusely  much-branched; 
leaves  perennial,  small,  obovate,  slightly  crenate,  3-ribbed,  glossy  above,  with 
scattered  liairs  beneath ;  those  in  the  axils  clustered  ;  corj'mhs  small,  terminal. 
—  Dry  barrens,  Florida  and  Georgia,  and  westward.  April -May. —  Shrub 
l°-2°  high,  yellowish.  Leaves  2" -3"  long.  Pedicels  and  flowers  white. 
Drupe  black. 

3.  C.  serpyllifolius,  Nutt.  Decumbent,  diffusely  branched ;  branches 
filiform  ;  leaves  very  small,  ovate  elliptical,  serrulate,  obtuse,  tlie  lower  sur- 
face, as  well  as  the  petioles,  strigose ;  peduncles  axillary ;  flowers  few,  in  a 
simple  corymbose  head.  —  Xear  St.  Mary's,  Georgia.  —  Leaves  3" -5"  long. 
Peduncles  12-1 5-flowered. 

7.     COLUBRINA,   Rich. 

Calyx  herbaceous,  with  spreading  lobes.  Nutlets  opening  at  the  apex  and 
down  the  inner  angle.  Embryo  in  thin  albumen.  Otherwise  chiefly  as  in 
Ceanothus.  —  Tropical  shrubs,  with  alternate  parallel-veined  leaves,  and 
small  flowers  in  close  axillary  cymes. 


78  CKLASTRACEvE.       (sTAFK-TlfKK    FAMILY.) 

1.  C.  Americana,  Nutt.  Liiives  coriiut'ous,  ci\iiic'-<)l)l()iig,  ontirf,  tlie 
lower  siiiluce,  as  iilso  tlie  1ii:iik1k'S  uikI  calvx,  loverc-.l  witli  a  dcusf  nist- 
ctilored  imhesccnce ;  cyme  small,  shorter  than  tlie  petiole;  i)etals  Hpalulate, 
einarj^inato,  slmrter  than  the  calyx;  (lrn])e  aloheil. —  South  ll'iriiUi. — 
Leaves  2' -4"  long.     Drupe  4"  in  diameter. 

2.  C.  reclinata,  Brougn.  Nearly  glabrous ;  hranches  pendulous ;  leaves 
thin,  elliptical,  minutely  pubescent  beneath  ;  jjeduncles  not  lialf  the  length  of 
the  petioles ;  sepals  keeled  within  ;  jjetals  yellow,  shorter  than  the  sepals ; 
styles  3,  distinct.  —  iSouth  Florida.     A  large  tree. 

8.     GOUANIA,  Jac<|uin.     Ciiaw-stick. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  partly  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  lobes  spreading.  Petals  .5, 
shorter  than  the  calyx,  and  inserted  on  the  5-lobed  disk  wbicli  lines  its  tube, 
hooded,  and  enclosing  the  short  stamens.  Ovary  3-cellcd,  3-ovulcd.  Style 
3-cleft.  Drupe  dry,  3-lobed  or  3-\vinged,  separating  from  the  central  axis 
into  three  valveless  nutlets.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  thin  albumen.  —  Tropical, 
chiefly  climl)ing  shrul)S,  with  alternate  stipulate  toothed  leaves,  and  perfect  or 
polygamous  flowers  in  terminal  sjiiked  clusters. 

1.  G.  Domingensis,  L.  Brauches  pubescent;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  ta- 
pering into  an  obtuse  point,  serrate,  petioled ;  spikes  elongated,  bearing  a 
tendril  at  the  base;  drupe  globose,  3-winged. — South  Florida. — Leaves 
2' -4'  long.     Flowers  minute,  yellow.     Lobes  of  the  disk  emargiuate. 


Order  39.     CELASTRACE^E.     (Staff-trf.e  Family.) 

Shrubs  -with  simple  stipulate  leave.s,  and  small  regular  flowers.  — 
Sepals  and  petals  4-5,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  3-5,  alter- 
nate witli  the  petals,  and  inserted  with  them  on  the  disk  which  fills 
the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Ovary  free,  1  -  5-celled,  with  1  -  several 
erect  ovules  in  each  cell.  Styles  united.  Fruit  capsular  or  drupa- 
ceous. Seeds  often  arilled.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  the  albimien.  — 
Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe  I.     CELASTRE.^.     Sepals  and  petals  4-5.     Stamens  4-5,  distinct,  irserted 
on  the  margins  of  the  disk.     Albiunen  fleshy. 

*  Fruit  a  1  -  2-seeded  drupe. 

1.  MTGrNDA.     Ovary  4-celled.     Stigmas  4.     Drupe  1-seeded.     Leaves  opposite.     Flowers 

perfect. 

2.  GYMINDA.     Ovary  2-celled.     Stigmas  2.     Leaves  opposite.     Flowers  dioecious. 

3.  SCH.EFFERIA.      Oviry   2-celled.      Stigmas  2.     Drupe    2-seeded.     Leaves  alternate. 

Flowers  dioecious. 

«  *  Fruit  a  3  -  5-valved  capsule  ;  seeds  arilled. 

4.  EUOXYMTJS.     Flowers  perfect,  in  axillary  cjimes.     Calyx  flat.     Leaves  opposite. 

5.  CELASTRUS.     Flowers  polygamous,  in  terminal  racemes.     Calyx  cup-shaped.     Capsule 

globose.    Leaves  alternate. 


CELASTRACE.E.       (STAFF-TREE    FAMILY.)  79 

6.  MATTENUS.     Flowers  axillary.     Calyx  flat.     Capsule  3-angled.     Leaves  alternate. 

7.  PACHISTIMA.     Flowers  axillary,  perfect.     Capsule  2-celled.    Leaves  opposite. 

Tribe  n.     HIPPOCKATE.aE.     Sepals  and  petals  3-5.      Stamens  3,  united  below, 
hypogynous.     Albumen  none. 

8.  HIPPOCRATEA.     Capsule  3-winged.     Anthers  transversely  dehiscent. 

1.     MYGINDA,  Jacq. 

Flowers  perfect.  Sepals  4,  united  below.  Petals  4,  roundish.  Stamens  4. 
Ovary  4-celIed,  with  a  solitary  anatropous  ovule  in  each  cell.  Style  short, 
4-cleft.  Drupe  1-celled,  1-seeded.  Seed  erect.  Embryo  in  thin  albumen. 
Cotyledons  flat.  Radicle  inferior. — Tropical  shrubs,  with  small  opposite 
coriaceous  leaves,  and  minute  wliite  or  reddisli  flowers  on  axillary  forking 
peduncles. 

1.  M.  Rhaeoma,  Swartz.  Branches  slender,  pubescent,  angled;  leaves 
oblong,  olitiise,  crenate,  nearh'  sessile,  paler  and  often  discolored  beneath; 
peduncles  filiform,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  cymosely  2-4-flowered;  calyx 
lobes  round,  pubescent ;  petals  oval,  concave,  ciliate ;  stigmas  spi'cading  j 
drupe  obovate. —  South  Florida.  —  A  small  shrub.  Leaves  i'-l'  long' 
glabrous. 

2.  M.  ilicif olia,  Lam.  Branches  terete,  pubescent ;  leaves  smooth, 
round-ovate,  spinj'-toothed,  short-petioled  ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
umbellately  3-4-flowered  ;  calyx  4-toothed  ;  petals  rounded  ;  drupe  obovate, 
pointed  with  the  persi-stent  style.  —  South  Florida.  —  A  small  shrub.  Leaves 
i'-f  long. 

3.  M.  latifolia,  Swartz.  Branches  4-angled  ;  leaves  elliptical  or  obovate, 
obtuse,  crenate,  smooth,  nearly  sessile ;  peduncles  few-flowered,  forking,  ^' 
or  less  long,  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  style  distinct,  4-lobed ;  drupe  obovate.  — 
Pine  Key,  South  Florida  (Cwrfiss).  —  Shrub  10° -15°  high.  Leaves  V-2' 
long.     Flowers  and  drupe  red. 

2.     GYMINDA,  Sargent. 

Flowers  dioecious,  tetramerous,  cymuse.  Disk  cup-shaped,  fleshy,  4-lobed. 
Ovary  2-celled,  with  a  single  suspended  ovule  in  each  cell.  Stigma  sessile, 
2-lobed.  Drupe  1-seeded.  Radicle  superior.  Embryo  large,  in  thin  albu- 
men. —  A  smooth  shrub  or  small  tree,  the  branchlets  4-angled.  Leaves 
coriaceous,  opposite,  obovate,  short-petioled,  the  revolute  margins  obscurely 
crenate.     Cymes  axillary,  few-flowered.     Drupe  black. 

1.  G.  Grisebachii,  Sargent.  (Myginda?  latifolia,  \st  edit.  M.  integri- 
folia,  II BK.)  —  Keys  of  South  Florida. 

3.     SCH^PFERIA,   Jacq. 

Flowers  dia^cious.  Sepals  4,  barely  united  at  the  base,  rounded,  3-furrowed. 
Petals  4,  spatulate-oblong,  much  longer  than  the  calyx.  Stamens  4.  Ovary 
2-celled.  Stigmas  2,  sessile.  Drupe  dry,  2-celled,  2-seeded.  Embryo  in 
oily  albumen.  Radicle  inferior.  — "Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  leaves,  and 
small  greenish  flowers  in  axillary  clusters. 


80  CKI.ASTltACK.E.       (sTAKK-TKKK    l-'AMILV.) 

1.  S.  frutescens,  .Iaii|.  Sinontli;  leaves  olKivate-uliloiijr,  entire,  acute 
or  t)l)tiise  ;  (lowers  :i  -  .'>  in  a  cluster,  tlie  slender  jiodicels  arisin;^  from  a  wart- 
like jic'ilunde;  drnjie  glohose.  —  South  Florida.  —  A  small  tree  with  hard 
aud  dose  f;;rained  wood.     Loaves  I}/  long,  jialu  greeu. 

4.     EUONYMUS,    L.     Si-ini.lk-tui:e. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  flat,  4  -  5  cleft.  Petals  4  -  .5,  spreailing.  Stamen.s 
4  - ."),  very  shoit,  inserted  with  the  petals  under  the  hroad  and  tieshy  disk  w  Inch 
surrounds  the  ovary.  Ovary  3-  .'i-celled,  with  2  erect  or  resupinatc  ovules  iu 
each  cell.  Style  very  short.  Capsule  3-  5-celled,  loculicidally  3-5-valved. 
Seed  enclosed  in  a  red  pulpy  aril.  —  Erect  or  trailing  shruhs,  with  4-angled 
branches,  opposite  serrate  leaves,  aud  greenish  or  purplish  Mowers  iu  axillary 
pedunded  cymes. 

1.  E.  Americanus,  L.  Stuawberry  Brsn.  Flowers  greenish,  pen- 
tanierous ;  jieilunclos  1-3-flowered;  capsule  warty;  leaves  short-peti(jled, 
varying  from  ovate  or  obovate  to  linear-lanceolate,  serrulate.  —  Low  shady 
woods.     May  -  June.  —  Shrub  3°  -  6°  high.     Leaves  1'  -  2'  long. 

2.  E.  atropurpureus,  >Jac(i.  Flowers  ])urple,  tetramerous ;  peduncles 
many-riowered  ;  capsule  smooth ;  leaves  oblong,  on  rather  long  ])eti(»les,  ser- 
rulate.—  River  banks,  chiefly  iu  the  upper  districts.  May -June.  —  Shrub 
8°- 12°  high.     Leaves  2'-5' loug.     Flowers  dark  purple. 

5.     CELASTRUS,    L.     Staff-tree. 

Flowers  somewhat  dioecious.  Calyx  cup-shaped,  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  spread- 
ing. Stamens  5,  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  edge  of  the  cup-shaped 
fleshy  disk  which  fills  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  abortive  iu  the  fertile  flower. 
Ovary  2-4-celled,  the  cells  2ovuled.  Style  thick.  Capsule  globose,  com- 
monly 3-celled  and  3-valved.  Seeds  1  -  2  in  each  cell,  enclosed  in  a  fleshy 
scarlet  aril.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  copious  fleshy  albumen.  —  Climbing 
shrubs,  witli  alternate  leaves,  and  small  greenish  flowers  in  axillary  or  ter- 
minal racemes. 

1.  C.  scandens,  L.  Leaves  oblong-ovate  or  obovate,  acuminate,  serrate, 
smooth ;  racemes  terminating  the  branches,  nearly  simple  ;  capsule  orange- 
colored.  —  Woods  and  banks  of  streams  along  the  mountains  of  North 
Carolina.     June. 

6.    MAYTENUS,   Jus.'*. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  flat,  5  cleft.  Petals  5.  Stamens  .5,  very  short, 
inserted  with  the  petals  under  t!ie  edge  of  the  flat  circular  disk  which  en- 
velopes the  ovary.  Ovary  2 -3-celled,  w-ith  a  solitary  erect  ovule  at  tlie  base 
of  each  cell.  Style  very  short  and  thick.  Stigma  2- 3-lobed.  Capsule  cori- 
aceous, 1 -3-celled,  loculicidally  2 -.3-valved,  yellow  within.  Seeds  1-3,  en- 
closed in  a  thin  pulpy  aril.  Embrvo  in  the  axis  of  thin  fleshy  albumen. — 
Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite  or  alternate.  Flowers  chiefly  in  axillary 
clusters. 


ILICTNE^.       (holly    FAMILY.)  81 

1 .  M.  phyllanthoides,  Benth.  Leaves  fleshy,  alternate,  obluug-obovate, 
obscurely  creuate  aud  reticulate,  glabrous ;  flowers  miuute,  clustered,  appar- 
parentjy  perfect;  capsule  obovate,  3-angled,  1-ceUed,  1-3-seeded.  —  South 
Florida.  —  Leaves  T  - 1^'  long. 

7.  PACHYSTIMA,   Eaf. 

Calyx  4-lobed.  Petals  and  stamens  4,  inserted  on  the  edge  of  the  disk 
that  fills  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Style  very  short ;  stigma  obscurely  2-lobed. 
Capsule  2-celled,  loculicidaUy  2-valved,  2-4-seeded,  the  seed  arillate. — Low 
shrubs,  with  opposite  persistent  leaves,  and  minute  axillary  flowers. 

1.  P.  Canbyi,  Gray.  Leaves  oblong-linear,  denticulate  near  the  tip; 
flowers  single,  or  clustered  on  the  common  peduncle  ;  petals  oblong-ovate. — 
Rocky  cliffs  on  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Virginia.  —  Shrub  1°  or 
more  high. 

8.  HIPPOCRATEA,   L. 

Calyx  small,  5-parted.  Petals  spreading,  valvate  or  imbricate.  Filaments 
recurved  ;  anthers  1  -  2-celled.  Disk  expanded.  Ovary  free.  Style  short, 
subulate,  3-cleft.  Ovules  2  -  6  in  each  cell.  Carpels  3,  united  at  the  base, 
2-valved,  or  indehiscent,  few-seeded.  Seeds  mostly  winged.  —  Climbing 
shrubs.     Cymes  or  panicles  dichotomous. 

1.  H.  OVata,  Lam.  Leaves  elliptical-oblong,  serrulate;  panicles  rusty- 
pubescent,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves ;  petals  oblong  ;  carpels  oval  or 
roundish.  —  Borders  of  the  Everglades  (Curt^'ss). 


Order  40.     ILICINE^gE.     (Holly  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  and  small  white  or 
greenish  flowers.  —  Calyx  4  -  9-toothed.  Corolla  hypogynous,  rotate, 
4  -9-parted,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4-9,  alternate  with  the 
lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  inserted  on  its  base  :  anthers  opening  length- 
wise. Ovary  free  from  the  calyx,  4  -  9-celled.  Stigma  lobed,  nearly 
sessile.  Drupe  berry -like,  composed  of  4-9  one-seeded  nutlets. 
Seeds  anatropous,  suspended.     Embryo  minute,  in  fleshy  albumen. 

1.       ILEX,    L.       HOLLT. 

Flowers  perfect  or  dioeciously  polygamous,  of  4  -  9  parts.  Drupe  containing 
4-9  nutlets. — Leaves  evergreen  or  deciduous.  Fertile  flowers  commonly 
solitary  on  the  young  branches,  the  sterile  ones  mostly  in  sessile  or  peduncled 
clusters  or  cymes. 

§  1.     Aquifolicm.  —  Parts  of  the  flower  ^•.  drupe  red :  nutlets  ribbed  or  veiny 
on  the  back:  leaves  evergreen. 

1-  I.  opaca,  Ait.  (Holly.)  Smooth;  leaves  oval,  concave,  wavy  and 
spiny  on  the  margins ;  sterile  flowers  cymose,  on  slender  peduncles ;  calyx 
lobes  acute.  —  Sandy  soil.     April  -  May.  —  A  small  tree. 

6 


82  iLicixK.'t:.     (holly  family.) 

2.  I.  Dahoon,  Walt.  Young  brandies,  lower  surface  of  the  loaves,  and 
clusters  more  or  less  pubescent;  leaves  varying  from  ohovateto  oliiong-liuear, 
acute  or  obtuse,  niucronate,  entire,  or  sharply  serrate  above  the  miiidle,  on 
short  petioles;  sterile  ])eiluncles  many-flowered,  tiie  fertile  shorter,  and  mostly 
1-flowered ;  calyx  teeth  acute;  nutlets  .■j-ribl)ed  on  the  back.  (I.  laurifolia, 
Nult.  I.  ligustrina.  Ell.)  —  Var.  myutifoha.  Leaves  small  {Y  -  1'),  linear- 
oblong,  entire,  or,  on  the  young  branches,  sharjily  2-4-toothed  toward  the 
apex.  (I.  myrtifolia,  M'ltlt.)  —  Margins  of  swamps  and  pine  l)arren  ponds, 
South  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  April-  May.  —  A  hantl- 
some  shrub  or  small  tree.     Leaves  2'  -  3'  long. 

3.  I.  Cassine,  L.  (Yaipon.)  —  Leaves  small  (^'-1'  long),  oval  or 
oblong,  obtuse,  crenate  ;  clusters  very  numerous,  nearly  sessile :  calyx  lobes 
minute,  obtuse.  —  Light  sandy  soil  along  the  coast,  Florida  to  North  Caro- 
lina. April.  —  Shrub  8*^-12°  high,  slender,  the  short  spreading  branches 
often  spine-like.     Fruit  clustered,  abundant. 

§  2.     Prixoides.  —  Ports  of  the  flower  4  -  G  :  drupe  red  or  purple :  nutlets 
4-6,  rihhcd  on  the  hack :  shrubs  :  leaves  deciduous. 

4.  I.  decidua,  Walt.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  obtusely  serrate, 
pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole ;  flowers  on 
short  pedicels,  in  sessile  clusters ;  calyx  teeth  smooth,  acute.  —  Varies  with 
the  leaves  smooth  on  both  sides,  and  the  flowers  on  longer  pedicels.  —  River 
swapips.     April  -  May.  —  A  large  shrub.    Leaves  1'  -  2'  long.     Drupe  red. 

5.  I.  ambigua,  Chapm.  Branches  slender  ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  acute 
or  somewhat  acuminate,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  smooth  on  both  sides,  or 
rarely,  like  the  branchlets,  softly  pubescent ;  pedicels  of  the  sterile  flowers 
clustered,  longer  than  the  petioles  ;  those  of  the  fertile  ones  very  short,  soli- 
tary ;  calyx  teeth  obtuse,  ciliate.  —  Sandy  margins  of  swamps.  April.  —  A 
shrub  or  small  tree.     Leaves  l'-4'  long. 

6.  I.  longipes,  Chapm.  Smooth ;  leaves  1 '  -  2'  long,  thin,  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  slender-petioled,  appressed-serrate  ;  peduncles 
1'-]^'  long,  the  sterile  clustered,  the  fertile  single;  calyx  lobes  acute; 
style  very  short.  —  Rocky  woods  in  the  upper  districts.  May.  —  Shrub 
3° -6°  high. 

7.  I.  mollis,  Gray.  Leaves  thin,  oval  or  oblong,  acuminate,  sharply 
serrulate,  downy ;  sterile  flowers  very  numerous,  in  umbel-like  clusters,  the 
pedicels  shorter  than  the  petiole,  soft-downy,  like  the  calyx  ;  fertile  peduncles 
very  short.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

8.  I.  monticola,  Gray.  Leaves  thin,  ovate  or  lance-oblong,  acuminate, 
smooth,  sharply  serrate  ;  fertile  flowers  very  shcrt-peduncled ;  calyx  ciliate. 
(L  ambigua,  Torr.)  — Mountains  of  North  Carolina  {Gray).  —  Leaves  3' -5' 
long. 

9.  I.  Amelanchier,  >L  A.  Curtis.  Leaves  oblong,  barely  acute  at  each 
end,  serrulate,  pubescent  and  finely  reticulate  beneath;  fruiting  pedicels  soli- 
tary, as  long  as  the  petioles ;  drupe  large,  red ;  nutlets  strongly  3-ribbed  on 
the  back;  calyx  teeth  acute.  —  Swamps,  ^Mississippi  to  North  Carolina. — 
Leaves  about  2'  long,  1'  wide.     Drupe  3"-  4"  in  diameter. 


CYRILLACE.E.       (CTRILLA    FAMILY.)  83 

§  3.     Prinos.  —  Parts  of  the  flower  mosthj  6-9  :  nutlets  smooth  and  even 

on  the  back. 

*   Leaves  deciduous :  drupe  red. 

10.  I,  verticillata,  Gray.  Leaves  (thick)  oval,  obovate,  or  wedge- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  rather  coarsely  serrate,  paler  and  pubescent  beneath ; 
flowers  all  clustered,  6-parted,  on  short  pedicels ;  fruit  abundant.  —  Low 
ground.  April. — A  large  shrub.  Leaves  about  2' long.  Pedicels  shorter 
than  the  petioles. 

11.  I.  lanceolata.  Leaves  lanceolate,  finely  and  remotely  serrate, 
acute  at  each  end,  smooth  on  both  sides,  membranaceous ;  fertile  flowers 
scattered  generally  in  pairs,  6-parted ;  sterile  ones  clustered,  triandrous ; 
drupes  small.  (Prinos  lanceolatus,  Pursh.)  — Lower  districts  of  Georgia  and 
South  Carolina,  Pursh.     June.     (*) 

*  *  Leaves  smooth,  evergreen :  drupe  black. 

12.  I.  glabra,  Gray.  Leaves  wedge-oblong  or  obovate,  crenately  2-4- 
toothed  near  the  apex ;  sterile  peduncles  many-flowered ;  the  fertile,  1- 
fiowered ;  flowers  all  6  -  9-parted.  —  Low  pine  barrens.  May.  —  Shrub  2°  -  4° 
high. 

13.  I.  lucida,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Leaves  oval  or  oblong-obovate,  entire  or 
with  sharp  scattered  teeth,  viscid  when  young  ;  peduncles  1 -flowered,  the 
sterile  ones  mostly  clustered,  the  fertile  solitary ;  flowers  6  -  9-parted.  (Prinos 
coriaceus.  Ell. }  —  Wet  thickets,  Florida,  Georgia,  and  westward.  May.  — 
Shrub  4° -8°  high. 


Order  41.     CYRILLACE^E.     (Cyrilla  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  evergreen  leaves,  without  stipules, 
and  perfect  white  flowers  in  lateral  or  terminal  racemes.  —  Calyx  of 
4-5  sepals.  Petals  5  -  8,  hypogynous,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens 
5  -  10,  inserted  with  the  petals  :  anthers  introrse,  opening  lengthwise. 
Ovary  2  -  4-celled,  with  a  single  suspended  ovule  in  each  cell.  Stigma 
entire  or  2  -  4-lobed.  Fruit  2  -  4-seeded.  Embryo  straight  in  the  axis 
of  fleshy  albumen.     Radicle  superior. 

1.     CYRILLA,  Garden. 

Calyx  small,  5-sepalous,  persistent.  Corolla  5-petalous,  spreading,  decidu- 
ous. Starriens  5,  opposite  the  sepals,  subulate,  spreading  :  anthers  oval.  Style 
persistent :  stigma  2-lobed.  Drupe  ovate,  2-celled,  2-seeded ;  the  pericarp 
spongy.  —  A  smooth  shrub  or  small  tree.  Leaves  entire.  Racemes  clustered 
at  the  base  of  the  branches  of  the  sea.son,  rigid,  spreading.  Flowers  small, 
on  short  2-bracted  pedicels. 

1.  C.  racemiflora,  Walt.  Leaves  oldong  or  obovateoblong  (2' -4' 
long),  on  short  petioles  ;  racemes  straight,  many-flowered  ;  drupe  dry,  ovate, 
tipped  with  the  conspicuous  slender  style,  mostly  1-seeded.  —  Varies  with 
smaller  (I'-l^')  oblanceolate  and  more  rigid  leaves,  and  the  nearly  globuse 


84  SAri.NDACK.K.        (S(tAl"-Iti:KI{V    1  AMILV.) 

(Iriiiic  ti|)|n'il  witli  the  sliorl  ami  tliick  style.  — Sliaily  banks,  ami  (the  variet\') 
iu  j)iiR'-l)arreii  ponds,  Floriilu  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  July.  — 
liaecnies  ;3'  -  6'  lnn^. 

2.     CLIFTONIA,  Banks.     Tin. 

Calyx  niinntc,  composed  of  5  -  8  scale-like  persistent  sepals.  Petals  5  -  8, 
ohovate,  concave,  short-clawed,  spreading.  Stamens  mostly  10,  in  2  rows  ; 
the  filaments  erect,  thick,  contracted  al)ove  the  middle;  those  oj)posite  the 
petals  longer  :  anthers  round.  IStigma  sessile,  3 -4-lobed.  Drupe  dry,  3-4- 
winged,  3  -  4-celled,  with  a  single  linear  seetl  in  each  cell.  —  A  shruh  or  small 
tree.  Leaves  oblong,  smooth,  and  somewiiat  glaucous.  Racemes  terminal, 
many-flowered,  with  leafy  deciduous  bracts.     Drupes  nodding. 

1.  C.  ligUStrina,  Banks.  (Mylocarium,  Willd.)  —  Pine  barren  ponds 
and  swam])s,  Florida  and  the  lower  districts  of  Georgia,  westward.  March - 
April.  —  Leaves  2'  long,     llacemes  2'  -  4'  long.     Flowers  white,  fragrant. 

Order  42.    STAPHYLEACE^i:.     (Bladder-xut  Family). 

Erect  shrubs,  with  opiaosite  pinnate  stipulate  leaves,  and  perfect 
regular  pentaudrous  flowers.  —  Calyx  o-parted,  colored.  Petals  and 
stamens  5,  perigynous.  Ovary  2  -  3-celled.  Ovules  1  -8  in  each  cell, 
attached  to  the  central  angle  of  the  cell.  Fruit  capsular  or  bac- 
cate. Seeds  bony,  truncated  at  the  base.  Embryo  straight  in  scanty 
albumen. 

1.     STAPHTLEA,  L.    Bladder-nut. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  erect,  persistent.  Petals  ohovate,  erect,  alternate 
with  the  sepals,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  inserted  with  the  jietals 
on  the  edge  of  the  5-lobed  disk  which  fills  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Ovary  3- 
celled,  the  cells  sometimes  separate  above,  6  -  8-ovuled.  Capsule  3-lobed, 
membranaceous,  inflated,  few-seeded.  —  Leaflets  stipellate.  Flowers  white, 
in  drooping  compound  racemes. 

1.  S.  trifolia,  L.  Leaves  trifoliolate  ;  leaflets  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate, 
pubescent  beneath,  the  terminal  one  long-stalked  ;  racemes  lateral  and  termi- 
nal ;  styles  3,  connivent ;  capsule  reticulated,  1  -  3  seeded.  —  Damp  woods,  in 
the  upper  districts.    May.  —  Shrub  10°  high.    Capsules  2'  long,  1'  in  diameter. 


Order  43.     SAPINDACE.iE.     (Soap-berrv  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  rarely  herbs,  with  exstipulate  alternate  or  opposite 
leaves,  and  chiefly  irregular  7  -  12-androns  flowers,  imbricated  in  the 
bud.  —  Cah'x  4  -  5-lobed.  Petals  4-12,  inserted  with  the  stamens  on 
a  hypogj-nous  or  somewhat  perigynous  disk,  rarely  none.  Anthers 
opening  lengthwise.  Ovary  2  -  4-celled,  the  cells  1  -  2-ovuled.  Seeds 
without  albumen.  Embi-yo  mostly  curved  or  convolute.  Cotyledons 
incumbent,  fleshy. 


SAPINDACE^.       (SOAP-BERBT    FAMILY.)  85 

Synopsis. 

Tribe  I.     DODONE^.     Ovules  2  -  3  in  each  cell.     Embryo  spirally  coiled.     Cotyle- 
dous  distinct.  —  Leaves  alternate. 

1.  DODON^EA.     Ovules  2  in  each  celL     Petals  none.     Capsule  2 -4- winged. 

Teibe  II.     SAPINDE^.   Ovules  usually  solitary.    Embryo  curved  or  straight.    Coty- 
ledons distuiot.  —  Leaves  alternate. 

2.  HYPELATE.     Ovules  2-3  in  each  cell.     Petals  4  - 5,  regular.     Fruit  drupaceous. 

3.  SAPINDUS.     Ovules  solitary.     Petals  5,  regular.     Fruit  baccate. 

4.  CARDIOSPERMUM    Ovules  solitary.    Petals  4,  irregular.    Fruit  a  bladder-like  capsiile. 
Tribe  III.     HIPPOCASTANE.33.     Ovules  2  in  each  cell.     Embryo  roundish.    Coty- 
ledons very  thick  and  partly  united.     Leaves  opposite. 

5.  ^SCULUS.     Calyx  5-lobed.     Petals  4-5,  unequal.  —  Leaves  digitate. 

Tribe  IV.     ACERINE^E.     Ovules  2  iu  each  celL     Embryo  coiled  or  folded.     Cotyledons 
distinct.     Styles  2,  separate.     Fruit  a  double  samara.     Leaves  opposite. 

6.  ACER.     Flowers  polygamous.     Leaves  simple,  palmately  nerved. 

7.  NEGUNDO.     Flowers  dioecious.     Leaves  pinnate. 

L     DODONJEA.  L. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous.  Calyx  3-5-parted.  Petals  none.  Sta- 
mens 5  -  8 ;  anthers  thick,  on  short  filaments.  Ovary  3  -  4-celled,  with  2  ovules 
in  each  cell ;  the  upper  one  ascending,  the  lower  pendulous  Styles  united. 
Capsule  membranaceous,  2-4-winged,  septicidally  2-4-valved,  the  cells  1-2- 
seeded.  Embryo  spirally  coiled.  ^  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  chiefly  simple 
leaves,  and  axillary  or  terminal  whitish  or  greenish  flowers. 

1.  D.  viseosa,  L.  Leaves  viscid,  obovate-oblong,  entire,  parallel-veined ; 
racemes  axillary  and  terminal,  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  capsule  3-wiuged,  3- 
seeded.  —  South  Florida.  —  Shrubs  6° -  10°  high.     Flowers  greenish. 

2.     HYPELATE,  P.  Browne. 

Calyx  3-5-parted.  Petals  4 -.5,  regular.  Stamens  6  -  10,  inserted  on  the 
inner  face  of  the  cup-shaped  disk  which  fills  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Ovary 
2-celled,  with  2-3  pendulous  ovules  in  each  cell.  Styles  united.  Stigma 
2-lobed.  Drupe  globose,  1  -  2-seeded.  Embryo  erect.  Trees  with  alternate 
trifoliolate  or  abruptly  pinnate  leaves,  and  clustered  or  panicled  polj'gamous 
flowers. 

1.  H.  trifoliata,  P.  Browne.  Leaves  trifoliolate  ;  leaflets  obovate,  coria- 
ceous, glabrous,  entire  ;  panicles  corymbose,  slender,  axillary,  longer  than 
the  leaves,  few-flowered ;  calyx  3  -  4-parted,  pubescent  within ;  petals  4, 
ciliate ;  drupe  black,  1-seeded.  —  South  Florida.  —  A  small  tree,  with  brittle 
branches.  Leaflets  1'  long,  with  fine  oblique  parallel  veins.  Flowers  small, 
white.     Stamens  6-8. 

2.  H.  paniculata,  Don.  Leaves  abruptly  pinnate  ;  leaflets  2  or  4,  ob- 
long, obtuse,  entire,  smooth,  opposite ;  panicles  axillary  and  terminal,  with 
compressed  branches ;  flowers  hoary-tomentose  ;  calyx  lobes  and  petals  4, 
rounded ;  cells  of  the  ovary  2-ovuled.  —  South  Florida.  —  Branches  purplish, 
dotted  with  white.     Leaflets  2' -3'  long. 


86  SAPIXDACE.K.        (SOAI'-BEUKY     FAMIIA'.) 

3.    SAPINDUS,  L.    SoAP-itKitKv. 

Culvx  r)-])iirtetl,  tleciduous.  I'otals  5,  regular,  with  a  scale  at  the  base  of 
each  within.  Staineus  8-10,  inserted  on  the  hvpogynous  disk.  .Styles 
united.  Stigmas  3.  Ovary  3-celled,  the  cells  1-ovuled.  Fruit  liaccate,  glo- 
bose or  2-3-lol)ed,  1  -3-seeded.  Seeds  bony.  Embryo  incurved.  —  'I'rees, 
with  abruptly  pinnate  leaves,  and  small  polygamous  flowers  iu  axillary  or 
terminal  racemes  or  panicles. 

1.  S.  marginatus,  Wild.  Petioles  wingless;  leaflets  9- 18,  opposite  or 
alternate,  ovatc-laiict-ohite,  unequal-sided,  strongly  veined  above;  i)anicles 
large,  dense-flowered  ;  fruit  glol)ose.  —  Georgia  and  Florida,  near  the  coast, 
and  westward.  —  A  tree  20*^-40°  high.     Flowers  white. 

2.  S.  Saponaria,  L.  Petioles  broadly  winged ;  leaflets  6  or  8,  nearly 
opposite,  rather  rigid,  oblong,  obtuse,  mostly  equal-sided,  pubescent  beneath; 
panicle  tomentose,  canesceut ;  fruit  globose.  —  Coast  of  South  Florida.  — 
A  small  tree. 

4.    CARDIOSPEEMUM,  L. 

Sepals  4,  the  2  outer  cues  much  shorter.  Petals  4,  irregular,  each  with  a 
petal-like  scale  at  the  base  within;  those  of  the  2  outer  petals  entire,  the 
others  with  a  crested  ajjpeudage  on  the  inner  edge.  Stamens  8.  Disk  2- 
glandular.  Cells  of  the  ovary  1-ovuled.  Style  3-cleft.  Capsule  3-angled, 
3-celled,  loculicidally  3-valved,  inflated.     Seed  furnished  with  a  cordate  aril. 

—  Herbs,  cliinl>ing  by  tendrils.     Leaves  biternate. 

1.  C.  Halicacabum,  L.  —  South  Florida,  aj^pareutly  native,  and  not 
uncommon  in  cultivation.  —  Annual.  Stem  slender.  Leaflets  ovate-lanceo- 
late, incisely  lol)ed  and  toothed.     Capsule  pear-shaped,  1'  iu  diameter 

5.    .ffiSCULUS,  L.     HoRSECHESTNUT..    Buckeye 

Calyx  5-lobed,  unequal.  Petals  4-5,  unequal,  clawed.  Stamens  5-8, 
usually  7,  inserted  on  the  aunnlar  hypogynous  disk.  Style  slender.  Ovary 
3-celled,  the  cells  2-ovuled.  Capsule  coriaceous,  1  -3-celled,  loculicidally  2-3- 
valved,  1  -3-seeded.  Cotyledons  very  large  and  thick,  partly  luiited.  —  Trees 
or  shrubs,  with  opposite  long-petioled  digitate  leaves,  and  showy  polygamous 
flowers,  in  terminal  panicles. 

§  1.     JEsciJLUs  proper.  —  Fruit  pricUy. 

1.  J^.  glabra,  Willd.  Stamens  almost  twice  the  length  of  the  erect 
nearly  equal  pale  yellow  petals  ;  panicle  oldong-ovate,  loosely  flowered  ;  leaf- 
lets 5,  oval  or  oblong,  acuminate,  unequally  serrulate,  smooth  or  slightly  pu- 
bescent beneath.     (yE.  pallida.  Will'/.)  —  Banks  of  rivers,  Tennessee.     May 

-  June.  —  A  small  tree  with  rough  strong-scented  bark.     Flowers  small. 

§2.     Pavia.  —  Fruit  smooth. 

2.  .Si.  Pavia,  L.  Stamens  slightly  exserted ;  claws  of  the  two  upper 
petals  as  long  as  the  tubular  calyx  ;  panicle  oblong  ;  leaflets  5,  varying  from 
lanceolate  to  oval,  short-acuminate,  finely  serrate,  smooth,  or  nearly  so,  on 
both  surfaces.  —  Rich  soil.  March  -  May. —  A  shrub,  or  iu  the  upper  districts 
a  small  tree.     Flowers  red. 


SAPINDACE.E.        (SOAP-BERKY    FAMILY.)  87 

3.  ^.  flava,  Ait.  Stamens  included ;  claws  of  the  lateral  petals  longer 
than  the  tubular-campauulate  calyx ;  panicle  oblong,  pubescent ;  leaflets  5-7, 
obovate-oblong,  acuminate,  finely  serrate,  pubescent  beneath.  —  Rich  soil,  in 
the  middle  and  upper  districts  of  Georgia  to  North  Carolina.  April -May. 
—  A  shrub  or  small  tree.  Flowers  pale  yellow.  JE.  discolor,  Pursh,  is  a 
forna  of  this  species  with  more  strongly  serrate  leaflets,  and  flesh-colored  or 
dull  purple  flowers. 

4.  JS^.  parviflora,  Walt.  Stamens  3  times  as  long  as  the  corolla  ;  claws 
of  the  nearly  similar  petals  longer  than  the  obconical  calyx ;  panicle  race- 
mose, very  long;  leaflets  5-7,  oval-obovate,  tomentose  beneath.  —  Upper 
districts  of  Georgia  and  South  Carolina.  April-May.  —  Shrub  3°-9°  high. 
Flowers  white.     Stamens  6  or  7. 

6.     ACER,   L.     Maple. 

Flowers  polygamous.     Petals  usually  5-8,  or  none.     Stamens  4-12. — 
Leaves  simple,  palmately  lobed.     Flowers  clustered  or  racemose. 
*  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  appearing  after  the  leaves. 

1.  A.  Pennsylvanicum,  L.  (Striped  Maple.)  Racemes  simple, 
drooping;  flowers  (15-25)  large;  petals  obovate ;  leaves  slightly  cordate, 
with  3  acuminate  finely  serrate  lobes  ;  samara  large.  (A.  striatum.  Lam.)  — 
Banks  of  mountain  streams,  Georgia  and  Carolina.  May.  —  A  shrub  or 
small  tree,  with  striped  bark.     Flowers  greenish. 

2.  A.  spieatum,  Lam.  (Mountain  Maple.)  Racemes  compound, 
erect ;  flowers  small,  very  numerous ;  petals  linear-spatulate ;  leaves  cordate, 
3-lobed,  coarsely  serrate  ;  samara  small.  —  With  the  preceding.  —  Shrub  6°- 
10°  high.     Leaves  pubescent  beneath. 

*  *  Flowers  on  long  and  drooping  umbellate  or  corymbose  pedicels,  developed 

from  lateral  and  terminal  buds. 

3.  A.  saccharum,  Marsh.,  var.  barbatum,  Trelease.  Leaves  2'-4' 
wide,  paler  beneath,  truncate,  or  cordate  with  a  shallow  sinus,  3-lobed,  the 
lobes  entire,  contracted  and  acuminate  above  the  middle,  slender-petioled ; 
wings  6" -9"  long,  divergent,  the  pedicels  long  and  mostly  dichotomous; 
calyx  and  ovaries  bearded.  —  Rocky  banks,  Georgia,  Tennessee,  and  west- 
ward.    March- April. 

4.  A.  Floridanum,  Chaprn.  Leaves  smooth  and  shining  above,  downy 
and  canescent  beneath,  2'  -  4'  wide,  truncate  and  slightly  cordate  at  the  base, 
3  -  5-lobed,  the  lobes  short,  obtuse,  and  mostly  3-toothed ;  wings  nearly  erect ; 
calyx  bearded.  (Var.  acuminatum,  Trelease,  the  leaves  green  on  both  sides, 
the  lobes  acuminate.) — Rocky  woods,  Florida  and  westward,  the  var.  in  the 
upper  districts. 

*  *  *  Flowers  on  short  a7id  erect  clustered  pedicels,  developed  from  lateral  buds, 

and  appearing  before  the  leaves:  fruiting  pedicels  long  and  drooping. 

5.  A.  dasycarpum,  Ehrh.  (Silver  Maple.)  Leaves  cordate,  3-5- 
lobed,  sharply  toothed  and  serrate,  white  beneath ;  petals  none ;  samara  large, 
woolly  when  young.  —  Banks  of  rivers.  Feb.  -  March.  —  A  tree  30°  -  50°  high, 
with  soft  wood.     Flowers  yellowish. 


88  POLYGALACEiK.       (miLKWOKT    FAMILY.) 

C.  A.  rubrum,  L.  (Ki;i»  or  Swami-  Mai'lk.)  Leaves  3-5-lol)C(l,  or 
Uiulividinl,  .siiiootli  or  puliesieiit,  eilliur  lurdatc  ur  rounded,  or  soiiieliiiies  acute 
at  the  lijisc,  toothed  and  serrate,  white  heneatli ;  petals  ohloiijj  or  linear;  sa- 
mara small,  smooth.  —  Swaiiiiis.  I'eli.  -  .March.  —  A  small  tiee.  Flowers 
aud  fruit  red. 

7.     NEGUNDO,     Mauch.     Ash-leaved  Maple. 

Flowers  diaeious.  Caly.\  minute.  Petas  uone.  Stamens  4-5,  hypogynous, 
—  A  small  tree,  with  smooth  green  bark.  Leaves  ])innately  3  -  .'j-foliohite,  the 
leaflets  ovate  or  ohloug,  lohed  or  toothed.  Flowers  small,  greenish;  the 
sterile  ones  on  long  and  drooping  clustered  jjedicels,  the  fertile  ones  racemose, 
both  from  lateral  l)uds  appearing  witii  or  before  the  leaves. 

1.   N.  aceroides,  Moench. —  Uiver  banks.     March -April. 


Order  41.     MALPIGHIACE.S:.     (Malpigiiia  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  simple  dotless  and  inostly  stipulate 
leaves,  and  regular  racemose  or  corymbose  flowers  on  usually  jointed 
pedicels.  —  Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  5,  alternate  with  the  calyx  lobes, 
unguiculate,  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  10,  alternate  with  tlie 
petals,  and  inserted  with  them  on  a  hypogynous  disk  :  anthers  round- 
ish. Ovary  solitary,  mostly  3-lobed,  consisting  of  three  more  or  less 
united  carpels.  Styles  3,  distinct  or  united.  Fruit  composed  of  one 
to  three  l-seeded  cells  or  carpels.  Seeds  pendulous,  without  albumen. 
Cotyledons  thick  or  leafy. 

1.    BYRSONIMA,   Kich. 

Calyx  with  10  glands  at  the  base  without.  Petals  5.  Stamens  monadel- 
phous  at  tlie  base.  Styles  3.  Fruit  drupaceous,  3  celled,  3-seeded.  —  Racemes 
terminal,  simple  or  branched. 

I.  B.  lucida,  Rich.  Smooth;  stem  much-branched ;  leaves  coriaceous, 
wedge-obovate,  obtuse,  entire,  short-petioled,  shining  above,  paler  beneath, 
veinless ;  racemes  erect,  bracted,  simple,  twice  the  length  of  the  leaves ;  pedi- 
cels slender,  spreading-  petals  yellow,  orbicular-cordate,  wavy,  long-clawed  ; 
drupe  smooth,  globose.  —  South  Florida.  —  A  small  shrub.  Leaves  1' long. 
Drupe  as  large  as  a  grain  of  pepper. 


Order  45.     POL<YGALACE.^.     (Milkwort  Family.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  entire  exstipulate  leaves,  and  irregular  hy- 
pogynous monadelphous  or  diadelphous  flowers. — Anthers  1-celled, 
opening  by  a  terminal  pore.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  a  single  anatropous 
pendulous  ovule  in  each  cell.  Seeds  often  carunculate.  Embryo 
straight  in  scanty  albumen.     Radicle  superior. 


POLYGALACE^.        (MILKWORT    FAMILY.)  89 

1.     POLYGALA,  L.    Milkwort. 

Sepals  5,  persistent,  unequal ;  the  two  lateral  ones  (ivings)  larger  and  petal- 
like. Petals  3,  more  or  less  united ;  the  middle  one  (keel)  larger,  and  usually 
crested  at  the  apex.  Stamens  8,  rarely  6,  united  into  a  tube,  or  into  two  equal 
sets,  and  also  with  the  claws  of  the  petals.  Style  curved,  clavate.  Stigma 
terminal  or  lateral.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-seeded.  Seeds  suspended,  caruncu- 
late.  —  Chiefly  herbs.  Leaves  alternate  or  whorled.  Flowers  in  terminal 
spikes  or  racemes,  rarely  axillary,  or  radical  and  incomplete. 

§  1.  Flowers  in  globose  or  oblo7i(j  more  or  less  compact  spikes. 
Spikes  corymbose :  biennials. 

1 .  P.  cymosa,  Walt.  Stem  tall,  simple ;  leaves  scattered,  linear,  acute, 
the  upper  bract-like,  the  lowest  long  (6' -9')  and  crowded;  corymbs  simple 
or  compound  ;  wings  oblong,  abruptly  acute  ;  seeds  minute,  globose-obovate, 
smooth ;  caruncle  none.  —  Pine  barren  ponds.  July.  —  Stems  2°  -  4°  high. 
Flowers  yellow. 

2.  P.  ramosa,  Ell.  Stem  low,  simple,  or  branching  and  leafy  from  the 
base  to  the  summit ;  leaves  fleshy,  lanceolate,  acute,  scattered,  the  lowest  sjjatu- 
late-obovate,  obtuse,  crowded ;  corymbs  compound,  fastigiate ;  wings  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate ;  lobes  of  the  caruncle  small,  roundish,  embracing  the 
base  of  the  minute  oval  hairy  seed.  — Low  open  pine  barrens.     July -Sept. 

—  Stems  6'-  12'  high.     Flowers  yellow. 

3.  P.  Baldwinii,  Nutt.  Stem  angled,  simple ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute, 
the  lowest  spatulate ;  corymbs  compound ;  spikes  dense ;  wings  ovate-lance- 
olate, tapering  into  a  long  and  slender  point ;  seeds  very  small,  globose,  hairy ; 
caruncle  minute.  —  Low  pine  barrens  near  the  coast,  Georgia,  and  westward. 
July -August.  —  Stem  1°-!^°  h'gli-  Leaves  i'-l'  long.  Flowers  white, 
fragrant. 

*  *  Spikes  solitary/ :  leaves  alternate. 

•t-   Flowers  yellow :  biennials. 

4.  P.  lutea,  L.  (Yellow  Bachelor's-Button.)  Stem  simple  or  with 
spreading  branches  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  the  lowest  clustered,  spatulate- 
obovate,  obtuse ;  spikes  dense,  globose  or  oblong ;  wings  elliptical,  abruptly 
pointed ;  lobes  of  the  caruncle  nearly  as  long  as  the  obovate  sparse-hairy  seed. 

—  Low  pine  barrens.     June -August.  —  Stem  6' -12' high.     Flowers  orange- 
yellow. 

•  5.  P.  nana,  DC.  Low;  stems  divided  at  the  base  into  several  short 
peduncle-like  branches ;  leaves  chiefly  radical,  clustered,  spatulate  or  linear, 
obtuse ;  spikes  thick,  at  length  cylindrical,  the  earliest  ones  sessile ;  wings 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate ;  lobes  of  the  caruncle  half  as  long  as  the  obovate 
hairy  seed.  —  Low  sandy  pine  barrens,  flowering  throughout  the  year.  — 
Stems  2' -4'  high.     Spikes  V-2'  long. 

6.  P.  Rugelii,  Shuttlw.  Stem  mostly  branching;  leaves  alternate, 
lanceolate,  acute,  sessOe,  the  lowest  ones  clustered  and  narrowed  into  a  peti- 
ole ;  spikes  globose;  wings  oblong-obovate,  cuspidate;  seeds  and  caruncle 
as  in  No.  4.  —  Flat  pine  barrens.  East  Florida.  May  -  August.  —  Stem  1°  -  2'^ 
hio-h. 


90  rOLYGALACE.T:.       (MILKWUUT    FAMILY.) 

7.  P.  Reynoldsise,  Chaiim.  stems  stout,  at  l('ii<;th  brancliiiig  alH)ve 
(1°  or  iiKire  liigli) ;  leaves  laiueolate  ( 1 '  long),  the  lowest  clustered,  spatulate  ; 
flowers  large,  yellow,  scattered  in  a  long  (6'  or  more)  stout  tcriniual  raceme ; 
wings  elliptical,  mucrouate ;  caruncle  as  long  as  the  hairy  oval  seed.  —  St. 
Augustine,  Ea.«t  Florida  {Miss  liei/iiolds).  —  Anomalous  among  the  yellow- 
tlow  ered  species,  but  may  prove  to  be  a  form  of  the  preceding. 

■t-    -t-    F/oicrrs  purple  or  rose-color :  aniiiutis:  stems  branching. 

S.  P.  sanguinea,  L.  Leaves  oblong-linear,  acute ;  spikes  ovate  or 
roundish,  obtuse ;  Howers  imbricated ;  wings  Ijroadly  ovate,  obtuse,  sessile ; 
lobes  of  tiie  caruncle  ratlicr  sliorter  than  the  pear-.shaped  sparse-hairy  seed.  — 
Low  grounds.  North  Carolina.  July  -  Scjit. — Stems  1°  liigh.  Flowers  red- 
dish j)urple.     liracts  persistent. 

9.  P.  fastigiata,  Nutt.  Stems  slender,  at  first  simple ;  leaves  narrow- 
linear,  acute ;  spikes  globose,  obtuse  ;  wings  oblong-obovate  tapering  into  a 
distinct  claw  at  the  base;  caruncle  as  long  as  the  stalk  of  the  spar.se-hairy 
pear-shaped  seed.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  west- 
ward. July -Oct.  —  Stems  10'- 15'  liigh.  Leaves  erect.  Flowers  small, 
bright  rose-color.     Bracts  deciduous. 

10.  P.  Nuttallii,  Carey.  Leaves  short,  linear,  obtuse;  spikes  oblong, 
acute,  dense ;  wings  short,  elliptical,  slightly  clawed ;  lobes  of  the  caruncle 
collateral,  one  third  as  long  as  the  obovate  very  hairy  seed.  —  Dry  sandy  soil, 
Georgia  to  North  Carolina.  August.  —  Stem  4' -8'  high,  the  branches  fas- 
tigiate.  Spikes  and  greenish  and  purple  flowers  smaller  than  in  No.  9. 
Bracts  persistent. 

11.  P.  Curtissii,  Gray.  Stem  slender;  leaves  alternate,  narrow-linear ; 
racemes  long,  loosely  flowered ;  wings  narrowly  oblong,  erect,  twice  as  long 
as  the  capsule;  seeds  and  caruncle  as  in  No.  12.  —  U])per  districts.  July- 
August.  —  Stem  9'  high.     Flowers  rose-color.     Bracts  persistent. 

12.  P.  Chapmanii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stems  slender,  at  length  sparingly 
branched ;  leaves  scattered,  narrow-linear,  acute  ;  spikes  long,  lanceolate, 
acute,  loose-flowered;  wings  obovate,  short-clawed;  lobes  of  the  caruncle 
spreading,  as  long  as  the  stalked  base  of  the  pear-shaped  very  hairy  seed.  — 
Low  pine  liarrens  near  the  coast,  West  Florida,  and  westward.  June- 
August. —Stems  1°- li°  high.  Spikes  r- 2' long.  Flowers  bright  purple. 
Bracts  ])crsistent. 

13.  P.  incarnata,  L.  Stem  often  simple,  glaucous;  leaves  scattered, 
linear,  fleshy,  sometimes  minute  and  sul)ulate  ;  spikes  lanceolate,  acute,  dense 
flowered ;  petals  united  into  a  tube  which  is  twice  as  long  as  the  elliptical 
wings,  conspicuously  crested ;  carnnde  spongy,  as  long  as  the  stalk  of  the 
oval  hairy  seed.  —  Dry  sandy  soil.  June  -  August.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 
Bracts  deciduous.     Flowers,  and  often  the  rachis,  purple. 

14.  P.  setacea,  Michx.  Stems  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  slender; 
leaves  minute,  scale-like;  spikes  ol)long,  dense-flowered,  acute;  wings  oblong, 
acute,  as  long  as  the  i)etals  ;  caruncle  and  seeds  as  in  the  preceding,  —  Low 
pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  May  -July.  —  Stem 
1°  high.  Spikes  i'-V  long.  Flowers  pale  rose-color  or  whitish.  Bracts 
deciduous. 


POLYGALACE.E.       (MILKWORT    FAMILY.)  91 

*   *    *    Spilces  solitary  :  leaves  ichorled  :  Jiowers  purple. 

15.  P.  eruciata,  L.  Stem  erect,  4-angled,  simple  or  branched;  leaves 
in  fours,  linear  or  oblong-linear,  thick,  obtuse,  the  upper  ones  alternate ; 
spikes  large,  ovate,  becoming  cylindrical,  short-peduncled ;  wings  ovate, 
tapering  into  a  long  subulate  point ;  lobes  of  the  caruncle  linear,  collat- 
eral, as  long  as  tlie  smoothish  oval  seed.  —  Pine  barren  swamps.     July  -  Oct. 

—  Stem  6' -12' high.  Spikes  1'- 2' long,  f  thick.  Flowers  pale  rose-color. 
Bracts  persistent. 

16.  P,  brevifolia,  Nutt.  Stem  weak,  4-angled,  with  long  and  spreading- 
branches ;  leaves  thin,  lanceolate  or  linear,  acute,  the  lower  ones  in  fours ; 
spikes  small,  ovate,  long-peduucled ;  wings  lanceolate-ovate,  barely  pointed ; 
caruncle  as  long  as  the  obovate  hairy  seed.  —  Bogs,  in  the  lower  districts. 
July -Oct.  —  Stem  1°-1^°  long.  Spikes  scarcely  lialf  as  large  as  in  the 
preceding.     Flowers  reddish  purple.     Bracts  persistent. 

17.  P.  Hookeri,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stems  short,  weak,  much  branched,  4- 
angled ;  leaves  in  fours,  short,  linear,  acutish ;  spikes  long-ped uncled,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  loose-flowered  ;  wings  erect,  lanceolate-ovate,  acute  ; 
caruncle  as  long  as  the  ovoid  sparse-hairy  and  viscid  seed.  —  Low  grassy  pine 
barrens.  West  Florida  and  westward.  July -Sept.  —  Stems  6' -10'  high. 
Leaves  4"  -  6"  long ;  Flowers  pale  rose-color.     Bracts  persistent. 

§  2.  Flowers  in  slender  racemes  or  spikes. 
*   Leaves  alternate. 

18.  P,  grandiflora,  Walt.  Pubescent;  stems  branching;  leaves  lanceo- 
late ;  flowers  large,  crestless,  scattered  in  long  racemes ;  fruiting  pedicels 
drooping ;  wings  large,  orbicular,  erect ;  caruncle  enclosing  the  stalk  of  the 
oblong  hair}'  seed.  —  Varies  with  smoothish  linear  leaves,  and  smaller  flowers. 

—  Dry  light  soil,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward.  July  -  Sept.  %  — 
Stem  1°  high.  Racemes  3'- 6'  long,  often  lateral  by  the  prolongation  of  the 
stem.     Flowers  bright  purple,  turning  greenish. 

19.  P.  polygama,  W^alt.  Smooth;  stems  numerous,  simple;  leaves 
oblong-lLnear,  the  lowest  spatulate  or  obovate  ;  flowers  of  two  kinds,  one  kind 
showy  and  perfect,  borne  in  a  loose  terminal  raceme,  the  other  imperfect, 
but  fruiting,  in  radical  (rarely  axillary)  spikes;  wings  obovate;  caruncle 
half  as  long  as  the  obovate  very  hairy  seed.  —  Wet  or  dry  sandy  barrens, 
May  -June.  (2)  —  Stems  6'- 12'  high,  very  leafy.  Racemes  2' -6'  long. 
Flowers  purple. 

20.  P.  Senega,  L.  (Seneca  Snakeroot.)  Stems  several  from  a  thick 
woody  root,  erect  or  ascending,  simple,  or  branching  above  ;  leaves  numerous, 
lanceolate,  the  upper  ones  acute  (1'  long);  spike  cylindrical,  peduncled; 
wings  round  obovate,  as  long  as  the  capsule  ;  lobes  of  the  caruncle  linear,  as 
long  as  the  obovate  hairy  seed.  —  Var.  latifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem 
taller  (1°-1|°);  leaves  large  (2' -4'  long),  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute 
or  acuminate  at  each  end.  —  Dry  rocky  woods  in  the  upper  districts;  the 
variety  in  Tennessee.  May -June.  11 — Stems  8'- 12'  high.  Spikes  1'- 
1 .3'  long.     Flowers  greenish  white. 


02  KHAMEUIACK.E.       (KHATANV     I'-AMILV.) 

^1.  P.  alba,  Null.  SlLiiis  srviTjil  fi-Diii  ;i  suincwliiit  wooily  rudt,  erect  or 
asi-eiitlinjr,  aii^uhir,  at  lengtli  briiiiched  above;  leaves  linear,  uarrowed  toward 
the  liiuso ;  spike  Icjiig-pediuRled,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  tiower«  sliort- 
j)edicelled  ;  wings  oval,  rallier  longer  than  tlie  caj)sule  ;  lobes  of  the  caruncle 
shorter  than  the  oblong-obovate  very  hairy  seed.  —  Alal)aina  and   westward. 

—  Stems  h° -  i^  high.     Spikes  V-'3' long.     Flowers  white.     IJracts deciduous. 
'2-2.  P.  leptocaulis,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Annual;  stem  very  slender,  lirancli- 

ing,  l°-:i^  iiigli ;  leaves  J^' long,  scattered  ,  linear,  spikes  very  slender,  2'- 3' 
long,  loosely  Howered;  wings  i)ale  purjile,  elliptical-obovate,  as  long  as 
tlie  oWoug  capsule;  seeds  very  hairy;  caruncle  minute. — Missi.ssippi,  and 
westward. 

*    *    Leares  whorled :  flowers  small,  greenish  or  white,  in  slender  sjilkes. 

23.  P.  Boykinii,  Nutt.  Perennial ;  stems  numerous,  angled,  simple  or 
si)aringlv  branched;  leaves  4-5  in  a  wliorl,  the  lower  ones  oblong-obovate, 
till-  u\>\)iM-  lanceolate  and  scattered  ;  spike  linear,  loug-peduncled  ;  wings  obo- 
vate,  as  long  as  tiie  capsule;  caruncle  iialf  as  long  as  the  oblong-obovate 
curved  and  very  hairy  seed.  —  Kich  calcareous  soil,  Florida,  Georgia,  and 
westward.  May -July.  ^  —  Stems  1°  -  2°  liigh.  Leaves  1'  long.  Spikes 
2' -3' long.     Flowers  white. 

24.  P.  verticillata,  L-  Annual ;  stems  low,  4-augled,  much  branched ; 
leaves  4  -  5  iu  a  whorl,  linear,  acute,  the  u])per  ones  sciittered ;  spikes  lanceo- 
late ;  wings  roundish,  as  long  as  the  capsule ;  lobes  of  the  caruncle  half  as 
long  as  tlie  oblong  hairy  seed.  —  Dry  sandy  soil.  June  -  August.  —  Stem  4'  - 
8' iiigh.     Spikes  i'- r  loug.     Flowers  greenish  white. 

25.  P.  ambigua,  Nutt.  Very  closely  allied  to  the  preceding,  bat  taller 
(6' -1.5'  iiigh),  tlie  branches  erect;  leaves  usually  broader,  only  tlie  lower 
ones  verticillate  ;  spikes  more  slender,  more  loosely  flowered  ;  wings  white. 

—  Gravelly  hills  in  the  upper  districts.     May. 

26.  P.  leptOStachys,  Shuttlw.  Annual;  stems  filiform  or  setaceous, 
simple,  or  branched  above,  straight;  leaves  4-5  in  remote  whorls,  narrow- 
linear  or  filiform,  acute  ;  spike  linear,  loiig-peduncled  ;  wings  oval,  nearly 
se.ssile,  smaller  than  the  capsule  ;  caruncle  half  as  long  as  the  smooth  curved 
davate-obovate  seed. — Dry  sand  hills,  Florida.  May -August. —  Stems 
10'-  15'  high.     Flowers  greenish. 

§  3.     Flowers  axillary,  and  with  imperfect  radical  ones,  as  in  No.  19. 

27.  P,  paucifolia,  L.  rereunial ;  flowering  stems  erect,  simple,  leafy 
at  the  summit ;  loaves  large,  ovate,  alternate,  narrowed  into  a  petiole,  the 
lower  ones  bract-like;  flowers  (1-3)  pedunded,  crested,  very  large;  wings 
obovate ;  lobes  of  the  caruncle  subulate,  varying  in  length ;  seeds  hairy ; 
radical  spikes  bracted.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  and  Carolina.  May.  — 
Steins  4'  -6'  high,  from  a  long  prostrate  base.     Flowers  %'  long,  jiurple. 

Order  46.     KRAMERTACEiE.     (Riiatany  Family.) 

Silky-pubescent  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  diffuse  stems,  alternate 
leaves,  and  ii-regular  hj'pogynous  purplish  flowers,  on  axillary  2-bracted 


LEGUMINOS.li:.       (pulse    FAMILY.)  93 

and  jointed  peduncles.  —  Sepals  5,  colored,  deciduous.  Petals  5, 
shorter  than  the  sepals ;  the  3  posterior  ones  long-clawed,  often 
united  ;  the  2  anterior  broad,  sessile  and  fleshy.  Stamens  4,  the  pos- 
terior ones  distinct  or  united.  Anthers  2-celled,  opening  by  a  termi- 
nal pore.  Ovary  1-celled,  2-ovuled.  Fruit  1-seeded,  woody,  indehis- 
cent,  armed  with  hispid  prickles.  Albumen  none.  Radicle  concealed 
in  the  cotyledons. 

1.     KRAMERIA,  Loefl. 

Charafters  of  the  order. 

1-  K.  lanceolata,  Torr.  Herbaceous;  stems  slender,  prostrate,  mostly 
brauchiug;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  acute;  peduncles  longer  than  the 
leaves,  leafy-bracted  above  the  middle ;  claws  of  the  posterior  petals,  and 
stamens,  united ;  fruit  globose,  downy,  armed  with  few  strong  spreading 
spines. — Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida,  and  westward.  —  Root  long  and  woody. 
Stems  1°  long. 


Order  47.     LEGUMINOS^E.     (Pulse  Family.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  chiefly  compound  alternate  stipulate 
leaves,  and  papilionaceous  or  regular  perigynous  or  hypogynous 
flowers.  —  Sepals  5,  more  or  less  united.  Petals  5,  rarely  fewer,  or 
none.  Stamens  monadelphous,  diadelphous,  or  distinct.  Ovary 
simple,  free,  forming  a  legume  in  fruit.  Seeds  without  albumen. 
Leaves  almost  always  with  entire  margins. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder  I.  PAPILIONACE^E.  Corolla  of  5  (rarely  fewer)  irregular 
petals,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx,  rarely  perigynous,  imbricated  in  the 
bud,  mostly  papilionaceous ;  viz.  one  upper  and  exterior,  termed  the  vexiUum 
ox  standard ;  two  lateral,  called  w/n^s ;  and  two  lower  and  interior,  oftener 
united  by  their  contiguous  margins,  forming  together  the  keel.  Stamens  10 
(rarely  5),  separate,  monadelphous,  or  diadelphous  (9  &  1,  or  5  &  5).  Legume 
1-celled  (sometimes  partly  2-celled  by  the  introversion  of  the  sutures),  or  sev- 
eral-celled by  transverse  partitions.     Style  simple.     Cotyledons  thick. 

Tribe  I.  LOTE.^.  Corolla  papilionaceous.  Stamens  10  (except  No.  8).  Legume  con- 
tinuous (not  jointed).  Cotyledons  leafy  in  germination.  —  Stems  (except  No.  12)  not 
twining  nor  climbing. 

*  Stamens  monadephous  :  anthers  of  2  forms.     Leaves  simple,  or  palmately  compound. 

1.  CROTALARIA.     Calyx  5-lobed.     Legume  inflate  1.     Upper  stipules  decurrent. 

2.  LUPINUS.     Calyx  2-lipped.     Legume  flattened.     Stipules  not  decurrent. 

»  *  Stamens  diadelphous :  anthers  alike.     Leaves  trifoliolate,  rarely  palmate  or  pinnate, 
the  earliest  ones  alternate. 

3.  MEDIC  AGO.    Legume   membranaceous,  curved  or  coiled,  1  -  many-seeded.    Flowers 

racemed. 


94  LEGL'MINOS.T=:.       (I'ULSE    FAMILY.) 

4.  MKLILOTUS.    Lefnuiie  coriaceous,  straiglit,  rugose  or  veined,  1  - 4-geeded.    Flowers 

ra<"eim'd  or  Bpiki-d. 

5.  TRIFOLIUM.     Legume  emootli,  nieiubranaceous,  1 -4-8eeded.     Flowers  capitate. 

6.  HOSACKIA.    Legume  straight,  maiiy-seeded.    Peduncle  1-3-flowered. 

•  •  •  Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous.     Legume  mostly  1 -seeded  and  indehiscent. 

Plants  dotted  with  small  dark  glands.     Earliest  leaves  opposite. 

t-  Legume  included  in  the  calyx. 

7.  PSORALEA.     Corolla  papilionaceous.     Stamens  10,  diadelphous  :   half  of  the  anthers 

often  imperfect. 

8.  PETALOSTEMON.     Stamens  5,  united  into  a  cleft  tube,  and  adnate  to  the  claws  of  four 

of  the  nearly  regular  petals. 

9.  DALEA.    Stamens  9  or  10,  the  tube  partly  adnate  to  the  claws  of  the  petals. 

■h-  -I-  Legume  exserted. 

10.  AMORPHA.     Stamens  10,  monadelphous.     Wings  and  keel  none. 

♦  *  *  *  Stamens  mostly  diadelphous.    Legume  1  -  many-seeded,  1-celled,  2-valved.    Leaves 

pinnate. 
■1-  Trees  or  s'arubs. 

11.  ROBIXIA.    Legume  flat  and  thin,  margined  on  one  edge.    Trees  or  shrubs. 

12.  WISTARIA.    Legume  nearly  terete,  coriaceous,  contracted  between  the  seeds.    Twin- 

ing shrubs. 

■I-  ■*-  Herbs. 

13.  TEPHROSIA.     Calyx  5-cleft.    Vexillum  large.      Legume  compressed,   many-seeded. 

Leaves  unequally  pinnate. 

14.  INDIGOFERA.     Calyx  minute,  5-cleft.     Vexillum  small.     Legume  terete  or  angled, 

2  -  many-seeded.     Leaves  unequally  pinnate. 

15.  SESB.^NIA.     Calyx  5-toothed.    Legume  very  long  and  slender,  many-seeded.    Leaves 

abruptly  pinnate. 
«  «  «  «  «  Stamens  diadelphous.    Leg^ume  2-celled  lengthwise,  or  1-celled,  with  one  of  the 

sutures  turned  inward.    Leaves  pinnate. 
IC.  ASTRAGALUS.     Stamens  10,  diadelphous.     Legume  tumid. 

Tbibe  II.  VICIE^E.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1).  Legume  2-valved,  not  jointed. 
Cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  remaining  under  ground  in  germination.  —  Climbing 
vines ;   the  petioles  of  the  pinnate  leaves  ending  in  a  tendril. 

17.  VICIA.    Style  flliform,  bearded  at  the  apex,  or  on  the  side  facing  the  keel. 

18.  LATHYRUS.     Style  flattened,  bearded  on  the  side  facing  the  vexillum. 

Tribe  III.  HEDYSARE^.  Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous.  Legume  sepa- 
rating transversely  into  1-seeded  indehiscent  reticulated  joints,  or  1-jointed.  —  Stems 
not  twining. 

*  Flowers  yellow. 

19.  .ESCHYNOMENE.     Leaves  pinnate.     Stamens  diadelphous  (5  &  5).     Flowers  perfect. 

20.  ZORNIA.     Leaves  palmately  compound.     Legume  2  -  5-jointed.     Flowers  pei feet. 

21.  STYLOSANTHES.     Leaves  trifoliolate.     Anthers  of  2  forms.     Flowers  monoecious. 

22.  CHAPMAJTIA.     Leaves  pinnate.     Anthers  alike.     Flowers  monoecious. 

*  •  Flowers  white  or  purplish. 

23.  LESPEDEZA.     Legume  1-jointed.     Peduncles  axillary. 

24.  DESMODIUM.     Legume  2- C-jointed.     Bristly.     Racemes  terminal. 

Tbibe  IV.  PHASEOLE-^.  Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous  (9  &  1).  Legume 
2-valved,  not  jointed.  Cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy  ;  usually  raised  above  ground  in 
germination.  —  Chiefly  twining  vines. 

*  Ovary  1  -  2-ovuled. 

25.  RHYXCHOSIA.    Legume  oblong.    Flowers  yellow.    Leaves  trifoliolate. 


LEGUMIXOSxE.       (pulse    FAMILY.)  95 

*  *  Ovary  few-  or  many-ovuled. 
■(-  Keel  spirally  twisted. 
26.  APIOS.     Leaves  pinnate,  not  stipellate. 
•27.  PHASEOLUS.     Leaves  trifoliolate,  stipellate. 

-1-  -t-  Keel  straight.     Leaves  trifoliolate  (except  one  species  of  Galactia). 
++  Legume  terete,  torulose. 

28.  VIGNA.     Flowers  yellow.     Vexillum  roundish.     Stems  twining. 

29.  ERYTHRINA.    Flowers  scarlet.    Vexillum  narrow,  elongated.    Stems  erect. 

++  ++  Legimie  flattened. 
=  Bracts  opposite.     Vexillum  very  large. 

30.  CLITORIA.     Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed.     Vexillum  spurless  at  the  base. 

31.  CENTROSEMA.     Calyx  short,  5-cleft.     Vexillum  spurred  at  the  base. 

=  =  Bracts  alternate. 

32.  AMPHICARPvEA      Calyx  4 -5-toothed.     Flowers  of  two  kinds.     Bracts  persistent. 

33.  GALACTL\..     Calyx  4-cleft.     Bracts  deciduous.     Legume  linear. 

34.  CANAVALIA.     Stamens  monadelphous.      Calyx  bilabiate.      Hilum  linear.      Legume 

three-ridged  on  the  back. 

35.  DIOCLEA.     Stamens  diadelphoua  (9  &  1).     Calyx  4-cleft.     Hilum  linear. 

Tribe    V.     DAL.BERGIE^.     Stamens  10,  monadelphous  or  diadelphous.     Legume 
indehisceut.     Cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy.  -^  Trees  or  shrubs. 

3G.  PISCIDIA.     Legume  compressed,  4-winged.     Leaves  pinnate. 

37.  ECASTAPHYLLUM.     Legume  flat,  orbicular,  1-seeded.     Leaves  1-foUolate. 

Teibe  VI.     SOPHORE.^.      Stamens    10,   separate.      Legume  not   jointed. — Erect 
herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees. 

*  Legume  dehiscent. 

38.  BAPTISIA.     Stamens  deciduous.     Legume   inflated,   stipitate,  few-seeded.      Leaves 

simple  or  trifoliolate. 

39.  THERMOPSIS.    Stamens  persistent.    Legume  nearly  sessile,  flattened,  many-seeded 

Leaves  trifoliolate. 

40.  CLADRASTIS.    Stamens  persistent.    Legume  flat,  few-seeded.    Leaves  pinnate.    Tree. 

*  *    Legume  indehiscent. 

41.  SOPHORA.     Legume  moniliform.     Leaves  pinnate.     Shrubs. 

Suborder  II.  CJESALPINIE^E.  Corolla  irregular  and  somewhat 
papilionaceous,  or  almost  regular,  imbricated  in  the  bud;  the  upper  petal 
interior.     Stamens  separate.     Embrvo  straight. 

42.  CERCIS.      Flowers  perfect,    somewhat    papilionaceous.       Calyx    5-toothed.      Leaves 

simple. 

43.  CASSIA.     Flowers  perfect,   irregular.     Calyx    deeply  5-parted.     Anthers    dissimilar. 

Leaves  pinnate. 

44.  GLEDITSCHIA.    Flowers  polygamous,  almost  regular.     Calyx  3 -5-parted.    Leaves 

pinnate  and  bipinnate. 

45.  GYMNOCLADUS.    Flowers  polygamous,  regular.    Calyx  funnel-shaped.    Stamens  10. 

Legume  linear.     Leaves  pinnate. 

4G.  C^S.4.LPI\IA.  Flowers  perfect,  irregular.  Calyx  cup-shaped.  Stamens  10.  Legume 
broad.     Leaves  bipinnate. 

47.  PARKINSONIA.  Flowers  perfect,  irregular.  Calyx  cup-shaped.  Stamens  10.  Le- 
gume linear.    Leaves  pinnate. 


OC  LKlilMI.NOS.E.        (I'L'LSK    FAMILY.) 

SiiK^tDKU  III.  MIMOSI'LE.  Corolla  rofjiilar,  hypo^^v  nous,  valv.ite  in 
till'  liml.  Staint'iis  (li.stiiict  or  uiiiti'd,  often  very  numerous,  in.seried  with 
the  j>etals.  Kinbryo  straijjht. — Leaves  jiinnale,  or  2- 3-i)innate.  Flowers 
polygamous. 

•  Flowers  perfect,  and  staminate.     Petals  mostly  uuit«d. 

■<-  Herbs.     Leaves  sensitive. 

48.  MIMOSA.     Legume  broad,  tlat,  jointed.     Stamens  4  -  .j. 

49.  SCHRANKL\.     Legume  linear,  angular,  joiiitless.     Stamens  8 -10. 

■>-  -1-  Trees  or  shrubs. 

50.  PITHECOLOBIUM.     Legume  coiled  or  twisted.     Leaflets  4,  large. 

51.  ACAC1.4..     Legume  straiglit  or  bent.     Leaflets  numerous,  small. 

*  «  Flowers  perfect  and  neutral.    Petals  distinct. 

52.  DESMANTHUS.    Sterile  filaments  filiform  or  petal-like.    Stamens  5  or  10. 


Suborder  I.     PAPILIONACE^S:.     Pulse  Family. 

1.    CROTALARIA,  L.    Kattle-box. 

Calyx  .^-parted.  Vexillum  cordate  :  keel  falcate.  Stamens  monadelphous. 
Anthers  alternately  oblong  and  roundish.  Legume  inflated,  oblong,  many- 
seeded. —  Chiefly  herbs,  with  simple  or  compound  leaves;  the  stipules  often 
broad,  decurreut,  inversely  sagittate.  Racemes  mostly  opposite  the  leaves. 
Flowers  yellow.     Legumes  dark  purple. 

*  Leaves  simple. 

1.  C.  sagittalis,  L.  Annual;  .stems  low,  branching,  villous  or  hairy; 
leaves  nearly  ses.sile,  oval  or  oblong,  hairy;  racemes  short,  2-3-flowered. — 
Barren  sandy  soil.     June -July. —  Stem  3'-6'  high.     Kacemes  2'-3'  long. 

2.  C.  OValis,  Pursh.  Perennial ;  stems  several,  branching,  prostrate  or 
ascending,  rough  with  appressed  hairs ;  leaves  short-petioled,  oval  or  oblong, 
hairy;  racemes  long,  3-6-flowered.  —  Dry  pine  barrens.  May -July. — 
Stem   6' -12'  high.     Racemes  4' -6' long.     Flowers  distant. 

3.  C.  Purshii,  DC.  Perennial ;  stems  slender,  erect,  roughened  with 
scattered  appressed  hairs  ;  leaves  thick,  smooth  above,  the  lower  ones  oblong, 
the  upper  linear;  racemes  long,  .5- 10-flowered.  —  Flat  grassy  pine  barrens  in 
the  lower  districts.  May-June.  —  Stem  12'- 18'  high.  Racemes  6'-12' 
long.     Flowers  distant. 

4.  C.  retusa,  L.  Annual ;  stem  erect ;  leaves  cuneate-oblong,  retuse, 
glal)rous  above,  silky-pube.scent  beneath,  pellucid-dotted ;  stipules  minute  or 
none ;  racemes  terminal,  many-flowered  ;  legumes  oblong,  glabrous.  —  South 
Florida.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high.     Flowers  large. 

5.  C.  maritima,  Chapm.  Perennial?,  silky-pubescent;  stem  decumbent, 
excessively  branched  ;  leaves  exstipulate,  varying  from  oblong  to  linear,  nearly 
sessile,  more  or  less  succulent ;  racemes  very  numerous,  opposite  the  leaves, 
2-4-flowered;  sepals  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  small  petals;  legume  oblong, 
glabrous.  —  Coast  and  Keys  of  South  Florida.     May. 


LEGUMINOSiE.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  97 

*  *  Leaves  trifoJiolate. 

6.  C.  pumila,  Ortega.  Shrubby  or  perennial ;  stem  slender,  decumbent ; 
leaflets  small,  cuneate,  emarginate,  longer  than  the  petiole ;  peduncles  longer 
than  the  leaves,  few-flowered ;  corolla  small ;  legume  oval,  pubescent,  few- 
seeded. —  Sandy  beach  at  Casey's  Pass,  South  Florida.  Oct.  —  Stem  2°- 
3°  long. 

7.  C.  incana,  L.  Annual,  tall,  much  branched,  pubescent ;  leaves  long- 
petioled  ;  leaflets  round-obovate ;  racemes  stout,  many-flowered  ;  keel  of  the 
corolla  toraentose  on  the  margins ;  legume  oblong,  hairy.  —  South  Florida, 
near  the  coast.  —  Stems  2° -4°  high. 

2.     LUPINUS,   Tourn.     Lupine. 

Calvx  2lipped,  .^toothed.  Vexillum  with  the  sides  reflexed.  Keel  falcate, 
acute.  Stamens  monadelphous,  with  alternate  anthers  oblong  and  roundish. 
Legume  oblong,  compressed,  many-seeded  ;  the  seeds  often  separated  by  cel- 
lular partitions. —  Herbs,  with  simple  or  palmately  5  -  many -foliolate  leaves, 
and  showy  flowers  in  terminal  racemes. 

1.  L.  perennis,  L.  Stem  pubescent,  erect;  leaves  palmately  7-9-folio- 
late ;  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  more  or  less  hairy ;  stipules  minute ; 
racemes  long,  loosely  many-flowered ;  flowers  purplish  or  purplish  blue,  rarely 
white.  —  Var.  gracilis  (L.  gracilis,  Nutt.)  is  a  more  slender  and  hairy  form, 
with  smaller  and  narrower,  often  acute  leaflets.  —  Dry  sandy  soil.  April - 
May.     11  —  Stem  1°  - 1^°  high. 

2.  L.  villosus,  Willd.  —  Biennial ,  villous  and  hoary';  stems  thick,  pros- 
trate or  ascending  ;  leaves  simple,  lanceolate-oblong,  mostly  acute,  long-peti- 
oled  ;  stipules  linear-subulate,  elongated,  adnate  below  to  the  petioles  ;  racemes 
erect,  densely  many-flowered  ;  flowers  pale  red,  the  vexillum  dark  purple  in 
the  centre  ;  legume  very  wooll^^  —  Dry  sandy  barrens  in  the  lower  districts. 
April.  —  Stems  \°-2°  long.     Leaves  (with  the  petiole)  6'- 8'  long. 

3.  L.  dififusus,  Xutt.  Perennial ;  silky-tomentose  and  hoary ;  stems 
prostrate  or  erect,  much  branched ;  leaves  simple,  oblong  or  obovate,  obtuse, 
short-petioled  ;  stipules  short,  often  wanting  on  the  branches  ;  racemes  many- 
flowered  ;  flowers  blue,  the  vexillum  dark  purple  in  the  centre  ;  legume  woolly. 

—  With  the  preceding.  April -May. —  Stems  I°-2°  high.  Leaves  2' -4' 
long. 

3.    MEDICAGO,  L. 

■  Calyx  5-cleft ;  the  lobes  subulate  or  setaceous.  Corolla  deciduous.  Vexil- 
lum longer  than  the  partly  united  wings  and  keel.  Stamens  10,  diadelphous 
(9  &  1),  equal.  Style  smooth.  Legume  falcate  or  coiled,  1  -many-seeded. — 
Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  trifoliolate.  Stipules  adnate  to  the  petioles,  mostly 
incised.     Flowers  yellow,  in  axillary  spikes. 

1 .  M.  lupulina,  L.  Pubescent ;  stem  procumbent ;  leaflets  obovate, 
toothed;  stipules  nearly  entire  ;  spikes  globose,  many-flowered  ;  flowers  mi- 
nute ;   legumes  reniform,  1-seeded,  black.  —  Waste  places.     Introduced,     (l) 

—  Stem  l°-2°  long. 

7 


98  LKorMixos.i:.     (ri-Lsic  family.) 

-.  M.  dcnticulata,  \\'illtl.  Slcms  prostrate;  leaflets  ol)o\ ate  or  olicor- 
date,  ileiiticiilate ;  sii|iulcs  eiliatc-tootlieil ;  8i)ike8  2-r)-flowere(i,  the  flowers 
puii)lisli ;  lefxiiine  flat,  coiled,  the  thin  marf^iii  fringcrl  with  a  double  row  of 
curved  hooked  liristles.  —  Waste  ground.     Introduced. 

3.  M.  maculata,  Willd.  Like  tlu-  ])recedin{;;,  l)Ut  the  leaflets  mo.stly 
purplisli  ill  tlie  centre,  the  stipules  more  strongly  toothed,  aud  the  margins 
of  the  leguuio  tiiicker.  —  New  Orleans.     Introduced. 

4.     MELILOTUS,   'iV.iirn.     .Mki.ii.ut,  Sweet  Clover. 

Calyx  5-toothed  ;  the  teeth  long  and  e(|ual.  Corolla  deciduous.  Wings 
and  keel  cohering.  Stamens  diadclphous  (9  &  1).  Legume  ovoid,  cori- 
aceous, veiny  or  rugose,  longer  tlian  the  calyx,  1  -  4-seeded,  scarcely  dehiscent. 
—  Smooth  herbs.  Leaves  trifoliolate.  Leaflets  often  toothed.  Stipules  ad- 
nate  to  the  petiides.     Flowers  yellow  or  white,  in  axillary  racemes. 

1.  M.  officinalis,  Willd.  stem  erect,  branching;  leaflets  obovate-ol> 
long,  tootliod  ;  flowers  yellow  ;  vexillum  striped  with  brown,  as  long  as  the 
keel  and  wings  ;  legume  obovate,  rugose.  —  Cultivated  ground.  Introduced. 
d)  and  (2)  —  Stems  l"-3°  high.     Legumes  drooping,  2-secded. 

2.  M.  alba,  Lam.  Stem  erect,  branching;  leaflets  oblong,  truncate,  ser- 
rate ;  racemes  elongated ;  flowers  white  ;  vexillum  longer  than  the  wings 
and  keel;  legumes  ovate,  rugose,  1-seeded.  —  Cultivated  grounds.  Intro- 
duced.    (T)  —  Legumes  drooping. 

3.  M.  parviflora,  Desf.  Annual;  stems  ascending;  leaflets  of  the 
lower  leaves  roundish  entire,  of  the  ujjper  oblong,  denticulate  ;  flowers  very 
small,  densely  spiked,  yellow;  legume  ovate,  rugose,  1-seeded. — Waste 
ground.     Introduced. 

5.    TRIFOLIUM,  L.    Clover. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  the  teeth  subulate  or  setaceous.  Corolla  withering  or  per- 
sistent ;  the  keel  shorter  than  the  wings,  and  united  with  tliem  by  tlieir  claws. 
Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1 ).  Legume  smooth,  membranaceous,  1  -  6-seeded, 
often  shorter  than  the  calyx,  scarcely  dehiscent. — Tufted  or  diffuse  herbs. 
Leaves  trifoliolate,  the  leaflets  mostly  toothed.  Stipules  adnate  to  the  jjeti- 
oles.     Flowers  (in  our  species)  capitate. 

*  Fruiting  calyx  erect. 

1.  T.  pratense,  L.  (Eep  Clover.)  Hairy;  stems  erect;  leaflets  ob- 
long-ovate or  oval,  often  cmarginate,  slightly  serrulate  ;  heads  large,  ovate  ; 
calyx  teeth  setaceous,  hairy;  flowers  purple. —  Around  dwellings.  Exten- 
sively cultivated,  but  scarcely  naturalized,  at  least  in  the  low  country.  — 
Stems  \°-2°  high.     Leaves  usually  marked  with  a  pale  3-angled  spot  abf)ve. 

2.  T.  arvense,  L.  (R.^hrit-foot  Clover.)  Softly  pubescent;  stems 
erect;  leaflets  linear-oblong,  minutely  3-toothed  ;  heads  oblong;  calyx  teeth 
setaceous,  plumose ;  corolla  white,  with  a  purple  spot  on  the  wings.  —  Old 
fields,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts.  Introduced,  (l)  —  Stems  8' -12' 
high. 


LEGUMIXOS^.       (pulse    FAMILY.)  99 

*  *  Fruiting  calyx  refiexed. 

3.  T.  reflexum,  L.  (Buffalo  Clover.)  Pubesceut ;  stems  ascend- 
ing;  leaflets  roundish  or  ohcordate,  toothed,  the  uppermost  obloug;  heads 
globose;  calyx  tube  very  short,  the  subulate  teeth  long  and  hairy  ;  vexillum 
broadly  ovate,  purple;  the  wings  and  keel  white;  legume  3-5-seeded. — 
Waste  places  and  pastures.  April  -  May.  (T)  and  (2)  —  Stems  6'-  1 2'  long. 
Heads  large. 

4.  T.  stoloniferum,  Muhl.  Very  near  the  preceding,  but  smooth 
throughout ;  stems  creeping ;  leaflets  broadly  ohcordate ;  heads  more  loosely 
flowered  ;  legumes  2  -  3-seeded.  —  Open  woods  and  pastures,  Tennessee. 
May  -  June. 

5.  T.  repens,  L.  (White  Clover.)  Smooth;  stems  creeping ;  leaflets 
roundish  or  ohcordate;  heads  globose,  long-peduncled ;  calyx  teeth  short; 
flowers  white;  legume  4-.seeded. — Pastures  aud  around  dwellings.  Intro- 
duced.    May.     ^  —  Stems  6'  -  1 2'  long. 

6.  T.  procumbens,  L.  Pubescent ;  stems  slender,  erect  or  procumbent ; 
leaflets  small,  thin,  obovate  or  ohcordate,  toothed,  the  middle  one  stalked ; 
heads  small,  ovate  ;  flowers  yellow ;  legume  1-seeded.  —  Waste  places  ;  more 
commou  in  the  upper  districts.     Introduced.     (T)  —  Stems  6'-  12'  long. 

7.  T.  Carolinianum,  Michx.  Pubesceut;  stems  tufted,  prostrate ;  leaf- 
lets small,  ohcordate,  slightly  toothed ;  heads  roundish,  long-peduncled ; 
flowers  white,  tinged  with  purple ;  vexillum  acute  ;  legume  4-seeded.  —  Fields 
aud  pastures.  March -April.  ^  —  Stems  6' -10'  long,  in  .shady  places 
erect.  , 

6.     HOSACKIA,  Dougl. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Vexillum  as  long  as  the  keel  and  spreading  wings.  Stamens 
diadelphous  (9  &  1).  Legume  cylindrical  or  compressed,  smooth,  wingless, 
many-seeded.  —  Herbs.  Leaves  trifoliolate  or  pinnate.  Stipules  mostly  mi- 
uute  and  gland-like.     Peduncles  1  -several-flowered. 

1.  H.  Purshiana,  Benth.  Hairy;  stem  much  branched  ;  leaves  trifolio- 
late, with  oblong  leaflets;  peduncle  1-flovvered,  longer  than  the  leaves;  keel 
acute  ;  bracts  simple ;  legume  linear,  nearly  terete.  —  North  Carolina.  —  Stem 
12'- 15'  high.     Flowers  rose-color. 

7.    PSORALEA,   L. 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft,  with  the  lobes  acute.  Stamens  diadelphous  or 
partly  monadelphous :  half  of  the  anthers  often  imperfect.  Legume  often 
wrinkled,  1-seeded,  indehiscent,  included  in  the  calyx.  —  Perennial  usually 
glandular  herbs.  Stipules  cohering  with  the  petioles.  Flowers  axillary  or 
terminal,  purplish  or  white,  racemose  or  spiked. 

*  Leaves  l-3-foIiolate. 

1.  P.  virgata,  Nutt.  Smoothish;  stem  virgate,  sparingly  branched; 
leaves  very  remote,  1-  (or  the  lowest  2-3-)  foliolate  ;  leaflets  linear  or  oblong- 
linear,  obtuse,  the  lower  ones  broader  and  long-petioled ;  stipules  setaceous ; 
peduncles  much  shorter  than  the  leaves;   spikes  dense,  cylindrical;  bracts 


100  LKOrMINOS.lC.       (rrLSR    FAMILY.) 

ovate,  !K-uiniii:ito,  and,  like  tlie  calvx,  ^^laiidiilaf  ami  liairy  ;  CDrolla  vii)l('t. — 
Near  St.  MaryV,  (Joorj^ia,  and  tlio  adjatiMit  parts  of  J-lnrida.  July.  —  Stem 
2'  hi-ili.     LcaHcts  2'  -  .5'  lonj;. 

2.  P.  melilotoides,  .Miilix.  (ilandular  and  sii.irinf^lv  pubescent;  leaves 
trifoliiilate ;  ieatlels  olilung  lanceolate  or  elliptical;  .>itij)ulc8  subulate;  spikes 
oblong,  on  jiedundes  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  leaves;  bracts  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, veiny;  corolla  violet;  legume  rugose.  —  \'ar.  (P.  eglandulosa,  Ell.) 
Glandle.xs  or  nearly  so ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  and,  like  the  calyx,  villous.  — 
Dry  soil,  Florida  to  Tennessee,  and  westward.  May -June. — Stem  l°-2° 
high.     Leaficts  1'- 2' long. 

"5.  P.  Onobrychis,  Niut.  Pubescent;  leaves  trifoliolate  ;  leaflets  ovate, 
acuminate;  racemes  elongated,  somewhat  secund;  calyx  glandular,  the  teeth 
small,  obtuse,  equal ;  legume  ovate,  muricate,  wrinkled  transversely.  —  Near 
S)iartanburg,  South  Carolina.  June- July.  —  Stem  3°-5°high.  Leaves  very 
large. 

4.  p.  canescens,  Michx.  Hoary-pubescent;  lower  leaves  trifoliolate, 
the  up]>er  simjik',  slmrt  petioled  ;  leaflets  obovate,  glandular;  racemes  longer 
than  tlie  leaves,  few-Howereil ;  calyx  inflated ;  flcjwers  blue,  turning  greenish  ; 
legume  even.  —  Dry  ])ine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  April  -  May.  — 
Stem  bushy,  2°  high.     Resembles  a  Baptisia. 

*  *  Leaves  palmatelij  5  -  l-fuliulate. 

5.  P.  Lupinellus,  Michx.  Smooth;  stem  slender,  declining,  sparingly 
branched ;  leaflets  flliform  ;  racemes  longer  than  the  leaves,  loose-flowered ; 
flowers  violet;  legumes  rugose.  —  Dry  ])ine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Caro- 
lina.    May- June.  —  Stem  2°  long.     Leaflets  2' -3'  long. 

6.  P.  subacaulis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Nearly  .stemless;  white  with  spread- 
ing hairs;  leaflets  obovate-oblong ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  rigid; 
spikes  dense,  ovate  or  oblong.  —  Rocky  hills  near  Nashville,  Tennessee. 
April -May.  —  Leaflets  1' long.     Peduncles  4' -6' long.     Flowers  purple- 

*  *  *  Leaves  pinnate. 

7.  P.  multijuga,  F.ll.  Stem  branching ;  leaflets  numerous  (9- 10  pairs), 
oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  pubescent ;  spikes  oblong ;  bracts  small,  membrana- 
ceous, without  glands.  —  Abbeville  District,  South  Carolina.  —  Stem  l°-2° 
high.     Leaflets  small.     15racts  half  as  Icfng  as  the  calyx.     Flowers  violet. 

8.     PETALOSTEMON,  Michx. 

Calyx  nearly  equally  .5-toothed  or  5-clcft.  Petals  almost  regular,  on  fili- 
form claws,  four  of  them  united  with  the  tube  of  stamens,  the  fifth  free,  cor- 
date or  oblong,  folded.  Stamens  5,  united  into  a  cleft  tube.  Ovary  2-ovuled. 
Legume  iudeliiscent,  I-seeded,  included  in  the  calyx.  —  Perennial  glandular 
herbs,  with  une(iually  pinnate  leaves,  and  white  or  purple  flowers  in  terminal 
spikes  or  heads. 

§  1.     Lower  bracts  involucrate,  empty:   calyx  teeth  setaceous,  plumose:   heads 
globular,  corymbed. 

1.  P.  COrymbosus,  Michx.  Glandular;  stems  erect,  clustered,  very 
leafy ;  leaflets  5-15,  cuueate-oblong,  obtuse,  3"  -  4"  long ;  bracts  9  or  more, 


LEGUMINOS^.       (pulse    FAMILY.)  101 

roundish,  ciliate ;  calyx  villous ;  petals  white,  obtuse ;  style  aud  ovarv 
bearded.  —  Dry  piue  barrens  iu  the  middle  and  lower  districts.  —  Sept.  -  Oct. 
—  Stem  2°  high. 

Var.  trif oliatus.  Glandless,  or  nearly  so ;  leaflets  mostly  3,  filiform ; 
bracts  3-4,  broadly  ovate,  acute ;  style  bearded  below  the  middle ;  petals 
acute.  —  With  the  preceding. 

§  2.    Lower  bracts  nut  involucrate,  nor  empty:  calyx  teeth  shorter  than  the  tube: 
spikes  single,  terminal. 

*  Petals  white  or  Jlesh-colored. 

2.  P,  gracilis,  Nutt.  Stems  decumbent,  virgate ;  leaflets  5-7,  oblong- 
linear,  obtuse  ;  spikes  oval,  becoming  cylindrical  in  fruit,  peduncled ;  vexillum 
obovate.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida,  and  westward.  August.  —  Stems  2° 
long.     Leaflets  ^  long. 

3.  P.  qarneus,  Michx.  Stems  erect,  much  branched,  very  leafy ;  leaf- 
lets 5  -  7,  linear,  acute;  spikes  oblong,  long-peduncled  ;  calyx  as  long  as  the 
subulate  bracts ;  vexillum  oblong.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  aud  Georgia, 
westward.  —  Stems  2° -3°  high.     Flowers  white  or  reddish. 

4.  P.  candidus,  Michx.  Stem  rigidly  erect;  leaflets  5  - 9,  lanceolate, 
obtuse  ;  spikes  cylindrical  in  fruit ;  calyx  sulcate,  half  as  long  as  the  setaceous- 
pointed  bracts,  the  teeth  acute;  vexillum  "broadly  cordate."  —  West  Tennes- 
see, and  westward.     August  -  Sept. 

5.  P.  multiflorus,  Nutt.  ?  Glabrous ;  stem  corymbose-branched ;  leaf- 
lets 3-5,  filiform  ;  lieads  numerous,  globose;  calyx  smooth,  longer  than  the 
subulate  bracts,  tlie  short  teeth  obtuse ;  legume  partly  exserted.  —  St.  Peters- 
burg, Florida  (C  L.  Brownell).  —  Stem  2°  high.  Leaflets  3" -4"  long. 
Heads  3"  wide. 

*  *  Petals  purple  or  rose-color. 

6.  P.  violaCGUS,  Michx.  Stem  erect,  corymbose  above,  very  leafy; 
leaflets  3-5,  narrow-linear ;  spikes  oblong  or  cylindrical ;  calyx  silky,  the 
short  teeth  obtuse,  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  acuminate  silky  bracts.  —  West 
Tennessee,  and  westward.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Flowers  violet-purple. 

7.  P.  roseus,  Nutt.  Leaflets  narrower ;  calyx  smooth,  the  teeth  as  long 
as  the  tube,  shorter  than  the  setaceous  bracts ;  petals  obovate,  rose-color ; 
otherwise  like  the  preceding.  — Low  pine  barrens.  East  Florida. 

8.  P.  folioSUS,  Gray.  Smooth,  very  leafy ;  leaflets  16-29,  linear-oblong, 
mucronate,  the  glands  few  aud  small;  spikes  cylindrical,  short-peduncled ; 
bracts  slender-awned  from  a  lanceolate  base,  exceeding  the  rose  purple  flow- 
ers; calyx  glabrous,  the  teeth  about  half  the  length  of  the  cylindraceous 
tube  {Gray).  —  Near  Nashville,  Tennessee. 

9.  P.  decumbens,  Nutt.  Stems  decumbent,  branching  from  the  base  ; 
leaflets  6  or  8,  linear-oblong,  mucronate ;  spikes  ovate-oblong ;  calyx  shorter 
than  the  acuminate  bracts,  the  teeth  longer  than  the  smooth  tube;  petals 
deep  violet-purple,  linear-oblong,  obtuse  at  the  base,  vexillum  cordate.  — 
Northern  Alabama,  Tennessee,  and  westward.  —  Stems  1°  long.      Leaflets 

6"  -  8"  long. 


102  LEGUMTXOS^.       (I'ULSE    FAMILV.) 

10.  P.  Feayi,  Cliaimi.  Smooth;  stems  several,  deeiimltcut,  much 
braiulied  ;  leaves  loiigiH-tioled,  the  4-8  leaHcts  soon  involute-filiform,  obtuse 
or  truueate;  heads  globular,  corymbose,  loug-peduneled  ;  calyx  tube  smooth, 
twice  the  length  of  the  ovate  acute  pubescent  teeth,  and  smooth  bracts ;  jjetals 
bright  rose-color;    stamens  long-exserted.  —  IJartow,  South  Florida  {Feai/). 

—  Stems  1°-  l^°  long.     Leatiets  5" -8"  long.     Heads  3" -4"  broad. 

9.    DALEA,   L. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  imperfectly  papilionaceous ;  petals  clawed  ;  four  of 
them  united  with  the  tube  of  stamens  below  the  middle,  the  fifth  (vexillum) 
free,  cordate,  and  inserted  into  the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  10,  united 
into  a  cleft  tube.  Legume  I -seeded,  memju-anaccous,  indehiscent,  included  in 
the  calyx.  —  Mostly  glandular  herbs,  with  spiked  or  capitate  flowers. 

1.  D.  alopecuroides,  Willd.  Stem  erect,  smooth ;  leaves  pinnate,  with 
numerous  liiicai-olilinig  leatiets;  s])ikes  dense,  cylindrical,  silky-\*illons ;  co- 
rolla small,  ])alc  violet,  the  vexillum  white.  —  Kich  soil,  Alabama,  and  west- 
ward.    July.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 

2.  D.  Domingensis,  DC.  Erect,  velvety-pubescent ;  leaflets  12  or  14, 
obovate ;  spikes  capitate,  short-peduuded ;  calyx  villous,  the  lobes  subulate. 

—  Key  Biscayue,  South  Florida  ( Curtiss). 

10.    AMORPHA,   L. 

Calyx  obcouical,  5-toothed,  persistent.  Vexillum  straight,  concave.  Wings 
and  keel  none.  Stamens  mona(lel])lious  at  the  base,  exserted.  Legume  1  -  2- 
seeded,  oblong,  curved,  glandular,  indehiscent  or  nearly  so.  —  Shrubs,  with 
unequally  pinnate  leaves,  the  numerous  leaflets  punctate  with  pellucid  dots. 
Flowers  blue  or  white,  in  slender  terminal  and  axillary  racemes  or  spikes. 

1.  A.  fruticosa,  L.  Stem  5°  -  10°  high,  arborescent,  pubescent  or  gla- 
brous; leaHets  5-  10  pairs,  f'-l|'  long,  elliptical  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  emar- 
giuate,  the  lowest  commonly  distant  from  the  stem;  racemes  mostly  1-3, 
4'  -  6'  long ;  calyx  teeth  short,  obtuse,  or  tlie  2  upper  obtuse,  the  3  lower  or 
the  middle  one  acute  ;  vexillum  deep  blue;  legume  mostly  1-seeded.  —  Mostly 
in  low  ground  and  river  banks.     May  -  July.     Very  variable. 

2.  A.  herbacea,  Walt,  stem  lower  {■2°-4°  high)  ;  leaflets  10-20  pairs, 
oval  or  oblong,  6" -9"  long,  the  lowest  near  the  stem;  racemes  spicate, 
6'-  12'  long,  often  panicled  ;  calyx  teeth  more  or  less  villous;  vexillum  blue 
or  white;  legume  1-seeded. — Low  sandy  pine  barrens,  in  the  lower  districts. 
June- July. 

3.  A.  canescens,  Xutt.  Hoary-tomentose  ;  leaves  se.ssile  ;  leaflets  nu- 
merous, small,  clliiitical ,  crowded  ;  spikes  short,  panicled,  dense-flowered; 
calyx  teeth  acute,  nearly  ecjual ;  legume  l-seeded.  —  Near  Augu.sta,  Georgia, 
and  westward.     July  -  August.  —  Shrub  1  °  -  2°  high.     Flowers  bright  blue. 

11.     ROBINIA,  L.    Locust. 

Calvx  short,  5-toothed  or  ri-cleft.  tlie  two  upper  teeth  shorter  and  more  or 
less  united.     Vexillum  large,  roundish;  keel  obtuse.     Stamens  diadelphous 


LEGUMINOS^.       (pulse    FAMILY.)  103 

(9  &  1).  Style  bearded  ou  the  side  facing  the  vexillura.  Legume  com- 
pressed, mauy-seeded,  the  seed-bearing  suture  margined.  Seeds  flat.  — Trees 
or  shrubs,  often  with  stipular  spines,  uueipially  pinnate  leaves,  and  showy 
white  or  rose-colored  flowers  in  axillary  racemes. 

1.  R.  Pseudacacia,  L.  (Locust,  False  Acacia.)  Smoothish  ;  spines 
small  on  the  older  branches,  straight;  leaflets  9-17,  oblong-ovate  or  ellip- 
tical; racemes  pendulou?,  oblong,  many-flowered;  flowers  white;  legume 
4  -  6-seeded.  —  Rich  soil,  in  the  upper  districts.  April  -  May.  —  A  tree  30°- 
60°  high,  witli  hard  and  durable  wood.  Eacemes  3'  -  5'  long.  Calyx  spotted. 
Legume  smooth,     flowers  fragrant. 

2.  R.  viscosa,  Vent.  Branches,  petioles,  peduncles,  and  legumes  gland- 
ular-viscid ;  spines  very  small ;  leaflets  11-25,  ovate  and  oblong,  obtuse  or 
slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  paler  and  pubescent  beneath,  tipped  with  a  short 
bristle  ;  flowers  crowded  in  roundish  erect  racemes,  rose-color  ;  legume  3-5- 
seeded.  —  Banks  of  streams,  on  the  mountains  of  Georgia  and  Carolina. 
May -June. — A  tree  20° -40°  high.     Flowers  inodorous. 

3.  R.  hispida,  L.  Branches,  etc.  more  or  less  bristly;  stipules  very 
slender  and  bristle-like,  deciduous  ;  leaflets  11  -  18,  smootii,  ovate  or  oblong- 
ovate,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  tipped  with  a  long  bristle; 
flowers  large,  in  a  loose  and  mostly  pendulous  raceme,  bi-ight  rose  color.  — 
Mountains  of  Georgia  and  North  Carolina,  both  the  ordinary  form,  and  the 
var.  ROSEA  {Pursh),  with  pubescent  brandies  and  few-flowered  racemes. 
May.  —  Shrub  3°  -  8°  high. 

\'ar.  Elliottii.  Branches,  etc.  pubescent;  stipular  spines  very  stout, 
spreading  or  recurved.  (R.  hispida,  var.  rosea.  Ell.)  —  Pine  barrens  in  the 
central  parts  of  Georgia,  and  southward.  —  Shrub  3°-  5°  high,  with  tliick  and 
rigid  branches.  A  still  smaller  form,  scarcely  a  foot  high  (var.  nana,  Ell.),  is 
found  at  Columbia,  South  Carolina. 

12.     WISTARIA,  Nutt. 

Calyx  campanulate,  somewhat  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  broad,  2-cleft,  the 
lower  3cleft.  Vexillum  large,  with  2  parallel  ridges  at  the  base.  Stamens 
diadelphous  (9  &  1).  Legume  coriaceous,  nearly  terete,  contracted  between 
the  seeds,  at  length  2-valved.  —  Twining  shrubs,  with  unequally  pinnate 
leaves,  and  showy  purple  flowers,  in  a  crowded  raceme. 

1.  W.  frutescens,  DC.  Young  leaves  and  branches  silky-pubescent; 
leaflets  9-  13,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong;  stipels  none;  racemes  on  short 
branches,  dense-flowered.  —  Margins  of  swamps  in  tlie  lower  districts.  April  - 
May.  —  Leaflets  V  long.  Racemes  4' -6'  long,  2' -3'  in  diameter.  Legume 
1  -  several-seeded.     Bracts  large,  caducous. 

13.     TEPHROSIA,  Pers. 

Calyx  nearly  equally  5-cleft  or  5-toothed.  Vexillum  large,  roundish,  spread- 
ing or  reflexed,  usually  white  within,  and  reddish  or  purple  and  silky  with- 
out ;  keel  obtuse,  cohering  with  the  wings.  Stamens  monadelplious  or  dia- 
delphous.    Style  smooth  or  laterally  bearded.     Legume  compressed,  linear, 


104  LEGUMINOS^.       (PULSK    FAMILY.) 

iiianv-scfilcd.  —  rircmiial  licrKs,  witli  iiiii'c|n:illy  jiiiinatc  leaves,  witli  the 
k-alii'ls  uitiiositu  nimruiialo  and  slraif^lil-veiiu'il,  and  white  lluwers,  turning 
])ur|di.sli. 

»    Kluwers  siixjle  or  by  pairs  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  ;  the  uppermost  often 
crowded  in  a  dense  raceme. 

1.  T.  Virginiana,  I'ers.  (Goat's  Rue.)  Soft-hairy  and  soniewliat 
hoarv  or  .>imoothish  ;  steins  very  leafy,  clustered,  erect,  simple;  leaflets  11- 
25,  oblong  or  linear-ohlong,  acute  or  obtuse,  siuootliisli  above  ;  flowers  yellow- 
ish wliite  tinged  with  ])ur])le.  —  Dry  soil.  June  -July.  —  .Stems  l°-2°  high, 
from  long  ami  slender  roots.     Tlowers  showy. 

*  *    Flowers  in  long-ped uncled  racemes  ojijiosite  the  leaves :  vexillum  pubescent 
'  externalljj. 

2.  T.  spicata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Hirsute  or  villous  with  rusty  hairs  ;  stems 
simple  or  diffu.sely  branched  ;  leaves  scattered,  short-petioled  ;  leaflets  9-15, 
oval  or  cuneale-oblong,  rounded  and  stn)ngly  mucronate  at  tlie  a))e.\,  smooth- 
ish  above;  racemes  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  leaves,  6  -  lO-flowered  ;  lobes 
of  the  calyx  linear-subulate ;  flowers  large.  Varies  with  linear,  acute,  and 
reflexed  leaflets,  the  odd  one  elongated.  — Dry  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina, 
and  westward.    June  -July.  —  Stems  l°-2°  long. 

3.  T.  hispidula,  Tursh.  Hirsute ;  stems  slender,  terete,  erect  or  pro- 
cuml)ent;  petiole  shorter  than  the  lowest  leaflets;  leaflets  11-15  (4" -8" 
long),  oblong,  acute  or  obtuse ;  peduncles  slender,  terete,  commonly  longer 
tluin  the  leaves,  2  -  4-flowered.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina, 
and  westward.    June- July'.  — Stems  6'-  18'  long.    Legume  slightly  hispid. 

4.  T.  chrysophylla,  Pursh.  Prostrate,  rusty-pubescent;  stems  dif- 
fusely branched;  leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so,  short  (I'-lf  long);  leaflets 
(yellowish)  5-7,  cuneate-obovate,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  smooth  above; 
peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  terete,  2  -  3-flowered ;  calyx  teeth  short, 
acute.  —  Varies  with  smaller  (h'  -  \'  long)  leaves  and  flowers,  the  latter  mo.stly 
solitary  on  the  short  peduncles. — Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida,  Georgia,  and 
westward.  —  Stems  6'-  18'  long. 

5.  T.  ambigua,  M.  A.  Curtis.  Hoary-pubescent,  or  nearly  smooth ; 
stems  decumbent,  angled ;  leaves  scattered,  long-petioled  (5'- 6' long) ;  leaf- 
lets 7-15,  distant,  wedge-oblong,  truncate  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  paler 
and  often  smooth  above,  pur])lish  and  strongly  veined  beneath  ;  peduncles 
flattened,  ei[nalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves,  few-flowered  ;  calyx  teetli  short, 
acute. —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Fhn-ida  to  Nortli  Carolina.     June- July. 

6.  T.  onobrychoides,  Nntt.  Softly  pubescent;  stem  erect,  mostly 
simple;  lea\es  ])etio]od;  leaflets  numerous,  narrowly  oblong,  truncate  or 
emarginate  at  the  apex,  nmcronate,  soon  smooth  above ;  racemes  very  long, 
erect,  many-flowered ;  legume  nearly  straight.  —  Pine  barrens  near  Mobile 
(J/o/(r),  and  westward. — Stem  2"^  high.  Leaflets  1' long.  Kacemes  l°-2° 
long. 

7.  T.  leptOStachya,  DC.  Stem  erect,  branching,  slightly  pubescent; 
leaflets  12-14,  wedge-oblong,  when  young  silky  beneath;  stipules  subulate; 


LEGUMINOS^.       (pulse    FAMILY.)  105 

racemes  long  and  slender ;  flowers  distant ;  legume  erect.  —  Sandhills  at  Cajie 
Canaveral  (  Curtiss).     July.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 

8.  T.  angUStissiraa,  Shuttl.  Smooth  or  nearly  so  throughout ;  stems 
slender,  prostrate,  diffusely  branched ;  leaves  short-petioled  ;  leaflets  10-15, 
linear,  acute,  mostly  opposite ;  racemes  very  slender,  longer  than  the  leaves, 
bearing  2-4  small  scattered  flowers  ;  calyx  slightly  pubescent,  with  triangular- 
ovate  acute  teeth.  —  South  i'lorida  [Rugel).  —  Stem  1°  long.  Leaflets  8"  -  \2" 
long,  1"  wide,  spreading.     Corolla  about  3"  long. 

14.     INDIGOFEEA,  L.    Indigo. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Ve.xillum  roundish.  Keel  with  a  subulate  spur  on  each 
side,  often  elastically  reflexed.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1).  Legume  1  - 
many-seeded.  Seeds  usually  truncated  at  each  end,  often  separated  by 
membranaceous  partitions.  —  Herbs  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  and  white, 
brownish,  or  purplish  axillary  flowers.     Legumes  drooping. 

*    Racemes  longer  than  the  leaves.  —  Indigenous  species. 

1.  I.  Caroliniana,  Walt.  Smoothish;  stem  erect,  tall,  branching;  leaf- 
lets 10- 15,  obovate  or  oblong;  racemes  many-flowered;  calyx  teeth  short, 
acute  ;  flowers  yellowish  brown  ;  legume  oblong,  veiny,  2-seeded.  —  Dry  pine 
barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  July -August.  %  — Stem  3° -5°  high. 
Flowers  small.     Legume  4"  -  5"  long. 

2.  I.  leptosepala,  Nutt.  Hough  hairy;  stem  decumbent;  leaflets  7-9, 
obovate-obloug  or  cuneate ;  racemes  6-1 5-flowered ;  calyx  teeth  slender- 
subulate  ;  flowers  pale  scarlet ;  legume  linear,  even,  6  -  9-seeded.  —  Georgia, 
and  westward.  —  Stem  2° -3°  long.     Legume  \\'  long,  straight,  4-angled. 

3.  I.  subulata,  Vahl.  Somewhat  shrubby,  sparsely  pubescent  with  ap- 
pressed  hairs;  stem  filiform,  decumbent;  leaves  distant ;  leaflets  5,  oblong, 
mucronate  ;  racemes  loosely  many-flowered,  in  fruit  many  times  longer  than 
the  leaves ;  calyx  teeth  subulate ;  legume  filiform,  reflexed,  nearly  terete, 
6  -  8-seeded.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  2'  -  3'  long.     Legume  2'  -  3'  long. 

*  *  Racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves.  —  Introduced  species. 

4.  I.  tinctoria,  L.  Stem  erect ;  leaflets  9-11,  oval,  pubescent  beneath  ; 
legume  terete,  torulose,  curved.  —  Waste  places.     August. 

5.  I.  Anil,  L.  Stem  erect ;  leaflets  7-15,  oval ;  legume  compressed,  even, 
thickened  at  each  suture.  —  Waste  places. 

These  two  species  were  formerly  cultivated  in  some  of  the  States,  and  em- 
ployed in  the  manufacture  of  Indigo. 

15.     SESBANIA,  Pers. 

Calyx  bibracteolate,  campanulate,  truncate,  5-toothed.  Petals  clawed.  Vex- 
illum  round  or  reniform ;  wings  straight,  as  long  as  the  curved  obtuse  keel. 
Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1).  Style  smooth;  stigma  truncate.  Legume  con- 
tinuous, contracted  between  the  seeds,  2 -many -seeded,  the  seeds  separated  by 
cross  partitions.  Cotyledons  thick;  radicle  incumbent.  —  Leaves  abruptly 
pinnate.     Flowers  in  axillary  racemes. 


lOG  leguminos.t:.     (pulsk  family.) 

*  Inner  icall  of  the  legume  sejHiratiiKjfrmn  the  outer  one  (it  inaturili/  in  the  form 

of  a  membranous  stick  enclosing  the  seeds. 

1.  S.  vesicaria,  Kll.  Annual,  2*'-10°lii{,^h,filiil)rtiu.s;  If.iflctsnniiirrons, 
1' lonj;,  linoar-ulihing,  niiuToiiate ;  racemes  sliorter  tlian  the  leaves,  simple  or 
coniitDund  ;  (lowers  small,  vclinw  ;  lej^nine  olilong,  1^^' long,  2-seetle(l.  ((ilot- 
tulimn,  JJesr.)  —  Damj)  ground  near  the  coast.     August. 

*  *  Inner  and  outer  walls  united  :  suture  thick  or  winged. 

2.  S.  macrocarpa,  Mulil.  Annual,  .3°- 10°  high, glabrous;  leaflets  very 
numerous,  V- 1'  long,  oiilong-linear,  olduse;  racemes  short,  1 -4-tlo\vered; 
Howers  yellow,  dotted,  the  vexillum  orhicnliU";  legume  6'- 10'  long,  linear, 
compressed  -  4-angle(l,  many-seeded.  —  Marshes  along  the  coast.  August - 
Sept. 

3.  S.  punicea,  Henth.  Trutcsceut,  2°-.')°  high  ;  leallets  10-20,  linear- 
ohlong ;  racemes  few-flowered ;  flowers  large,  scarlet ;  legume  oblong,  4-wiuged, 
few-seeded. —  Low  ground.     Sparingly  introduced. 

16.     ASTRAGALUS,   L.    Milk-Vktch. 

Ciilyx  5-toothed  ;  the  2  upper  teeth  separated.  Vexillum  as  long  as  the 
wings  and  obtuse  keel.  Stamens  10,  diadeljihous.  Legume  commonly  turgid, 
few -many -seeded,  usually  partly  or  completely  2-celled  by  the  introversion 
of  one  or  both  of  the  sutures.  —  Herbs  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  and  ax- 
illary spiked  or  racemose  flowers. 

*  Legume  partli/  or  completely  2-celled  bij  the  introversion  of  the  dorsal  suture. 

1.  A.  Canadensis,  L.  Tall,  pubescent ,  leaflets  21 -31,  oblong,  obtuse  ; 
sti]jules  (jvate,  clasping  ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves,  closely  many-flowered  ; 
calyx  teeth  subulate;  legume  inflated,  oval,  terete.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia 
and  North  Carolina.  June -August.  ^  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.  Leaflets  1'- 
ly  long.     Flowers  f  long,  pale  yellow. 

2.  A.  glaber,  Michx.  Stem  tall,  iiearly  smooth  ;  leaflets  15  -2.5,  oblong- 
linear,  ])ubes(ent  l)eneath  ;  .stipules  minute,  spreading ;  s])ikes  longer  than  the 
leaves,  loo.sely  many-flowered  ;  calyx  teeth  broad  and  short ;  legume  curved, 
oblong,  flattened  edgewise.  —  Dry  pine  barrens  in  the  mitldle  districts. 
April.     11  —  Stem  2°  high.     Leaflets  6"  - 8"  long.     Flowers  white. 

3.  A.  obcordatus,  Ell.  Smoothish;  stems  prostrate;  leaflets  small,  17- 
25,  obcordate ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves,  loosely^  8-  15-flowered  ;  legumes 
crescent-shaped,  compressed,  veiny.  —  Dry  sandy  barrens  in  the  lower  dis- 
tricts. April -June.  ^  —  Stems  6'- 12'  long.  Leaflets  3" -4"  long. 
Flowers  i)a]c  ])nr])l(>. 

4.  A.  caryoearpus,  Ker.  Stems  prostrate  or  ascending,  appressed- 
pubescent ;  leaflets  16-24,  oblong  ;  stipules  ovate  ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the 
leaves  ;  racemes  rather  loosely  flowered ;  the  flowers  violet-purple ;  legume 
ovate,  acute,  smooth,  thick  and  succulent,  corky  when  dry.  —  Near  Nash- 
ville, Tennessee  (Dr.  Gattinger),  and  westward. 

5.  A.  Plattensis,  Nutt.,  var.  Tennesseensis,  Gray.  Villous,  ca- 
nescentj  stems  prostrate  or  ascending;   leaflets  about  20,  oblong  or  linear- 


LEGUMINOS.E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  107 

oblong,  obtuse  or  emargiiiate  ;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate  ;  peduncles  as  long  as 
the  leaves  ;  racemes  short,  10-  15-flowered ;  calyx  teeth  subulate  ;  legume  ob- 
long, curved,  thick  and  fleshy,  many-seeded.  —  North  Alabama  and  Tennessee. 
March -April.  2/  —  Stems  4' -6' long.  Flowers  8" -9"  long,  apparently 
purple. 

*  *  Legume  l-celled :  the  ventral  suture  thickened  and  sometimes  slightly  inflexed. 
6.  A.  villosus,  Michx.  Villous  and  hoary;  stems  pro.strate;  leaflets 
about  13,  oval  or  oblong,  commonly  emarginate ;  stipules  lanceolate ;  peduncles 
as  long  as  the  leaves ;  racemes  ovate,  dense-flowered ;  calyx  teeth  longer  than 
the  tube;  legume  oblong,  curved,  3-augled,  l-celled.  —  Dry  pine  barrens^ 
Florida  to  South  Carolina.  April  -  May.  2/  —  Stems  4'-  6'  long.  Flowers 
small,  dull  yellow. 

17.     VICIA,   Tourn.     Vetch,  Tare. 

Calyx  tulnilar,  5-cleft,  the  two  upper  teeth  usually  shorter.  Style  filiform, 
hairy  at  the  apex,  or  on  the  side  facing  the  keel.  Legume  2  -  many-seeded, 
2-valved.  Seeds  orbicular.  Cotyledons  thick. —  Slender  climbing  herbs. 
Leaves  pinnate ;  the  petiole  terminating  in  a  tendril.  Stipules  mostly  semi- 
sagittate.     Flowers  axillary. 

*  Peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  l-2-Jlowered. 

1.  V.  sativa,  L.  (Vetch  or  Ta^e.)  Pubescent;  stem  simple;  leaflets 
10-12,  varying  from  obovate-oblong  to  linear,  emarginate;  flowers  by  pairs, 
nearly  sessile,  pale  purple;  legume  linear,  several-seeded. — Cultivated 
grouuds.     Introduced,     (l)  —  Corolla  Y  long.     Stem  1°  -  2°  long. 

2.  V.  mierantha,  Nutt.  Smooth;  leaflets  4-6,  linear,  obtuse  or  barely 
acute;  peduncles  1-2-flowered;  flowers  minute,  pale  blue;  legume  sabre- 
shaped,  4-  10-seeded. — Banks  of  rivers  and  shaded  places,  Florida  to  North 
Alabama,  and  westward.     April.     (T)  —  Stems  2° -3°  long.     Seeds  black. 

*  *  Peduncles  commonli/  longer  than  the  leaves,  3  -  manjj-Jlowered. 

3.  V.  hirsuta,  Koch.  Hair}-;  leaflets  12-14,  oblong-linear,  truncate; 
peduncles  3  -  6-flowered,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  calyx  teeth  equal ;  flow- 
ers small,  bluish  white  ;  legume  short,  oblong,  2-seeded.  —  Cultivated  ground. 
Introduced.     April  -  May. 

4.  V.  acutifolia,  Ell.  Smooth  ;  leaflets  about  4,  linear  or  rarely  oblong, 
acute  or  truncate  ;  peduncles  4  -  8-flowered,  usually  longer  than  the  leaves ; 
flowers  pale  blue,  the  keel  tipped  with  purple ;  legume  linear,  4  -  8-seeded.  — 
Damp  soil  near  the  coast.  March -May.  2/  —  Stems  angled,  2° -4°  long, 
brandling. 

5.  V.  Caroliniana,  Walt.  Smoothish;  leaflets  8-12,  linear  or  linear- 
olilong,  obtuse  or  Ijarely  acute  ;  stipules  small,  subulate ;  peduncles  many- 
flowered  ;  calyx  teeth  sliorter  than  the  tube ;  flowers  nearly  white,  tlie  keel 
tipped  with  blue ;  legume  oblong,  several-seeded.  —  Dry  open  woods,  chiefly 
in  .the  upper  districts.  April -May.  ^ — Stems  3° -4°  long,  branching. 
Flowers  4"  -  6"  long. 

6.  V.  Ludoviciana,  Nutt.  Smoothish ;  leaflets  10-15,  elliptical,  rounded 
or  emarginate  at  the  tip ;  peduncles  2  -  4-flowered,  flowers  small,  pale  blue  ; 


108  HSGUMINOSiE.       (pulse    FAMILY.) 

calvx  liuiry;  leguinc  liruadly  sabrcsliaped,  5 - C-seo(le<l.  —Now  Orleans. — 
Stfiu  stout,  2°-;j' Iniii;.  Lealkts  G"-B"loi)g.  rc-.luuilcs  in  fruit  longer 
than  tlie  leavi-s. 

"•  V.  Floridana,  Watson.  Lt-atlcts  ol)Ionf^  or  oliovate,  nincroiiatc,  tliin 
(i' lon<i) ;  flowers  snialit-r ;  legume  siiort  (V  long),  nearly  oval,  j»ninteil, 
2-4-seeded;  otherwise  like  No.  4.  —  Low  hummocks,  East  Florida. 

18.    LATHYRUS,  L. 

Style  flattened,  hearded  on  the  side  faiing  tlie  vexillum.  Otherwi.se  as  in 
^'icia. 

1.  L.  pusillus,  Mil.  Annual;  loatiets  2,  linear-lamcolate,  acute;  stipules 
sagittate;  peduncles  elongated,  1-2-flowered;  teeth  of  the  calyx  sulmlate- 
setaceous,  nearly  equal;  legume  long,  10-15-secded.  —  Near  Charleston, 
South  Carolina,  and  westward.  May.  —  A  small  and  slender  vine.  Flowers 
purj)le. 

2.  L.  venosUS,  Muhl.  rcronnial;  stem  stout ;  leaflets  10- 14,  ohlong- 
ovate,  obtuse ;  stipules  lanceolate  ;  peduncles  10- 20-flt)wered  ;  flowers  large, 
purple ;  calyx  teeth  very  une<iual.  —  Siiady  banks  in  the  upper  districts. 
June -July.  —  Stem  angled,  2° -3'^  long.  Leaflets  2' -3'  long.  Flowers 
f  long. 

3.  L.  myrtifolius,  INIuhl.  Perennial ;  stem  slender,  4augled  ;  leaflets 
4-6,  oblong,  olituse  ;  stijniles  large,  ovate,  entire ;  peduncles  3-6-flowered; 
flowers  pale  purple;  calyx  teeth  unecpial.  —  Banks  of  rivers,  North  Caro- 
lina, and  northward.  July  -  Augu.st.  —  Stem  2° -4°  long,  often  wing-angled. 
Leaflets  ly  long. 

19.    JESCHYNOMENE,  L. 

Calyx  2-lipped,  5-cleft  or  5-toothed.  Petals  erjual :  vexillum  roundish.  Sta- 
mens diadelphous  (5  &  5).  Legume  com])re.ssed,  stipitate,  separating  trans- 
versely into  3  or  more  1-seeded  indehiscent  joints.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with 
pinnate  leaves,  and  axillary  yellow  flowers. 

1.  ^.  hispida,  Willd.  Annual;  stem  erect,  muricate-liisjiid ;  leaflets 
numerous,  oblong-linear;  peduncles  3-5-flowered;  legume  straight,  linear, 
even  along  the  ui)per  suture,  wavy  on  the  lower,  6- 10-jointed,  the  joints 
nearly  square,  hispid.  —  Swamps  and  ditches.     August.  —  Stem  2° -4°  high. 

2.  .ffi.  viscidula,  Michx.  Perennial;  stem  slender,  prostrate,  viscid- 
pube.scent ;  leaves  small;  leaflets  7 -9,  obovate,  reticulate-veined;  peduncles 
3-4-flowered,  the  ])edicels  long  and  sj)rca(ling;  stijjules  and  bracts  ovate; 
legume  2-3-jointed,  the  joints  half-orbicular,  hispid.  —  Sandy  places  along 
the  coast,  Florida  and  Georgia.  August -Sept.  —  Stem  l°-2'^  long.  Leaves 
1'  long.     Flowers  small. 

20.    ZORNIA,   Gmcl. 

Calyx  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  emarginate,  the  lower  3-cleft.  Corolla  inserted 
on  the  base  of  the  calyx.     Stamens  mouadelphous,  alternately  shorter ;  an- 


LEGUMINOS^.       (pulse    FAMILY.)  109 

thers  alternately  oblong  and  globose.  Legume  compressed,  with  2-5  round- 
ish hispid  joints. —  Herbs.  Leaves  palmately  2-4-foliolate.  Stipules  sagit- 
tate.    Flowers  yellow,  in  axillary  large-bracted  racemes. 

1.  Z.  tetraphylla,  Michx.  Perennial,  smooth  or  downy;  leaflets  4, 
lanceolate  or  oblong- obovate ;  racemes  3 -9-flowered,  much  longer  thau  the 
leaves ;  the  flowers  distant  and  almost  concealed  by  the  large  ovate  bracts ; 
legume  hispid,  3-4-jointed.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and 
westward.     June  -  August.  —  Stem  2°  long,  prostrate. 

21.     STYLOSANTHES,   Swartz 

Flowers  of  two  kinds  :  one  perfect,  but  sterile ;  the  other  destitute  of  calyx, 
corolla,  and  stamens,  and  fertile.  Calyx  2-bracted,  2-lipped,  5-cleft ;  the  tube 
long  and  slender.  Corolla  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Keel  entire 
at  the  apex.  Stamens  monadelplious,  with  the  alternate  anthers  linear  and 
ovate.  Style  of  the  fertile  flower  hooked.  Legume  veiny,  1  -  2-jointed,  the 
lower  joint  empty.  —  Low  herbs.  Leaves  trifoliolate.  Stipules  united  with 
the  petioles.     Flowers  in  a  short  and  dense  terminal  spike. 

1.  S.  elatior,  Swartz.  Perennial;  stem  mostly  erect,  6'- 12'  high,  pu- 
bescent in  lines,  or  sometimes  hispid ;  leaflets  rigid,  lanceolate,  strongly 
veined;  stipules  sheathing;  spike  few-flowered;  bracts  bristly;  flowers  yel- 
low; legume  compressed.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens.     June -August. 

Var.  procumbens,  Purshl  Stems  procumbent,  1°- 2°  long;  leaflets 
ovate-lanceolate,  3"  -  4"  long ;  legumes  nearly  globose,  obscurely  ribbed.  — 
Sandy  woods.  West  Florida. 

22.     CHAPMANIA,   Torr.  &  Gray. 

Flowers  perfect,  but  sterile,  and  imperfect  and  fertile.  Sterile  Floioer. 
Calyx  turbinate,  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  the  vexillum  and  wings  nearly  equal, 
broadly  obovate,  the  keel  straight,  convolute,  enclosing  the  stamens  and 
pistil.  Stamens  10,  monadelplious  below  the  middle,  shorter  than  the  abor- 
tive pistil.  Fertile  Flower.  Petals  and  stamens  none.  Style  short  and 
curved.  Legume  1 -4-jointed,  the  joints  I-seeded.  Seed  suspended.  —  An 
erect  perennial  herb,  from  tuber-liearing  roots.  Stem  mostly  simple,  2° -3° 
high,  hirsute.  Leaves  unequally  pinnate,  with  setaceous  stipules ;  leaflets 
5-7,  oblong  or  obovate, -I'- 1'  long.  Flowers  in  short  2-3-flowered  spikes, 
at  the  leafless  summit  of  the  stem.  Calyx  glandular-viscid.  Petals  fuga- 
cious, f  long,  yellow. 

1.  C.  Floridana,  Torr.  &  Gray.  —  Dry  sandy  pine  barrens.  South  Flor- 
ida,    ^lay- July.  —  Flowers  expanding  briefly  in  early  morning. 

23.     LESPEDEZA,  Michx.    Bush  Clover. 

Calyx  2-bracted,  5-cleft;  the  teeth  subulate.  Corolla  inserted  on  the  base 
of  the  calyx.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1).  Anthers  alike.  Legume  small, 
lenticular,  indehiscent,  1-seeded.  —  Perennial  herbs  (except  No.  5),  with  tri- 
foliolate leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  axillary  racemes  or  spikes. 


110  LEGUMINOS^.       (I'ULSE    FAMILY.) 

*  Flowers  of  dm  kiiiilx,  riz.  jiirfict,  hnt  mostly  sterile,  home  in  s/iikes  or  raremes, 

anil  firlile,  liitt  destitute  of  vurollu  and  stamens  ;  the  latter  commonly  in  sessile 
rliislirs:  coiolla  jiur/ile,  lonijer  than  the  calyx. 

1.  L.  repens,  loir.  i<:  (Jmy.  Stem  slender,  prostrate;  leaflets  small, 
oval,  mostly  emarginate,  the  jieliole  very  short,  or  as  long  as  the  lateral  leaf- 
lets ;  racemes  fe\v-tlo\vered,  on  filiform  peduncles  mueii  longer  tiian  tiie  leaves ; 
legume  roundish.  (L.  i)rocumbeus,  Michs.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to 
Mississii)pi,  and  northward.  August. —  Plant  l°-2°  long,  smooth  or 
tomentose. 

2.  L.  violacea,  I'ers.  stem  widely  hranchcd  ahove,  sparsely  ajjprcssed- 
pubescent ;  the  branchlets  and  peduncles  setaceous ;  leaHets  oval  or  oblong, 
glabrous  above;  peduncles  diverging,  few-flowered  ;  flowers  violet;  legumes 
ovate,  acute.  —  Dry  sandy  or  rocky  woods.  August.  —  Stem  2°-3°  high. 
Leaves  1'  long. 

3.  L.  reticulata,  Pers.  Stem  mostly  simple,  very  leafy  ;  leaflets  linear 
or  obloug-liuear,  pubescent  beneath  ;  racemes  very  numerous,  the  lower  shorter 
than  the  leaves,  the  upper  glomerate ;  flowers  purple;  legume  ovate,  acute. 
With  the  preceding. 

4.  L.  Stuvei,  Nutt.  Stem  erect,  branching,  softly  j)ubesceut ;  leaflets 
oval  or  oblong,  tomeutose  or  silky  on  both  surfaces,  or  only  beneath,  longer 
than  the  petiole ;  racemes  axillary,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves ;  flowers 
nearly  all  perfect  and  fertile ;  legume  longer  than  the  calyx,  ovate,  villous.  — 
Dry  sterile  soil.     August. 

*  *  Flowers  in  axillary  cluster-like  racemes,  the  fertile  icith  a  partially  developed 

corolla  :  calyx  lobes  ovate  :  stipules  persistent :  root  annual. 
.5.  Ii.  striata,  Hook.  &  Arnott.  Annual,  erect  or  prostrate,  appressed 
pubescent ;  leaflets  oblong-ohovate ;  st:])nles  thin,  strongly  veined,  twice  as 
long  as  the  petioles,  persistent ;  racemes  shorter  than  tlie  leaves,  1  -  5-flo-w- 
ered  ;  calyx  veiny,  the  ovate  teeth  shorter  than  the  round  ovate  reticulate 
legume  ;  flowers  purple.  —  Fields  and  waste  ground.  Introduced.  —  Stems 
6' -12' long. 

*  *  *  Flowers  all  perfect  and  fertile :  corolla  as  long  as  the  calyx,  yellowish 

white,  the  vexillum  spotted  with  purple :  legume  included  in  the  calyx. 

6.  L.  hirta,  Fll.  Stem  erect,  pubescent  or  villous ;  leaflets  oval  or 
roundish,  longer  than  the  petiole,  pubescent  beneath  or  on  both  si<les;  s])ikes 
dense,  on  peduncles  longer  than  tlie  leaves;  calyx  teeth  linear  lanceolate,  as 
long  as  the  ovate  pubescent  legume.  —  Dry  barren  soil.  August.  —  Stem  2°- 
4°  high. 

7.  L.  capitata,  Michx.  Stem  mostly  simple,  villous;  leaves  nearly  ses- 
sile ;  leaflets  rather  rigid,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  smooth  above ;  racemes  capi- 
tate ;  calyx  lobes  hairy,  as  long  as  the  corolla,  longer  than  the  oblong-ovate 
legume.  —  Dry  sterile  soil  in  the  upper  districts.  August.  —  Stem  2° -4° 
high.     Leaves  r  -  2' long. 

Var.  sericea,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Stem  branching;  leaflets  oblong,  silky- 
canescent  on  both  sides ;  racemes  crowded.  —  Low  ground  along  the  coast. 
August. 


LEGUMINOS.E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  Ill 

8.  L.  angUStifolia,  Ell.  Stem  slender,  2° -3°  high,  closely  pubesceut; 
leaves  short-petioled ;  leaflets  liuear  or  oblong-liuear,  obtuse  or  emarginate, 
pubescent  beneath,  1'  or  less  long;  racemes  capitate,  longer  tliau  the  leaves; 
calyx  nearly  sessile ;  legume  broadly  ovate,  downy,  as  long  as  the  calyx.  — 
Dry  sandy  soil  in  the  lower  districts.     August. 

24.     DESMODIUM,  DC.     (Hedtsarum,  L.,  Ell.) 

Flowers  all  similar  and  perfect.  Calyx  bilabiate;  the  upper  lip  emarginate 
or  entire,  the  lower  3-cleft.  Corolla  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Sta- 
mens diadelphous  (9  «&  1),  or  more  or  less  monadelphous.  Legume  flattened, 
2-6-jointed.  —  Chiefly  perennial  branching  herbs.  Leaves  trifoliolate,  peti- 
oled,  stipulate ;  the  leaflets  petiolulate  and  stipellate.  Flowers  small,  purple 
or  whitish,  in  terminal  racemes  or  panicles  (except  the  last).  Legumes  hispid 
with  hooked  hairs. 

§  1.    Stamens  monadelphous  below:  legumes  consplcuousli/  stipitate,  2-A-jointed, 
the  joints  half-oboe  ate,  concave  on  the  hack. 

1.  D.  pauciflorum,  Nutt.  Stem  low,  ascending,  mostl}- simple,  leaf}' ; 
leaves  scattered,  longpetioled ;  leaflets  thin,  acute,  ciliate,  pale  beneath,  the 
lateral  ones  ovate,  the  terminal  one  rhombic-ovate  ;  stipules  minute  ;  racemes 
terminal,  4  -  8-flowered,  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves.  —  Shady  woods, 
Florida  to  Tennessee.  August.  —  Stem  1°  high.  Leaflets  1'- 2'  long.  Co- 
rolla pale  purple  or  white. 

2.  D.  acuminatum,  DC.  Stem  pubescent,  leafy  at  the  summit ;  leaves 
large,  long-petioled ;  leaflets  smoothish,  ovate  or  roundish,  acuminate  ;  raceme 
or  panicle  terminal,  long-peduncled,  many-flowered  — Rich  shady  soil.  July- 
August.  —  Plant  2°  -  3°  high.     Leaflets  thin,  2'  -  4'  long. 

3.  D.  nudiflorum,  DC.  Stem  smooth,  short,  leafy  at  the  summit; 
panicle  ascending  from  the  base  of  the  stem,  naked,  or  with  one  or  two  leaves 
near  the  base,  much  longer  than  the  stem ;  leaves  long-petioled,  smooth ;  leaf- 
lets ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  white  beneath ;  legume  loug-stipitate.  —  Rich 
woods.  July -August. — Stem  6'- 12' high.  Racemes  simple  or  compound, 
on  peduncles  2° -3°  high. 

§2.   Stamens  diadelphous:  legume  sessile  or  short-stipitate. 

*  Stipules  large,  ovate  (except  No.  9),  acuminate, persistent :  legume  3-6-joiiUed, 

the  joints  convex  on  the  upper  suture,  rounded  on  the  lower  one. 

4.  D.  canescens,  DC.  Stem  tall,  rough-hairy,  striate;  leaflets  ovate, 
mostly  acute,  very  rough,  especially  beneath  ;  panicle  large,  very  hairy  ;  bracts 
large,  ovate,  acuminate  ;  joints  of  the  legume  3-5,  connected  by  a  broad  neck. 
—  Dry  open  woods.  July -August.  —  Plant  3°-5°  high,  much  branched, 
pale  green.     Leaflets  H'-3'  long.     Flowers  large. 

5.  D.  tortUOSUm,  DC.  Stem  tall,  much  branched,  softly  pubescent ; 
leaflets  rhombic  or  elliptical,  obtuse  and  often  emarginate,  tomentose  beneath, 
rough  above;  racemes  panicled,  slender;  flowers  2-3  together,  on  slender 
pedicels ;  legume  nearly  sessile,  black ;  the  small  joints  oval  or  rhombic, 
equally  convex  on  both  sutures.  —  Waste  places.  Introduced.  Sept.  —  Stem 
3°  -  5°  high.    Leaflets  3'-  4'  long.    Legume  1 '  long,  pendulous.    Flowers  small. 


Ill'  m:(;iminos.k.     (itlsr  famii.v.) 

f>.  D.  CUSpidatum,  Tnrr.  &(!ray.  SUiii  sniDotli.trcct ;  loavfs  smooth, 
oviito  or  l:iiii(i>l:itf-ovatt-,  aiuiiiinate;  jtanirle  mostly  siiii]ile,  elongated;  How- 
crs  anil  bracts  lar^e ;  le>;;nme  4-G-jointe(l.  the  joints  rhomhic-oldonp;,  eon- 
necteil  l>y  a  i>roail  neck.  —  Dry  open  woods.  .Inly- Aiij^u.st.  —  Stem  ."3^-5° 
high.     Leali.is  .5  -  ">'  l..ng.     Legume  1  i'-'i'  long. 

7.  D.  viridiflorum,  Beck,  stem  stout,  tomentose,  rough  above  ;  leaves 
large;  leaHets  ovate  or  roundish,  obtuse,  very  mugh  above,  jiale  ami  velvety 
beneath;  stijjules  ovate,  acuminate,  rather  snuill ;  panicle  large,  lealless ; 
legume  3-4-jointed,  on  a  stipe  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  the  joints  half 
orbicular,  connected  by  a  narrow  neck.  —  Rich  open  woods.  August.  —  Stem 
3°-4°high.     Leaflets  2' -4' long.     Corolla  turning  greenish. 

8.  D.  OChroleucum,  M.  A.Curtis.  Stems  decumbent,  hairy ;  leaflets 
smoothisli,  ovate,  reticulate  ;  stipules  large,  ovate ;  racemes  elongated  ;  corolla 
whitish;  legumes  twisted,  2-4-joiuted,  the  large  joints  rhomboid,  smooth. — 
North  Carolina,  and  northward. 

9.  D.  humifusum,  Beck.  Nearly  glabrous;  stem  prostrate;  leaflets 
ovate,  mostly  obtuse,  thin,  faintly  veined,  I'-U'  long;  stipules  small,  lance- 
olate; flowers  small,  purple;  joints  of  the  legume  3-4,  triangular,  minutely 
scabrous.  —  ( )pcn  wooils,  Tennessee,  and  northward. 

10.  D.  rotundifolium,  DC.  Stem  long,  trailing,  hairy;  leaflets  or- 
bicular, pubescent ;  stipules  ovate,  large,  reflexed  ;  racemes  simple,  the  termi- 
nal ones  panided  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  longer  than  the  tube  ;  legume  2  -  4-jointed, 
very  adhesive,  the  large  joints  half-rhombic.  —  Dry  open  woods.  August. — 
Stem  3° -5°  long.     Flowers  showy,  occasionally  yellowish  white. 

*  *  Stipules  subulate,  deciduous:  legume  3-5-jointed,  nearly  strair/ht  on   the 
upper  suture,  ike  joints  triangular,  rarehj  rounded  on  the  lower  suture. 

11.  D.  Canadense,  DC.  Stem  erect,  hairy;  leaves  short-petioled ; 
leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  more  or  less  hairy;  panicle  leafy;  flowers  and 
bracts  large;  legume  with  3-4  rather  large  obtusely  3-angled  joints.  —  Dry 
woods  in  the  upper  districts.  August.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high,  furrowed.  Upper 
leaves  subsessile. 

12.  D.  Dillenii,  Darl.  Stem  erect,  furrowed,  hairy;  \eaflets  oblong  or 
ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  smoothish  above,  paler  and  pubescent  beneath ;  panicle 
large,  leafless,  rough ;  joints  of  the  legume  3-4,  triangular.  —  Open  woods, 
common.  August.  —  Stem  2°-3°  high.  Leaflets  l'-2'  long.  Bracts  and 
flowers  small. 

13.  D.  glabellum,  DC.  Stem  erect,  nearly  glabrous;  leaflets  small, 
ovate,  obtuse,  scabrous-pubescent  on  both  sides ;  joints  of  the  legume  about  4, 
triangular,  minutely  hispid.  —  In  shady  pla-^es,  North  and  South  Carolina. — 
Resembles  D.  Marilandicum  in  foliage  and  D.  paniculatum  in  fruit. 

14.  D.  laevigatum,  DC.  Stem  smooth,  terete ;  leaflets  thick,  ovate, 
obtuse,  smooth,  or  slightly  pubescent  and  paler  beneath ;  panicle  leafless, 
rough;  joints  of  the  legume  3-4,  triangular.  (H.  rhombifolium.  Ell.)  — 
Dry  rich  soil.  August.  —  Stem  2° -4°  high.  Leaflets  V-2'  long,  the  lateral 
ones  occasionally  wanting. 


LEGUMIXOS.E.        (PULSE    FAMILY.)  113 

?5.  D.  paniculatum,  DC.  Stem  slender,  mostly  smooth,  with  long 
and  virgate  branches ;  leaflets  varying  from  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  ob- 
tuse, smooth  or  slightly  pubescent ;  legume  3  -  5-jointed,  tlie  joints  triangular. 

—  Shady  woods.     August.  —  Stem  2° -4°  high.     Leaflets  ratlier  rigid. 

*  *  *  Stipules  subulate,  deciduous :  legume  2-3-jointed ;  the  joints  small,  oral, 
or  ohliquelj  obovate :  flowers  small. 

16.  D.  tenuifolium,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  slender,  erect,  rough-pubes- 
cent al)Ove ;  leaflets  linear,  reticulated,  obtuse,  smooth  above,  keeled,  much 
longer  than  the  short  petiole;  panicle  leafless,  very  rough;  flowers  small; 
legume  sessile,  mostly  2-jointed.  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Caro- 
lina.    July  -  August.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.     Leaflets  2'  -  3'  long. 

17.  I>.  strictum,  DC.  Stem  erect,  mostly  simple,  straight  and  slender, 
smooth  or  rougliish  ;  leaves  on  short  petioles ;  leaflets  narrowly  linear,  rather 
obtuse,  coriaceous,  reticulated,  nearly  smooth ;  panicle  virgate,  few-flowered  ; 
the  pedicels  very  slender  ;  legume  stipitate,  1  -  3-joiuted.  —  Pine  barrens. 
July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  AP  high.     Leaflets  1'  -  2'loug. 

18.  D.  sessilifolium,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  2° -3°  high,  brandling, 
softly  pubescent ;  leaves  nearly  sessile ;  leaflets  1'-  2' long,  rather  rigid,  linear- 
oblong,  obtuse,  scabrous  above,  tomentose  beneath ;  flowers  crowded  on  the 
long  branches  of  the  panicle,  short-pedicelled ;  joints  of  the  nearly  sessile 
legume  2-3,  hisj)id.  —  Dry  open  woods,  Tennessee,  aud  northward. 

19.  D.  Marilandicum,  Boott.  Stem  erect,  smooth,  mostly  simple; 
leaflets  small,  ovate  or  roundish,  obtuse,  smooth,  pale  beneath,  commonly 
shorter  than  the  petiole;  panicle  rough;  legume  mostly  2-jointed.  (H.  ob- 
tusum,  Ell.) — Dry  open  woods.  August. — Stem  2° -3°  high.  Leaflets 
rarely  more  than  1'  long,  sometimes  oblong. 

20.  D.  ciliare,  DC.  Very  much  like  the  last,  but  the  stem  and  leaves 
rough-hair}^,  and  the  (sometimes  acute)  leaflets  longer  than  the  short  petiole. 

—  With  the  preceding. 

21.  D.  rigidum,  DC.  Stem  erect,  branched,  rough-pubescent ;  leaflets 
(pale)  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  rough  above,  hairy  beneath,  strongly  reticulated 
on  both  sides ;  panicle  ample,  leafy  below ;  legume  mostly  3-joiuted.  —  Dry 
woods.     August.  —  Stems  2° -3°  high.     Leaflets  I'-S'  long. 

22.  D.  lineatum,  DC.  Stem  prostrate,  slender,  smooth ;  leaflets  oval 
or  roundish,  smooth ;  racemes  elongated,  axillary  and  terminal,  simple  or 
paniculate,  rough;  legume  2-3-jointed.  —  Open  grassy  pine  barrens  in  the 
lower  districts.  August.  —  Stem  l°-2°long.  Leaflets  seldom  more  than  I' 
long.     Racemes  ]°- 2°  long. 

23.  D.  Floridanum,  Chapm.  Stem  short,  rigid,  very  rough;  lower 
leaves  1 -3-foliolate  ;  leaflets  lanceolate-ovate,  acute  or  olituse,  very  rough 
above,  pubescent  and  strongly  reticulate  beneath ;  stipules  subulate ;  panicle 
elongated,  sparingly  branched,  leafless;  legume  2-4-jointed,  the  stipe  shorter 
than  the  calyx;  joints  obliquely  obovate.  —  Dry  sandy  soil  near  the  coast. 
Florida.  July- August.  —  Proper  stem  1°  higli,  the  panicle  2°-3°.  Leaflets 
2' -3'  long,  the  stipules  and  stipels  rigid.     Bracts  and  flowers  small. 

8 


Ill  LKCrMINOS.!-:.       (PILSK    FAMILY.) 

§  3.    I^i/itiiii'  scssilf,  nearly  even  on  both  sutures,  the  juints  quadram/ular. 
24.    D.    triflorum,    DC      (Votping,  jHilHsicnt ;  leatlt-ts  obconliite ;  pe- 
tlmiclfS  iixilliin,  siiii;lf,  di'J-.I  toj^ctlier,   l-lluwin-il ;   li-jjiuno  curvctl,  3-4- 
joiiiti'd. —  M;iii;it(c,  Smitli  Flnrida.      Iiitrcuiiiced. — Stem  G'-12'  l"iig. 

25.    RHYNCHOSIA,   DC. 

Calyx  2-lii)pcd,  with  tiif  iippi  r  lip  2-(  liii  uml  the  lower  S-parted,  or  nearly 
eipially  4-i)arted.  Stamens  diadclphous  (9  &  1).  Style  smooth,  siil)ulate. 
Legume  ol)li)iig  or  seimitar-slia])ed,  mo.xtly  1-2-seeded.  Seeds  earuiKuhite. 
—  Krett  or  twining  herbs  or  slirul)s,  with  1  or  3-foli<jlate,  mostly  s.)ftly-puhes- 
ceut  and  resinous-dotted  leaves,  and  axillary  yellow  flowers. 

»  Stems  twining,  or  low  tind  erect ;  Jiowers  in  axillari/  racemes. 

-t-   Culijx  SOUK  tell  at  '2-lipped,  A-cleJl ;  the  teeth  subulate,  shorter  than  the  corolla, 

the  lowest  one  longest:  stems  twining. 

1.  R.  minima,  DC.  Tomento.se;  leaflets  small,  roundish  or  broadly 
rhombic,  barely  acute,  dotted  beneath;  stipules  subulate;  racemes  filiform, 
mucii  longer  than  the  leaves,  loosely  6-  12-flowered  ;  flowers  minute,  reflexed  ; 
legumes  scimitar-shapeil.  —  Damp  soil  along  the  coast,  South  Carolina,  ami 
westward.     July.  —  Leaflets  i'  -  1'  long. 

2.  R.  parvifolia,  DC.  Velvety  throughout ;  leaflets  ovate,  oblong,  or 
obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  or  the  upper  ones  acute,  hoary,  and  strongly  reticu- 
late l)eneath,  longer  than  the  ])etiole ;  stij)ulos  small,  lanceolate ;  racemes 
equalling  or  longer  than  the  leaves,  slender,  loosely  3  -  5-flowered ;  lowest 
tooth  of  the  calyx  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  others;  legume  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, clothed  with  soft  down  and  longer  hairs  intermixed,  2-3seeded. — 
South  Florida.  —  Stem  l°-2°  long.     Leaflets  1'  long. 

3.  R,  Caribaea,  DC.  Velvety  throughout;  stem  prostrate  or  twiuiug ; 
leaflets  thiu,  ovate,  acute  or  slightly  acuminate ;  stipules  ovate ;  racemes 
slender,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  loosely  3 -5-flowered;  teeth  of  the  calyx 
short,  nearly  equal ;  legume  scimitar  shaped,  acute.  —  South  Florida.  — 
Stem  2° -3°  long.  Lefiflets  li'-2'  long.  Racemes  l'-2'  long.  Flowers 
small.    Legume  I'-  1^'  lo»g.  tapering  at  the  base. 

H-  -(-  Calyx  4-pnrted,  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla,  the  lobes  linear  or  lanceolate, 
nearly  er/nal :  stems  twining  or  erect. 

4.  R.  menispermoidea,  DC.  Stems  several  from  one  root,  prostrate 
or  twining,  downy  ;  .stipules  ovate-lanceolate;  leaflets  solitary,  reniform,  to- 
mentose ;  peduncles  rarely  as  b.ng  as  the  petiole,  with  few  crowded  flowers  at 
the  summit ;  calyx  deeply  parted,  the  lanceolate  acute  or  acuminate  lobes 
nearly  equal;  legume  oblong,  acute,  tomontose,  2-seeded.  —  Charlotte  Ilarljor, 
South  Florida  (Blodoett).  —  Stems  2° - 3°  long.     Leaflets  V-2'  in  diameter. 

5.  R.  tomentosa,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Softly  pubescent;  stem  trailing  or 
climbing;  leaflets  oval  or  orbicular,  often  acute,  f-  1^'  long;  stipules  lanceo- 
late ;  racemes  nearly  se.'ssile,  cluster-like,  few-flowered  ;  calyx  as  long  as  the 
corolla,  and  half  as  long  as  the  oval  2  seeded  legume.  —  Dry  sandy  soil  in  the 
lower  districts.    June  -  August.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  long.  —  Legume  ^'  long. 


LEGUMINOS.E.        (pulse    FAMILY.)  115 

6.  R.  reticulata,  DC?  Stems  several,  prostrate,  villous;  leaves  trifoli- 
olate  ;  leaflets  thin,  silky,  oval  or  orbicular,  slightly  cordate,  reticulate,  2' -3' 
loug,  the  lateral  oues  oblique ;  racemes  single,  or  in  unequal  pairs,  loosely  4- 
10-flowered,  2' -3'  long ;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  corolla.  — Dry 
sandy  soil,  Orange  County,  Florida.  July.  {Fred.  L.  Lewton.)  —  Stems  2° 
loug.     Legume  not  seen. 

7.  R.  erecta,  DC.  Yelvety-tomentose  ;  stem  erect,  simple  or  branched; 
leaves  trifoliolate ;  leaflets  oblong-ovate,  reticulate,  acute ;  stipules  subulate, 
persistent ;  racemes  sessile,  densely  many-flowered ;  legume  oblong.  —  Light 
dry  soil.  June -August.  —  Stem  1°- 2°  high.  Leaflets  1'- 2' long.  Legume 
8"  -  9"  long. 

8.  R.  reniformis,  DC.  Villous;  stem  2' -8' high;  leaves  1-foliolate,  or- 
bicular or  reniform,  hirsute  beneath ;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  racemes  nearly 
sessile,  cluster-like  ;  legume  oblong.  —  Dry  sandy  soil  in  the  lower  districts. 
May  -  July. 

9.  R.  mollissima,  Shuttlw.  Velvety  tomentose  ;  stem  simple,  1°  high  ; 
leaves  trifoliolate  ;  leaflets  ovate,  acute,  I' long  ;  stipules  deciduous  ;  racemes 
terminal,  .solitary,  4'  -  8'  long,  loosely  many-flowered  ;  corolla  longer  than  the 
calyx, —  Dry  sandy  soil  near  the  coast,  Georgia  and  East  Florida.     Bare. 

*  *  Stem  tall,  erect,  icith  Jong  vlrgate  branches :  flowers  solitary  or  bij  pairs,  in  the 
axils  of  the  upper  leaves :  calyx  deeply  4-cleJl,  shorter  than  the  corolla. 

10.  R.  galactioides,  Endl.  Stem  l)ushy,  purplish,  closely  pubescent ; 
leaves  very  small,  almost  sessile ;  leaflets  3,  oval  or  obovate,  rigid,  reticulate, 
pubescent ;  flowers  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves,  yellow,  the  vexillum  reddish 
externally;  legume  oblong,  2-seeded.  (Pitcheria,  Nutt.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil, 
Florida  and  Alabama.  June.  —  Stem  2° -4°  high.  Leaflets  3'"'- 9"  long. 
Legume  f  long. 

26.     APIOS,    Boerh.     Geound-Nut. 

Calyx  somewhat  2-lipped  ;  the  lateral  teeth  nearly  obsolete,  the  lowest  one 
longest.  Vexillum  very  broad,  reflexed  ;  the  keel  at  length  twisted.  Stamens 
diadelphous  (9  &  1 ).  Legume  nearly  terete,  many-seeded.  —  A  smooth  peren- 
nial twining  herb,  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  and  brownish  purple  flowers 
in  dense  axillary  racemes. 

1.  A.  tuberosa,  Mcench.  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  Mississipin,  and  north- 
ward. July  and  August.  —  Root  bearing  small  edible  tubers.  Stem  twining 
high.  Leaflets  .5-7,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate.  Eacemes  often  by  pairs, 
shorter  tlian  the  leaves.     Seeds  black,  separated  by  loose  cellular  tissue. 

27.     PHASEOLUS,   L.    Kidnet-Bean. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  the  two  upper  teeth  more  or  less  united.  Keel  of  the  corolla 
spirally  coiled  or  twisted.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Legume  linear  or  falcate, 
few  -  many-seeded. — Twining  or  prostrate  herbs,  with  trifoliolate  stipellate 
leaves.  Flowers  commonly  large,  racemed,  or  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the 
axillary  peduncles. 


llCi  M;(;rMiN(>s.ic.      (itlsk  famii.v.) 

»  Fliiirtrs  sidlUrid  in  Ion;/  raremi's:   hijumis  sriiiiildr-slKijird. 

1.  P.  perennis,  Walt.  Stom  iliniKinf;,  )inlK'S(i'iit  ;  leadcts  ovate,  acute, 
entire,  inciiiliiatiiutiiiis  ;  raceincs  tifleii  hruiicliiii^,  twice  as  loiij;  as  tlu;  leaves. 
—  l^ow  woods  ami  margins  ol'  fields.  July -i\iii;iisU  ^  —  l.,ealiels  2'-4' 
long.     Flowers  purple. 

2.  P.  sinuatus,  Nutt.  Stem]in).stratc,sniootliish;  leaflets  small  (1' long), 
rouniiisii  or  ^-lolied,  strongly  reticulate,  ratlicr  rigiil ;  racemes  6-8  times  as 
long  as  the  leaves,  solitary,  simple.  —  Dry  samly  jiine  liarrens.  Florida. 
July  -  August.     "21  —  Stem  8°-  12°  long.     Flowers  pale  jmrple. 

»  *  Flowers  clustered  iii  the  snmmil  nf  the  jieduneles  :  lei/ume  linear,  nearli/  terete  : 
seed  scurf II .     (Strophostvi.ks,  Ell.) 

3.  P.  diversifolius,  Pers.  Annual ;  stems  i)rostratc  or  trailing,  mugli- 
liairy  ;  leiitleis  cvnte.  entire  or  2-;Mol)e(l;  peduncles  twice  as  long  as  the 
leaves.  —  Sandy  soil.  Jniie-Sejit. —  Stems  2° -4°  long.  Corolla  purple, 
withering  greenisli. 

4.  P.  helvolus,  L.  Perennial,  smooth  or  hairy  ;  stems  prostrate,  leaflets 
varying  from  ovate  to  oljlong-linear,  rarely  3-lobed  ;  peduncles  3-6  times  as 
long  as  the  leaves. —  Woods  and  margins  of  fields.  June-Sejit.  —  Corolla 
pale  purple. 

5.  P.  pauciflorus,  Bentb.  Annu.il,  softly  pubescent ;  stem  twining; 
leaflets  r-l.\'long,  obloug-ovate,  obtuse  ;  peduncles  often  sliorter  than  the 
leaves,  few-flowered ;  flowers  small,  legume  broadly  linear,  com])rcssed,  hir- 
sute, few-seeded ;  seeds  oval,  smooth.  —  Waste  ground,  ]\Iississi])pi,  Tenuea- 
see,  and  westward. 

28.    VIGNA,    Savi. 

Calyx  4-tootlied,  the  upper  tooth  broader,  entire  or  2-cleft.  Vexillum  de- 
pressed-orbicular, with  thickened  knobs  near  the  base.  Keel  not  twisted. 
Stamens  included  in  the  keel,  diadelphous,  aud  with  the  style  bent  upward. 
Style  hairy  above,  appendaged  below  the  stigma.  Legume  nearly  terete, 
somewhat  torulose,  the  seeds  separated  by  cellular  tissue. — Twining  herbs, 
with  trifoliolate  leaves,  and  racemose  axillary  flowers. 

1.  V.  luteola,  Benth.  Annual,  smooth  or  hirsute;  leaflets  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate;  racemes  on  stout  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves;  flowers 
yellow,  crowded  ;  legume  terete,  liirsutc.  —  Bracki.sh  maislies  along  the  coast, 
.luly  -  Sept. 

29.     ERYTHRINA,   L. 

Calyx  tubular-campaniilate,  truncate,  toothless.  Vexillum  narrow,  straight, 
elongated.  Keel  and  wings  very  small.  Stamens  and  style  partly  exserted. 
Legume  stipitate,  torulose,  partly  dehiscent.  —  Trees,  shrubs,  or  rarely  herbs, 
often  armed  with  prickles.  Leaves  trifoliolate,  the  terminal  leaflet  long- 
petiolulatc.     Flowers  showy,  scarlet,  in  long  racemes. 

1.  E.  herbacea,  L.  Stems  herbaceous,  .several  from  a  very  thick  root, 
prickly,  the  flowering  ones  mostly  leafless  ;  leaves  long  petioled  ;  leaflets  ovate 
or  somewhat  hastate;  vexillum   lanceolate,  folded;   seeds  scarlet.  —  Light 


LEGUMINOS.E       (pulse    FAMILY.)  117 

sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  west  to  Mississippi.  April -May. 
—  Stems  2° -4°  high.  Racemes  l°-2°  long.  Flowers  2' long.  Legume 
opening  by  one  suture  opposite  the  seeds. 

Var.  arborea.  Stems  woody,  10° -20°  higli,  widely  branching  at  the 
summit ;  racemes  axillary,  few-flowered ;  flowers  smaller  ;  legume  erect.  — 
South  Florida. 

30.    CLITORIA,  L. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed.  Vexillnm  very  large,  spurless  on  the  back, 
obovate,  emargiuate.  Keel  shorter  than  the  wings.  Stamens  monadelphous 
below.  Style  curved,  hairy.  Legume  stipitate,  linear-oblong,  torulose,  vein- 
less.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  trifoliolate  leaves,  and  very  large  purple  flowers 
on  axillary  peduncles.     Bracts  opposite. 

1.  C  Mariana,  L.  Smooth;  stem  erector  twining;  leaflets  ovate-ob- 
long, pale  beneath;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  1  -3-flowered;  legume 
3-4-seeded.  —  Dry  soil.  July -August.  —  Stem  1°-. 3°  long.  Flowers  2' 
long,  pale  purple.     Bracts  shorter  thau  the  calyx.     Legume  l|'-2'  long. 

31.    CENTROSEMA,  DC. 

Calyx  short,  5-cleft,  the  2  upper  lobes  more  or  less  united.  Vexilluin  very 
large,  spurred  on  tlie  back,  orbicular,  emarginate.  Keel  nearly  as  long  as 
the  wings.  Stamens  monadelphous  below.  Style  smooth.  Legume  nearly 
sessile,  linear,  compressed,  the  sutures  tliickeued,  the  valves  lined  with  an 
intra-marginal  vein. — Twining  herbs,  with  trifoliolate  leaves,  and  very  large 
purple  flowers  on  short  axillary  peduncles.     Bracts  opposite. 

1.  C.  Virginiana,  Beuth.  Rough  with  a  short  hooked  pubescence; 
stem  very  slender,  much  branched ;  leaflets  ovate  to  linear-oblong,  strongly 
reticulate  ;  peduncles  single  or  by  pairs,  1  -4-flowered  ;  calyx  teeth  subulate, 
barely  exceeding  the  ovate  bracts  ;  vexillum  adhesive  ;  legume  slender,  elon- 
gated, curved,  many-seeded.  —  Dry  soil.  June- Sept.  —  Flowers  1|^'  long. 
Legume  4'  -  6'  long. 

32.  AMPHICARP^A,  Ell. 

Flowers  of  two  kinds ;  tiiose  on  the  upper  racemes  perfect,  but  mostly  abor- 
tive, those  near  the  base  of  the  stem  or  on  the  prostrate  branches  apetalous, 
but  fruitful.  Calyx  tubular,  4  -  5-toothed.  Ye.xillum  obovate  and  partly 
enclosing  the  wings  and  keel.  Stamens  diadelphous,  or  in  the  fertile  flowers 
distinct  or  wanting.  Fertile  legume  obovate,  fleshy,  1  -  2-seeded.  —  Twining 
annual  or  perennial  herbs,  witli  trifoliolate  leaves.  Flowers  white  or  purplisli, 
iu  simple  or  cnuipound  axillary  racemes. 

1.  A.  monoiea,  Nutt.  Hairy;  .'^tems  much  branched;  leaflets  rhombic- 
ovate  ;  sterile  racemes  single  or  by  pairs,  often  compound,  nodding  ;  bracts 
striate ;  calyx  teeth  short,  triangular ;  fertile  legumes  hairy.  Rich  soil. 
August-  Sept. 

33.  GALACTIA,  P.  Browne. 

Calyx  4-toothed,  the  upper  one  broadest.  Vexillum  oblong  or  obovate,  re- 
flexed  in  flower.  Stamens  diadelplions.  Legume  more  or  less  compressed, 
2-valved,  few  -  many-seeded.  —  Prostrate  or  twining,  rarely  erect,  perennial 


lis  LEGUMINOS.I?.       (Pl'LSK    FAMILY.) 

licrlis,  with  <liiotlv  trifoliDliite  leavP8,  aini  mostlv  small  |)ur|)lisli  or  white 
flowers  ill  axillaiv  lacfiiiis.  J{rait.s  alteriiaU;  and  fiicidunu.s.  Leaflets 
!»tij»i'l)alc 

♦    Leaves  trij'uliolate,  with  the  leiijlels  stalked:  stems  twiiiiny  or  )nostrate. 

1.  G.  spiciformis, 'loir.  &  (Jray.  Stem  twiniiif;,  miiiutfiy  jmhcscent ; 
loalifts  II'  iiiim)  tliiik  ami  ri^iii,  oi>loiig-ovai,  oljtu.se  or  emargiiiate  at  both 
ends,  smooth  ahove,  pubescent  beneath  ;  racemes  spike-like,  mostly  longer 
than  the  leaves  ;  legume  coriaceous,  compressed,  falcate,  thickeued  at  the 
.sutures,  sprinkled  with  short  ajipressed  hairs,  6-  lOseeded.  —  .South  I'lorida. 
Aug.  -  .Si'pt. 

2.  G.  pilosa,  Ell.  Tuliesccut  or  smoothish  ;  stem  branching,  twining , 
leaflets  varying  from  oval  to  linear-oblong,  obtu.se  ;  racemes  (including  the 
slender  peduncle)  2' -10'  long,  rarely  reduced  to  a  single  sessile  flower; 
flowers  mostly  single,  distant ;  calyx  smoothish ;  legume  straight,  slightly 
compressed,  lO-seeded.  (G.  mollis,  Niitt.) — Dry  soil,  common.  July- 
August. 

3.  G.  mollis,  Michx.  Villous  and  .somewhat  hoary  ;  stems  mostly  pros- 
trate and  simple  ;  leaflets  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  emarginate  at  both  ends, 
or  the  upper  ones  acute;  racemes  6' -10'  long,  the  flowers,  2-3  together, 
approximate  near  the  summit  of  the  stout  peduncle;  calyx,  like  the  .straight 
10-seedcd  compressed  legume,  very  villous  and  hoary.  (G.  j)ilosa,  NiUt.)  — 
Dry  sandy  pine  barrens.     July  -  August.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  long. 

4.  G.  flliformis,  Bonth.  Stem  long,  twining,  villous ;  leaflets  oval  or 
oblong,  silky  beneath,  .shorter  than  the  many-flowered  curved  racemes;  flowers 
rather  large,  purple,  the  vexillum  finely  and  obliquely  striate  with  deeper 
lines;  legume  silky,  falcate,  compres.sed,  10-seeded.  —  Keys  of  South  Flor- 
ida.    Nov. 

5.  G.  Floridana,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Iloary-pubescent ;  stems  prostrate; 
leaflets  oval  or  oliloiig,  rarely  acute,  reticulate;  racemes  simple  or  branched, 
often  by  ])airs,  many-flowered,  rarely  longer  than  the  leaves ;  flowers  large, 
approximate;  legume  flat,  lO-seeded.  —  Var.  microphtlla.  Every  way 
smaller,  the  leaflets  (^'-f  long)  acute  or  emarginate,  the  few  flowers  almost 
sessile  in  axillary  clusters.  —  Dry  sandy  pine  barrens,  near  the  coast  of 
Florida.     June -August.  —  Stem  2° -4°  long.     Leaflets  1' -  2' long. 

6.  G.  glabella,  Michx.  Stem  prostrate,  minutely  pubescent ;  leaflets 
rather  rigid,  ot)loiig,  rarely  acute,  smooth  and  shining  above,  .slightly  hairy 
beneath ;  racemes  seldom  as  long  as  the  leaves,  3  -  6-flowered ;  style  elon- 
gated ;  legume  slightly  falcate,  at  length  smoothish,  4-6-seeded.  —  Dry  pine 
barren.s.  July -August.  —  Stems  2° -3°  long.  Leaflets  1'  long.  Flowers 
large,  reddish  purple. 

*   *Leaves  trifoliolafe,  with  nearhf  sessile  leaflets:  stems  erect. 

7.  G.  brachypoda,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stems  .slender,  branching,  and,  as 
well  as  the  leaves  and  peduncles,  smoothish ;  leaves  long-petioled ;  leaflets 
oblong,  obtuse  ;  flowers  few,  somewhat  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  slender 
peduucle  ;  calyx  woolly.  —  Dry  sandy  pine  barrens  of  Middle  Florida.     July- 


LEGUMINOS^.        (pulse    FAMILY.)  119 

August.  —  Stems  1°- 1^°  higli.     Leaflets  shorter  than  the  petiole.     Flowers 
small,  ]iuiijlf. 

8.  G.  sessiliflora,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  short,  smooth,  simple ;  leaflets 
oblong  or  liuear-obloug,  obtuse,  smooth  on  both  sides ;  flowers  crowded  in 
nearly  sessile  axillary  clusters  ;  calyx  hairy.  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.  June -August.  —  Stem  6'- 12'  high.  Flowers  M'hite.  Le- 
gume oblong-linear,  tomeutose,  6  -  8-seeded. 

*   *    *   Leaves  pinnate :  stems  twining. 

9.  G.  Elliottii,  Nutt.  Leaflets  7-9,  elliptical-oblong,  emarginate,  nearly 
smooth  and  .shining  above,  pubescent  beneath ;  racemes  longer  than  the 
leaves,  few-flowered  near  the  summit  of  the  peduncle ;  corolla  white  tinged 
with  red  ;  legume  oblong  compressed,  villous,  falcate,  3  -  5-seeded.  —  Dry 
soil,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  near  the  coast.  May  -  June.  —  Plant  some- 
times silky  throughout. 

34.    CANAVALIA,  DC. 

Calyx  tubular,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  larger,  with  two  rounded  lobes,  the 
lower  entire  or  3  clef t.  Vexillum  large,  orbicular,  with  two  ridges  within; 
keel  incurved.  Stamens  monadelphous.  Legume  oblong-linear,  compressed ; 
the  valves  with  a  longitudinal  ridge  near  the  thickened  upper  suture.  Seeds 
separated  by  interposed  cellular  tissue:  hiluni  linear. — Prostrate  or  twining 
herbs,  with  trifoliolate  leaves,  and  showy  flowers  in  axillary  racemes. 

1.  C.  obtusifolia,  DC.  Smoothish;  stem  long,  prostrate ;  leaflets  thick, 
oval  or  orbicular,  pointless ;  racemes  stout,  longer  than  the  leaves,  6-8- 
flowered  ;  flowers  rose-color ;  legume  6-seeded.  (C.  rosea  and  C.  miniata, 
DC.)  —  Sandy  shores  of  St.  Vincent's  Island,  Florida,  and  southward.  July  - 
Sept.  —  Stem  10° -15°  long  Leaflets  3'  long.  Legume  4'-  5'  long,  V  wide. 
Seeds  brown. 

2.  C.  altissima,  Macfadyen.  Frntescent;  stem  climbing;  leaflets  ob- 
long, mi;cronate-awned  ;  racemes  many-flowered,  the  petals  large,  purple ; 
legume  slightly  curved,  ll-seeded,  the  seeds  "ovoid,  dark  brown."  —  South 
Florida  (Feay),  climbing  over  the  tallest  trees.  —  Legume  8'  -  1 0'  long,  1'  -  \\' 
wide. 

3.  C.  gladiata,  DC.  Annual;  stem  climbing;  leaflets  thin,  ovate;  ra- 
cemes many-flowered;  petals  white;  legume  falcate,  10- 12-seeded ;  seeds 
oblong,  brownish  red.  —  South  Florida.  August. — Leaflets  3' -4'  long. 
Legumes  1°  long,  \^'  wide.     Seeds  V  long. 

35.     DIOCLEA,  HBK. 

Calyx  bibracteolate,  4-cIeft.  Vexillum  obovate-oblong,  with  two  callosities 
near  the  base,  and  a  membranous  expansion  at  the  sides.  Wings  and  keel 
nearly  equal,  oblong.  Stamens  diadel]3hous.  Style  hooked,  glabrous.  Leg- 
ume oblong,  compressed,  coriaceous,  narrowly  2-winged,  few-seeded.  Seeds 
oval,  separated  by  a  thin  membrane.  Ililum  linear. — Trailing  vines,  with 
trifoliolate  leaves  and  red  or  purple  flowers  in  axillary  racemes. 

1.  D.  Boykinii,  Gray.  Perennial,  pubescent ;  leaflets  thin,  large,  or- 
bicular, abruptly  acute ;  racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves,  many  and  densely 


IL'O  I.KCilMINOS.E.        (PITLSE    FAMILY.) 

floworc'il  at  tlic  suiiiiiiil  <if  tlic  .stciul  ikmIiiikIi- ;  ii|ip('i°  li|i  of  tlic  <al_\  x  i-iiliro; 
kei'l  iifurlv  sUiii^ilil ;  Ic^^miu- 4 -  r)-sct(U'(l.  —  IJiinks  uf  rivers,  iii-ar  Milli-iige- 
vilU',  (icnri^ia,  ami  wtstward.  Jmie  -  July.  —  Stem  5'^- 10^  l^^'ig-  LealletB 
3'-G'  in  (liaiiutcr.     I'lnwcrs  purple.     Li'iiiiiiif  2'  Ion;;,  J'  wide. 

36.  PISCIDIA,   I>.     Jamaica  Dcxiwooi). 

Calyx  caiiijiaimlatL',  o-luuilu-d.  Kiil  olituse.  A'exilliiin  roiiiided.  Sta- 
nieii.-*  diailtdplious  at  the  biuse,  iii()iiadelpli()u.><  above.  Style  (ilifonii,  smooth. 
Legume  stipitate,  linear,  eontraeted  between  the  seeds,  furnished  with  four 
nienibranaieuus  longitudinal  wings.  Seeds  compressed. — Tropical  trees. 
Leaves  uiie(|nally  ](iniiate.     Flowers  in  terminal  ])anieles. 

1.  P.  Erythrina,  L.  Young  branehes,  leaves,  and  panicle  silky  and 
hoary,  at  length  snioothish  ;  leaflets  7  -  9,  obhjng  or  obovate,  al)rnptly  acute, 
straight-veined,  distinctly  petiolulate ;  panicles  axillary  and  terminal,  many- 
flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  ujiper  teeth  of  the  calyx  ]>artly  united; 
legume  6-seeded. — South  Forida.  March -April.  —  A  small  tree.  Leaves 
deciduous.  Corolla  white,  lined  with  red  veins.  Legume  2'  long,  the  broad 
wings  wavy. 

37.  ECASTAPHYLLUM,    V.  Urowne. 

Calyx  campanulate,  UMe(jnally  5-toothed.  Vexillum  orbicular.  Stamens 
8  or  10,  diadeliilious.  Ovary  stipitate,  2-ovuled.  Style  short  anil  slender. 
Legume  orbicular,  compressed,  mostly  1-seedcd.  —  Tropical  shrubs,  with  pin- 
nate leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  short  axillary  panicles. 

I.  E.  Brownei,  Hers.  Stem  branching ;  leaf  reduced  to  a  single  ovate 
acute  leaHet,  ])ubescent  above,  pale  and  velvety  beneath  ;  panicles  duster-like, 
shorter  than  the  petiole  ;  corolla  white  ;  legume  1-seeded. — Banks  of  rivers, 
South  Florida.     Xov.  —  Shrub  4°-  8°  high.     Leaflet  3'  -  5'  long. 

38.     BAPTISIA,    Vent. 

Calyx  campanulate,  4-cleft ;  the  up]ier  lube  broader  anil  mostly  cmarginate. 
A^e.\'illnm  roundish,  with  the  sides  reflexed ;  wings  and  keel  straight.  Sta- 
mens 10,  distinct,  shorter  than  the  wings,  deciduous.  Legume  stipitate,  oval 
or  oblong,  inilated,  few-seeded,  pointed  with  the  persistent  style.  —  Erect 
widely  liranching  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  simple  or  palmately  trifoliolate, 
witlieriiig-]iersistent.  Stipules  deciduous  or  persistent,  rarely  wanting.  Flow- 
ers showy  in  terminal  racemes,  rarely  axillary  and  solitary. 

*  Leaves  simple,  xessile,  or  perfoliate. 

1.  B.  simplicifolia,  Croom.  Smooth;  leaves  large,  sessile,  broadly 
ovate,  oljtuse ;  stipules  none;  racemes  numerous,  terminal,  many-flowered, 
sessile  or  short-pedunded ;  ovary  villous  and  hoary;  legume  small,  ovate, 
coriaceous,  smooth.  —  Drv- pine  barrens  near  Quincy,  Middle  Florida.  July. 
—  Stem  luuch  branched,  2^-3°  high.  Leaves  2' -4'  long.  Flowers  rather 
small,  yellow.     Plant  dries  black. 

2.  B.  perfoliata,  Brown.  Smooth  ;  leaves  perfoliate,  oval  or  orbicular, 
glaucous;  sti]jules  none;  flower  axillary,  solitary;  k^gume  small,  ovate,  cori- 
aceous. —  Dry  sandy  soil  in  the  middle  districts  of  Georgia  and  South  Caro- 


LEGUM1N0S.E.       (pulse    FAMILY.)  121 

Una.     May.  —  Stem  2"^  high.     Leaves  2' -.3'  long.      Flowers  small,  yellow; 

ve.xillum  orbicular,  emargiuate,  shorter  than  the  wings  and  keel.     Ovary  and 

style  smooth. 

*  *  Leaves  trifoliolale,  petiolecl. 

■*-  Flowers  yellow. 

3.  B.  lanceolata,  Ell.  Pubescent  when  young,  at  length  smoothish ; 
leaves  on  very  short  petioles,  the  upper  ones  nearly  sessile ;  leaflets  varying 
from  lanceolate  to  obovate,  thick,  obtuse,  tapering  at  the  base;  stipules  and 
bracts  small  and  caducous ;  flowers  large,  solitary  in  the  a.xils,  and  in  short 
terminal  racemes,  siiort-pedicelled ;  ovary  villous ;  legume  ovate  or  globose, 
coriaceous,  slender-pjinted.  —  Dry  pine  barrens.  Ajiril-May. —  8tem  2° 
high.     Leaflets  r-2'  long.     Plant  turns  black  in  drying. 

4.  B.  villosa,  Ell.  Pubescent;  leaves  short-petioled ;  leaflets  oblong 
and  obovate,  tapering  at  the  base,  becoming  smooth  above ;  lower  stipules 
and  lanceolate  bracts  persistent;  racemes  many-flowered,  declining;  ovary 
villou.s  ;  legume  smoothish,  coriaceous,  oblong,  strongly  beaked.  —  Dry  sandy 
soil,  North  Carolina.  May.  —  Stem  stout,  2°  high.  Leaves  and  flowers  larger 
than  in  Xo.  3,  the  latter  on  slender  pedicels.     Plant  turns  black  in  drying. 

5.  B.  megacarpa,  C'hapm.  Stem  smooth,  with  slender  widely  spread- 
ing branches  ;  leaves  on  slender  petioles;  leaflets  thin,  elliptical  or  obovate, 
minutely  pubescent  and  glaucous  beneath ;  stipules  and  bracts  caducous ; 
racemes  numerous,  terminal  and  opposite  the  leaves,  few-flowered ;  flowers 
large,  pale  yellow,  on  slender  drooping  pedicels  ;  ovary  smooth  ;  legume  large, 
thin,  ovoid,  slender-pointed.  — Light  rich  soil,  Gadsden  County,  Middle  Flor- 
ida. May.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.  Leaflets  1^'  -  2'  long.  Legume  1'  -  H'  long. 
Plant  unchanged  in  drying. 

6.  B.  tinctoria,  R.  Brown.  Smooth ;  branches  slender,  elongated ; 
leaves  small,  on  sliurt  petioles,  the  upper  ones  nearly  sessile  ;  leaflets  wedge- 
obovate ;  stipules  and  l)racts  minute,  caducous ;  racemes  numerous,  short, 
few-flowered ;  flowers  small,  on  short  and  bractless  pedicels ;  ovary  smooth ; 
legume  small,  roundish,  slender-pointed.  —  Dry  sandy  soil.  May -June. — 
Stem  2°  high.     Leaflets  ^'  - 1'  long.     Plant  usually  becomes  blackish  in  drying. 

7.  B.  stipulaeea,  Ravenel.  Smooth;  branches  spreading;  leaves 
small,  short-petioled,  2  -  3-f oliolate,  the  upper  ones  mostly  simple  and  partly 
cla.sping;  leaflets  round-obovate,  cuneate  at  the  base;  stipules  and  bracts 
large,  round-cordate,  persistent ;  flowers  numerous,  small,  axillary,  the  upper 
ones  racemose :  pedicels  short  and  bractless  ;  ovary  smooth,  or  slightly  pubes- 
cent on  the  edges;  legume  small,  ovoid,  slender-pointed.  (B.  microphylla, 
Nutt.) — Sand-hills,  near  Aiken,  South  Carolina  (Ravenel).  June -July. — 
Stem  2° -3^  liigh.     Leaflets  ^'-f  long.     Plant  nearly  unchanged  in  drying. 

8.  B.  Lecontei,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Pubescent;  stem  diffusely  branched; 
leaves  small,  short-petioled ;  leaflets  cuneate-obovate  ;  stipules  sul)ulate  and 
caducous,  or  the  lower  ones  larger  and  persistent ;  racemes  numerous,  short, 
few-flowered,  somewhat  leafy  at  the  base ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  persistent ; 
flowers  small,  on  long  2-bracted  pedicels ;  ovary  villous ;  legume  small,  ovoid, 
slender-pointed.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  and  the  southern  parts  of  Georgia. 
May- June.  —  Stem  2°  l)igh.      Leaflets  1'  long.     Plant  unchanged  in  drying. 


\2'2  LEOVMixos.t:.     (pi'lse  family.) 

9.  B.  calycosa,  Cunln-.  Sniootliish,  imicli  braiuhed ;  leaflets  wedp;e- 
ohovnte;  stipules  ami  bracts  lanceolate,  persistent;  racemes  numerous,  ter- 
minal, the  lohj^  (I  -  -')  peilicels  hiliracteulate ;  luhes  <if  the  calyx  lanceolate, 
leafy,  4  times  as  lung  as  the  tube,  and  barely  shorter  than  the  yellow  petals; 
legume  ovate,  acuminate,  as  long  as  tiie  calyx.  —  Near  St.  Augustine,  East 
Florida  {Miss  Jii'i/noliis). 

10.  B.  Serenae,  .M.A.Curtis.  Very  smooth,  l)ranching;  lea\'es  petl- 
oleil ;  leatlits  (pM<>ng-ol)ovate,  cuneate  ;  flowers  in  a  long  loo.sc  central  raceme, 
and  in  short  racemes  terminating  the  branches  ;  pedicels  longer  than  the  calyx 
in  fruit ;  segments  of  the  calyx  villous  on  the  inside  ;  legume  olilong,  inflated, 
the  stipe  longer  than  the  caly.x.  —  Society  Hill,  South  Carolina  (Curtis). 
May -June.  —  Stem  diffusely  branched,  l°-2°  liigh.  Leaflets  1'  long.  Leg- 
ume 8"  lung.     I'lant  unciianged  in  drying. 

•^  ■•-  F lowers  white. 

11.  B.  alba,  K.  Bmwn.  Smooth  and  glaucous ;  branches  slender,  flexu- 
ous,  hiirizontal ;  leaves  all  distinctly  petioled  ;  leaflets  thin,  cuneate-lanceolate 
or  oblong,  obtuse;  stipules  and  bracts  minute,  caducous;  raceme  usually  soli- 
tary, central,  very  long,  those  on  the  branches  few-flowered ;  legume  cylindri- 
cal.—  Dry  woods,  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  April.  —  Stem  2°-3° 
high,  often  ])urple.  Leaflets  1' long.  Kacemes  1° -3°  long.  Corolla  ^' long. 
Plant  unchanged  in  drying. 

12.  B.  leucantha,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smooth  and  glaucous;  branches 
spreading,  leaves  short-petioled  ;  leaflets  oblong  and  obovate,  obtuse ;  stipules 
lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  petioles,  deciduous ;  racemes  central,  and  terminating 
the  branches,  hmg,  many-flowered ;  ovary  smooth ;  legume  large,  oblong, 
much  inflated,  long-stipitate.  —  Kiver  banks.  South  Carolina,  aud  westward. 
March- A])ril  — A  stouter  plant  than  the  ])receding,  with  larger  leaves  and 
flowers,  changing  Idackish  in  drying.     Legumes  1^'  long. 

13.  B.  leucophsea,  Nutt.  Hairy  or  smoothish ;  stem  stout,  angled; 
leaves  sliort-petinh'd ;  leaflets  varying  from  oltlanceolate  to  obovate,  rigid, 
reticulate,  soon  smooth  above ;  stipules  and  bracts  leafy,  ovate-lanceolate, 
persistent;  racemes  stout,  declined,  1-sided;  flowers  large,  yellowish  white, 
on  long  and  slender  erect  pedicels ;  ovary  villous  ;  legume  ovoid,  long-pointed. 
—  Dry  rich  oak  woods,  Georgia,  and  westward.  April.  —  Stem  low,  with 
widely  spreading  branches.  Kacemes  4'- 12'  long.  Flowers  1'  long,  the  vex- 
illum  spotted  with  brown.     Plant  turns  black  in  drying. 

•t-  -1-  -t-  Flowers  blue. 

14.  B.  australis,  K.Brown.  Smooth;  leaves  all  short-petioled  ;  leaflets 
cuneate-obovate  ;  stii)ulcs  leafy,  lanceolate,  twice  as  long  as  the  petioles;  ra- 
cemes large,  erect,  many-flowered;  flowers  (indigo  blue)  very  large;  bracts 
deciduous;  legume  oblong.  —  Banks  of  rivers,  Georgia  (Pnrsh),  and  west- 
ward. June -July.  —  Stem  2° -.3°  high.  Flowers  T  or  more  long.  Legume 
2'  long.     Plant  unchanged  in  drying. 

39.     THERMOPSIS,   K.Brown. 
Stamens  mostly  persistent.     Legume  linear  or  oblong  linear,  nearly  sessile, 
flattened,  many  seeded.     Stipules  leafy,  persistent.     Otherwise  chiefly  as  in 
Baptisia.     Flowers  yellow. 


LEGUMINOS.E.       (pulse    FAMILY.)  123 

1.  T.  Caroliniana,  M.  A.  Curtis.  Stem  stout,  simple,  smooth;  leaves 
long-petioled ;  leaflets  membranaceous,  obovate-obloug,  silky  beneath  ;  stipules 
very  large,  ovate  or  oblong,  clasping ;  racemes  elongated,  villous,  erect,  rigid, 
many-flowered ;  flowers  on  short  pedicels ;  bracts  ovate,  deciduous ;  legumes 
obloug-linear,  erect,  straight,  villous  and  lioary,  10- 12-seeded.  —  Mountains 
of  North  Carolina.  May -July.  —  Stem  3°  -  5°  high.  Raceme  6' -12'  long. 
Legume  2'  long. 

2.  T.  fraxinifolia,  M.  A.  Curtis.  Stem  branching,  slender,  smoothish  ; 
leaves  long-petioled  ;  leaflets  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base,  often  acute,  smooth 
above,  glaucous  aud  slightly  pubescent  beneath ;  stipules  lanceolate,  much 
shorter  than  the  petioles  ;  racemes  erect,  glabrous ;  flowers  on  slender  spread- 
ing pedicels;  bracts  small,  lanceolate,  persistent;  legume  linear,  falcate,  pu- 
bescent, spreading,  short-stipitate,  10-seeded.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina. 

—  Stem  2°  high.     Legume  3'  long. 

3.  T.  mollis,  M.  A.  Curtis.  Pubescent ;  stem  diffusely  branclied ;  leaf- 
lets obovate-oblong ;  stipules  leafy,  oblong-ovate,  as  long  as  the  petioles ;  ra- 
cemes declined ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx  and  lanceolate  bracts ;  legume 
linear,  flat,  short  stipitate.  (Baptisia  mollis,  vl//c/i.r.) — Rocky  woods  in  the 
middle  districts  of  North  Carolina.  April -May.  —  Stem  2°  high.  Legume 
2' - 3'  long,  many-seeded. 

40.     CLADRASTIS,   Raf.     Yellow- Wood. 

Calyx  5-toothed ;  the  nearly  equal  teeth  short  and  obtuse.  Vexillum  large, 
roundish,  reflexed,  scarcely  longer  than  the  oblong  wings  and  separate  keel 
petals.  Stamens  10,  distinct ;  filaments  slender,  incurved  above.  Legume 
short-stipitate,  linear,  flat,  thin,  marginless,  4-6-seeded,  at  length  2-valved. — 
A  small  tree,  with  yellow  wood,  pinnate  leaves,  and  large  white  flowers  in 
terminal  drooping  panicled  racemes. 

1.  C.  tinctoria,  Raf.  (Virgilia  lutea,  Michx.)  —  Hillsides,  in  rich  soil, 
Tennessee  and  Kentucky.  May.  —  Leaflets  7-11,  oval  or  ovate,  acute, 
smooth,  parallel-veined,  3' -4' long  ;  the  common  petiole  tumid  at  the  base. 
Stipules  none.     Racemes  1°  long.     Flowers  V  long. 

41.    SOPHORA,  L. 

Calyx  campanulate,  obliquely  truncated  or  5-toothed.  Stamens  10,  free  or 
cohering  at  the  base.  Legume  moniliform,  wingless,  many-seeded,  inde- 
hiscent.  Seeds  subglobose.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves. 
Flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  racemes. 

1.  S.  tomentosa,  L.  Hoary-tomentose ;  leaflets  11-17,  oblong,  coria- 
ceous, liecoming  smooth  above  ;  raceme  elongated ;  calyx  minutely  5-toothed. 

—  South  Florida,  near  the  coast.  —  Shrub  4°  -  6°  high.     Flowers  showy,  yel- 
low.    Legume  stipitate,  5'  long. 

SuBOKDER  ir.     CAESALiPINIE^E.     (Brasiletto  Family.) 

42.     CERCIS,  L.     Red-bud. 

Calyx  cup-shaped,  5-toothed.  Petals ^11  di.stinct,  the  vexillum  shorter  than 
the  wings.    Stamens  10,  distinct.    Legume  oblong,  compressed,  many  seeded  ; 


iL'l  LKtUMlNOS.K.        (PILSK    FAMILY.) 

the    ii|)]ii'r    MUmc    wiiiiii''!.  —  Trees,  willi    liroailly  enrdiite   simple    stipulate 
leaves,  and  reiltiisli  ]itirple  clustered  flowers  ajipeariiig  before  the  leaves. 

1.  C.  Canadensis,  L.  —  Hieh  soil.  Fell. -March. —  Tree  15°-20C  high. 
Flowers  wry  nuim-rous,  from  lateral  buds. 

43.     CASSIA,    L.     Sknx.v. 

Calyx  of  5  nearly  distinct  sepals.  Petals  5,  iiiK'(iual.  Stamens  5-10. 
Anthers  mo.stly  of  different  forms,  opening  by  two  terminal  pores.  Leg- 
ume many-seetled.  Seeds  often  separated  by  cross  partitions.  —  Herbs  or 
shrubs.     Leaves  aliruptly  pinnate.     Flowers  yellow. 

*  Stamens    ]0,  unei/ual :  jiuit  oj' the  utillurs   ahoilice :   sefials  obtuse  ;    stipules 

deciduous. 

1  C.  OCCidentalis,  I-  Annual,  smoothish  ;  stem  stout,  branching  ;. leaf- 
lets aliout  10,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute;  petiole  with  a  globular  gland 
at  the  base;  racemes  2-4-tlowered,  tlie  u])])er  ones  crowdeil. —  Waste  places, 
common.  —  Stem  1''  -  b^  liigli-  Legume  linear,  comjtressed,  slightly  incurved, 
3' -4'  long. 

2.  C.  obtusifolia,  L.  Annual,  roughish  ;  stem  slentler,  leaflets  6,  cune 
ate-obovate,  w  ith  a  tuotli-likc  glauil  lietween  the  lowest  pair  ;  flowers  by  pairs  ; 
legume  narrow-linear,  4-angIed,  recurved. —  Witli  the  preceding. — -Stem 
l°-4°  iiigh.     Legume  6'-  10'  long. 

3.  C.  Marilandica,  L.  rerennial,  smoothisli  ;  leaflets  12-18,  olilong, 
acute;  jjetiole  with  a  club-sliaped  gland  near  the  base;  racemes  several- 
flowered,  the  nj)j)er  ones  crowded,  forming  a  compact  panicle  ;  legume  linear, 
curved.  —  Kirli  soil.     August.  —  Stem  .'5''-4°  li'g'i-     Legume  .3'-4'  long. 

Var. ?  Floridana.  Leaflets  .smaller  {\V  h>iig),  often  alternate;  pedicels 
longer  (l.^'long);  legumes  straight,  flat,  3"  wide  ;  .seeds  orbicular;  flowers 
not  seen.  —  St.  John's  County,  East  Florida  {Mr.  Seddiiuj). 

4.  C.  ligUStrina,  L.  Smooth  or  nearly  so  ;  stem  branclied  ;  leaflets  6- 
10,  olilong,  mueronate,  very  oblicjue  at  the  base,  with  a  conical  gland  on  the 
petiole  or  between  the  lowest  pair  of  leaflets  ;  flowers  in  a  terminal  panicle,  on 
slender  ])edicel.s  ;  se])als  oblong-obovate  ;  petals  veiny  ;  legume  (3' -4' long) 
broaiUy  linear,  flat,  straight  or  somewhat  falcate,  many-seeded.  —  South 
Fhjrida.     F"eb.  —  Leaflets  9"-  12"  long.     Legumes  4"  wide. 

5.  C.  biflora,  L.  Slirubby  ;  leaflets  4-10,  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  ba.<e, 
mueronate,  with  an  obovoid  gland  between  the  lowest  ])air  ;  racemes  2-4- 
flowered,  often  by  pairs,  .^lender,  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  fertile  anthers  ."> ; 
legume  linear,  flat,  straight  or  somewhat  falcate,  smooth,  many-seeded.  —  Key 
West.  —  Leaflets  1'  long.    Legume  3'  long,  2"  wide. 

»  *  Stamens    .5-10;    anthers   all  perfect:    sepals   acute:    stipules  persistent: 

hf/umes  erect. 

6.  C.  Chamsecrista,  L.  Annual-;  stem  smooth  or  rnsty-liairy  ;  leaflets 
small,  numerous,  linear  oblong,  mueronate;  stipules  acuminate,  nerved; 
flowers  borne  above  the  axils,  large,  clu.stered,  on  long  pedicels  ;  anthers  10; 
style  slender;  legume  linear,  nearl^straight.  —  Dry  barren  soil.  July -Au- 
gust.—  Stem  1°-H^  high.     Tart  of  the  petals  often  purple  at  the  base. 


LEGUMINOS.E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  125 

7.  C.  nictitans,  L.  Annual;  pubescent;  leaflets  numerous,  oblong  lin- 
ear; stipules  and  bracts  subulate  ;  flowers  small,  2-3  in  a  cluster  above  the 
axils,  on  short  pedicels ;  petals  unequal ;  stamens  5,  nearly  equal. 

Var.  aspera.  (C.  aspera,  Ell.)  Hirsute;  stamens  7-9,  very  unequal ; 
ovary  very  hairy  ;  flowers  larger.  —  Dry  old  fields,  Florida  to  North  Carolina, 
and  westward.  August. — Stem  1°  high,  often  prostrate.  Leaflets  about  40, 
sensitive,  like  those  of  the  preceding  species. 

44.     GLEDITSCHIA,  L.     Honey-Locust. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Sepals  3-5,  united  at  the  base,  spreading.  Petals 
as  many,  or  less  by  tlie  union  of  the  two  lower  ones.  Stamen.s  3-5,  distinct, 
inserted  with  tlie  petals  on  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Legume  stipitate,  flat,  1  - 
many-seeded.  Seeds  compressed.  —  Thorny  trees.  Leaves  aliruptly  1  -  2- 
pinnate,  with  oblong  serrate  leaflets.  Flowers  small,  greeuisli,  in  short 
spikes. 

1.  G.  triacanthos,  L.  Leaflets  lanceolate-oblong;,  thorns  mostly  com- 
pound ;  legume  very  long,  many-seeded,  pulpy  within.  —  Kich  woods.  June 
-July. —  A  large  tree.     Legume  12'-  18'  long,  1'  wide,  twisted. 

2.  G.  monosperma,  Walt.  Leaflets  ovate  or  oblong ;  thorns  mostly 
simple;  legume  short,  obliquely  oval,  1-seeded,  not  pulpy.  —  IJeep  river 
.swamps,  Florida  to  Tennessee,  and  westward.  July.  —  A  small  tree.  Legume 
1'  long. 

45.     GYMNOCLADUS,   Lam.     Coffee-Tree. 

Flowers  polygamo-diacious,  tomentose.  Calyx  narrowly  funnel-shaped, 
5-cleft.  Petals  5.  Stamens  10,  separate.  Style  long,  exserted.  Legume 
woody,  pulpy  within,  few-seeded,  the  seeds  large,  compressed. —  A  slender 
tree,  with  thick  thornle.'ss  branches,  very  large  bipinnate  leaves,  and  small 
whitish  flowers  in  axillary  racemes. 

1.  G.  Canadensis,  Lam.  —  Rich  woods,  Tennessee,  and  northward. 
May. —  Leaves  2° -3°  long.  Leaflets  ovate,  the  lowest  pair  borne  on  the 
common  petiole,  and  larger.     Legume  6'-  10'  long,  2'  wide,  6— 8-seeded. 

46.    C^SALPINIA,  L. 

Sepals  unequal,  united  into  a  cup-shaped  base.  Petals  5,  unequal,  clawed. 
Stamens  10,  all  fertile,  the  long  filaments  ascending,  and  hairy  at  the  base. 
Style  filiform.  Legume  echinate  or  unarmed,  compressed,  wingless,  1  -  many- 
seeded. —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  abruptly  bipinnate  leaves,  and  racemose 
mostly  yellow  flowers. 

1.  C.  paucifiora,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Glabrous,  armed  with  rather  stout 
.stipular  and  .stipellate  recurved  spines  ;  pinna  2-4  pairs;  leaflets  3-5  pairs, 
obovate,  rounded  at  each  end  (4" -5"  long);  racemes  sim])le,  loosely  few- 
flowered  ;  sepals  obovate-oblong,  little  shorter  than  the  yellow  corolla  and 
the  slightly  exserted  stamens;  legumes  short,  short-stipitate,  oljliquely 
acuminate,  1  -  few-seeded.  —  Big  Pine  Key,  South  Florida  (C'u;-^/ss). — A 
low  shrub. 


IL'O  LK<;rMiN(»s.i:.     (i-i  i.sk  kamilv.) 

2.  C.  Bonduc,  Hoiitli.  &  Hunk.  Loaflcts  5-8  jciiis,  iil)Ii<|Uf'ly  cival,  imi- 
croiiiitf,  tin-  t*ti|)iiliir  thorns  2-3;  raceiiu'.s  loiifj;,  (ienscly  iiiaiiy-lluweri'il  ;  cahx 
lolies  (Idwiiv  within,  simrtcr  than  the  lung  rccurvid  (ifcifluuus  hraits ;  legume 
ovati',  l-sueilcd.  —  South  Florida.  —  A  tall  .xliruli.  J.,eallfts  i'-l'  long. 
Kaceines  1°  loug.     Tlowers  yiUow. 

47.     PARKINSONIA,    I'lum. 

Scp.lls  .'),  equal,  recurved.  TetaLs  .'j,  ovate,  the  njiper  one  roundi.<;h,  long- 
elawed.  Stamens  10.  Style  filiform.  Legume  linear-ohlong,  compressed- 
moniliform,  several-seeded.  —  A  spiny  shruh.  J^eaves  ])innale,  with  the 
petiole  broadly  winged,  tlie  numerous  leaflets  small,  ofteu  deciduous  or  abor- 
tive.    Flowers  showy,  yellow,  in  terminal  racemes. 

1.  P.  aculeata,  L.  —  Key  West,  escaped  from  cultivation. 

SuBOHDEK  TTT.     I?II]TIOSEy"E.     Mimo.sa  Family. 

48.     MIMOSA,   L.     Sensitive  Plant. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  minute,  4-5-toothed.  Petals  united  into  a 
4-5-cleft  tulmlar-canipanulate  corolla.  Stamens  4  -  1.5,  distinct,  much  ex- 
serted.  Legume  comjjressed,  mostly  jointed,  1  -  many-seeded ;  the  broad 
valves  separating  at  maturity  from  the  persistent  margins.  —  Herbs,  shrubs, 
or  trees.  Leaves  bipinnate,  sensitive.  Flowers  white  or  rose-color,  capitate 
or  spiked,  on  axillary  peduncles. 

1.  M.  strigillosa,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Herbaceous  and  rough  with  scat- 
tered appres.scd  rigid  hairs;  stem  prostrate;  leaves  loiig-petioled ;  pinna;  5-6 
pairs  ;  leaflets  10-14  pairs,  oblong-linear;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves; 
heads  of  flowers  elliptical;  legume  oval  or  oblong,  1 -3-jointed,  hispid. — 
Banks  of  rivers,  Florida,  and  westward.  July  -  August.  —  Flowers  rose- 
color. 

M.  PuniCA,  L.,  the  common  Sensitive  Plant,  is  partially  naturalized  in 
some  localities. 

49.     SCHRANKIA,    Willd.     Sensitive  Brier. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  minute.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  5-cleft.  Sta- 
mens 8-  10,  distinct,  exserted.  Legume  not  jointed,  ])rickly,  1-celled,  many- 
.seeded  ;  the  narrow  valves  separating  at  maturity  from  the  broad  margins. — 
Perennial  prostrate  herbs,  with  l)ij)innate  sensitive  leaves,  and  purjde  floAvers 
in  globose  axillary  peduncled  heads.  Stem,  petioles,  peduncles,  and  legumes 
beset  with  short  recurved  prickles. 

*  Lower  surface  of  the  leaflets  reticulate  with  elevated  veins. 
1.  S.  uncinata,  Willd.l  Stem  stout,  grooved;  leaves  approximate; 
pinnas  4-7  pairs;  leaflets  25-30,  oblong,  acute,  3" -4"  long;  peduncles 
mostly  single,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  legumes  2'-3'  long,  linear,  short- 
pointed,  thickly  armed  with  rigid  prickles,  about  the  length  of  the  peduncle. 
—  West  Tennessee,  and  westward.     July. 


LEGUMINOS.E.       (pulse    FAMILY.)  127 

2.  S.  Floridana,  n.  sp.  Stem  long,  slender,  4-angled;  leaves  few  and 
distant,  long-petioled ;  pinna  2-3  pairs;  leaflets  30-40,  oblong-linear,  niu- 
cronate,  2"  long ;  peduncles  single,  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  legumes  3'  -  4' 
long,  filiform,  armed  with  few  weali  and  scattered  prickles,  long-pointed.  — 
Sandy  barrens,  South  Florida. 

*  *   Veins  of  the  leaflets  obscure  on  both  surfaces. 

3.  S.  angustata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem,  etc.  armed  Avith  scattered  weak 
recurved  prickles;  pinnaj  4-G  pairs;  leaflets  about  30,  linear-elliptical;  pe- 
duncles single  or  by  pairs,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves;  legume  narrow-lin- 
ear, 3-4  times  as  long  as  the  peduncle,  ending  in  a  long  subulate  smoothish 
point. 

4.  S.  horridula,  (Michx.?).  Stem  prostrate,  very  prickly  ;  pinnae  5-8 
pairs  ;  leaflets  30-40,  linear,  \"  long;  peduncles  single,  or  2-4  in  a  cluster, 
the  uppermost  often  racemed  ;  legume  terete,  V-2'  long,  thickly  armed  with 
strong  prickles,  broadly  linear,  abruptly  short-pointed,  mostly  shorter  than 
the  peduncle.  (Mimosa,  J//cAa:.)  —  Dry  piue  barrens  in  the  lower  districts. 
July -August. 

Var.?  angularis.  Stouter  and  less  prickly;  leaflets  longer  (2"  long) ; 
legume  4-angled,  armed  with  scattered  prickles,  longer  than  the  peduncle.  — 
Dry  open  woods  in  the  upper  districts.     July. 

50.     PITHECOLOBIUM,   Martins. 

Flowers  perfect,  rarely  polygamous.  Calyx  tubular-campauulate,  4-5- 
toothed.  Corolla  tnbular-funnel-shaped,  4-5-cleft.  Stamens  10  or  more, 
long-exserted,  monadelphous  near  the  base.  Style  filiform.  Legume  broadly 
linear,  compressed,  contorted  or  falcate,  transversely  partitioned,  mealy  or 
pulpy  within.  Seeds  lenticular.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  often  armed  with  stipular 
spines.  Leaves  pinnate  or  bipinnate.  Flowers  chiefly  capitate,  axillary  and 
terminal. 

1.  P.  Unguis-Cati,  Benth.  L'namied  or  spiny;  leaves  bipinnate; 
leaflets  4,  thin,  broadly  and  obliquely  obovate,  the  partial  petioles  much 
shorter  than  the  common  one  ;  heads  globose,  in  a  loose  raceme  ;  calyx  teeth 
short,  ciliate  ;  corolla  yellowish,  smooth  ;  stamens  crispid,  twice  as  long  as  the 
corolla;  ovary  smooth.  (Inga,  Willd.) — South  Florida.  —  Leaflets  I'-l^' 
long,  light  green. 

2.  P,  Guadalupense,  Chapm.  Unarmed ;  leaves  bipinnate ;  leaflets 
4,  coriaceous,  obliquely  oblong  or  obovate,  the  common  and  partial  petioles 
nearly  equal ;  peduncles  solitary,  axillary,  longer  than  the  leaves,  or  the  upper 
ones  racemose ;  calyx  and  corolla  pubescent ;  stamens  30  or  more,  3-4  times 
as  long  as  the  corolla;  ovary  pubescent;  legume  smooth,  falcate  or  hooked. 
(Inga,  Desv.)  —  South  Florida.  —  Leaflets  1'  long,  deep  green.  Legume  2'- 
4'  long.     Flowers  yellowish. 

51.     ACACIA,  Necker. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  4  -  5-toothed.  Petals  4-5,  separate  or  united 
in  a  tube.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla.  Legume 
2-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Mostly  trees  or  shrubs,  with  pinnately  compound 


IL'S  M.fUMINns.i:.       (I'lI-SK    KA.-MII.V.) 

leaves,  and  small  llow-rs  in  si)ikc8  or  heads.  —  Ours  introdmcd,  and  sparingly 
spontancuus  around  lioniesteuds. 

1.  A.  fllicina,  W'illd.  Ilerhaceous,  unarineil,  hirsute;  stem  erect; 
leaves  hipinnatc ;  jfallrts  50-00,  very  small,  uldong-linear  ;  slipuU-s  deiidu- 
ous;  lioads  ]Mduncled,  axillary  and  terminal;  flowers  white;  "legume  Hat, 
few-seeded."  —  Gainesville,  l-'lorida  (Gttihrr).  —  Krom  Mexico. 

2.  A.  Farnesiana,  W'illd.  (nporoNAX.)  Slunldiy.  spiny,  glabrou-s; 
pinna'  aliout  (J  pairs  ;  leatiets  12-lf>  j)airs,  ohlonglinear  ;  sti|)ular  spines  long, 
straight;  heads  globose,  on  axillary  single  or  clustered  jjedundes;  flowers 
yellow,  fragrant;  Ici^umo  terete,  torulose.  —  From  West  Indies. 

3.  A.  Julibrissin,  Willd.  Arlioresceut,  unarmed,  glabrous  ;  i)inna;8- 
\-l  pairs  ;  leaflets  about  ."iO  pairs,  oblong,  obliijue  ;  heads  in  a  terminal  panicle  ; 
flowers  flesh-cijlor ;  stamens  longe.xserted  ;  legume  flat,  oldong,  few-seeded.  — 
From  .i\sia. 

4.  A.  glauca,  Willd.  Unarmed,  glabrous;  jiiniuv  4-.")  pairs;  leaflets 
1:2-  1.')  pairs,  linear,  distant,  acute,  glaucous  beneath  ;  heads  single  or  by  i)air8 
on  axillary  jK'duncles.  — From  West  Indies. 

5.  A.  latisiliqua,  Willd.  Unarmed,  glabrous;  pinnie  .">  pairs ;  leaflets 
10  ]>air.s,  elliptical;  heads  pauicled;  flowers  white;  legume  flat,  stipitate, 
many-seeded.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree.  —  From  West  Indies. 

52.    DESMANTHUS,  Willd. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  o-toothcd.  Corolla  of  5  oblong-spatulate  pet- 
als, or  tubular  and  5-cleft.  Stamens  5-10.  Filaments  of  the  lower  flowers 
sterile.  Legume  linear  or  oblong,  continuous,  2-valved.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs, 
w'ith  abruptly  bi])inuate  leaves,  and  heads  or  spikes  of  white  flowers  borne  on 
axillary  peduncles.     Leaves  sensitive. 

1.  D.  depressus,  Humb.  «&,  Bonpl.  Stems  slender,  prostrate,  slirubhy 
at  the  base;  pinna;  2  pairs;  leaflets  oblong-linear,  very  obtuse,  obliipie  and 
almost  truncate  at  the  base;  peduncles  2- 4-flowered,  the  two  upper  flowers 
(sometimes  all)  perfect;  stamens  10;  legume  linear,  many-seeded;  seeds 
angular,  compressed.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stems  l°-2°  long.  Legume  1'- 
\V  long. 

2.  D.  virgatUS,  Willd.  Stem  erect,  rather  rigid,  smoothi.sh,  angled ; 
pinnfE  1-7  pairs;  leaflets  numerous,  oblong-linear ;  a  rather  large  ovate  gland 
helow  the  lowest  pin  nee  ;  heads  few-flowered;  stamens  10;  legume  straight, 
linear,  10-.30-seeded.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 

3.  D.  brachylobus,  Benth.  Smooth;  stem  erect;  pinnae  6- 14  pair.s, 
each  with  a  minute  gland  at  the  base ;  leaflets  numerous,  linear  ;  heads  glo- 
bose;  stamens  5;  legumes  oblong,  curved,  4-6-seeded.  ( Darlingtonia,  DC.) 
—  Mississippi  (Carpenter). 

4.  D.  luteus,  Benth.  Stems  ascending,  rough  with  short  rigid  hairs; 
pinna;  4 -.5  pairs;  leaflets  numerous,  linear-oblong,  mucronate,  fringed  on  the 
margins,  veiny  beneath  ;  stipules  ovate,  acuminate ;  peduncles  longer  than  the 
leaves,  rough,  minutely  bractcd ;  heads  oval  or  oblong,  many-flowered,  nod- 


ROSACEiE.       (rose    FAMILY.)  129 

ding;  petals  distinct ;  sterile  filaments  8- 10,  yellow,  spatulate-linear ;  fertile 
ones  10,  white;  legume  oblong,  5-8-seeded.  —  Damp  soil  near  the  coast, 
Florida,  and  westward.    June.     %  —  Stems  l°-2°  long. 


Ordek  48.     ROSACE^E.     (Rose  Family.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  alternate  stipulate  leaves,  and  regular 
flowers.  —  Calyx  of  3  -  8  (mostly  5)  more  or  less  united  sejaals,  and 
often  with  as  many  bracts.  Petals  as  many  (rarely  none),  inserted 
with  the  few  or  numerous  distinct  stamens  on  the  edge  of  the  disk 
which  lines  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  mostly  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Ovaries  1  -  several,  free,  or  more  or  less  united  with  the  calyx  and 
with  each  other,  1  - f ew-ovuled.  Seeds  anatropous,  and,  witli  few 
exceptions,  without  albumen.  Embryo  straight,  with  large  and 
thick  cotyledons.     Fruit  various. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder  L  CHRYSOBALANE^.  Calyx  bractless,  free  from  the  sol- 
itary ovary.  Style  single,  arising  from  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Ovules  erect. 
Fruit  a  drupe.  —  Trees  or  shrubs.     Leaves  simple. 

1.    CHRTSOBALANUS.     Calyx  limb  persistent.     Stone  grooved.     Shrubs. 

Suborder  II.  AMYGDALE^.  Calyx  bractless,  free  from  the  solitary 
ovary.  Style  single,  terminal.  Ovules  suspended.  Fruit  a  drupe.  Leaves 
simple. 

1.    PRUNUS.     Calyx  limb  deciduous.     Stone  even,  or  grooved  on  the  margins. 

Suborder  III.  ROSACEA.  Calyx  3- 5-cleft,  the  lobes  often  alternat- 
ing tvith  as  many  bracts,  free  from  the  1  -  several  ovaries.  Style  lateral  or 
terminal.  Fruit  a  1  -  10-seeded  follicle,  or  a  1-seeded  achenium.  —  Herbs  or 
shrubs.     Leaves  mostly  lobed  or  compound. 

*  Fruit  a  1  -  10-seeded  follicle. 

3.  PHYSOCARPUS.     Petals  imbricated.     Carpels  inflated,  2-valved.     Seed  albuminous. 

4.  SPIRvEA.     Petals  obovate  or  roundish,  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Carpels  1-valved. 

6.  GILLENIA.     Petals  linear-lanceolate,  convolute  in  the  bud. 

*  *  Fruit  a  1-seeded  achenium. 

■*-  Fruiting  calyx  dry,  the  lobes  mostly  valvate  in  the  bud.     Achenia  few,  or  numerous  and 

collected  into  a  head. 

++  Calyx-tube  contracted  at  the  throat  (except  No.  5).     Achenia  1  -  4. 

5.  NEVIUSIA.     Petals  none.         Stamens  indefinite.     Calyx  lobes  serrate. 

7.  AGRIMONIA.    Petals  5.     Stamens  5-15.     Calyx  bristly. 

8.  POTERIUM.     Petals  none.     Stamens  4.     Style  terminal. 

9.  ALCHEMILLA.     Petals  none.     Stamens  1-4.     Style  lateral. 

++  ++  Calyx  open,  bracted.    Stamens  and  dry  achenia  numerous,  the  latter  rarely  2-4. 
=  Seeds  erect. 

10.  GEUM.     Style  persistent.    Achenia  numerous. 

11.  WALDSTEINIA.    Style  deciduous.     Achenia  2 -6. 

9 


130  kosaoe.t:.      (rosk  faaiilv.) 

=  =  Seeds  suBpendod  or  ajsceiiding. 

12.  POTENTILLA.     RerepUcIe  flnt  or  convex,  dry. 

13.  KK.\(iAKIA.     K«'ci'i)tiu-lf  conical,  uiilurKi-d  and  fli'Hliy  in  fruit. 

vf  44  -M.  Calyx  oiH-n,  brnctless.     StamenH  and  juicy  adicnia  numerous. 

14.  RUBUS.     Aclienia  crowded  on  the  conical  receptacle. 

*-  —  Calyx  tube  tlesliy,  urn-shaped  ;  tlie  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Achenia  numerous, 
inserted  on  the  receptacle  which  lines  the  inside  of  the  calyx  tube. 

15.  ROSA.     Aclienia  dry  and  hairy.     Prickly  shrubs. 

SinoKDKK  IV.  I'O.MEyE.  VaUx  includiiijj;  ami  colieriiif;  with  tlic  1  -  .'> 
ovaries,  very  tliick  aiul  tlesliy  in  fruit. 

IG.  CRAT.EGUS.     Fruit  of  1 -5  bony  1 -seeded  nutlets. 

17.  PYRUS.     Fruit  of  2  -  5  cartilaRinous  or  membranaceous  2-seeded  cells. 

18.  AMELANCHIER.     Fruit  of  3  -  5  2-seeded  cells  ;  seeds  separated  by  a  false  partition. 

1.    CHRYSOBALANUS,  L. 

Calyx  bell  sliaped,  r)-cleft,  peisi.steiit.  Petals  .'i.  Stamens  about  20;  the 
inner  ones  often  shorter  and  sterile  Ovary  with  2  collateral  erect  ovules ; 
the  style  arising  from  its  base.  Drupe  1 -seeded  ;  the  stone  grooved.  —  Un- 
armed shrubs.  Le.aves  nearly  sessile,  entire,  with  minute  stipules.  Flowers 
small,  in  axillary  nr  tormiiial  paniculate  cymes. 

1.  C.  oblongifolius,  INIichx.  Leaves  somewhat  coriaceous,  oblong, 
smooth  on  botii  sides,  or  hoary-])ubescent  beneath,  deciduous;  cymes  many- 
flowered  ;  stamens  and  ovary  smooth  ;  drupe  ovoid.  —  Dry  sandy  pine  bar- 
rens in  the  lower  districts.  May.  —  Stems  creeping,  the  flowering  branches 
6'  - 1 2'  high.     Leaves  3'  -  4'  long.     Flowers  greeni.^h  w hite. 

2.  C.  Icaco,  L.  (Cocoa  Plum.)  Leaves  round-obovate,  smooth,  coria- 
ceous ;  cymes  few-flowered  ;  stamens  and  ovary  hairy ;  drupe  large,  roundish. 
—^  South  Florida.  —  Shrub  4^- 12°  high.  Leaves  2'  long,  1|'  wide.  Drupe 
yellow,  purple,  or  black. 

2.     PRUNUS,  L.    Plum,  Cherry. 

Calyx  .5-cleft,  deciiluous.  Petals  5,  spreading  Stamens  l.')-.30.  Ovary 
■with  2  collateral  suspended  ovules.  Style  terminal.  Drupe  fleshy ;  the 
stone  even.  — Trees  or  shrubs.     Leaves  simple.     Flowers  white. 

§  1.  Puuxus.  (Plu^i.) — Drupe  glaucot's :  stone  move  or  less  compressed: 
haves  convolute  in  the  bud  :  Jioicers  in  lateral  clusters,  aji]iearing  before  the 
leaves:  branches  often  Sj)ini/. 

1.  P.  Americana,  Marsh.  Leaves  thick,  ovate  or  somewhat  olwvate, 
acuminate,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  pubescent  beneath,  sharply 
serrate,  on  glandular  petioles;  drupe  large,  globose.  —  Woods.  March - 
April.  —  A  small  tree.  Leaves  2' -3' long,  smooth  when  old.  Flowers  very 
numerous.  Plum  reddish,  |'-1'  in  diameter,  pleasantly  acid,  ripening  in 
September. 

2.  P.  umbellata,  Fll.  Leaves  thin,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute 
at  both  ends,  or  the  upper  ones  rounded  at  the  base,  finely  and  sharply  serrate, 
smooth,  or  soft-downy  beneath ;  calyx  teeth  emarginate,  pubescent ;   drupe 


ROSACEA.      (rose    family.)  131 

globose  ;  stone  slightly  compressed.  —  Dry  light  soil,  Florida  and  Alabama 
to  South  Carolina.  Feb.  -  March.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree.  Branches  purple, 
shining.  Leaves  I'-l^'  long.  Plum  rarely^'  in  diameter,  dark  purplish 
or  black,  sour  and  bitter,  ripening  in  August. 

3.  P.  Chicasa,  Michx.  Leaves  thin,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceulate- 
acute,  smooth,  minutely  and  sharply  serrate,  with  the  teeth  glandular  and 
incurved ;  flowers  short-peduucled ;  calyx  smooth ;  drupe  yellowish  red,  glo- 
bose. —  Old  fields,  forming  thickets.  March.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree. 
Leaves  l^'-2'  long.  Plum  about  ^'  in  diameter,  thin-skinned  and  of  an 
agreeable  flavor. 

4.  P.  gracilis,  Gray  &  Engelm.  Low  and  bushy,  the  pubescent  branches 
often  spiny  ;  leaves  short-petioled,  ovate,  acute,  unequally  serrate,  glabrate 
above,  pale  and  villous  beneath,  V-2'  long;  clusters  2-3-flowered;  calyx 
pubescent;  drupe,  globose,  6"  -  9"  in  diameter.  —  Lookout  Mountain,  Tennes- 
see ( Gattinger),  and  westward. 

5.  P.  maritima,  Wang.  Low  and  straggling,  spineless ;  leaves  ovate  or 
obovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  glabrate ;  clusters  few-flowered  ; 
drupe  red  or  purplish,  \'  in  diameter.  —  Alabama  {Buckle i/). 

§  2.     Cerasus.     (Cherry.) — Drupe  not  glaucous:  stone  globular  or  slightly 

compressed :  leaves  folded  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  —  Spineless  shrubs  or  trees. 

*   Flowers  clustered. 

6.  P.  Pennsylvanica,  L.  Leaves  thin,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
finely  and  sharply  serrate,  green  and  smooth  on  both  sides;  flowers  several 
in  a  cluster,  on  long  peduncles ;  drupe  globose,  light  red.  —  Mouutains  of 
North  Carolina.     May.  —  A  small  tree.     Fruit  small  and  sour. 

*    *   Flowers  in  racemes  terminating  leafy  branches. 

7.  P.  serotina,  Ehrhart.  Leaves  smooth,  varying  from  oval  to  ovate, 
lanceolate,  mostly  acute  or  acuminate,  serrate,  with  the  teeth  callous  and 
appressed  ;  racemes  long,  spreading  ;  drupe  globose,  purplish  black.  —  Woods. 
April  -  May.  —  A  tree  20°  -  60°  high. 

8.  P.  Virginiana,  L.  Smooth  throughout,  or  the  lower  surface  of  the 
leaves,  brandies,  and  racemes  more  or  less  pubescent ;  leaves  thin,  oval, 
oblong  or  obovate,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  abruptly  acute  or  acumi- 
nate ;  racemes  rather  short  and  erect ;  drupe  red.  -^  Light  sandy  soil  in  the 
upper  districts.  April.  —  Shrub  3° -9^  high.  Leaves  l'-3'  long.  Drupe 
astringent. 

§3.    Laurocerasus.      (Cherut  Laurel.) — Drupe  not  glaucous  :  stone 
globular :  flowers  in  racemes  from  ihc  axils  of  evergreen  leaves. 

9.  P.  Caroliniana,  Ait.  (Mock  Orange.)  Leaves  coi-iaceous,  smooth 
and  glossy,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  mostly  entire  ;  racemes  shorter  than  the 
leaves,  white;  drupe  ovoid,  soon  dry,  black.  —  Banks  of  rivers,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina,  and  westward.     Feb.  -  March.  —  A  small  tree. 

10.  P.  sphserocarpa,  Swartz.  Racemes  small,  erect,  shorter  than  the 
leaf;  leaves  elliptical,  entire,  shining;  flowers  scattered;  drupe  sub-globose. 
—  Key  Biscayne  (Curtiss),  South  Florida.  —  A  small  tree,  10° -15°  high. 


132  ROSACE.^,     (rose  famfly.) 

3.     PHYSOCARPUS,  .Maxim.    Nine-bauk. 

Carpels  inflatod,  2-valved,  2  -  4-8ee(led.  Seeds  roundish,  cruataceous.  Al- 
Imiiicn  co|)ii)us.  OtliorwiiJc  like  5y>//(r(i.  —  Shrubs.  Leaves  palmately  loliefl 
or  veined. 

1.  P.  Opulifolius,  Maxim.  Leaves  Itrnadly  ovate  or  cordate,  S-lohed, 
doulily  ii(ii:itv->cii;ite,  smooth  ;  corymbs  umbellate,  terminating  the  short 
brandies,  mostly  pul)e.<cent ;  follicle  smooth,  inflated,  2 -4- seeded. — Var. 
FERKUuiNEA,  Nidt.  Leaves  smaller  (!'  long),  slightly  lobed,  covereil,  like 
the  branches,  corymbs,  and  follicles,  with  a  dense  brownish  pultescence. — 
Banks  of  streams,  Florida  and  Alabama  (the  variety)  to  the  mountains  of 
Georgia  and  Teimessee.  April -May.  —  Shrub  3° -5°  high,  the  ohl  bark 
separating  in  thin  layers.     Flowers  white. 

4.     SPIRJEA,  L.     Meadow-Sweet. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent.  I'etals  5,  roundish,  imbricateil  in  the  bud.  Sta- 
mens 10-50.  FolliclesS- 12,  1  -  10-seeded.  Styles  terminal.  Seedswithout 
albumen.  —  Shrubs  or  perennial  herbs,  with  simple  or  compound  leaves. 
Flowers  white  or  rose-color,  sometimes  dioecious. 

*    Shrubs  :  Jioivers  perfect. 
-i—  Flowers  cor//mbose. 

1.  S.  COrymbosa,  Raf.  Leavesundivided.ovate,  unequally  serrate  near 
the  tip,  whitish  beneath;  corymb  large,  smooth,  compound  ;  flowers  white; 
follicle  smooth.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Georgia.  June.  —  Shrub 
1  °  -  2°  high.     Leaves  2'  -  3'  long. 

-I—  -1—  Florvers  panicled. 

2.  S.  tomentosa,  L.  Leaves  simple,  ovate  or  oblong,  serrate,  the  lower 
surface,  like  the  branches  and  close  panicle,  covered  with  a  dense,  ru.st-colored 
pubescence ;  follicles  .5,  not  inflated,  tomentose,  several-seeded.  — Low  grounds 
in  the  upper  districts.  June -July.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.  Flowers  small, 
pale  jiurjile. 

3.  S.  salicifolia,  L.  Smooth  ;  panicle  dense-flowered ;  leaves  varying 
from  lanccolatf  to  oblong-ohovate,  sharply  and  doubly  serrate ;  follicles  not 
inflated,  smooth,  several-seeded.  —  With  the  preceding.  June  -  July.  —  Stem 
2°  -  .5°  high.     Flowers  white. 

*    *     Perennial  herbs :  leaves  lobed  or  coinpoimcL 

4.  S.  lobata,  .Murr.  Flowers  perfect,  in  long-peduncled  paniculate  cymes ; 
leaves  coarse,  jiinnately  lobed,  the  terminal  lo1)e  very  large,  reniform,  7-9- 
parted,  with  tlie  divisions  incii^ely  toothed  and  serrate;  stipules  reniform, 
persistent;  follicles  6-8,  1  -  2-.seeded.  —  Swamps  along  the  mountains  of 
Georgia  and  North  Carolina.  June -July.  —  Stem  smooth,  ^i°-8°  high 
Upper  leaves  3-lobed  and  sessile  ;  tlie  lowest  ones  on  long  petioles.  Flowers 
rose-color.    Petals  and  sepals  often  in  fours. 

.5.  S.  AruncUS,  L.  Flowers  dioecious,  in  elongated  filiform  panicled 
racemes ;  leaves  thrice-pinnate ;  leaflets  thin,  lanceolate-oblong,  .sharply  and 


KOSACE.^.     (rose  family.)  133 

doubly  serrate;  stipules  miuute  or  wanting;  follicles  3-5,  several-seeded, 
reflexed.  —  Woods  on  the  mountains  of  Georgia  and  North  Carolina.  June. 
—  Stem  tall  and  slender.     Flowers  minute,  white. 

5.    NEVIUSIA,  Gray. 

Calyx  bractless,  spreading,  5-parted,  with  the  lobes  leaf-like,  incisely  serrate 
and  persistent.  Corolla  none.  Stamens  indefinite,  inserted  in  several  rows 
on  the  thin  disk  which  lines  the  bottom  of  the  calyx ;  filaments  filiform. 
Ovaries  2-4,  sessile;  style  nearly  terminal,  filiform.  Ovule  single,  pendu- 
lous, anatropous.  Achenia  drupaceous.  Cotyledons  oval,  flat.  Embryo  in- 
cluded in  thin  fleshy  albumen.  Radicle  superior,  inflexed-accunibent.  —  A 
shrub,  with  alternate  leaves,  free  bristle-awl-shaped  stipules,  and  single  or 
clustered  terminal  flowers  on  slender  peduncles. 

1.  N.  Alabamensis,  Gray.  —  Shady  cliffs  near  Tuscaloosa,  Alabama 
{Rev.  R.  D.  Nevius).  —  Shrub  2° -5°  higii,  with  spreading  branches.  Leaves 
short-petioled,  membranaceous,  ovate  or  oblong,  doubly  serrate,  V  -2V  long. 
Flowers  very  numerous  and  showy. 

6.     GILLENIA,   Mcench.     Indian  Physic. 

Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  .5-toothed.  Petals  5,  linear-lanceolate,  unequal, 
inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  10-20. 
Follicles  5,  included  in  the  calyx,  2-4-seeded. — Perennial  herbs.  Leaves 
thin,  trifoliolate ;  the  leaflets  sharply  and  doubly  serrate.  Flowers  white  or 
rose-color,  in  loose  few-flowered  corymbs. 

1.  G.  trifoliata,  Mcench.  Stipules  small,  subulate,  entire;  leaflets  ob- 
long, acuminate,  rather  coarsely  serrate  ;  lower  peduncles  elongated,  flowers 
white.  —  Rich  woods  in  the  upper  districts.     June. —  Steili  2° -3°  high. 

2.  G.  stipulacea,  Nutt.  Stipiiles  leafy,  ovate,  serrate  ;  leaflets  lanceo- 
late, coarsely  serrate,  or  the  lowest  incisely  lobed  ;  flowers  rose-color.  —  With 
the  preceding.     June.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 

7.     AGRIMONIA,  Tourn.     Agrimony. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  the  tube  top-shaped,  contracted  at  the  throat,  and  armed  with 
hooked  bristles.  Petals  .5.  Stamens  5-15,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the 
calyx.  Achenia  2,  included  in  the  grooved  and  indurated  calyx-tube.  —  Per- 
ennial herbs,  with  uneciually  pinnate  leaves,  leafy  toothed  stipules,  and  small 
yellow  flowers  in  long  spiked  racemes.     Fruit  nodding. 

1.  A.  Eupatoria,  L.  Stem  hirsute,  2° -3°  high;  leaflets  3-5,  2' -3' 
long,  oblong  or  obovate,  coarsely  and  broadly  mucronate-serrate,  pubescent 
beneath  ;  racemes  mostly  3,  1°  or  more  long,  rarely  numerous  and  smaller.  — 
Dry  open  woods.     August. 

Var.  mollis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Softly  pubescent ;  leaflets  7-9,  lanceolate, 
paler  beneath,  Ij'  long.  —  Rocky  woods  in  the  upper  di.stricts.     August. 

2.  A.  parviflora,  Ait.  Stem  3° -5°  high,  densely  hirsute,  branching 
above;  leaflets  9-15,  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  li'-2'  long,  the  smaller 
ones  numerous  ;  fruiting  calyx  larger  than  the  preceding.  —  Swamps,  chiefly 
in  the  upper  districts.     August. 


134  KOSACE.E.       (kOSE    FAMILY.) 

3.  A.  incisa,  IVirr.  &  tiriiy.  Stem,  petiolew,  aii<l  lower  surface  of  the 
leaves  ilotlied  witli  soft  dowu  ami  Imig  hairs  intcrinixed ;  leaHets  7-9,  small 
(r  long),  ohloii;;'  or  obovate,  coarsely  serrate,  with  smaller  ouea  betweeu  ;  sta- 
mens 5.  —  Dry  o])eu  woods,  in  the  lower  districts,  Georgia,  and  westward. 
August.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Flowers  small. 

8.    POTERIUM,  L. 

C'aly.x  4-i)arted,  the  tube  4-angleil.  Tetals  none.  Stamens  4,  the  filaments 
usually  thickened  ujnvard.  Style  terminal,  slender.  Stigma  pencil  form. 
Achenia  1-2,  included  in  the  4-winged  indurated  calyx  tube.  —  Herbs,  with 
une({ually  pinnate  leaves.     Flowers  in  close  heads  or  spikes. 

1.  P.  Canadense,  15enth.&  Hook.  Smooth;  leaflets  numerous, stalked, 
cordate-ovate  or  oblong,  serrate  ;  spikes  long-pedunded,  cylindrical,  elongated 
in  fruit;  stamens  flattened. —  Wet  meadows,  along  the  mountains.  Sept. 
11  — Stem  2° -4°  high.     Lowest  leaves  on  long  ])etioles.     Flowers  white. 

9.     ALCHEMILLA,   Tuurn. 

Calyx  4-5-parted,  and  with  as  many  alternate  bracts;  the  tube  obconical, 
contracted  at  the  throat.  Petals  none.  Stamens  1 -4.  Style  lateral.  Stigma 
capitate.  Achenia  1-4,  included  in  the  persistent  calyx-tube.  —  Small  herbs, 
with  palmately  divided  leaves,  and  minute  greenish  flowers  in  corymbs  or 
clusters. 

1-  A.  arvensis,  L.  Annual,  hairy;  stem  (I'-S'  high)  leafy;  leaves 
3-parted,  the  divisions  wedge-shaped,  3  -  5-lobed ;  flowers  in  axillary  sessile 
clusters ;  fertile  stamens  1-2.  —  Waste  places,  North  Carolina.  Introduced. 
—  Stem  branching  from  the  base.     Leaves  4" -6"  long. 

10.     GEUM,   L.    AvExs. 

Calyx  campanulate,  deeply  .'i-cleft,  and  usually  with  as  many  bracts  at  the 
sinuses.  Petals  5.  Stamens  and  achenia  numerous,  the  latter  crowded  on 
the  conical  or  cylindrical  dry  receptacle.  Styles  terminal,  long,  persistent, 
jointed  and  hairy,  or  straight  and  smoothish.  Seeds  erect.  —  Perennial  herb.s, 
witli  ])innately  divided  leaves.     Flowers  yellow,  white,  or  pnrfde. 

1.  G.  vernum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stems  a.scending.  hairy,  6' -12'  high; 
lowest  leaves  pinnate  or  round-cordate,  the  Upper  3-5-foliate;  flowers  few  and 
small ;  petals  yellow,  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  head  of  achenia  globose,  raised  on 
a  slender  stipe ;  receptacle  glabrous.  —  Woods  and  copses,  Tennessee.  March  - 
April. 

2.  G.  Virginianum,  L.  Stem  stouter,  hirsute ;  stem  leaves  3-parted, 
petals  shorter  than  the  calyx;  heads  of  fruit  larger,  on  stouter  peduncles; 
receptacle  smooth ;  otherwise  like  the  next.  —  Wet  woods,  North  Carolina 
(Hyama). 

3.  G.  album,  Hmelin.  Smoothish  or  downy ;  stem  slender,  with  spread- 
ing branches;  radical  leaves  pinnate,  or  the  earliest  ones  nearly  simple  and 
rounded ;   stem-leaves  3-parted,  lobed  or  toothed ;  petals  white,  as  long  as  the 


ROSACEA,     (rose  family.)  135 

calyx ;  style  jointed  and  bent  near  the  middle,  the  smooth  lower  portion  per- 
sistent and  hooked;  receptacle  and  ovaries  bristly -hairy. — Rich  woods  in 
the  upper  districts.     April  -  May.  —  Stem  2°  high. 

4.  G.  geniculatum,  Michx.  Hairy ;  leaves  pinnate,  3-parted  or  3-lobed, 
the  upper  ones  nearly  sessile  ;  leaflets  or  lobes  thin,  ovate  and  obovate,  toothed 
and  serrate  ;  style  jointed  and  bent  in  the  middle,  the  upper  portion  plumose 
and  nearly  persistent,  the  lower  pubescent,  or  smootli  above  ;  heads  of  the  hairy 
achenia  sessile.  —  High  mountains  of  North  Carolina.  July.  —  Stem  2° -3° 
high.     Flowers  white,  veiny. 

5.  G.  radiatum,  Michx.  Hirsute;  stem  short  (6'- 12'),  often  branch- 
ing; lowest  leaves  pinnate,  the  terminal  leaflet  large,  reniform,  obscurely 
lobed,  doubly  toothed,  the  lateral  ones  few  and  small ;  stem-leaves  scattered, 
small,  sharply  toothed,  sessile  ;  flowers  large  ;  petals  obcordate,  yellow ;  style 
straight  and  wholly  persistent,  hairy  at  the  base ;  heads  of  achenia  sessile.  — 
Highest  mountains  of  North  Carolina.     July.  —  Flowers  T  wide. 

11.    WALDSTEINIA,    Willd. 

Calyx  obconical,  5-cleft,  with  as  many  alternate  bracts.  Petals  5.  Stamens 
numerous,  inserted  into  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Achenia  2-6,  dry  or  some- 
what fleshy.  Style  terminal,  filiform,  separating  from  the  acheuium  by  a 
joint.  Seeds  erect.  —  Low  perennial  herbs,  with  chiefly  radical  and  roundish 
lobed  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers  on  scape-like  stems. 

1.  W.  fragarioides,  Tratt.  Smooth  or  hairy  ;  leaves  long-petioled,  tri- 
foliolate  or  3-parted,  with  broadly  cuneate  and  crenately  toothed  leaflets ; 
scape  as  long  as  the  leaves,  bracted,  many-flowered ;  achenia  4-6,  minutely 
hairy.  —  Mountain  woods.  May  -  June.  —  Stem  and  leaves  4'  -  6'  high.  Petals 
larger  than  the  calyx. 

2.  "W.  lobata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Hairy ;  leaves  cordate,  crenately  3  -5-lobed ; 
scape  filiform,  bracted,  4-8-flowered  ;  achenia  mostly  2,  hoary;  petals  rather 
shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  Banks  of  the  Flint  and  Chattahoochee  Rivers,  in  the 
middle  districts  of  Georgia,  very  rare.  May- June.  —  Scape  and  leaves  4' -8' 
high. 

12.     POTENTILLA,   L.    Cinquefoil. 

Calyx  flat,  5-cleft,  with  as  many  bracts.  Petals  5,  obcordate  or  roundish. 
Stamens  numerous.  Style  lateral  or  terminal,  deciduous.  Achenia  collected 
in  a  head  .on  the  dry  and  pubescent  receptacle.  —  Herbs  or  shrubby  plants, 
with  variously  divided  leaves.     Flowers  solitary  or  cymose. 

*  Style  terminal,  or  nearly  so. 

1.  P.  Norvegica,  L-  Annual,  hairy  ;  stem  erect,  branched;  leaves  pal- 
mately  3-foliolate,  the  leaflets  obovate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  coarseh'  serrate  ; 
flowers  pale  yellow,  in  leafy  cymes  ;  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  Waste 
places.     Introduced,  and  sparingly  naturalized.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 

2.  P.  Canadensis,  L.  Perennial,  hairy ;  stem  prostrate  or  ascending, 
simple;  leaves  palmately  5-foliolate ;  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  coarsely  serrate; 
flowers  axillary,  solitary,  on  long  filiform  peduncles ;  petals  yellow,  obcordate, 


l.)(5  ROSACKJE.       (kOSK    FAMILY.) 

;ix  loug  as  tlie  calyx.  (1*.  niiiijilox,  Mirhx.)  —  Mtadows  in  the  upper  (li.^tritts, 
July  -  Au^n.-^t.  —  Stem  l^-aMong. 

Var.  pumila,  'I  "IT.  ^  (iray.  Ca'.spitose,  villous  ;  stems  j)e(luucle-like,  2'- 
3'  liigli,  I  -.'MiDwcreti,  luuslly  shorter  thau  the  leaves;  leaflets  small,  obuvate. 
—  Dry  woods  in  the  uj)i)er  districts. 

■3.  P.  supina,  L.  Annual,  i)uiie8ceiit;  stems  prostrate;  leaves  pinnate; 
leatlcts  ■-'.»,  oliiong-ohovate,  coarsely  serrate;  peduncles  axillary,  solitary ; 
petals  oliovatc,  yellow,  as  long  as  tlie  calyx  ;  achenia  with  a  starchy  ajipend- 
age  at  the  base.  —  Banks  of  the  Missi.ssi])pi,  Tennessee.     August. 

*  *  Stijlt  luleral. 
4.  P.  tridentata,  Ait.     stem  .somewliat  shrubby  at  the  base,  erect  or  as- 
cending, j)ulicscciit ;  leaves  rigid,  trifoliolate,  cuneate-oblong,  ;i-toothed  at  the 
apex;    flowers  white,  in  a  terminal  cyme.  —  High  mountains  of  North  Caro- 
lina.    July.  —  Stem  5'- 10'  high.     Achenia  and  receptacle  very  hairy. 

13.     FRAGARIA,  Touru.     Stkawheuky. 

Flowers  like  Poteutilla,  but  the  dry  achenia  borne  on  the  enlarged,  at 
length  l)ulpy  and  scarlet  receptacle.  Style  lateral.  —  Perennial  herbs  with 
cree])ing  runners.  Leaves  radical,  trifoliolate.  Flowers  white,  in  terminal 
cymes. 

1.  F.  Virginiana,  Elnhart.  Appressed-hairy;  leaflets  thick,  oblong, 
coarsely  serrate;  scape  few-flowered  ;  fruit  romidish, the  achenia  embedded  in 
the  deeply  pitted  receptacle.  —  Rich  woods.  March- Aj)ril.  —  Scapes  4' -6' 
high. 

2.  F.  vesca,  L.  Softly  villous,  3' -6'  high;  leaflets  thin,  oblong-oval, 
pale  beneath,  I'long;  pedicels  recurved  in  fruit;  calyx  spreading;  achenia 
fixed  to  the  surface  of  the  receptacle.  — Tennessee  {(iattinger).     April. 

3.  P.  Indica,  Andr.  (Strawberry  Geranium.)  Creeping;  leaves 
trifoliolate  or  3  lobed,  the  lobes  rouud-obovate,  crenate ;  peduncles  1-flowered ; 
calyx  leafy -bracted  ;  petals  yellow  ;  fruit  inedible.  —  Waste  places,  escaped 
from  cultivation. 

14.     RUBUS,  L.     Brier,  Bramble. 

Calyx  concave  or  flattish,  5-parted,  without  bracts.  Petals  5,  deciduous. 
Stamens  numerous.  Achenia  juicy,  crowded  on  the  conical  or  cylindrical 
receptacle.  Style  nearly  terminal,  deciduous.  —  Perennial  or  shrubby  and 
mostly  prickly  ])lants,  with  lobed  or  compound  petioled  leaves,  and  wliite  or 
reddish  flowers. 

*  Heads  of  achenia  hemisjiherical,  deciduous :  receptacle  drjf. 
1.  R.  Odoratus,  L.  Shrubby,  not  prickly;  the  branches,  petioles,  and 
corymbs  hispid  with  glandular  hairs;  leaves  large,  broadly  ovate,  3-lobed,  or 
the  lowest  ones  5-lobed,  the  lobes  acute  or  acuminate,  toothed  and  serrate ; 
calyx-lobes  caudate;  flowers  large,  rose-color;  fruit  reddish.  —  Rocky  woods 
on  the  mountains  of  Georgia  and  Carolina.  June -August.  —  Stem3°-4° 
high.     Flowers  2'  in  diameter. 


KOSACE.^.     (rose  family.)  137 

2.  R.  OCCidentaliS,  L.  Glaucous;  stem  prickly,  but  otherwise  very 
smooth,  beudiog ;  leaves  3  -  5-foliolate ;  leaflets  thiu,  ovate,  acumiuate, 
coarsely  serrate  or  sparingly  toothed,  white-downy  beneath;  petals  white, 
shorter  than  the  reflexed  short-caudate  hoary  calyx  lobes ;  fruit  black  — 
Borders  of  woods  along  the  mountains.      May.  —  Stem  biennial,  5°  -  8°  long. 

*  *  Heads  of  achenia  oval  or  ohloivj,  persistent :  receptacle  jtiici/. 

3.  R.  villoSUS,  Ait.  Tall,  shrubl)y ;  stem  erect  or  bending,  armed,  like 
the  petioles  aud  peduncles,  with  stout  recurved  prickles,  the  brandies  and  3  -  7- 
foliolate  leaves  soft-hairy  or  nearly  smooth ;  leaflets  ovate  or  oblong,  doubly 
serrate ;  racemes  leafy  below,  bracted  above ;  sepals  acuminate,  nmch  sliorter 
tliau  the  obovate  white  petals;  fruit  large,  oblong,  black.  — Swampy  thickets, 
common.     April.  —  Stem  4°  - 10°  high. 

4.  R.  cuneifolius,  Pursh.  Shrubby,  armed  with  stout  prickles ;  stem 
erect ;  brauclies  aud  leaves  tomentose ;  leaves  trifoliolate,  with  the  leaflets 
cuneate-obovate,  unequally  serrate  towards  the  summit,  tomentose  and  white 
beneath ;  racemes  few-flowered ;  ]jetals  white  ;  fruit  ovoid,  black.  —  Old  fields. 
April.  —  Stem  2° -4^  higli-     Leaves  and  fruit  smaller  than  in  the  preceding. 

5.  R.  trivialis,  Michx.  Shrubby,  and  armed  with  stout  straight  or 
recurved  prickles  and  bristly  hairs ;  stem  prostrate,  slender ;  leaves  3-5- 
foliolate,  partly  persistent;  leaflets  smooth,  oblong-ovate  or  obovate,  acute, 
sharply  serrate;  racemes  few-flowered,  leafy  below,  mostly  longer  than  the 
leaves ;  flowers  large,  white ;  fruit  black.  —  Dry  sandy  soil.     April. 

6.  R.  Canadensis,  L.  Stem  shrubby  at  the  base,  slender,  trailing,  the 
prickles  few  and  scattered ;  leaves  mostly  3-foliolate ;  leaflets  smooth,  thin, 
oval  or  oblong,  coarsely  and  unequally  serrate ;  racemes  few-flowered,  leafy ; 
fruit  large,  roundish,  black.  —  Dry  sterile  soil.  North  Carolina  aud  Tennessee. 
May. 

7.  R.  hispidus,  L.  Somewhat  shrubby,  aud  armed  with  weak  bristle- 
like prickles ;  stem  slender,  prostrate ;  leaves  trifoliolate,  persistent ;  leaflets 
obovate,  obtuse,  coarsely  serrate,  smooth  ;  racemes  many-flowered,  slender, 
longer  than  the  leaves ;  flowers  small,  white ;  fruit  of  few  large  and  black 
achenia.  (R.  obovalis,  Michx.)  — Cold  shady  swamps  among  the  mountains. 
May  -  June.  —  Fruit  sour. 

15.     ROSA,  Tourn.     Rose. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  the  urn-shaped  tube  becoming  fleshy  in  fruit.  Petals  5.  Sta- 
mens numerous,  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  throat  of  the  cah'x.  Ovaries 
numerous,  hairy,  inserted  on  the  thin  receptacle  that  lines  the  inner  surface 
of  the  calyx-tube.  Styles  neai'ly  included.  Achenia  bony.  —  Prickly  shrubs. 
Leaves  unequally  pinnate.     Stipules  united  with  the  petioles.     Flowers  showy. 

*  Styles  cohering,  exserted. 
1.  R.  setigera,  Michx.  Stem  long,  reclining,  smooth;  leaflets  3-5, 
ovate,  acuminate  or  acute,  serrate,  shining  above ;  petioles,  peduncles,  and 
calyx  glandular ;  corymb  few-flowered ;  petals  obcordate ;  fruit  globose, 
smooth.  —  Borders  of  swamps,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts.  June.  —  Stem 
10°- 15°  long.     Flowers  2' -3'  wide,  red. 


138  ROSACE.E.       (rose    FAMILY.) 

♦  •  Styles  (listiiirl,  iuclHchd :  jluwers  rtti  or  white. 

2.  R,  Carolina,  L-  Stem  erect,  tiiiumtli,  arTiied  witli  stout  recurved 
sti]inlar  jiricklcs  ;  Iciitlcts  5  -  9,  oblong  or  cllipticiil,  acute,  finely  serrate,  dull 
and  .sniootliisii  aliove,  the  lower  surface  paler,  or,  like  the  j)rickly  jietioles  and 
caudate  calyx  lol)es,  tonientose  ;  Howers  single  or  corymbose ;  calyx  tube  and 
peduncles  glandular-hispid.  —  8wamps.  June. —  Stem  4°-6°  high,  com- 
monly ])nrplisli.     Fruit  de])re.ssed-globose,  glandular. 

3.  R.  humilis,  Marsh.  Stem  h)\v,  erect,  arnnil  witli  bristles  and  .stout 
stipular  prickles  ;  leaflets  mostly  5,  ellij)tical  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sharply  ser- 
rate, smooth  and  shining  above,  paler  and  often  sonicwliat  pubescent  beneath; 
flowers  .solitary,  or  2-3  together;  jieduncles  and  calyx  glandular,  the  latter 
with  foliaceous,  often  incised  lobes.  (H.  parviflora,  Ell.)  —  Mostly  in  dry 
soil,  common.  May- June.  —  Stem  l°-3°  higli.  A  vari:il)Ie  species.  Stem 
sometimes  spineless. 

4.  R.  rubiginosa,  L.  (Eglantine.)  Stem  erect  or  curving,  armed 
with  very  stout  prickles;  leaflets  5-7,  oval  or  obovate,  serrate,  glandular  be- 
ueath ;  flowers  mostly  solitary,  on  hispid  peduncles;  fruit  obovate.  (R. 
suaveolens,  P«ja7(.)  — Waste  places.  Introduced.  Branches  yellowish  green. 
Leaves  fragrant. 

6.  R.  laevigata,  ^lichx.  (Cherokee  Rose.)  Stem  long,  trailing, 
smooth,  the  brandies  armed  with  very  stout  and  curved  j)rickles,  leaves  ever- 
green, mostly  tvifoliolate  ;  leaflets  smooth  and  shining,  lanceolate,  the  midrib 
hispid ;  stipules  deciduous ;  flowers  large,  solitary,  white ;  calyx  very  bristly. 
—  Common  in  cultivation. 

16.     CRAT^GUS,  L.     Haavthorn. 

Calyx  urn-shaped ;  the  limb  5-cleft,  persistent.  Petals  5,  orbicular,  con- 
cave. Stamens  few  or  many.  Styles  1-5,  distinct.  Fruit  fleshy,  containing 
1-5  bonv  nutlets.  —  Thorny  shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  simple,  serrate  or  vari- 
ouslv  lobed.  Flowers  white,  axillary  and  solitary,  or  in  C(jrymbs  terminating 
short  lateral  branches.     Stipules  on  the  young  branches  linear,  or  lunate  and 

serrate. 

*  Corymbs  compound ,  maiiy-Jlowered. 

-t-  Emit  small,  not  larger  than  a  pea. 

1.  C.  spathulata,  Michx.  Young  branches  tomentose,  otherwise  nearly 
smooth  and  glandless  throughout;  leaves  small,  spatulate,  crenate  at  the  sum- 
mit ;  tliose  on  the  young  shoots  larger  and  incisely  lobed  ;  calyx  lobes  very 
short;  styles  5;  fruit  very  small,  red.  —  River  banks,  April.  —  A  .small  tree. 
Corymbs  sometimes  slightly  pubescent.  Stipules  lunate  on  the  young 
branches. 

2.  C.  apiifolia,  Miclix.  Young  branches,  leaves,  and  corymbs  whitened 
with  soft  hairs;  leaves  small,  deltoid,  pinnately  5-7-lobed,  sharply  toothed, 
nearly  smooth  when  old,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base  ;  styles  1  -3,  filiform  ; 
fruit  globular,  red.  —  River  swamps.  March  -  April.  —  A  small  tree.  Leaves 
Y-  I'long. 

3.  C.  cordata,  Ait.  Young  branches,  leaves,  and  corymbs  softly  pubes- 
cent, soon  smoothish ;  leaves  deltoid-ovate,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base, 


ROSACE.E.     (rose  family.)  139 

loiJ"'-petioled,  3-5-lobed  and  serrate;  spines  slender;  fruit  globose,  red. — 
River  banks  in  the  upper  districts.  May  -  June.  —  A  small  tree.  Leaves  1'  - 
3'  long.     Styles  5. 

4.  C.  arborescens,  Ell.  Smooth ;  leaves  thin,  oval  or  elliptical,  acute 
at  both  ends,  finely  serrace,  sometimes  toothed  or  lobed  near  the  apex,  on 
slender  nearly  glaudless  petioles;   corymbs  very  numerous;   styles  5;   fruit 

ovoid,  red. Low  o-round,  Georgia,  and  westward.     March  -  April.  —  A  small 

tree,  with  ash-colored  branches.  Spines  stout  or  wanting.  Leaves  I'  -  2'  long, 
entire  at  the  base,  sometimes  hairy  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath. 

H_  H_  Fruit  large,  V -\'  long  (except  No.  7,  vur.) ;  leaves,  etc.  mostly  glandular. 

5.  C.  Crus-galli,  L.  Leaves  thick,  oblong-obovate,  smooth,  shining 
above,  finely  serrate  from  near  the  glaudless  base;  those  on  the  young 
branches  sometimes  slightly  lobed  ;  spines  long  and  stout,  or  sometimes 
wanting;  corymbs  smooth  or  nearly  so;  styles  1-3;  fruit  pear-shaped  or 
globose,  red.  —  Woods.     April- May.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree. 

6.  C.  eoccinea,  L.  Smooth;  leaves  tliin,  roundish-ovate,  with  3 -.5 
short  and  sharply  serrate  lobes  on  each  side,  abruptly  narrowed  into  the 
slender  petiole,  strongly  straight-veined;  those  on  the  young  branches  often 
truncate  or  slii;htly  cordate  at  the  base,  and  more  strongly  lobed ;  spines  stout ; 
styles  3-5;  fruit  large,  globose  or  pear-shaped,  bright  red.  (C.  viridis,  L. 
C.  populifolia,  Ell.)  —  Open  dry  woods.  April  -  May.  —  A  shrub  or  small 
tree.     Leaves    1'- 2' long,  bright  green, 

7.  C.  tomentosa,  L.  Leaves  large  (3'- 5' long),  broadly  ovate  or  oval, 
finely  serrate,  and  slightly  lobed  above  the  middle,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a 
short  margined  petiole,  pubescent,  especially  beneath,  the  veins  straight  and 
impressed  ;  corymbs  large,  tomentose ;  styles  1  -  3  ;  fruit  pear-shaped,  orange- 
red.  —  Chiefly  northern. 

Var.  microcarpa.  Leaves  broadly  ovate,  membranaceous,  slightly 
toothed  or  entire,  pubescent  beneath,  slender  petioled,  3' -6'  long;  flowers 
Y  wide;  fruit  globose,  red,  3"  wide;  styles  mostly  2.  —  River  banks  near 
Rome,  Georgia.     April.  —  A  small  tree. 

8.  C.  SUbvillosa,  Schrader.  Leaves  thick,  ovate  or  roundish,  sharply 
serrate,  from  the  base,  toothed  above  the  middle,  softly  pubescent  beneath, 
like  the  branchlets  and  corymbs ;  flowers  f '  wide ;  fruit  globose,  "  bright 
scarlet,  1'  in  diameter."  —  Rich  soil,  Tennessee.  April.  —  A  shrub  or  small 
tree. 

9.  C.  triflora,  Chapm.  Leaves  thin,  1  J' -3' long,  ovate,  rounded  at  the 
base,  or  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  petiole,  glandular-serrate,  soon 
smooth  above,  softly  pubescent,  like  the  branchlets  and  coryml)S,  beneath ; 
corymbs  1  -  3-(mostly  3-)flowered,  the  lateral  pedicels  longer ;  flowers  f  wide ; 
calyx  lobes  lanceolate,  thickly  glandular-ciliate,  twice  as  long  as  the  tube  ; 
styles  mostly  4.  —  Cliffs  of  the  Coo.sa  River,  Georgia.  April.  —  A  large 
shrub. 

10.  C.  punctata,  Jacq.  Leaves  rather  rigid,  2' -3'  long,  wedge-obovate, 
tapering  and  entire  below  the  middle,  flnely  toothed  and  serrate  above,  pu- 
bescent,  at   length   glabrate,   strongly   impressed-veined ;   corymbs  villous ; 


140  ROSACEiE.       (kOSE   FAMILY.) 

.styles  iiioslly  3  ;  fruit  dull  roil,  glohose,  i'  wide,  duttcil.  —  Near  watercourses 
in  the  ujija-r  districts.     April-  May. 

11.  C.  COlliua,  Cliapiii.  Braiichlels,  leaves,  and  cnryuilis  ajipressed- 
pubeseeut,  suoM  glai>rous ;  leaves  I' -2'  luug,  obovate,  iKUte,  finely  but  ob- 
tusely serrate,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole ;  Howers  £'  wide ;  calyx  lobes 
lauccolale,  glandular,  longer  tiiau  the  tulxj ;  styles  3;  fruit  globular,  .J' iu 
dianietet.  —  Rocky    hillsides,    >.'orth    Cieorgia   and   Teuuessee.      April.  —  A 

small  tree. 

*  *   Curyiiiis  siiiijilt,  I  -  G-jlutcired. 

12.  C.  SBStivalis,  Torr.  &  (iray.  (ilandle.ss  ;  leaves  rigid,  pubescent,  be- 
coming smooth  ai>ove,  and  rusty-j>ubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  cuneate- 
obovate,  crenate  above  the  middle,  tajiering  into  a  short  petiole ;  corymbs 
smooth,  3-5-flowered  ;  styles  4-5;  fruit  large,  glol)ose,  red.  —  Varies  (C.  lu- 
cida,  Ell.)  with  smaller  (!'),  thinner,  and  smooth  leaves,  which  are  glossy 
above.  —  Margius  of  piue  barreu  ponds,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  aud  west- 
ward. March -April. —  A  small  tree.  Leaves  2' -3'  long.  Fruit  juicy, 
edible. 

13.  C.  flava,  Ait.  Glandular;  leaves  cuneate-obovate,  serrate  and  slightly 
lobcd  near  the  apex,  smootli,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole  ;  corynd)S  smooth, 
1  -  4-tiowored  ;  styles  4  -  .5  ;  flowers  and  pear-.shaped  fruit  large.  —  Shady 
sandy  places,  Florida  to  North  Corolina,  and  westward.  May. — Tree  15°- 
20°  high.     Leaves  2'  -  3'  long.     Fruit  greenish  yellow. 

14.  C.  glandulosa,  Mi<hx.  Branchlets,  leaves  and  corymbs  whitened 
\vith  soft  iiairs  ;  leaves  oj)a(|ne,  cuneate,  entire  or  glandular-serrate,  tapering 
into  a  slender  petiole,  becoming  smoothish  ;  those  on  the  young  branches 
often  sparingly  lobed  ;  corymbs  3  -  6-flowered,  unilateral ;  styles  .5  ;  fruit 
small,  globose,  red.  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  west- 
ward. April.  —  A  small  tree,  with  coarse  bark,  and  long  recurved  branches. 
Leaves  1'  long.     Fruit  3" -4"  long. 

15.  C.  parvifolia,  Ait.  Leaves  obovate,  scarcely  petioled,  serrate,  the 
lower  surface,  like  the  Ijrajichlets  and  calyx,  pubescent ;  spines  numerous, 
long  and  slender ;  flowers  mostly  solitary;  calyx  lolies  large,  serrate  ;  styles 
5  ;  fruit  large,  globose  or  pear-shaped,  somewhat  hairy.  —  Sandy  soil.  April 
-May.  — A  much  branched  shrul),  3° -5°  high.     Leaves  I'  long.     ' 

17,     PYRUS,   L.     Pear,  Apple. 

Calyx  urn-shaped,  5-cleft.  Petals  5.  Stamens  numerous.  Styles  2-5. 
Fruit  fleshy  or  baccate,  containing  2-5  cartilaginous  2-seeded  carpels. — 
Trees  or  shrubs.     Flowers  cymose  or  corymbose. 

*  Lcdi-es  simple,  glandular:   fruit  depressed  at  the  base. 

1.  P.  COronaria,  L.  Leaves  on  long  and  slender  petioles,  ovate,  round- 
ed, or  .slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  angled  or  lol)ed,  serrate,  smooth ;  corymbs 
simple,  few-flowered ;  flowers  rose-color,  very  fragrant ;  styles  woolly  and 
united  at  the  base.  —  Rich  soil  in  the  upper  districts.  i\pril.  —  A  small  tree. 
Leaves  2'  -  3'  long. 


ROSACEA.       (rose    family.)  141 

2.  P.  angustifolia,  Ait.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute  at  the  base 
serrate,  short-petioled ;  corymbs  simple,  few-flowered  ;  flowers  rose-color,  very 
fragrant ;  styles  smooth,  distinct.  —  Open  woods,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts. 
April.  —  A  small  tree.     Fruit  very  sour. 

*  *  Leaves  simple,  the  midrib  glandular  above  :  fruit  baccate  qlobose. 

3.  P.  arbutifolia,  L.  Leaves  oval-oblong  or  somewhat  obovate,  abruptly 
acute  or  mucrouate,  smooth  above,  except  the  midrib,  finely  serrate-  styles 
villous  at  the  base. 

Var.  erythrocarpa.  Stem  tall  (5°-  10°)  ;  branchlets,  cymes,  and  lower 
surface  of  the  large  (2'-4'J  leaves  tomentose  and  hoary;  petals  and  anthers 
reddish ;  berries  red. 

Yar.  melanocarpa.  Stem  low  (2° -4°)  ;  branchlets,  cymes,  and  leaves 
smooth  or  nearly  so  ;  leaves  small ;  petals  white  ;  berries  black.  (Aronia  me- 
lanocarpa, Ell. )  —  Swamps.     March  -  April. 

*  *  *  Leaves  unequally  pinnate  :  ci/mes  compound :  fruit  baccate. 

4.  P.  Americana,  DC.  Leaflets  13-1 5,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate 
above  the  middle,  soon  smooth  ;  cymes  large,  dense  ;  berry  small,  globose  or 
pear-shaped,  scarlet.  —  Highest  mountains  of  North  Carolina.  May -June. 
—  A  shrub  or  small  tree.     J'ruit  acid. 

18.     AMELANCHIER,   Medic. 

Calyx  .5-cleft.  Petals  5,  oblong.  Stamens  numerous,  short.  Styles  5,  more 
or  less  united.  Fruit  baccate,  containing  3-5  cartilaginous  2-seeded  carpels  ; 
seeds  separated  by  a  false  partition.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  simple 
leaves,  and  white  flowers  in  terminal  racemes. 

1.  A.  Canadensis,  L.,  var.  Botryapium,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Branches, 
leaves,  and  racemes  tomentose  when  young,  soon  smooth ;  leaves  elliptical, 
abruptly  acute,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  cftsn  slightly  cordate ;  racemes 
slender,  appearing  before  the  leaves  ;  petals  four  times  as  long  as  the  calyx  ; 
fruit  globose,  purplish.  —  Woods.  Feb.  -  March.  —  A  small  tree,  with  smooth 
whitish  bark. 

A'"ar.  rotundifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Shrubby ;  leaves  roundish  oval, 
somewhat  acuminate,  sharply  serrate;  racemes  6-10-flowered  ;  petals  small, 
narrowly  oblong.  (Aronia,^//.) — Low  grounds,  chiefly  in  the  upper  dis- 
tricts.    JMarch.  —  Shrub  2° - 3°  high. 


The  cultivated  representatives  of  this  order  are  the  Plum  (Pkunts  do- 
MESTicus,  L.),  Apricot  (P.  Armeniaca,  L.),  Cherries  (P.  Avium  and  P. 
Cerasus,  L.),  Peach  (Persica  vulgaris,  Mill.),  Apple  (Pyrus  malus,  L.), 
Pear  (P.  communis,  L.),  Quince  (Cydonia  vulgaris,  Pers.),  and  the 
Almoxd  (Amy'gdalus). 


112  SAMKKACiAtK.E.        (.SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.) 


Ohi.ku    l!t.      CALVCANTIIAC'Id:.      (("auoi.ina-Ai.i.mmck 
Fa.mii.v.) 

8hrul)s,  witli  ojipositc  and  I'litin-  li'iivcs,  without  stipule.s  or  jie-I- 
liicid  ilots.  —  Sepals  and  petals  niiiiitTous  and  alike,  united  Ix-low 
into  an  oliconical  Hesliy  cup,  inibrieated  in  the  Imd.  Stamens  nunier- 
ou.s,  short,  in.serted  within  the  petals,  the  inner  ones  often  sterile. 
Anthers  adnate,  extrorse.  Ovaries  .several,  enclo.sed  in  the  calyx  tid>e, 
and  inserted  on  its  inner  face,  becoming  1-seeded  achenia  in  fruit. 
Seeds  anatropous,  without  alhumen.     Cotyledons  convolute. 

1.     CALYCANTHUS,    I..     Sweet-scented  Shrlb. 

Calyx  tulie  clo.-ied,  IcalV-braittil ;  tlie  luhes  and  j)eta]s  in  several  rows, 
lanceolate,  somewliat  fleshy.  Stamens  deciduous.  Mature  fruit  dry,  pear- 
shaped,  enclosing  tiie  large  achenia.  —  Aromatic  sliruhs,  with  opposite  or 
forking  branches,  short-petioled  deciduous  leaves,  and  large  brownish  pur- 
ple terminal  flowers. 

1.  C.  floridus,  L.  Branchlets,  jietiules,  and  peduncles  hoary-pubescent; 
leaves  oval  or  oldong,  mostly  acute  or  acuminate,  very  rough  on  the  upper 
surface,  tomentose  and  hoary  beneath  ;  sepals  and  petals  linear  lanceolate, 
acute.  —  Banks  of  streams  in  the  upper  districts.  April.  —  Shrub  4° -8° 
high.     Leaves  2' -.3'  bmg.     Flowers  1'  in  diameter,  very  fragrant. 

2.  C.  ISBVigatus,  Willd.  Branchlets,  petioles,  and  peduncles  pubescent 
or  smootliish  ;  leaves  oMong  or  elliptical,  mostly  acute  or  acuminate,  rough 
on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and  nearly  smooth  beneath ;  sepals  and  petals 
linear-lanceolate,  acute.  (C.  inodorus,  Ell.,  leaves  very  rough  above,  but 
shining  ;  flowers  inodorous.)  — Banks  of  streams,  Florida,  Georgia,  and  west- 
ward. April-May.  —  Slirub  4^- 8°  high.  Leaves  2' -3' long.  I'lowers  1^' 
in  diameter. 

3.  C.  glaucus,  "Willd.  Branchlets,  petioles,  and  peduncles  smooth ; 
leaves  large,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  green  and  roughish  on  the 
upper  surface,  smooth  and  glaucous  beneatli ;  flowers  large,  the  sepals  and 
petals  lanceolate,  and  abruptly  sharp-pointetl.  —  Low  shady  woods  along  the 
mountains  of  Georgia  and  North  Carolina.  May -June.  —  Shrub  6° -8°  high. 
Leaves  rather  rigid,  4'-  7'  long.     Flowers  l^'-2'  in  diameter. 


The  PoMEGKAyATE  (PuxiCA  Grakatcm,  L.)  belongs  to  the  allied  order 
Granate^. 


Order  50.     SAXIFRAGACE^3i:.     (Saxifr.\ge  Family.) 

Cah-x  of  4  -  .5  more  or  less  united  sepals,  free,  or  more  or  less  ad- 
herent to  the  ovary,  persistent.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals,  rarely- 
wanting.     Stamens  as  many,  or  2  -  4  times  as  many,  inserted  with 


SAXIFRAGACE^.       (SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.)  143 

the  petals  on  the  calyx.  Ovaries  2  or  sometimes  3-4,  commonly 
united  below,  and  separate  at  the  summit.  Seeds  few  -  many.  Em- 
bryo straight,  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder  I.  SAXIFRAGES.  Herbs.  Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole,  or  noue. 

*  Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals. 

1.  LEPUROPETALON.     Styles  3.     Capsule  1-celled,  beakless. 

2.  HEUCHERA.     Styles  2.     Capsule  1-celled,  2-beaked. 

3.  BOYKINIA.     Styles  2.     Capsule  2-celled,  2-beaked. 

*  *  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals. 
4-  Capsule  2-celled. 

4.  SAXIFRAGA.     Flowers  perfect.     Stamens  10.     Leaves  entire  or  lobed. 

5.  ASTILBE.     Flowers  polygamous.     Stamens  10.     Leaves  ternately  compound. 

•I-  4-  Capsule  1-celled. 

6.  TIARELLA.     Stamens  10.     Petals  5,  entire. 

7.  MITELLA.     Stamens  10.     Petals  5,  piunatifid. 

8.  CHRYSOSPLENIUM.     Stamens  8  - 10.     Petals  none. 

Suborder  II.  ESCALLONIES.  Shrubs.  Petals  valvate  in  the  bud. 
Stipules  none.     Leaves  alternate. 

9.  ITEA.     Stamens  and  petals  5.     Flowers  in  a  dense  raceme. 

Suborder  III.  HYDRANGIEJE.  Shrubs.  Petals  valvate  or  convolute 
in  the  bud.     Leaves  opposite.     Stipules  none. 

10.  HYDRANGEA.     Petals  valvate.     Stamens  8 -10.     Styles  distinct. 

11.  DECUMARIA.     Petals  valvate.     Stamens  20  or  more.     Styles  united. 

12.  PHILADELPHUS.      Petals  convolute.     Stamens  20   or  more.     Styles  4.     Capsule    4- 

valved. 

Suborder  IV.  RIBESIES.  Shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  palmately 
veined  or  lobed.     Stipules  none.     Fruit  baccate. 

13.  RISES.     Flowers  in  axillary  racemes.     Stems  mostly  spiny. 

1.    LEPUROPETALON,  Ell. 

Calyx  tube  turbinate,  cohering  with  the  lower  portion  of  the  ovary,  5- 
parted.  Petals  5,  minute,  spatulate.  Stamens  5,  very  short.  Styles  3. 
Capsule  globular,  1-celled,  with  3  parietal  placentte,  many-seeded,  locnlici- 
dally  3-valved  at  the  apex.  —  A  very  small  (^  high)  tufted  annual  herb,  with 
alternate  spatulate  leaves,  and  solitary  terminal  white  flowers. 

1.  L.  spathulatum,  Ell.  —  Close  damp  soil,  Georgia  (near  Savannah) 
and  South  Carolina.     March  -  April. 

2.  HEUCHERA,  L.  Alum-root. 
Calyx  campanulate,  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  5-cleft.  Petals  5, 
spatulate.  Stamens  5.  Styles  2.  Capsule  1-celled,  with  2  parietal  placentte, 
many-seeded,  2-beaked,  opening  between  the  beaks.  Seeds  rough  or  hispid. 
—  Perennial  herbs,  with  erect  scape-like  stems.  Leaves  chiefly  radical,  long- 
petioled,  roundish  cordate,  lobed  or  toothed.  Stipules  adnate  to  the  petioles. 
Flowers  small,  panicled. 


Ml  SAXTFUACAc  K.K.       (sAXIFKAGE   FAMILY.) 

*    Cnliji  er/ual-siileil. 

1.  H.  Americana,  L.  Scapo  k-aHess,  f^landular ;  leaves  creiiately  or 
acutely  T-'J-inln-il  aixi  toothed,  the  teeth  niiuronate  ;  panicles  long,  narrow, 
loosely  tlowereil ;  ealyx  as  long  iis  the  wiiite  petals,  much  shorter  than  the 
stamens  and  very  slender  styles.  —  Shady  rocky  jdaces  in  the  middle  and 
u]iper  districts.  April- May.  —  Scape  2° -3°  hi<^h,  sometimes  with  one  or 
two  leaves.     Le.aves  2' -4'  wide,  on  j)etioles  4' -12'  long. 

2.  H.  villosa,  Michx.  Scape  hracted  or  somewhat  leafy,  and,  like  the 
petioles  ami  lower  surface  of  the  leaves,  shaggy  with  long  sjtreading  rusty- 
hairs ;  leaves  sharply  ."j-T-loljed  and  toothed,  panicle  loose;  flowers  minute  ; 
petals  white,  very  narrow,  about  as  long  as  the  stamens,  styles  ehmgated. 
—  Mountains,  Alabama  to  North  Carolina.  June -July.  —  Scajte  l°-3° 
high.     Leaves  3'  -  8'  wide.     Flowers  about  a  line  in  length. 

3.  H.  Curtisii,  (iray.     Scape  and  petioles  smooth;  leaves  lightly  lolied  ; . 
branches  of  the  jjanide  long,  racemose,  spreading;  petals  pur]»le  ^  sj)atulate 
lanceolate,  scarcely  longer  tlian  the  calyx;   stamens  slightly  pubescent. — 
Buncombe  County,  North  Carolina  (Curtis).  —  Flowers  larger  than  the  last. 

4.  H.  Hugelii,  Shuttlw.  Glandular-hirsute,  and  somewhat  viscid  ;  scape 
slender  (8'- 13'  high),  often  leafy;  panicle  small  (2'-5'  long),  the  slender 
pedicels  nodding ;  petals  linear-spatulate,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  lobes ; 
filaments  exserted;  leaves  thin,  orbicular  cordate  (3' -6'  broad),  shortly  and 
broadly  7  -  9-lobed,  with  rounded  mucronate  teeth,  pubescent  on  the  nerves 
beneath  ;  petioles  filiform.  —  Shaded  rocks  on  tlie  mountains  of  Alabama  and 
North  Carolina  (Mohr,  Eu(jel). 

*    *    Cill  ijx  oblique. 

5.  H.  pubescens,  Pur.sh.  Glandular-puberulent ;  stem  (2°)  leafy; 
leaves  round- cordate,  acutely  5-7-lobed  and  toothed,  with  the  sinus  closed; 
stipules  obtuse,  friuged  ;  flowers  nodding ;  calyx  ovoid,  yellowish  green,  the 
ovate  lobes  obtuse  ;  petals  spatulate,  white,  and,  like  the  smooth  stamens  and 
styles,  included.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina.     June  -  July. 

6.  H.  hispida,  Fursh.  Hir.sute  or  minutely  glan(lular-iiul)e.scent ;  leaves 
5_9.],,l)('<i,  the  lobes  short,  rounded,  and  mucronately  toothed;  panicle  con- 
tracted ;  the  short  branches  few-flowered  ;  petals  broadly  spatulate,  purple, 
rather  shorter  than  tlie  more  or  less  exserted  stamens  ;  styles  at  length  much 
exserted.  —  High  mountains  of  North  Carolina.  May  -  June.  —  Scape  2°-3° 
high,  sometimes  smoothish,  as  well  as  the  petioles.  Flowers  larger  than  any 
of  the  preceding. 

3.    BOYKINIA,  Nutt. 

Calyx  turbinate,  coherent  with  the  ovary,  5-cleft.  Petals  deciduous.  Sta- 
mens 5,  short.  Styles  2-3.  Capsule  2  -  3-celled,  with  a  central  many-seeded 
placenta,  2-beaked,  opening  between  the  beaks.  Seeds  smooth.  —  Erect  leafy 
perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  round-cordate  palmately  lobed  and  toothed 
leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  corymbose  cymes. 

1.  B.  aconitifolia,  Nutt.  Glandular-hairy,  or  the  upper  surface  of  the 
long-petioled  .5  -  7-lol)ed  leaves  smoothish  ;  cymes  fastigiate,  clammy  ;  flowers 
secund,  white ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  triangular-ovate.  —  Mountains,  Alabama 
to  North  Carolina.    June  -  July.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 


SAXIFRAGACE.E,       (SAXIFBAGE   FAMILY.)  145 

4.     SAXIPRAGA,  L.     Saxifrage. 

Calyx  free,  or  cohering  with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  deeply  5-cleft.  Petals 
5,  commonly  deciduous.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-beaked 
opening  between  the  beaks.  Seeds  numerous,  smooth.  —  Lowest  leaves 
clustered. 

*   Stems  leaf  I/. 

1.  S.  leucanthemifolia,  Michx.  Hairy  and  clammy;  leaves  spatulate, 
coarsely  toothed,  tajjering  into  a  long  winged  petiole;  tlie  upper  ones  linear; 
panicle  diffuse ;  petals  clawed,  unecpial,  white,  the  .3  larger  ones  spotted  with 
yellow.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina.     July.  —  Stem  10'  -  20'  high. 

*    *     Ste/iis  naked ,  scape-like. 

2.  S.  erosa,  Pursh.  Leaves  oblong,  tapering  to  the  base,  sharply  toothed  ; 
scape  clammy-pubescent ;  panicle  long,  slender,  loosely  flowered ;  sepals  re- 
flexed,  nearly  as  long  as  the  oval  white  petals ;  stigmas  sessile.  —  Shady 
banks  of  streams  on  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina.  July.  —  Scape  l°-3° 
high.     Leaves  8'- 12' long. 

3.  S.  Virginiensis,  Michx.  Pubescent ;  leaves  somewhat  fleshy,  obo- 
vate,  crenately  toothed ;  scape  clammy ;  panicle  cymose,  dense-flowered ; 
sepals  erect,  not  half  as  long  as  the  oblong  obtuse  white  petals  ;  styles  short. 

—  Rocks  on  the  mountains  of  Georgia  and  Carolina.     April  -  May.  —  Scape 
4'- 12' high. 

4.  S.  Careyana,  Gray.  Smooth  or  pubescent ;  leaves  broadly  ovate, 
crenately  or  sharply  toothed,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  slender  petiole ; 
scape  slender;  panicle  loosely  flowered;  sepals  spreading,  half  as  long  as  the 
lanceolate-oblong,  white,  faintly  spotted  petals;  filaments  filiform. — Moi.st 
shady  rocks,  on  the  high  mountains  of  North  Carolina.  June.  —  Plant  6' 
high. 

5.  S.  Caroliniana,  Gray.  Glandular-pubescent ;  leaves  all  radical,  del- 
toid or  ovate,  coarsely  toothed,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  margined  petiole ; 
bracts  of  the  scape  few ;  panicle  diffuse ;  petals  ovate,  white,  with  2  pale 
spots  below  the  middle,  twice  the  length  of  the  reflexed  sepals;  filaments 
club-shaped;  carpels  turgid,  free  from  the  calyx,  at  length  widelv  spreading. 

—  Damp  sliady  places  on  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina.     May  -  June.  — 
Scape  6'-  12'  high. 

5.     ASTILBE,  Hamilton. 

Flowers  polygamo-dicecious.  Calyx  campanulate,  .'5-parted,  nearly  free  from 
the  ovary.  Petals  5,  spatulate,  withering-persistent.  Stamens  10,  exserted, 
Styles  2.  Capsule  2-celled,  few-seeded.  Seed-coat  loose  and  thin.  —  Perennial 
herbs,  with  ternately  compound  leaves,  and  small  yellowish  white  flowers,  in 
panicled  racemes. 

1.  A.  dccandra,  Don.  Stem  3° -.5°  high;  leaves  twice  or  thrice  ter- 
nately compound  ;  tlie  leaflets  mostly  cordate-ovate,  sharply  lobed  and  toothed 
Stigmas  of  tlie  sterile  flowers  and  the  stamens  and  petals  of  the  fertile  ones 
smaller  or  rudimentary.  — Banks  of  streams  among  the  mountains  of  Georgia 
and  North  Carolina.    June -August. 

10 


1  IC.  SAXIKKACACK-K.        (sAXIKKAfiK    KAMII.Y.) 

6.     TTARELLA,  L.     Talsi:  Miikk-wuut. 

Calvx  campamilate,  iieuih'  free  frmii  llic  miin,  o-iiartetl.  Petals  5,  entire. 
Stamens  10.  Stvle.-f  2.  ('ap.^uli-  iiKMiil)iaiiar"i)iis,  2-valved,  the  valves  very 
uneiiual,  1  -tcUid,  few-seeiled.  Seod.s  ^ioltular,  smooth.  —  IVreiinial  iierlw, 
witli  seai)e-like  stems,  chiefly  radical  and  peUided  leaves,  and  small  racemose 
flowers. 

1.  T.  COrdifolia,  L.  Leaves  round-cordate,  crenately  or  acutely  lobed 
and  tootlicil,  hairy  aliove,  puhescent  l)cneatii,  on  long  hairy  petioles;  scape 
(6'- 12'  iiigli),  naked,  or  bearing  1  -2  alternate  leaves  aliove  the  inid<lle;  j-a- 
cemes  simple  or  branched,  mauy-Howered  ;  petals  oblong,  white  or  purplish. 
—  Kocky  woods  and  banks  along  the  mountains.     April  -  May. 

7.     MITELLA,   Tourn.    Mitre-wokt. 

Calvx  coherent  with  the  ba.se  of  the  ovary,  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  pinnatifid. 
Stamens  10.  Styles  2.  Capsule  2-beaked,  1 -celled,  2-valved  at  the  apex, 
manv-seeded.  Seeds  smooth,  borne  on  two  parietal  placeuta;.  —  Pereunial 
herbs,  with  broadly  cordate  and  lobed  leaves,  aud  small  flowers  iu  a  terminal 
raceme. 

1.  M.  diphylla,  L.  Hairy;  radical  leaves  cordate,  acute,  coarsely  ser- 
rate and  slightly  3-lobed,  ou  long  petioles ;  stem  leaves  2,  opposite,  sessile ; 
raceme  slender,  loosely  many-flowered.  —  Shady  woods,  on  the  niouutaius  of 
North  Carolina.     ]\Iay.  —  Stem  6'-  12'  high.     Flowers  white. 

8.     CHRYSOSPLENIUM,   Tourn.     Golden  Saxifrage. 

Calvx  tube  coherent  with  the  ovary,  4-5-lobed  ;  the  lobes  obtuse  and  yel- 
low within.  Petals  none.  Stamens  8-10,  very  .«!hort,  inserted  on  a  conspic- 
uous disk.  Styles  2.  Capsule  very  short,  2-lobed,  1-celled,  with  2  yiarietal 
placentje,  2-valved  at  the  apex,  many-seeded.  —  Smooth  succulent  herbs,  with 
roundish  leaves,  and  solitary  greenisli  flowers. 

1.  C.  Americanum,  vSchweinitz.  Stems  pro.stratc,  forking;  leaves 
mostly  opjiosite,  roun<lish,  slightly  lobed  ;  flowers  in  the  forks  of  the  stem.  — 
Cold  and  shady  banks  of  streams,  on  the  mountains.  April -May.  %  — 
Stems  4'  -  6'  long. 

9.     ITEA,  L. 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft,  free  from  the  ovary.  Petals  5,  lanceolate. 
Stamens  5,  shorter  than  the  petals.  Styles  2,  united.  Capsule  2  celled,  2-fur- 
row-ed,  .se]iticidally  2-valved,  several-seeded.  —  A  slender  branching  shrub, 
with  simjile  oblong  or  oval  serrate  pubescent  leaves,  and  long  mostly  drooping 
racemes  of  white  fragrant  flow-ers  terminating  the  branches. 

1.  I.  Virginica,  L.  —  Swam])S  and  wet  banks.  May- June.  —  Shrub 
4°  -  10°  high.     Leaves  1 V  -  .3'  long. 

10.     HYDRANGEA,    Gronov. 

Calyx  tube  hemispherical,  8-10-ribbed,  coherent  with  the  ovary;  the  limb 
4  -  .5-toothed,  persistent.  Petals  ovate,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  8-10, 
filiform.    Capsule  crowned  with  the  two  diverging  styles,  2-celled,  many-.seeded, 


SAXIFKAGACE^.        (SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.)  147 

opening  at  the  apex  between  the  styles.  —  Erect  shrubs,  with  opposite  peti- 
oled  leaves,  without  stipules,  and  whitish  or  ])nrplish  flowers,  in  ample  com- 
pound cymes ;  the  marginal  flowers  mostly  sterile,  with  the  calyx  lobes  enlaro-ed 
and  showy. 

1.  H.  arborescens,  L.  Smoothish;  leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
serrate,  mostly  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base ;  cymes  crowded,  flat-topped ; 
sterile  flowers  few  or  none.  —  Banks  of  streams.  June -July.  —  Shrub  4°- 
8*^  higii.     Leaves  3'-  6'  long. 

2.  H.  radiata,  Walt.  Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  mostly  cordate 
at  the  base,  white-tomentose  beneath ;  cymes  flat-topped;  sterile  flowers  few. 
—  Rich  soil  on  the  mountains.     May- June.  —  Shrub  4° -8°  high. 

3.  H.  quercifolia,  Bartram.  Young  branches  and  leaves  densely  to- 
mentose ;  leaves  oval,  sharply  5-lo1)ed,  serrate;  cymes  clustered,  forming  a 
close  oblong  panicle ;  sterile  flowers  large,  numerous.  —  Shady  banks,  Florida, 
Georgia,  and  westward.  May -June.  —  Shrub  3° -6°  high.  Leaves  4' -8' 
long.     Sterile  flowers  whitish,  turning  purjile. 

11.    DECUMARIA,  L. 

Flowers  all  fertile.  Calyx  tube  turliinate,  coherent  with  the  ovarv,  7-10- 
toothed.  Petals  valvate  in  the  bud,  oblong.  Stamens  21 -30.  Styles  united, 
persistent.  Stigma  thick,  7  -  10-rayed.  Capsule  10- 15-ribbed,  7-IO-celIed, 
bursting  at  the  sides ;  the  thin  partitions  at  length  separating  obliquely  into 
numerous  chaffy  scales.  Seeds  numerous,  suspended. — A  smooth  climbing 
shrub,  with  opposite  ovate  or  oi)long  entire  or  sei'rate  leaves,  and  numei'ous 
odorous  white  flowers  in  a  compound  terminal  cyme. 

1.  D.  barbara,  L. — Banks  of  streams.  May -June.  —  Leaves  shining, 
sometimes  puliescent.  Capsule,  with  the  persistent  style  and  stigma,  urn- 
shaped,  pendulous. 

•      12.     PHILADELPHUS,  L.    Syringa. 

Calyx  tube  turbinate,  cohering  with  the  ovary,  the  limb  4-5-parted,  per- 
sistent. Petals  4-5,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stameu.s  20  -  40,  shorter  than  the 
petals.  Styles  mostly  4,  more  or  less  united.  Capsule  mostly  4-celled,  locu- 
licidally  4-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Shrubs  with  simple  opposite  3-5-ribbe(l 
leaves,  without  stipules,  and  large  white  solitarj^  or  cymose  flowers. 

1.  P.  grandiflorus,  Wilkl.  Branches  and  leaves  pubescent;  leaves 
ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate;  flowers  solitary,  or  2  or 
more  in  a  terminal  cyme ;  calyx  lobes  ovate,  acuminate,  much  longer  than  the 
tiibe.  —  Banks  of  streams,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts.  April  -  May.  —  Shrub 
6°-  10°  high,  witli  long  and  slender  branches. 

2.  P.  inodorus,  L.  Smooth ;  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  ovate  or  ovate- 
oblong,  acute;  calyx  lobes  ovate,  acute,  as  long  as  the  tube.  — L^pper  districts 
of  Alabama  to  South  Carolina.     May.  —  Flowers  smaller  than  in  the  last. 

3.  P.  hirsutus,  Nutt.  Hairy  ;  leaves  small,  ovate,  acute,  sharply  ser- 
rate; flowers  1-3  together,  terminal,  and  on  sliort  lateral  branches:  calyx 
lobes  ovate,  as  long  as  the  tube.  —  Mountains,  Alabama  to  North  Carolina. — 
A  small  shrub.     Leaves  1'  long.     Flowers  Y  wide. 


IIS  rAKNASSIACK-K.        (I'A  K\  ASSI A    FAMILY.) 

13.       KIBES,     li.       CllUiAjM,  (looSEUKHUY. 

Calyx  tul)0  inllitri'iit  to  ilio  ovary,  tlie  liiiil)  nlnhcd.  IVtals  5,  Kinall.  Sta- 
mens ;').  Ovary  l-ri-lli-tl,  wiili  2  parietal  placiMitiv.  Styles  mure  or  less  united, 
rriiit  a  l-oelled  many-seeiled  lierry.  Seeils  auatri)|)<)us,  with  tlic  minute  eni- 
brvu  at  the  hase  <>f  hard  alliunien.  —  Sj)iny  or  unarmed  shruhs,  with  alter- 
nate palma'.ely  veined  and  luhed  leaves,  withuut  stipules,  and  witii  axillary 
raeeinose  or  elustered  flowers. 

*  Slrws  sjiiiii/  (tii<l  com  III  null/  liristli/ :  j^ed  uncles  1  -^-flowered. 

1.  R.  Cynosbati,  L.  Leaves  on  slender  petioles,  slightly  eordate, 
rounilisli,  3-.')  loKcd,  pnhescent;  peduncles  2 - .'i-ilowered ;  stamens  and  single 
stylo  not  longer  than  the  broad  and  short  calyx  tube ;  petals  obovate ;  berry 
mostly  ])rickly.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina.  July.  —  Stem  smooth  or 
bristly.     Leaves  V  -2'  in  diameter, 

2.  R.  rotundifolium,  Michx.  Leaves  small,  smoothish,  roundish,  3- 
5-lobed,  often  acute  at  tiie  base,  on  sleuder  petioles ;  Peduncles  1  -  2-flowered ; 
stamens  and  2-i)arted  style  longer  tiian  the  uarrow-cylindrical  calyx  tube; 
petals  s])atulate ;  berry  small,  smooth.  —  Mouutaius  of  North  Carolina.  — 
Shrul)  .3^-4'^   liigli,  often  unarmed.     Leaves  ^ -  V  in  diameter. 

3.  R.  gracile,  Michx.  Axillary  spine  very  short;  leaves  on  slender 
petioles,  jmhcscent  on  botli  sides,  the  lol)es  acute,  incised,  and  acutely  toothed ; 
peduncles  h)ng,  ca))illary,  erect,  1  -2-Howered;  calyx  smooth,  tubular-campan- 
ulate.  —  Mountains  of  Tennessee. 

*  *  Stfiiis  irilhout  sju'nes  or  bristles:  racemes  manij-flowered. 

4.  R.  prostratum,  L'llerit.  Leaves  long-petioled,  deejdy  cordate,  with 
about  5  sjjreailing  inci.sed  and  serrate  lobes,  smooth;  racemes  erect;  style  2- 
cleft;  berry  glandular-bristly.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina.  May -June. 
—  Stems  reclining.     Kacemes  3'-.')'  long.     Leaves  2' -3'  in  diameter. 

5.  R.  resinosum,  Pursh.  Plant  clothed  in  every  part  with  resiuous 
glandular  hairs;  leaves  roundish,  3-5-lobed;  racemes  erect;  bracts  linear, 
longer  tlian  tlic  pedicels ;  calyx  flattish ;  petals  obtusely  rhonihoidal ;  fruit 
hirsute.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina.     April  -  May.     (*) 


Order  5L     PARXASSIACE7E.     (Parxassia  Family.) 

Perennial  smooth  herbs,  with  ovate  or  reniform  chiefly  radical  and 
entire  leaves,  on  long  petioles,  and  large  solitary  flowers  terminating 
the  scape-like,  1-leaved  stem.  —  Sepals  5,  persistent.  Petals  5,  ovate 
or  obovate,  veiny,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Fertile  stamens 
5,  alternating  with  the  petals:  anthers  introrse.  Sterile  ones  in  sets 
of  3-lo  more  or  less  united  filaments,  placed  opposite  each  petal. 
Ovary  1-celled,  with  3-4  parietal  placent?e.  Stigmas  3-4,  ses.sile, 
placed  over  the  placentae.  Capsule  loculicidally  3-4-valved  at  the 
apex,  many-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous,  winged,  without  albumen. 
Embryo  straight,  cylindrical. 


CRASSULACE.E.        (ORPIXE    FAMILY.)  149 

1.    PARNASSIA,   Touru.    Grass  of  Parnassus. 
Characters  same  as  the  order. 

1.  P.  Caroliniana,  Michx.  Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  cordate-ovate; 
cauliue  one  near  the  base  of  the  stem,  clasping;  petals  oval,  sessile,  with  im- 
pressed greenish  veins ;  sterile  stamens  by  threes,  distinct  almost  to  tlie  base, 
2-3  times  as  long  as  the  recurved  fertile  ones.  —  Damp  soil,  Florida,  and 
northward.     Oct. -Xov. —  Stem  12'- 18'  high.     Flowers  1'  wide. 

2.  P.  asarifolia,  Vent.  Leaves  reuiform ;  cauliue  one  near  the  middle 
of  the  stem,  clasping ;  petals  broadly  ovate,  short-clawed ;  sterile  stamens  by 
threes.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  and  North  Carolina.  August  -  Sept.  —  Flow- 
ers larger  than  iu  No.  1 . 


Order  52.     CKASSULACE^.     (Orpine  Family.) 

Succulent  herbs,  with  exstipulate  leaves,  and  regular  perfect  and 
mostly  cymose  flowers.  Sepals  3  -  20,  more  or  less  united  at  the 
base,  j)ersistent.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals,  inserted  on  the  base 
of  the  calyx,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  rarely  united,  or  wanting.  Sta- 
mens as  many,  or  twice  as  many,  inserted  with  the  petals.  Ovaries 
as  many  as  the  sepals,  separate,  or  united  below.  Carpels  several- 
seeded,  opening  along  .the  inner  sutoi-e.  Seeds  anatropous.  Embryo 
straight,  in  thin  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

*  Carpels  separate,  opening  within. 
1.  SEBUM.     Sepals  and  petals  4  -  5.     Stamens  8  or  10.     Carpels  many-seeded. 
2   TILL^A     Sepals  and  petals  3  -  4.     Stamens  3  or  4.     Carpels  "2  -  several-seeded. 

3.  BRYOPHYLLUM.     Calyx  inflated.     Corolla  monopetalous.      Stamens  8. 

*  *  Carpels  partly  united. 

4.  DIAMORPHA.     Calyx  4-cleft.     Petals  4.     Carpels  opening  witliout. 

5.  PENTHORUM.     Calyx  5-cleft.     Petals  5.     Carpels  opening  across. 

1.     SEDUM,  L.    Orpixe,  Stoxecrop. 

Sepals  4-5;  Stamens  8  or  10.  Carpels  distinct,  many-seeded,  with  an 
entire  scale  at  the  base  of  each.  —  Herbs  smooth  and  fleshy. 

1.  S-  telephioides,  Michx.  Stem  stout,  erect  or  ascending,  very  leafy 
througliout ;  leaves  alternate,  oblong-obovate,  tootlied  or  entire ;  the  li:)wcr 
ones  mostly  tapering  into  a  petiole,  the  upper  sessile ;  cymes  compact,  erect 
man}'-flowered  ;  petals  flesh-color,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  stamens  1 0  ; 
carpels  acuminate,  pointed  with  the  slender  style.  —  Dry  rocks,  along  the 
mountains.     .Tune.  —  Stem  7'- 12'  high.     Leaves  I'-l^'long. 

2.  S.  ternatum,  Michx.  Stems  low  (3'- 8'),  branching  at  the  base,  as- 
cending; lowest  leaves  crowded,  spatulate  or  obovate,  3  in  a  whorl;  the  upper 
ones  scattered,  oval  or  lanceolate  ;  cyme  composed  of  3  recurved  branches ; 
.stamens  8,  those  of  the  central  flowers  10.  —  Mountain  rocks.  May- June. 
11  —  Flowers  white. 


l.'tO  fKASSULACK.K,        (OKPIXK    FAMILY.) 

■1.  S.  pulchellum,  Mii  lix.  Stems  imiMtndiiii,'  (4  -  12'  l«>ii<^) ;  k-aves  very 
iiuiiuTiiiis,  alltiiiatf,  liiitar,  olitiise  ;  cvine  cuin]ios(Ml  uf  .sevcnil  rueurvcil  or 
.spnaciiiig  bramlios ;  H(jwcrs  jialo  purpk- ;  sfjialrt  miiili  slmrlor  tliaii  llio  polals  ; 
staiiu'iis  8,  tlioso  of  tlie  ci-niral  Howcrs  mostly  Id;  tarjiels  tapering  into  the 
l.iiii^  and  sli-nilcr  stvk>.  —  With  tlie  i)reie(ling.     May  -June. 

4.  S.  Nevii,  (iray.  Stems  l.nv  (.i'-o'),  iu-ieending;  knaves  akcrnatc,  scat- 
tered, linear-elavate.  ohtnse ;  llouers  sessile,  scattere<l  along  tlie  widely 
spreading  or  recurved  branches  of  the  simple  cyme;  bracts  linear,  longer 
than  the  flowers ;  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  acutish,  as  long  as  the  lanceolate 
white  petals;  stamens  8,  shorter  tliau  the  petals;  anthers  purplish  brown; 
carjiels  tapering  into  the  short  subulate  style.  —  Kocky  cliffs  at  Tuscaloo.sa, 
Alabama  (/iVi-.  A*.  Z*.  A'eivMs).     April- May. 

5.  S  pusillum,  Michx.  "  Tale  glaucous ;  leaves  alternate,  nearly  terete, 
oblong  ;  tlowers  tetramerous,  in  a  loose  terminal  cyme,  white  ;  stamens  8 ; 
carpels  oblong,  abruj)tly  pointed  by  the  short  style."  —  Flat  Kock,  South 
Carolina  (.l//'7((/Hx).  Stone  Mountain,  Georgia  (6'/ </^).  —  Stem  I'-S' high. 
Leaves  2"  -  3"  long. 

6.  S.  Rhodiola,  DC.  Stem  .simple,  erect,  very  leafy  (G'high);  leaves 
alternate,  lanceolate,  serrate;  flowers  dia'cious,  greenish  yellow,  crowded  in 
a  small  nearly  sessile  corymbose  cyme;  stamens  8.  —  Mouutaius  of  North 
Carolina  (Ccmbi/). 

2.    TILLiEA,  L. 

Sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  carpels  .3  or  4;  the  carpels  mostly  with  a 
minute  scale  at  the  base,  2  -  many -.seeded.  —  Small  annual,*,  with  ojiposite 
leaves,  and  minute  axillary  flowers. 

1.  T.  simplex,  Kutt.  Stems  mostly  simple  (2' -3'  high),  ascending, 
rooting  near  the  base;  leaves  connate,  broadly  linear,  spreading;  flowers 
uearlv  sessile  ;  petals  and  8-  10  seeded  capsule  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals.  — 
Wet  places.  Mobile  (Mofir). 

2.  T.  Drummondi,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stems  tufted,  dichntomous  (I'high) ; 
leaves  obloiig-linoar,  somewhat  connate;  flowers  pedicelled ;  petals  reddish; 
car])els  obtuse,  12-20-seeded.  —  East  Feliciana,  Louisiana  (Carpenter). 

3.    BRYOPHYLLUM,   Salisb. 
Calvx  oblong,  inflated,  4-cleft.     Corolla  monopetalous,  4-lobed.     Stamens 
8.     Glands  4,  oblong.    Carpels  many-seeded.  —  A  frutescent  fleshy  plant,  with 
nsuallv  pinnately  divided  opposite  leaves,  which  freely  strike  root  from  buds 
in  tlieir  scrratures.     Flowers  reddish,  paniculate. 

1.  B.  calycinum,  Salisb.  Leaflets  large,  ovate,  crenate ;  panicle  cymose. 
—  Wa.ste  grounil,  escaped  from  cultivation. 

4.    DIAMORPHA,  Xutt. 

Sepals  4,  very  short.  Petals  4,  oval,  concave.  Stamens  8.  Carpels  4, 
united  below  the  middle,  at  length  spreading,  4 -8-seeded,  opening  externally. 


HAMAMELACE.E.        (wiTCH-HAZEL    FAMILY.)  151 

—  A  small  ( 1'  -  4')  succulent  biennial  herb,  branching  from  tlie  base.     Leaves 
terete,  Uesliy.     Flowers  white. 

1.  D.  pusilla,  -NUtt. —  On  flat  rocks  in  the  upper  districts.  March - 
-April. 

5.     PENTHORUM,   Grouov. 

Sepals  5.  ,  Petals  5,  often  wanting.  Stamens  10.  Carpels  5,  united  into  a 
5-celled  capsule,  spreading  at  the  summit,  which  falls  away  at  maturity. 
Seeds  numerous.  —  Perennial  (not  fleshy)  herbs,  with  alternate  serrate 
leaves,  and  yellowish  flowers  on  one  side  of  the  revolute  branches  of  the 
simple  cyme. 

1.  P.  sedoides,  L.  Stem  erect,  1°- 2°  high;  leaves  lanceolate  ;  petals 
commonly  none.  —  Ditches  and  muddy  places,  common.     July  -  Sept. 


Ordkr  53.     HAMAMELACE^E.     (Witch-Hazfx  Family), 

Trees  or  slu-ubs,  with  alternate  leaves,  deciduous  stipules,  and 
clustered  or  spiked,  often  polygamous  or  mouoecious  flowers.  —  Calyx 
tube  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Petals  4  -  5,  long  and 
linear,  or  none.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  with  the  alter- 
nate ones  sterile,  or  numerous  and  perfect.  Styles  2.  Capsule  woody, 
2-celled,  opening  at  the  summit.  Seeds  anatropous,  bony.  1  -  2  in 
each  cell.     Embryo  large  and  straight,  in  scarce  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1.  HAMAMELIS.     Calyx  lobes  and  petals  4.     Fertile  stamens  4.     Ovules  solitary  in  each 

cell,  suspended. 

2.  FOTHERGILLA.     Calyx  5-7-toothed.     Petals  none.     Stamens  numerous,  all   fertile. 

Ovules  solitary,  suspended. 

3.  LIQUIDAMBAR.     Calyx  and  corolla  none.     Flowers  polygamous  or  mouoecious,  capi- 

tate.    Stamens  numerous.     Ovules  several. 

1.     HAMAMELIS,   L.     Witch-Hazel. 

Calyx  2-3  bracted,  4  parted.  Petals  4,  long  and  linear.  Stamens  8,  the 
alternate  ones  .short  and  sterile.  Styles  2.  Capsule  loculicidally  2-valved  at 
the  apex,  the  outer  coat  separating  from  the  inner  one,  which  encloses  the 
seed,  but  soon  splits  elastically  into  2  valves.  Seeds  large,  bony.  —  Shrubs. 
Leaves  short-petioled.     Flowers  yellow,  clustered. 

1.  H.  Virginica,  L.  —  Low  woods.  Nov. — A  large  shrub.  Leaves 
obovate  or  oval,  oljlique,  crenate-toothed,  pubescent;  flowers  appearing  when 
the  leaves  are  falling,  late  in  autunni. 

2.    FOTHERGILLA,  L. 

Calyx  truncate,  obscurely  5-7-tootlied.  Petnls  none.  Stamens  numerous, 
slender,  perfect.  Styles  2.  Capsule  2-lobed,  2-celled,  2-valved  at  the  apex, 
with  a  single  bonv  seed  in  each  cell.  —  A  shrub,  with  oval  or  obovate  leaves, 


152  COMBRETACE^.       (COMBKETUM    FAMILY.) 

aud  white  odorous  flowers  in  toriniiKil  linuted  .-|)ikr.-i,  apiicariiiy  before  the 
leavis. 

1.  F.  alnifolia,  I... — Swamps,  Floriila  to  .Nnrth  Carolina.  Manli  ami 
Ajtril.  —  Siirnli  :i  -4'-'  high.  I.oaM'S  siiiixiih,  or  tonientuse  beneath,  toothed, 
at  the  siunniil.     Cap.sule  hairy. 

3.    LIQUIDAMBAR,    L.     SwiMrr-Gi  m. 

Flowers  raoua-cious,  in  globular  4-bratte(l  spiked  heads.  Calyx  and  corolla 
uoue.  Stamens  very  numerous.  Styles  U.  Ovary  2-eelled,  with  nunierouH 
ovules  in  oaeh  cell.  Cajtsules  united  iu  a  dose  head,  woody,  2-l)eaked,  open- 
ing between  the  beaks,  1  -2-seeded. —  Seeds  wing-angled.  Trees.  Heads  of 
sterile  Howers  sessile,  erowded ;  those  of  the  fertile  Howers  on  long  nodding 
peduncles. 

1.  L.  Styraciflua,  L.  Uranchcs  with  corky  wings;  leaves  niumlish 
with  5-7  acuminate  serrate  spreading  lolies.  —  Swamps.  March.  —  A  large 
tree.    The  exposed  juice  hardens  into  a  fragrant  gum. 


Okdek  oi.     KHIZOFHORACEyE.     (:\r.\NGROVK  Family.) 

Maritime  trees  or  sliriibs,  with  oppositej  entire,  coriaceou.s  leaves, 
and  deciduous  stipules  between  the  petioles.  —  Calyx  united  with  the 
ovary,  4  -  12-lobed,  valvate  or  lid-like  iu  the  bud.  Petals  as  many  as 
the  calyx  lobes  and  alternate  with  them.  Stamens  twice  or  several 
times  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  inserted  with  them  on  the  calyx. 
Ovary  2-celled  with  the  cells  2-ovuled,  or  1-celled  and  several-ovuled. 
Ovules  pendulous.  Fruit  1-ceUed,  indehiscent.  Albumen  none. 
Radicle  elongated. 

1.    RHIZOPHORA,  L.    M.\^•GRO^'E. 

Calyx  tube  obovate,  the  limb  4-lobed,  persistent.  Petals  4,  oblong,  emargi- 
nate,  enfolding  tlu;  alternate  stamens  in  the  bud,  woolly  on  the  margins. 
Stamens  8.  Anthers  linear-oblong.  Ovary  2-celled.  Seeds  germinating 
within  the  per.sistent  ])ericarj),  tlie  lengthening  radicles,  ultimately  reaching 
and  rooting  iu  the  ground,  form  new  trees  aud  impenetrable  thickets  along 
the  shore. 

1-  R.  Mangle,  L.  Leaves  ])otioled,  obovate-oblong,  .3'-C'  long;  stipules 
lanceolate,  enclosing  the  buds;  peduncles  2 - .3-flowered  ;  calyx  lobes  keeled 
within,  as  long  as  the  pale  yellow  rigid  petals.  —  Coast  aud  Keys  of  South 
Florida. 


Order  .55.     COMBRETACE^S:.     (Combretum  Family.) 

Tropical  trees  or  shrubs,  with  entire  exstipulate  leaves,  and  axillary 
spiked  or  capitate  flowers.  —  Calyx  tube  coherent  with  the  1-celled, 
2-5-ovuled  ovary;  the  limb  4-o-cleft,   mostly  deciduous.     Petals 


COMBREXACE^.       (COMBRETUM    FAMILY.)  153 

4-5,  often  wanting.  Stamens  4  - 15,  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the 
calyx.  Style  slender :  stigma  simj^le.  Fruit  drupaceous  or  baccate, 
or  dry  and  indehiscent,  often  winged.  Seed  solitary,  susjiended, 
anatropous,  wivhout  albumen.  Cotyledons  convolute  or  variously 
folded. 

1.     LAGUNCULARIA,  Gtert. 

Flowers  in  a  spike.  Calyx  tube  obconical,  the  limb  5-parted,  obtuse,  per- 
sistent. Petals  5,  miuute.  Stamens  10.  Style  subulate;  stigma  capitate. 
Ovary  1-celled,  2-ovule(i.  Drupe  coriaceous,  cuneate-obovate,  compressed, 
angled,  1-seeded.  Seeds  germinatiug  in  the  drupe.  Cotyledons  convolute. 
"Radicle  elongated.  —  Maritime  slirubs,  with  opposite  elliptical  smooth  and 
fleshy  leaves,  on  bigiaudular  petioles,  and  small  flowers,  in  simple  or  com- 
pound axillary  and  terminal  spikes. 

1.  L.  raceraosa,  Ga3rt.  Spikes  erect,  rigid,  hoary-tomeutose,  the  lateral 
ones  solitary,  the  terminal  in  threes,  simjjle  or  Ijranched ;  flowers  scattered ; 
calyx  tube  obconical,  furrowed,  wing-angled  in  fruit.  —  South  Florida.  June 
-  August.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  the  habit  of  the  Mangrove. 

2.  L.  glabriflora,  Presl.  Spikes  spreading,  slender,  smooth,  the  lateral 
ones  in  pairs,  the  terminal  in  threes  or  fours ;  flowers  minute,  crowded,  de- 
ciduous ;  calyx-tube  cup-shaped,  terete,  even,  with  two  opposite  bractlets 
appressed  to  the  sides.  — Banks  of  the  Manatee  Rivei',  South  Florida  {Rugel). 
Juue.  —  Perhaps  a  sterile  form  of  the  jirecediug. 

2.  CONOCARPUS,  Ga;rt. 

Flowers  densely  crowded  in  a  globular  head.  Calyx  tube  about  as  long  as 
the  compressed  2-ovuled  ovary ;  the  limb  5-cleft.  deciduous.  Petals  none. 
Stamens  5-10,  exserted.  Authors  cordate.  Fruit  coriaceous,  .scale-like, 
closely  imbricated  and  indehiscent.  Cotyledons  convolute.  —  Trees  or  slirubs, 
with  alternate  entire  and  somewhat  fleshy  leaves.  Heads  of  flowers  spiked 
or  panicled. 

1.  C.  erecta,  Jacq.  Branehlets  angular,  smooth;  leaves  smooth,  oblong 
or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  narrowed  into  a  biglandular  petiole  ;  heads 
of  flowers  sessile,  or  on  short  spreading  pedicels;  cone  of  fruit  ovoid.  —  Var. 
SERiCEA,  DC.  Branches,  leaves,  and  j^anicles  silky  and  hoary;  lowest  leaves 
mostly  obovate  and  obtuse  or  emargiuate ;  ovary  abortive.  —  Sandy  sea- 
shore, Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  and  southward.  Jan.  -  Feb.  —  A  slu-ub  or 
small  tree.  Leaves  2' -4'  long.  Heads  of  fruit  3" -6"  long.  Flowers 
greenish,  minute. 

3.    TERMINALIA,  L. 

Flowers  in  spikes,  often  polygamous.  Limb  of  the  calyx  deciduous,  bell- 
shaped,  .5-cleft,  with  the  lobes  acute.  Petals  none.  Stamens  10,  in  2  rows, 
longer  than  the  calyx.  Ovary  2  -  3-ovuled.  Style  filiform.  Drupe  dry  and 
indehiscent,  1-seeded.  Seed  almond-like.  Cotyledons  spirally  convolute. — 
Trees  or  shrubs,  with  mostly  alternate  leaves,  which  are  crowded  at  the  sum- 
mit of  the  branches. 


1.>1  3IYKTACK-E.        (.MYKTLK    FAMILY.) 

1.  T.  CEtappa,  L  Leavoa  sliort-petioletl,  softlv  j>iibo.>*('oiit  wlicn  young, 
at  loiigtii  siiHmiliisli,  obovato,  wetlgi'-sliapetl  but  truncated  or  sliglitly  cordate 
at  tlie  basi',  willi  a  depressed  gland  on  each  side  of  the  inidrilt  near  the 
base;  spikes  wry  sh-nder,  sliorter  than  the  leaves,  the  upper  flowers  sterile; 
drupe  ovate,  acute,  compressed,  with  the  margins  somewhat  winged.  —  South 
Florida.  —  A  large  tree.     Leaves  4'  -  »'  long.     Flowers  minute,  pale  greeu. 


()iu)i;i;  .jii.     MYKTACE-12.     (Myimlk  Fa.milv.) 

Tree.s  or  .shnilt.s.  Leaves  oi)p()site,  simple,  entire,  dotted  and  com- 
monly with  an  intra-margijuil  vein.  Stiimles  none.  —  Calyx  4-6- 
cleft,  valvate  in  tlie  bud,  the  tulie  adhereiit  to  the  comjiound  ovary. 
Petals  4  -  G,  in,serted  with  the  numerous  stamens  on  the  throat  of  the 
calyx,  sometimes  wanting.  Filaments  long,  free,  or  variously  com- 
bined. Anthers  intror.se,  roundish,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Style 
solitary.     Seeds  without  albumen,  fixed  to  a  central  placenta. 

1.     EUGENIA,  Micheli.     Allspice. 
Caly.\-tube  roundish,  tlie  limb  4-cleft.     Petals  4.     Stamens  di.stiuct.     Ovary 
2-3-celled,  with  several  ovules  iu  each  cell.     Fruit  baccate,  roundish,  1-2- 
celled,  1-2-seedeil.     Cotyledous   thick   and   united.     Kadicle   very  short. — 
Flowers  white,  axillary,  solitary,  cymose,  or  clu.stered,  2-bracted. 

*  Flowers  in  ax  ill  a  ri/  cj/ines. 

1.  E.  dichotoma,  DC.  Leaves  oblong-obovate,  obtuse  or  emarginate, 
rigid,  and,  like  the  branches,  roughened  with  appressed  hairs,  at  length 
smoothish,  the  margins  revolute  ;  peduncles  twice  as  long  as  the  leaves,  3-7- 
flowered,  the  central  flowers  sessile  ;  calyx-tube  obconical,  2-l)racted,  downy 
and  hoary,  the  lobes  roundish,  spreading ;  petals  orbicular,  ciliate ;  stamens 
numerous.  —  South  Florida.  —  A  small  tree.  Leaves  1'  long.  Branches 
compressed. 

*    *    Flowers  solitcirif  or  nmhellnte.. 

2.  E.  procera,  I'oir.  Smooth;  leaves  ovate,  tapering  but  ol)tnse  at  the 
apex,  abruptly  contracted  at  the  l)ase  into  a  short  petiole  ;  peduncles  solitary 
or  2-4  togetlier,  filiform,  not  half  the  length  of  the  leaves,  1-flowered  ;  calyx 
tube  henu'spherii-al ;  petals  orbicular,  ciliate;  berry  globose,  1-seeded.  —  South 
Florida.  May.  —  A  small  tree.  Leaves  1  ^' -  2' long.  Flowers  consiticuous, 
white  and  fragrant.     Berry  as  large  as  a  grain  of  pepper. 

3.  E.  Garberi,  Sargent.  Branclilets  sleiuler,  terete ;  leaves  coriaceous 
shining,  lung  attenuate,  obtuse,  finely  punctate-glandular  beneath,  the  thick 
niargnis  revolute;  umbels  pedunded,  the  slender  ])edirels  1-flowered:  berry 
globose,  1-seeded,  scarlet.  —  Keys  of  S(mth  Florida. —  A  tree  .50° -60°  high, 
with  red  l)ark  and  very  hard  wood,  fruiting  in  March  and  April. 

4.  E.  longipes,  Berg.  Smooth;  branchlets  very  .slender;  leaves  (1'  or 
less  long)  oblong-oval  or  obovate,  short-petioled,  obtuse  ;  flowers  large,  single, 
or  by  pairs,  lateral,  or  at  the  base  of  the  branchlets,  on  long  (1'-  \V)  bibrac- 


MELASTOMACE^.        (mELASTOMA    FAMILY.)  155 

teolate  peduncles  ;  petals  oblong,  spreading,  as  long  as  the  stamens  and  slen- 
der stylo;  berry  large.  —  No 'Name  Key,  South  Florida  {Curtiss).  —  A  shrub 
or  small  tree. 

*    *    *   Flowers  minute,  in  very  short  cluster-like  racemes. 

5.  E.  raonticola,  DC.  Smooth ;  leaves  coriaceous,  ov.ate-obloug,  some- 
what tapering  towards  the  apex,  but  obtuse  or  emargiuate,  contracted  at  the 
base  into  a  distinct  petiole ;  racemes  clustered,  several-iiowered,  shorter  than 
the  petiole  ;  stamens  numerous  ;  berry  globose.  —  South  Florida.  —  Shrub 
4° -6°  high.  Branches  compressed.  Leaves  2'  long.  Flowers  white.  Ber- 
ries abundant;  as  large  as  a  grain  of  pepper,  black. 

6.  E.  buxifolia,  Willd.  ?  Leaves  smooth,  coriaceous,  obovate-oblong, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  short- petioled;  racemes  single  or  clustered,  few-flowered 
about  as  long  as  the  petiole;  flowers  minute;  stamens  few  (9-12)  or  numer- 
ous ;  berry  1  -  3-seeded.  —  South  Florida.  —  Varies  much  in  the  size  of  the 
leaves  and  berries,  length  of  the  petiole,  and  number  of  stamens. 

2.     CALYPTRANTHES,  Swartz. 

Calyx  tube  obovate ;  the  limb  entire,  opening  across  like  a  lid,  deciduous. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  numerous.  Ovary  2  -  3-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each 
cell.  Berry  1-celled,  1 -4seeded.  Seeds  roundish;  testa  smooth.  Embryo 
curved ;  the  long  and  slender  radicle  coiled  around  the  distinct  unequal 
folded  and  contorted  cotyledons.  —  Shrubs  or  trees.  Peduncles  axillary, 
many-flowered. 

1.  C.  Chytraculia,  Swartz.  Leaves  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate but  obtuse,  pubescent,  becoming  smooth  above ;  peduncles  longer  than 
the  leaves,  cymose-pauicled,  tomentose ;  flowers  minute ,  berry  dry,  globose, 
1  -  2-seeded.  —  South  Florida.  —  A  small  tree. 


Order  57.     MELASTOMACE.^.     (Melastoma  Family.) 

Herbs,  shi-iilis,  or  trees,  with  opposite  3  -  9-ribbed  leaves  without 
dots  or  stiptiles.  and  showy  flowers. — Caljrx  urn-shaped,  4-6-lobed, 
persistent,  cohering  with  the  ovary  below,  or  with  its  angles.  Petals 
4-6,  twisted  in  the  bud,  inserted  with  the  4-12  stamens  on  the 
throat  of  the  calyx.  Anthers  adnate,  often  appendaged,  usually 
opening  by  terminal  pores.  Ovary  3-6-celled.  Ovules  numerous, 
attached  to  the  central  placentae.  Style  solitary.  Fruit  baccate  and 
indehiscent,  or  capsular  and  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  anatro- 
pous,  without  albumen. 

1.     RHEXIA,    L.     Deer-Grass. 

Calyx  tube  prolonged  and  narrowed  above  the  ovary,  4-cleft.  Petals  4, 
roundish,  deciduous.  Stamens  8.  Anthers  1-celled.  opening  by  a  terminal 
pore.  Capsule  4-celled.  many-seeded. — Perennial  herbs.  Leaves  3  -  S-ribbed. 
Flowers  cvmose,  terminal. 


15C  MELASTOMACE-K.       (MELASTOMA    lA.MlI.Y.) 

•  Anthers  lonij,  litiear,  curving  upward  (excei>l  No.  6),  saccate  at  the  liase,  and 
com iiioiili/  furnished  with  a  hristle-like  afi/untlaije  at  the  insertion  ot' tin  lila- 
inents  ;  /loin  rs  jntrjiU'  vr  whitish. 

1.  R.  Mariana,  L.  IJristlv  ;  .stem  liranclic-d,  terete  »)r  G-aii;;l((l ;  leaves 
lameolale,  at  iiic,  sliort-petiuled,  bristly  serrate;  ealvx  mostly  smooth,  cylin- 
drical ill  liower,  the  neck  in  fruit  as  long  as  the  glohosc?  capsular  portion  ; 
flowers  pur|»le.  —  N'uries  witli  narrower,  often  linear  leaves,  and  smaller 
whitisli  liuwers.  (U.  lanceolata.  Wall.)  —  Swamps.  .luly-Sept.  —  Stum  1°- 
2°  high.     Leaves  3-ribhed.     Flowers  lA'-2' wiije,  hairy  externally. 

2.  R.  Virginiea,  I>.  Bristly;  stem  4  angled,  nearly  simple  ;  leaves  ovate 
and  ovate-lanceolate,  barely  acute,  sessile,  bristly  serrate,  the  lowest  roumled  ; 
neck  of  tlie  bristly  fruiting  calyx  shorter  than  the  capsular  ])ortion  ;  the  lobes 
ovate,  acuminate. —  Swamps,  in  the  u])])(r  districts.  July -August.  —  Stem 
6'- 12'  high.     Leaves  3-.'}-ribl)ed.     Flowers  jturple. 

3.  R.  stricta,  I'msli.  stem  tall,  smootli,  4-wingcd,  bcardeil  at  the  joints; 
leaves  lanceolate  and  ovate  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  o-rilibed,  bri.stly 
serrate,  sessile;  cyme  compound,  calyx  smoolli,urn-s]iaped,  the  lobes  lanceo- 
late.—  Margins  of  ponds  in  the  pino  l)arrens  of  tiie  lower  districts.  July- 
August.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high.  Leaves  rugose,  the  lateral  ribs  obscure. 
Flowers  jfurjjle. 

4.  R.  glabella,  Michx.  Stem  terete,  smooth,  mostly  simple;  leaves 
lanceolate,  .sessile,  entire  or  slightly  serrulate,  thick,  smooth  and  glaucous ; 
calyx  smo(jtli  or  bristly  ;  flowers  large,  bright  purple.  —  Lov/  pine  liarrens. 
June  -August.  —  Root  spongy.     Stem  2°  -3°  high.     Leaves  sweetish. 

5.  R,  aristOSa,  Britten.  Smooth;  stem  sharply  angled,  brandling,  U^ 
high;  leaves  sessile,  linear-oblong,  bristly  .serrulate,  T  or  less  long;  cyme 
few-flowered  ;  calyx  bristly,  the  lanceolate  lobes  as  long  as  the  neck  ;  petals 
deep  pnrplc.  —Low  ground  near  Sumpterville,  Soutli  Cnrohna  (J.  D.  Smith). 

6.  R.  parviflora,  n.  sp.  Sparsely  bristly;  stem  low  ((i'-  12'  high),  mnch 
branched,  4-angled  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  bristly  serrulate,  sliort-petioled,  1' 
long;  cymes  few-flowered;  flowers  ^' wide,  white;  anthers  linear,  straight, 
erect,  appendaged,  as  long  as  the  erect  filaments  ;  style  declining.  — Shallow 
ponds,  Apalachicola,  F'lorida.     June- July. 

*  *  Anthers  short,  ohlonp,  erect,  not  appendaged:  neck  of  the  cali/x  short. 
t-    Flowers  purple  :  leaves  small,  orate  or  roundi.<!h,  hrisllif  serrulate. 

7.  R.  ciliosa,  Michx.  Stem  simple,  smooth,  4-angled  above;  leaves 
bristlv  on  the  upper  surface,  3-ribbed  ;  cyme  few-flowered,  leafy ;  calyx 
smooth.  —  Bogs  in  the  pine  barrens  of  the  lower  districts.  July  -August.  — 
Stem  1°  -  1 .1°  high.     Leaves  rarely  1'  long.     Flowers  1'-  U'  in  diameter. 

8.  R.  serrulata,  Xmt.  L.nv;  stem  simide.  4-angled,  smooth;  leaves 
smooth' above:  calyx  glandular  bristly  ;  cyme  leafy,  1  -  6-flowered.  —  Open 
flat  pine  barrens,  near  the  coast,  Florida,  Georgia,  and  we.stward.  July- 
A^jrust.  —  Stem  2' -6'  high.  Leaves  and  flowers  smaller  than  in  the 
preceding. 


LYTHRACE.^i:.   (LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY.)  157 

•(-  -1-  Flowers  i/ellow. 
9.  B.  lutea,  Walt.  Stem  at  length  much  branched,  4-angled,  bristly; 
leaves  smoothish,  bristly  serrulate,  the  lower  ones  obovate  and  obtuse,  the 
upper  lanceolate  and  acute;  cymes  numerous;  calyx  short  and  smooth; 
flowers  small.  —  Pine  barren  swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  west- 
ward. July -August.  —  Stem  1°  high.  Petals  more  persistent  than  those  of 
the  other  species. 


Order  58.     LYTHRACE^E.     (Loosestrife  Family.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  opposite  or  whoiied  and  entii-e  leaves,  without 
stipules.  Flowers  mostly  axillary.  —  Calyx  tubular,  persistent,  4-7- 
toothed,  free  from  the  2  --l-celled  ovary.  Petals  as  many  as  the  teeth  of 
the  calyx  and  inserted  into  its  throat,  deciduous,  sometimes  wanting. 
Stameiis  as  many  as  the  petals,  or  2  -  4  times  as  many,  inserted  below 
the  petals.  Anthers  short,  introrse.  Style  solitary.  Capsule  en- 
closed in  the  calyx,  1  -  4-celled,  few-  or  many-seeded.  Placentae  cen- 
tral. Seeds  anatropous,  without  albumen.  —  Sinuses  of  the  calyx 
often  appendaged.     Stigma  capitate,  or  rarely  2-lobed. 

Synopsis. 

*  Calyx  regular. 

1.  DIDIPLIS.     CaljTc  hemispherical.     Petals  none.     Stigma  2-lobed.     Capsule  2-ceUed. 

2.  AMMANXIA.     Calyx  campanulate.     Stigma  capitate.     Capsule  4-ceUed. 

3.  LYTHRXJM.     Calyx  cylindrical,  striate.     Capsule  obloug,  2-celled. 

4.  NES.ffiA.     Calyx  short,  even.     Capsule  globose,  3- o-celled.     Stamens  10. 

*  *  Calyx  gibbous  at  the  base. 

5.  CUPHEA.     Calyx  tubular,  12-ribbed.     Stamens  mostly  12.     Capsule  early  ruptured. 

1.     DIDIPLIS,   Raf. 

Calyx  hemispherical  or  campanulate,  4-lobed.  Petals  none.  Stamens  2-4. 
Style  very  short:  stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  globose,  2-celled.  — A  submerged 
aquatic  herb,  with  long  filiform  stems,  opposite  crowded  pellucid  linear  leaves, 
and  minute  sessile  axillary  flowers. 

1.  D.  linearis,  IJaf.  —  Ponds  and  still  water,  West  Florida  to  North 
Carolina,  and  westward.  June  -  August.  —  Stems  \°-2°  long.  Leaves  1' 
long,  acute.     Flowers  not  larger  than  a  pin's  head. 

2.     AMMANNIA,    Houston. 

Calyx  globular  or  campanulate,  4-angled,  4-toothed,  the  sinuses  commonly 
furnished  with  a  small  horn-shaped  appendage.  Petals  4,  small,  deciduous, 
sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  4,  short.  Stigma  capitate.  Capsule  globular, 
4celled,  many-seeded.  —  Low  smooth  annual  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and 
solitary  or  clustered  axillary  flowers. 


158  l.YTIIUACK.'K.        (lOOSKSTKIFK    FAMILY.) 

*    Cdjisuh'  hiirstintj  irn:(ju!(iily :    flowers  mostlij  cluslcrcil. 

1.  A.  GOCCinea,  Ikueltb.  Stem  mostly  bniiicliing,  2°  liigli ;  leaves  liiiear- 
laiu'eiilati',  ililateii  and  auriculate  at  the  base;  Howera  nearly  sessile;  style 
ami  stamens  exserted ;  petals  rouudobovate,  ]mrj)le. —  Wet  banks,  South 
Carolina,  and  westward.     July -Sept. 

2.  A.  latifolia,  L.  Stem  simjde,  l°-l^^liigh;  lower  leaves  oblong,  sliort- 
petioU'il,  tlie  uiijicT  anrienlate-chu-iping,  or  .sessile;  flowers  sessile;  petals 
none;  stamens  and  short  style  ineUuled. — Ditehes  and  wet  iiauks  in  ijie 
lower  districts.     July  -  Sept. 

*  »  Capsule  valvate  :  flowers  solilan/.  — Ivotal.v. 

3.  A.  humilis,  Michx.  Stem  simple,  or  brandling  from  the  ba.sc,  6'- 12' 
high  ;  leaves  lanecolale,  or  tlie  upper  linear,  obtuse,  tapering  into  a  short 
petiole;  flowers  uearly  sessile;  style  short;  petals  4,  wliiie.  —  Ditehes  and 
muddy  bauks.    July  -  Sept. 

•3.    LYTHRUM,   L.    Locsestrife. 

Calvx  cylindrical,  striate,  4  -  7-toothed,  usually  with  minute  appendages  in 
the  sinuses.  Petals  4-7.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  or  twice  as  many, 
inserted  on  the  lower  part  of  the  calyx,  uearly  equal.  Ca])sulo  oiilong,  2- 
celled,  many-seeded.  —  Herbs,  with  opposite  or  alternate  leaves,  and  axillary 
purple  or  wiiitish  flowers. 

1.  L.  alatum,  Pursh.  Smooth;  stem  and  virgate  branches  4-angled  ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  opposite,  the  uppermost  alternate,  and 
shorter  than  the  flowers ;  petals  and  stamens  6.  —  X'aries  with  branches 
shorter,  leaves  larger  (2'  long),  broadly  lanceolate,  sometimes  whorled,  the 
uppermost  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  (L.  lanceolatum,  E/l.)  —  Swamp.'* 
and  river  banks.     July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high.     Flow'crs  violet-purple. 

2.  L.  flagellarG,  .Shuttlw.  Perennial,  creeping,  smooth ;  the  branches 
erect,  terete ;  leaves  opposite,  nearly  sessile,  rigid,  oblong ;  flowers  single, 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  the  short  pedicel  bibracteolate  ;  calyx  club-shaped,  6- 
toothed,  the  teeth  broad  and  shorter  than  the  subulate  appendages ;  petals  6, 
spatulate,  bright  purple ;  stamens  and  style  exserted.  —  Margins  of  ponds. 
Sarasota,  South  Florida  (Garher).  —  Brandies  6' -12'  high.  Leaves  4" -6" 
long. 

3.  L.  lineare,  L.  Smooth ;  stem  4-angled,  much  branched ;  leaves  all 
opposite,  linear;  flowers  small,  whitish:  petals  and  stamens  6.  —  Brackish 
marshes  along  the  coast.     August.  —  Stem  2° -4°  higli.     Calyx  teeth  short. 

4.     NESiEA,    Commerson. 

Calyx  hemispherical  or  campanulate,  with  4-7  erect  teeth,  and  as  many 
longer  and  spreading  horn-like  appendages  in  the  sinuses.  Petals  4-7.  Sta- 
mens twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  Capsule  globose,  3  -4-celled.  —  Perennial 
herbs  or  shrubby  plants,  with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves,  and  clustered  pedi- 
celled  flowers  in  their  axils. 


HALORAGE.E.       (WATER-MILFOIL    FAMILY.)  159 

1.  N.  vertieillata,  HBK.  Shrubby;  stems  pubescent,  recurved ;  leaves 
opposite  and  whorled,  lanceolate,  tomeutose  beneath ;  peduncles  short,  3-  or 
several-flowered;  petals  5,  showy;  stamens  10,  the  alternate  ones  shorter. — 
Marshes  and  margins  of  ponds.  August.  —  Stems  3° -4°  long.  Flowers 
purple. 

5.     CUPHEA,  Jacq. 

Calyx  tubular,  12-ribbed,  gibbous  or  spurred  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side, 
6-toothed,  and  usually  with  as  many  little  appendages  in  the  sinuses.  Petals  6, 
unequal.  Stamens  11-12,  unequal.  Ovary  with  a  gland  at  tlie  base  next  the 
spur  of  the  calyx.  Style  filiform.  Stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  1  -2-celled,  few- 
seeded.  —  Chiefly  herbs,  with  branching  stems  and  purplish  flowers. 

1.  C.  viscosissima,  Jacq.  Annual,  clammy-pubescent;  leaves  thin, 
opposite,  ovate-lanceolate,  long-petioled,  rough ;  flowers  nearl}^  sessile,  borne 
between  the  petioles,  solitary  ;  petals  violet-purple;  stamens  12.  —  Uj)per  dis- 
tricts.    August.  —  Stem  1°  high. 

2.  C.  aspera,  Chapm.  Perennial;  muricate-liispid  and  clammy ;  leaves 
3-4  in  a  whorl,  lanceolate,  nearly  sessile;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves, 
borne  between  the  petioles  (whorled) ;  petals  wliite  or  pale  purple ;  stamens 
n.  —  Low  pine  barrens.  West  Florida.  —  Stem  1°- 1|°  high.  Leaves  1'  long, 
rigid.     Root  bearing  small  tubers. 


The  Crape  Myrtle  (Lagerstrcemia  Indica,  L.),  originally  from  East- 
ern Asia,  is  common  in  cultivation. 


Order  59.     HALORAGEyE.     OYater-Milfoil  Family.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  finely  dis.sected  leaves,  and  small  sessile  flowers, 
axillary  or  in  bracted  spikes.  —  Calyx  tube  adherent  to  the  1  -  4-celled 
ovary.  Petals  (when  present)  and  stamens  inserted  on  the  throat  of 
the  calyx.  Cells  of  the  ovary  with  a  single  su.spended  ovule.  Stig- 
mas 1-4,  sessile.  Fruit  indehiscent.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  fleshy 
albumen. 

1.     PROSERPINACA,  L. 

Calyx  tube  3-sided,  3-lobed.  Petals  none.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  3.  Fruit 
bony,  3-angled,  3-celled,  3-seeded. —  Herbs  with  pinnately  dissected  leaves,  and 
minute  axillary  greenish  flowers. 

1.  P.  palustris,  L.  Leaves  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  the  submerged 
ones  pectinate.  —  Ponds  and  ditches.  June -August.  —  Stem  1°-H°  long, 
ascending  or  floating. 

2.  P,  pectinacea,  Lam  Leaves  all  pectinate,  the  divisions  filiform; 
fruit  rugose.  —  With  the  preceding.  —  Stem  3'- 12'  long. 

2.     MYRIOPHYLLUM,   Vail.    Water-Milfoil. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous.  Calyx  4-parted  in  the  sterile  flowers, 
4-toothed  in  the  fertile  ones.    Petals  4  or  none.     Stamens  4  or  8.     Stigmas  4, 


ICO  (i.\A<;i!Af'E.T-:.      (i:vKNiN<;-riM."\n:()SK  kamilv.) 

ri;tiir\i'(l.  l-'riiii  l»pii_v,  4-<-cllt.Ml,  4-1')1»l'(1,  indcliiscciit.  —  Acjiuitic  jaTcniiial 
lierlis,  willi  tlii^  siilniifrycMl  li-iives  iiiiiiiiitely  iliviilcil  into  (iliforin  <ir  caiiillary 
Rognu'iits,  .-vikI  cDiiiiiHtiily  wlioiled.  Fluwcrs  miiiuto  in  llie  uxils  of  the  upper 
leaves;  tlic  n])j)i'riii()>t  sici-ilc. 

#  Sidmciis  8 :  _//'«/<  t'cen  or  irartj/. 

1.  M.  laxum,  Slmltlw.  Stem  long,  slender;  leaves  4  in  awlmrl;  tlie 
floral  lines  nMliucd  to  minute  nearly  entire  spatulate  bracts,  shorter  tiiaii  the 
flowers,  wliirh  thus  form  an  intermitted  almost  naked  s]iiive;  fruit  roughened 
witli  mintite  warts,  with  the  lolies  ol)tnse.  —  I'onds  and  lakes.  Middle  and 
West  I-"lorida.     tluly. 

2.  M.  verticillatum,  L.  Leaves  ill  whorls  of  3-4,  the  floral  ones  lin- 
ear, i)i(tin;vtely  toothed,  mueh  longer  than  tlie  flowers;  fruit  smootli.  —  Still 
water  in  the  lower  districts.     July.  —  Stem  2^-4°  long,  stouter  than  the  last. 

*  *  S/iimf'ii.s  4  :  fruit  ridged  and  roughened. 

3.  M.  heterophyllum,  Michx.  Stem  thick;  leaves  4 -fj  in  a  wliorl, 
the  floral  ones  crowded,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  finely  and  sharply  serrate ;  the 
lower  ones  jjinnatifid ;  frnit  .sliglitly  rougliened.  —  Ponds  and  ditches.     July. 

4.  M.  scabratum,  Michx.  Stem  short  (6'- 12');  leaves  4-5  in  a 
whorl,  the  divisions  few  and  capillary,  the  floral  ones  linear,  pectinately 
tootlicd  ;  fruit  strongly  ridged  and  roughened.  —  Siiallow  ponds,  Soutli  Caro- 
lina.    June -July. 

OuDKu  GO.     OXAGRACE^aE.     (Evening-Primrose  Family.) 

Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  and  often  produced  into  a  tube  beyond 
it,  2-(i-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Petals  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the 
calyx,  inserted  on  its  throat,  convolute  in  the  bud,  sometimes  wanting. 
Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many,  inserted  with  the  petals.  Ovaiy 
2-4-celled.  Placenta  central.  Style  solitary  :  stigma  capitate  or  2- 
4-lobe(l.  Capsule  loculicidally  dehiscent  or  indehiscent.  Seeds  anat- 
ropous,  with  little  or  no  albumen.  —  Chiefly  herbs. 

Synopsis. 

*  Calyx  tube  produced  beyond  the  ovary. 

1.  6AURA.     Capsule  nut-like,  indehiscent,  1  -  4-seeded. 

2.  OENOTHERA.     Capsule  4-valved,  many-seeded. 

*  *  Calyx  tube  not  produced  beyond  the  ovary. 

3.  EPILOBIUM.     Stamens  8.     Petals  4.     Seeds  comose. 

4.  JUSSI.EA.     Stamens  8-12.     Petals  4-C.     Capsule  long.     Seeds  naked. 

5.  LUDWIGIA.     Stamens  4.     Petals  4,  or  none.     Capsule  short,  many-seeded. 
C.    CIRC^A.     Stamens  2.     Capsule  obovate,  1  -  2-seeded. 

1.    GAURA,   L, 

Calyx  tube  much  produced  beyond  the  ovary,  the  limb  3-4-lobed,  reflexed, 
deciduous.  Petals  3-4,  clawed,  unequal  or  turned  to  the  upper  side.  Sta- 
mens 6-8.     Style  declined  :  stigma  4-lobed.     Ovary  3  -4-celled.     Fruit  3-4- 


OXAGRACE^.       (evening-primrose    FAMILY.)  161 

angled,  mostly  1-celled,  1  -4-seeded.  — Herbs  with  alternate  leaves,  and  white 
or  purple  flowers  in  a  long-pediincled  raceme  or  spike. 

1.  G.  biennis,  L.  Soft-hairy;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  be- 
coming smoothish,  wavy-denticulate  on  the  margins;  petals  spatulate,  white; 
fruit  obtusely  4-augled,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  sessile.  —  Dry  soil,  Georgia 
to  Tennessee,  and  northward.  July -August.  (2) — Stem  3^-8°  high. 
Spikes  compound. 

2.  G.  longiflora,  Spach.  Canescent-pubemlent ;  stem  paniculately 
branched ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  wavy-denticulate,  sessile ;  spikes  pauicled ; 
calyx  lobes  longer  than  the  tube,  and  the  long-clawed  white  petals ;  fruit  ses- 
sile, ovate,  obtuse,  sharply  4-angled.  —  Dry  soil,  North  Georgia  and  Ala- 
bama.    July.  —  Stem  4°-  6°  high.     Fruit  2"  long. 

3  G.  angUStifolia,  Michx.  Stem  simple,  or  sparingly  branched, 
closely  pubescent;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  coarsely  toothed,  often  blotched 
with  purple ;  the  uppermost  linear  and  nearly  entire ;  fruit  nearly  sessile, 
acute  at  both  ends,  sharply  3  -  4-angled.  —  Dry  old  fields  and  sandy  places 
near  the  coast.     June- August.     @ —  Stem  2^-3°  high.     Flowers  white. 

4.  G.  fllipes,  Spach.  Pubescent  and  somewhat  hoary,  becoming  smooth- 
ish; stem  slender,  ])auiculately  branched;  leaves  linear,  toothed,  wavy;  fruit 
ovoid,  obtuse,  sliarjjly  4-angled,  on  slender  pedicels.  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Flor- 
ida to  South  Carolina,  and  westward.  July  -  Sept.  (§) '  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high, 
very  leafy. 

2.     CEWOTHERA,  L.    Evening-Primrose. 

Calyx  tube  produced  beyond  the  ovary ;  the  limb  4-lobed,  reflexed  and  de- 
ciduous.    Petals  4.     Stamens  8.     Stigma  4-lobed.     Capsule  4-valved,  many- 
seeded.  —  Herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  axillary  or  racemose  chiefly  yel- 
low flowers.     Pollen  grains  triangular,  connected  by  cobwebby  hairs. 
*  Capsule  cijUndrical,  sessile:  flowers  expanding  at  night:  annuals  or  biennials. 

1.  CB.  biennis,  L.  Hairy,  hirsute,  or  smoothish;  stem  tall,  often  sim- 
ple ;  leaves  lanceolate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  wavy  and  toothed  or  serrate 
on  the  margins ;  the  earliest  ones  sometimes  pinnatifid ;  spikes  leafy,  at  length 
elongated ;  calyx  tube  longer  than  the  lobes ;  flowers  large.  —  Fields  and 
waste  places,  everywhere.  June -Sept. —  Stem  2° -4°  high.  Varies  greatly 
in  pubescence  and  size  of  the  flower. 

2.  CE.  heterophylla,  Spach.  Hir.sute;  stem  2° -4°  high,  branching; 
earliest  leaves  tufted,  oblanceolate,  pinnately  12-20-lobed,  the  upper  smaller 
and  entire ;  flowers  few,  terminal,  often  tripetalous  ;  petals  rhombic-ovate ; 
capsule  curved.  —  Valley  of  Flint  River,  Bainbridge,  Georgia.     July. 

3.  0E3.  humifusa,  Nutt.  Densely  canescent-pubescent ;  stem  mostly  de- 
cuml)eut  and  branching,  l°-H°longj  leaves  lanceolate  or  wedge-obvate, 
mostly  entire,  I'- li' long,  nearly  se.ssile ;  caly.x  villous;  style  slightly  e.x- 
serted  ;  capsule  mostly  curved,  f  long.  (CE.  sinuata,  var.  Torr.  ^  Gray.)  — 
Sandy  coast.     July  -  Nov.  —  Root  mostly  perennial. 

4.  CE,  sinuata,  L.  Annual,  pubescent ;  stem  rigid,  erect  or  diffuse, 
simple  or  branched,  2'-l°  high;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  toothed  or  pm- 

11 


102  ON'ACKACK.K.       (KVKMNCi-l'KIMUUSK    FAMILY,) 

natitiii,  the  lowest  jictioled  ;  tlowcrs  snuill,  axillary.  ((K.  iniiiiiiia,  Purs/i, 
tin- "hvarf  form,  with  a  siiiij>le  l-Howcred  stem,  ami  entire  leaves.)  —  Fields 
and  wasU-  j^roiinds.     .June  -  Sept. 

*  ♦  t'<i)>sulc  ubocntc  or  clacale ,  furrowed ,  and  mure  or  kss  jnduiirled :  Jiowers 
expandinij  in  sunsltinc. 
5.  CE.  glauca,  Michx.  Smooth  and  somewhat  j^laueoiis  ;  leaves  sessile, 
oblonj^-o\  ate,  wavy-ilentieul.ate,  aeiite  ;  raeemes  few-H(jwered,  leafv  ;  flowers 
large;  eapsule  ovoid-ohloug,  -i-wint^ed,  ta])ering  into  a  short  j)edieel.  —  Moun- 
tains. May -July.  ^ — Stem  hranehing,  2°-3°  high.  Leaves  2' -3' long. 
Flowers  2'  in  diameter. 

0.  CE.  fruticosa,  L.  Hairy  or  smoothish  ;  stem  mostly  simple  ;  leaves 
lanceolate, iiMiiniiiiily  wavy  and  I'emotely  denticulate  on  the  margins;  raceme 
at  tirst  corymb-like,  at  lenuith  elongated;  flowers  large;  capsule  4-winged, 
with  intermediate  rihs,  ohlong-davate,  longer  than  the  pedicel.  —  Fields  and 
open  woods.  Juue-Sept.  2/ — Stem  l°-2°  high.  Flowers  r-2'  in 
diameter. 

7.  CE.  linearis,  Michx.  Stem  slender,  smooth  below,  pubescent  above; 
the  young  branches  hoary ;  lowest  leaves  obovate,  the  others  linear-lanceo- 
late, entire  or  sparingly  denticulate;  raceme  short,  many- flowered,  leafy; 
cajisulc  ol)Ovate,  4-winged,  with  conspicuous  intermediate  ribs,  mostly  shorter 
tlian  the  pedicel.  —  Dry  light  soil  in  the  lower  districts.  April -June. — 
Stem  1°  -  I|°  high.     Flow^ers  T  in  diameter. 

8.  CE.  pumila,  L.  Low,  smoothish  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  obtuse  ;  raceme 
leafy ;  flowers  small ;  capsule  oblong-obovate,  4-wing-angled,  nearly  sessile.  — 
Tennessee,  and  northward,  and  occasionally  also  around  dwellings  in  the  low 
country,  from  seeds  introduced  in  Northern  hay.  June.  —  Stem  6'-  12'  high. 
Flowers  k'  in  diameter. 

9.  CE.  linifolia,  Nutt.  Low,  smoothish  ;  stem  at  length  much  branched  ; 
leaves  very  numerous,  linear-filiform,  the  lowest  spatulate;  raceme  pubescent, 
few-flowered  ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  ovary ;  flowers  small ;  lobes  of  the 
stigma  coherent  into  a  globular  head ;  capsule  obovate,  4-angled,  nearly 
sessile.  —  Gravelly  hills,  near  Scott's  Mill,  Warren  County,  Georgia,  and 
westward.     June.  —  Stem  6'  -  1 2'  high.     Flowers  4"  -  5"  in  diameter. 

«  »  *  Stemless :  flowers  sessile  at  the  base  of  the  tufted  leaves,  pale  yellow  or 
ichite :  capsule  oval  or  oblong,  broadly  winged. 

10.  CE.  triloba,  Nutt.  Perennial,  nearly  stemless,  cjBspitose  ;  leaves  pin- 
natifid,  smoothish;  calyx  tube  very  long  (3' -5'),  filiform,  the  lobes  longer 
than  the  somewhat  3-lobed  pale  yellow  petals ;  capsule  sessile,  3-wiuged.  — 
Nashville,  Tennessee  (Dr.  Gattinger). 

3.    EPILOBIUM,   L.    Willow-Herb. 

Calyx  tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary ;  the  limb  4-cleft,  deciduous. 
Petals  4.  Stamens  8.  Capsule  elongated,  many-seeded.  Seeds  with  a  tuft 
of  long  hairs  at  the  apex.  —  Perennials,  with  alternate  and  opposite  denticu- 
late leaves,  and  chiefly  white  or  purple  flowers. 


ONAGRACE.E.       (EVE^flXG-PRIMROSE    FAMILY.)  163 

1.  E.  angustifolium,  L.  Stem  tall,  simple,  smoothish ;  leaves  alter- 
nate, lanceolate,  entire  or  wavy  ou  the  margins,  paler  beneath :  racemes 
elongated,  bracted  ;  flowers  showy ;  petals  obovate,  purple ;  stigma  4-lobed  ; 
capsule  and  calyx  hoary-tomentose.  (E.  spicatum,  Lam.) — Mountains  of 
North  Carolina.     July.  —  Stem  3°  -  6°  high. 

2.  E.  coloratura,  Muhl.  Stem  smoothish,  '  much  brancheil ;  leaves 
mo.stly  opposite,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  denticulate  ;  raceme  leafy ; 
flowers  small,  reddish ;  petals  2-cleft ;  stigma  clavate ;  capsule  downy.  — 
Swamps  in  the  upper  districts.     August.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 

3.  E.  palustre,  L.,  var.  lineare,  Gray.  Stem  pubescent,  Ijranching 
above ;  leaves  linear,  slightly  denticulate,  the  lower  ones  opposite  ;  raceme 
leafy  ;  flowers  small,  white,  or  rose-color ;  stigma  clavate ;  capsule  hoary.  — 
Mountains  of  North  Carolina.     August.  —  Stem  l°-2°  liigh. 

4.     JUSSI^A,   L. 

Calyx  tube  long,  4-angled  or  cylindrical,  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary ; 
the  limb  4-6-lobed,  persistent.  Petals  4-6.  Stamens  8-12.  Capsule 
mostly  elongated,  4  -  6-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  irregularly  at  the  sides. 
—  Marsh  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  axillary  yellow  flowers. 

*  Capsule  cylindrical. 

1.  J.  pilosa,  HBK.  Hairy;  stem  erect,  at  length  much  branched; 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute ;  flowers  small ;  calyx  lobes  mostly  6,  as  long  as  the 
petals  ;  capsule  linear,  cylindrical,  much  longer  than  the  pedicel.  —  Marshes, 
Florida,  and  westward.  June -Sept.  (l)  —  Stem  2°  -  5°  high.  Capsule  H' 
long,  slightly  curved. 

2.  J.  grandiflora,  Michx.  Hairy ;  stem  creeping  at  the  base ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  acute ;  flowers  large ;  calyx  lobes  .5,  half  as  long  as  the  petals ; 
ovary  (rarely  maturing)  rather  shorter  than  the  pedicel.  —  Marshes,  South 
Carolina,  and  westward.  May-Aiagust.  %  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  long.  Flowers 
2'  in  diameter.     Capsule  cylindrical. 

3.  J,  repens,  L.  Smooth,  creeping  or  floating ;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse 
tapering  into  a  slender  petiole  ;   flowers  large  ;  calyx  lobes  5,  shorter  than  the 

petals ;    capsule    cylindrical,  much    shorter  than   the    long   (2')   peduncle. 

Ponds  and  ditches.  New  Orleans.     August. 

*  *  Capsule,  quadrangular. 

4.  J.  deeurrens,  DC.  Smooth ;  stem  erect,  branched,  wing-angled  ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  sessile  ;  flowers  nearly  sessile ;  calyx  lobes  4.  nearly 
as  long  as  the  petals ;  stamens  8 ;  capsule  4-angled,  oblong-clavate.  —  Ditches, 
etc.     July  -  Sept.     (\)  —  Stem  6'  -  3°  high. 

5.  J.  acuminata,  Swartz.  Smoothish ;  stem  angular,  much  branched  ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  or  the  upper  narrower,  acute  at  both  ends,  short-petioled, 
2' -3'  long;  flowers  nearly  sessile,  2" -3"  wide  ;  sepals  4,  ovate,  .shorter  than 
the  oblong-obovate  petals;  capsule  quadrangular,  6" -8"  long,  8-ribbed. — 
Wet  ground,  South  Florida. 


104  OXAGKACK-K.       (KVKMXO-I'Uni  IJi  iSE    FAMILY.) 

0.  J.  hirta,  Vahl.  Slinihby,  hirsute;  branches  terete;  leaves  l)roadly 
hiiifpohito,  acute  at  cacli  cud  ;  ovary  chxvate,  jis  long  as  tlie  2-)>racte(i  jicdiccl ; 
calyx  lolios  4,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  longer  than  the  tube,  sliorter  than 
the  roundish  petals ;  capsule  davate-oblong,  ol)scurely  4-sided,  longer  than 
the  bracts.  —  Muddy  bauks  of  rivers.  South  Florida.  —  Shrub  5°-lO° 
high. 

5.    LUDWIGIA,   L.    Skku-hox. 

Calyx  tube  4-angled  or  cylindrical,  mostly  short,  not  prolonged  beyond  the 
ovary.  I'etals  4,  roundish  or  obcordate,  often  wanting.  Stamens  4.  Style 
short.  Stigma  capitate.  Capsule  variously  deliisccnt,  4-cclIcd,  many-seeded. 
—  Perennial  and  mostly  stoloniferous  marsh  herbs,  with  entire  leaves,  and 
yellow  flowers. 
»  Capsule  cubical,  indehiscent ,  discharging  the  seeds  through  a  central  pore  of 

the  convex  disk:   calyx  lobes  deciduous :  petals  large:   stamens  and  style 

slendir:   Icares  alternate:  flowers  pedicelled. 

1.  L.  alternifolia,  L.  Smoothish;  stem  much  branched  ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late, short])eti()led,  acute  ;  calyx  lobes  spreading,  al)out  as  long  as  the  petals  ; 
capsule  large,  wing-angled.  — Shady  swamps.  August.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high. 
Flowers  axillary,  or  the  upper  ones  somewhat  racemed. 

2.  L.  virgata,  Michx.  Tomentose ;  stem  slender,  simple,  or  branching 
from  the  base  ;  leaves  obtuse,  sessile,  the  lowest  oblong,  the  uppermost  linear; 
flowers  in  elongated  leafy  racemes;  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  reflexed  calyx 
lobes;  capsule  strongly  4-augled.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  sometimes  in  rather 
dry  places.  July -August. —  Stem  2° -.3°  high.  Varies  considerably  in 
pubescence,  and  in  size  of  the  flowers  and  capsule. 

3.  L.  hirtella,  Raf.     Hairy  ;  stem  slender,  sinijde  or  s])aringly  branched  ; 
leaves  short,  lanceclate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  sessile  and  rounded  at  the  base ; 
flowers  axillary ;  petal:  twice  as  long  as  the  erect  or  spreading  calyx  lobes ; 
capsule  strongly  angled.  —  Flat  pine  barrens.    August.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 
*   *    Valves  of  the  capsule  separating  from  the  concave  disk,  and  irregularly 

from  the  persistent  partitions  and  placenta :  calyx  lobes  persistent :  petals 
small  m- none :  stamens  and  style  short:  stems  erect  or  ascending:  leaves 
alternate  :  flowers  sessile. 

-t—  Petals  conspicuous. 

4.  L.  linearis,  Walt.  Smooth;  stem  (l°-3°  high)  virgately  much 
branched;  leaves  linear,  acute  ;  flowers  small;  capsule  clavate-oblong,  wiih 
4  rcjuiided  angles.  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  triangular-ovate  calyx  lol)es.  — 
Ditches  and  ponds  in  tlie  lower  districts.  July -Sept.  —  Bark  at  the  base 
of  the  stem  spongy. 

•5.  L.  linifolia,  Poir.  Smooth;  stem  low  (6' -12'),  creeping  at  the  base, 
branching;  leaves  linear  or  linear-spatulate,  often  obtuse;  capsule  linear- 
cylindrical,  rather  longer  than  the  lanceolate  calyx  lobes. —  Ditches  and  swamps 
in  the  lower  districts.     July  -  Sept. 

-I—  -i—  Petals  minute  or  wanting. 

6.  L.  cylindriea,  Ell.  Smooth ;  stem  angled  above,  often  much 
branched ;  leaves  long,  lanceolate,  obscurely  denticulate,  acute,  tapering  into 


OXAGRACE.E.        (eYEXING- PRIMROSE    FAMILY.)  165 

a  petiole ;  petals  none ;  capsules  axillary,  often  clustered,  cylindrical  or  ob- 
scurely 4-sided,  many  times  longer  than  the  small  calyx  lobes.  —  SAvamps, 
Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward.  July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  mostly  bushy, 
2°  -  3°  high.     Leaves  3'  -  4'  long. 

7.  L.  pilosa,  Walt.  Tomentose  ;  stem  stout,  terete,  much  branched ; 
leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute  ;  flowers  in  dense  terminal  spikes ; 
petals  mostly  wanting  ;  capsule  globose  -  4-sided,  about  as  long  as  the  spread- 
ing calyx  lobes.  —  Ditches  and  ponds  near  the  coast.  July  -  Sept.  —  Stem 
2° -3°  high,  the  branches  spreading.     Capsule  whitish. 

8.  L.  sphaerocarpa,  Ell.  Smooth  or  slightly  pubescent ;  stem  slender, 
angled  above,  short-branched  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate ;  flowers 
very  small,  axillary  ;  petals  none  ;  capsule  globose,  pubescent,  as  long  as  the 
calyx  lobes.  —  Margins  of  ponds  in  the  lower  districts,  not  common.  July  - 
Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  3^  high.     Capsule  1 "  -  2"  long. 

9.  L.  polycarpa,  Short  &  Peters.  Glabrous;  stem  angular,  much 
branched ;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute,  tapering  at  the  base ;  flowers 
approximate  or  crowded  on  the  branches,  apetalons ;  capsule  top-shaped, 
twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  calyx  lobes.  —  Ponds  and  ditches,  Tennessee.     July 

10.  L.  capitata,  Michx.  Smooth ;  stem  mostly  simple,  slender,  angled 
above  ;  leaves  long,  lanceolate,  acute,  sessile,  the  lowest  ones  broader  and 
obtuse  ;  flowers  in  a  compact  oblong  or  ovate  head,  the  lower  ones  sometimes 
scattered  ;  petals  minute,  mostly  wanting ;  capsule  obtusely  4  angled,  some- 
what narrower  at  the  base,  longer  tliau  the  calyx  lobes.  —  Wet  pine  l)arrens 
Florida  to  North  Carolina.     July  -  August.  —  Stem  2^  -  3°  higti. 

11.  L.  lanceolata,  Ell.  Smooth;  stem  stout,  terete,  at  length  much 
branched  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile ;  flowers  very  numerous,  in  all  the  axils, 
green ;  petals  none ;  capsule  cubical,  with  the  sides  flat  and  tiie  angles  mar- 
gined, twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  lobes  ;  seeds  cylindrical.  —  Ponds  and 
swamps  in  the  pine  barrens,  Florida  and  Georgia.  July  -  Sept.  —  Stent  l°-2° 
high.     Flowers  small. 

12.  L.  alata,  Ell.  Smooth  ;  stem  slender,  simple  or  sparingly  branched 
near  the  summit,  strongly  angled ;  leaves  cuneate-lanceolate,  obscurely  den- 
ticulate ;  flowers  few,  near  the  summit  of  the  branches,  white ;  petals  none ; 
capsule  cubic-obconical,  with  concave  sides  and  winged  angles,  as  long  as 
the  calyx  lobes ;  seeds  ovoid.  —  Brackish  marshes,  along  the  coast.  July  - 
August.  —  Stem  2° -.3"=^  high. 

13.  L.  microcarpa,  Michx.  Smooth;  stem  low,  creeping  at  the  base, 
3-angled,  mostly  simple ;  leaves  spatulate-obovate ;  petals  none ;  capsule  mi- 
nute, cubic-obconical,  shorter  than  the  calyx  lobes.  —  Muddy  places,  Florida 
to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  July  -  August.  —  Stem  6'  -  12'  high.  Cap- 
sule scarcely  larger  than  a  pin's  head. 

14.  L.  Curtissii,  Chapm.  Smooth  ;  stem  rigidly  erect,  simple,  terete ; 
upper  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  at  the  base ;  flowers  single,  sessile, 
apetalons,  bibracteolate ;  calyx  turbinate,  terete,  the  triangular  lobes  as  long 
as  the  tube.  —  Shallow  ponds.  East  Florida  (  Curtiss).  July  -  August.  —  Stem 
l°-li°high. 


IGG  LOASACE-TJ.       (LOASA    FAMILY.) 

15.  Ij.  Simpsoni,  Chainn.  Glalirous;  stoni  2'-9' Iii<;li,  tercto,  8imi)le; 
loaves  i'  Iniig,  sjiatiilatc-oljuvate,  alteriiaU-,  or  the  lowest  ojijioslte ;  flowers 
apetalous;  eai)sule  top-shapcil,  obscurely  angular,  longer  than  the  triangular 
calyx  lohes.  —  Low  grouud,  Mauatee,  South  Florida. 

*   #   #   Stems  creeping  :  leaves  opposite. 
-4—  Petals  none. 

10.  L.  palustris,  Kll.  Smooth;  stems  iliffu.se;  leaves  obovate,  tajjcriug 
into  a  long  jjetiole ;  rai)sule  oblong  or  obconical,  obscurely  4-si(le(J,  longer 
than  the  calyx  lobes.  —  Ditches  and  muddy  places,  commou.  June  -  Sept.  -  - 
Stems  6' -12'  long. 

17.  L.  spathulata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Pubescent  and  somewhat  hoary; 
leaves  spalulatt-oliovate;  capsule  ovoid;  otherwise  like  the  preceding. — 
Margins  of  pine  barren  jiomls,  Middle  Florida.     July -August.     Very  rare. 

-t-  -t-  Petals  4. 

18.  L.  natans,  Ell.  Smooth;  stems  diffuse;  leaves  obovate,  acutish, 
tapering  into  a  long  petiole  ;  flowers  short-pedicelled  ;  petals  roundish,  as 
long  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx ;  capsule  ol)tuscly  4-angled,  narrowed  at  the 
base.  —  Marshes  and  margins  of  streams,  in  the  lower  districts.  July -Sept. 
—  Resembles  No.  IG  but  is  every  way  larger. 

19.  L.  arcuata,  Walt  Smooth;  leaves  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  acute ;  flowers  on  peduncles  usually  longer  than  the  leaves,  2-bracted 
at  the  base;  calyx  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  obovate  petals; 
capsule  davate,  curved.  —  Muddy  margins  of  ponds,  etc.,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina.     July.  —  Stems  4'-  8'  long. 

6.     CIRCJEA,  Tourn. 

Calyx  tube  slightly  produced  beyond  the  ovary,  the  limb  2  cleft,  deciduous. 
Petals  2,  ol)Cordate.  Stamens  2.  Style  filiform.  Capsule  obovate,  1  -  2- 
celleil,  1-2-sceded,  bristly  with  hooked  hairs.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  oppo- 
site petioled  leaves,  and  small  white  or  rose-colored  flowers  in  loo.se  terminal 
racemes. 

1.  C.  Lutotiana,  L.  Minutely  pubescent;  leaves  ovate,  acuminate, 
slightly  toothed,  usually  longer  than  the  petioles ;  bracts  none ;  capsule  his- 
pid.—  Damp  shades  along  the  mountains.  July.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high,  tumid 
at  the  joints.     Fruit  reflexed.     F'lowers  reddish  white. 

2.  C.  alpina,  L.  Smooth ;  stem  low  (3'  -  8') ;  leaves  membranaceous, 
cordate,  coarsely  tootjied,  as  long  as  the  petioles;  pedicels  minutely  bracted  ; 
capsule  liairy. —  With  the  preceding. 


Order  01.     LOASACE^E.     (Loasa  Family.) 

Herbs,  commonly  armed  with  bristly  barbed,  often  stinging,  hairs. 
Leaves  alternate,  exstipulate.  Flowers  solitary  or  clustered.  —  Calyx 
tube  adherent  to  the  1 -celled  ovary,  the  limb  5-parted  and  persistent. 
Petals  5  or  10,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.     Stamens  mostly 


TURNERACE^.       (tURNERA    FAMILY.)  167 

indefinite,  in  several  parcels,  inserted  with  the  petals.  Styles  united. 
Capsule  ii'regularly  dehiscent.  Seeds  few  or  many,  borne  ou  3-5 
parietal  placentje,  commonly  with  scanty  albumen. 

1.    MENTZELIA,  Plum. 

Calyx  tube  cylindrical  or  club-shaped.  Petals  convolute  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  commonly  30  or  more,  the  exterior  ones  often  dilated  and  sterile. 
Styles  3,  united  to  the  middle.  Capsule  3-valved  at  the  summit,  with  3 
parietal  placenta.  Cotyledons  broad  and  flat.  —  Stems  branching.  Leaves 
toothed  or  .sinuate-pinnatifid.     Flower.s  yellow. 

1.  M.  Floridana,  Xutt.  Leaves  deltoid-ovate,  toothed,  truncate  and  2- 
lobed  at  the  ba.-;o  ;  stamens  about  30;  capsule  6-seeded. — South  Florida. — 
Stem  trailing,  2^-  6°  long.     Flowers  small,  golden-yellow. 


Order  62.     TURNERACEiE.     (Turner a  Family.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  exstipulate  leaves,  and  soli- 
tary axillary  flowers.  —  Calyx  free  from  the  1-celled  ovary,  colored, 
5-lobed,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  caljTc,  con 
volute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  calyx  be- 
low the  petals.  Styles  3,  distinct,  simple,  2-cleft  or  2-parted.  Stigmas 
3  or  0,  many-parted.  Placentae  3,  parietal.  Capsule  loculicidally  3- 
valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous,  arilled.  Embryo  in  fleshy 
albumen.  —  Flowers  sessile,  or  on  bracted  or  jointed  pedicels. 

1.    PIRIQUETA,  Aublet. 

Calyx  campanulate.  Styles  3,  2-cleft  or  deej)ly  2parted.  Stigmas  6, 
many-parted.  Capsule  opening  to  the  base  into  3  valves.  —  Herbs  with  stel- 
late pubescence.     Flowers  on  jointed  pedicels,  yellow. 

L  P.  Caroliniana.  Hirsute  with  fulvous  hairs,  and  stellate-tomentose ; 
stem  simple  or  sparingly  branched  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  obtuse,  mostly  serrate 
or  toothed,  nearly  sessile  ;  pedicels  (at  least  the  upper  ones)  longer  than  the 
leaves,  often  bibracteolate ;  petals  ol)ovate ;  styles  2-parted.  (Turnera  cis- 
toides,  Ell.) — Dry  light  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  June -July.  2/ 
—  Stem  1^  high.     Leaves  2' -3'  long,  the  lowest  ones  broader. 

2.  P,  tomentosa,  HBK.  Stellate-tomentose  throughout ;  stem  simple ; 
leaves  nearlv  sessile,  oblong,  acute  or  obtuse,  obscurely  crenate,  hoary  beneath  ; 
pedicels  shorter  than  the  leaves.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  1^  high.  Leaves 
rather  rigid,  1'  long. 

3.  P.  glabra,  Chapm.  Stem  slender,  branching,  smooth  ;  leaves  smooth, 
linear,  entire,  the  floral  ones  small  and  liract-like ;  pedicels  several  times  longer 
than  the  leaves,  and,  like  tlie  calyx,  stellate-tomentose ;  petals  spatulate  ;  styles 
2-cleft.  (Turnera  glabra,  DC.  ?)  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  1°-  2°  high.  Leaves 
2'  long.     Flowers  1'  in  diameter. 


1G8  r-VS.SIFLOKACE.E.       (rASSlOX-FLOWER    FAMILY.) 


OuDKu  G;).    PASSIFLOKACI:^.    (rAssiON-FLOWEU  Family.) 

Vines  or  trees,  Avitli  alternate  leaves,  and  perfect  or  didjcious  flowers. 
—  Calyx  of  5  more  or  less  united  sepals.  Corolla  o-i)etalled,  niono- 
petalmis,  or  none.  Stamens  5  or  10,  separate  or  united,  the  anthers 
introrse.  Fruit  1  or  5-celled,  mostly  puli\v  and  indehiscent.  Pla- 
centa^ parietal.  Seed  enclosed  in  a  pulpy  aril.  Embryo  in  the  axis 
of  thin  fleshy  albumen.     Cotyledons  leafy. 

Synopsis. 

SrnoRDER  I.  PASSIFLOREvE.  Climbing  vines,  with  stipulate  leaves, 
and  a.xillary  perfect  Howurs.  —  Calyx  ."j-ijarted,  with  a  crown  of  Klaments 
at  the  throat.  Stamens  5,  monadelj)hous  around  the  stalk  of  the  ovary. 
Styles  3.     Fruit  pulj)y. 

1.  PASSITLORA.     Filaments  of  the  crown  separate.     Petals  5,  or  none. 

ScBORDER  II.  PAPAYjE.  Trees,  with  milky  juice,  palmately  lobed  ex- 
stipulate  leaves,  and  dioecious  flowers.  —  Staminate  flowers  niouopetalous, 
panicled.  Stamens  10.  Pistillate  flowers  5-petalled.  Stigmas  5,  sessile. 
Fruit  baccate. 

2.  CARICA.     Corolla  of  the  staminate  flowers  salver-shaped,  5-lobed. 

1     PASSIFLORA,  L.     Passion-Flower.    May-Pop. 

Calyx  tube  very  short.  Filaments  of  the  crown  in  2  or  more  rows.  Fruit 
baccate.  —  Tendrils  axillary.     Peduncles  jointed,  I-flowered. 

1.  P.  incamata,  L.  Leaves  palmately  3-lobed,  acute,  serrate ;  petioles 
biglandular;  jieduncles  3-bracted ;  sepals  with  a  horn-like  point  below  the 
apex,  whitish  within ;  filaments  of  the  crown  in  about  5  rows,  the  2  outer 
ones  as  long  as  tlie  sepals  ;  berry  large,  oval.  —  In  open  or  cultivatetl  ground, 
common.  June  -July.  11  —  Fruit  yellowish,  as  large  as  a  lien's  egg.  Flow- 
ers purple  and  white. 

2.  P.  lutea,  L.  Leaves  cordate,  broadly  3-lobed  at  the  summit,  with  the 
lobes  rounded  and  entire  ;  petioles  glandless ;  flowers  small,  greenish  yellow ; 
peduncles  by  pairs,  bractless ;  filaments  of  the  crown  in  3  rows,  shorter  than 
the  sepals.  —  Woods  and  thickets.  June -July.  11 — Fruit  oval,  purple, -J' 
in  diameter. 

3.  P.  suberosa,  L.  Leaves  smooth,  slightly  fringed  on  the  margins,  5- 
nervcd  at  the  base,  divided  above  the  middle  into  3  ovate  entire  acute  lobes,  the 
middle  lobe  largest ;  petioles  short,  biglandular  above  the  middle;  peduncles 
commonly  by  pairs ;  flowers  greenish ;  petals  none ;  filaments  of  the  crown 
shorter  than  the  s('])als,  purple  at  the  base  ;  fruit  purple.  —  South  Florida. 

4.-  P.  angUStifolia,  Swartz.  Lower  leaves  mo.'^tly  3-lobed,  with  the 
lobes  lanceolate,  obtuse,  and  entire ;  upper  leaves  simple,  lanceolate,  and 
acute;  petioles  .sliort,  biglandular;  flowers  small,  solitary  or  by  pairs,  the  pe- 
duncles short  and   bractless;  petals  none. — South  Florida.  —  Stem  l°-2° 


CUCUKBITACE.E.       (gOURD    FAMILY.)  169 

long.  Leaves  sometimes  entire.  Flowers  4" -6"  wide,  yellowish.  Berry 
jjurple,  as  large  as  a  pea.  Filaments  of  the  crown  in  2  rows.  Stamens  occa- 
sionally 4.     Stipules  subulate. 

5.  P.  pallida,  L.  Leaves  on  short  biglandular  petioles ;  the  lower  ones 
3  lobed,  acute ;  the  upper  ovate  or  oblong,  undivided;  stipules  subulate;  pe- 
duncles commonly  by  pairs,  about  the  length  of  the  petioles ;  flowers  very 
small ;  segments  of  the  crown  few,  filiform,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  South 
Florida. 

6.  P,  multiflora,  L.  Stem  climbing  high;  leaves  velvety-pubescent, 
ovate-obloug,  entire,  short-petioled ;  flowers  small,  in  axillary  clusters ;  invo- 
lucre none.  —  Miami  (Garher),  Umbrella  Key  (Curtiss),  South  Florida. — 
Stem  woody,  climbing  over  the  tallest  trees.     Leaves  2' -3'  long. 

2.     CARICA,  L.     Custard  Apple. 

Flowers  dicecious.  Corolla  of  the  staminate  flower  salver-shaped,  5-lobed. 
Stamens  10,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  Corolla  of  the  pistillate 
flower  5-petalled.  Lobes  of  the  stigma  lacerate.  Fruit  pulpy,  manv-seeded. 
—  Trees,  with  simple  stems,  large  loug-petioled  lobed  leaves,  and  a.xillary 
flowers. 

1.  C.  Papaya,  L.  Trunk  simple,  leafy  at  the  top  (10°- 20°  high); 
leaves  mostly  7-lul)ed,  broadly  sinuate ;  staminate  flowers  panicled ;  pistillate 
flowers  single  or  2  -  3  together,  and  larger.  —  South  Florida.  —  Flowers  yellow. 


Order  64.     CUCURBITACE^E.     (Gourd  Family.) 

Herbs,  witli  succulent  stems,  climbing  by  means  of  lateral  tendrils. 
Leaves  alternate,  palmately  veined  or  lobed.  Flowers  axillary,  monoe- 
cious or  dicecious.  —  Calyx  o-toothed,  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Corolla  of 
5  distinct  or  more  or  less  united  petals,  coherent  with  the  calyx.  Sta- 
mens 3  -  5,  free  or  variously  united.  Anthers  long,  straight  or  tortu- 
ous, commonly  connate.  Ovary  1  -  3-celled.  Stigmas  3.  Fruit  (pepo) 
fleshy  or  pulpy,  1  -  3-celled.  Seeds  compressed,  anatropous,  without 
albumen.     Cotyledons  leafy. 

Synopsis. 

1.  TRIANOSPERMA.     Petals  5,  distinct,  or  united  at  the  base.     Ovary  3-celled.     Fruit  3- 

seeded,  smooth. 

2.  MELOTHRIA.     Petals  5,  united  into  a  campanulate  corolla.     Ovary  3-celled.     Fruit 

many-seeded,  smooth. 

3.  SICTOS.     Petals  5,  united  at  the  base  into  a  rotate  corolla.     Ovary  1-celled.     Fruit  I- 

seeded,  hispid. 

4.  ECHtNOCYSTIS.     Petals  G.     Ovary  2-celled.     Fruit  4-seeded. 

1.  TRIANOSPERMA,   Torr.  &  Gray. 
Flowers  monoecious  or  dicecious.     Calyx  5-toothed.     Petals  5,  distinct,  or 
united  at  the  base.     Stamens  5,  triadelphous :  anthers  tortuous.     Style  mostly 
3-cleft.     Fruit  ovate  or  globose,  smooth,  few-seeded. 


170  CACTACK.E.       (cactus    FAMILY.) 

1.  T.  Boykinii,  Kihmu.  I\<in<^li-])iilicsc('iit;  leaves  l)ri)ailly  cordate,  3-5- 
lobed ;  tlie  hileral  l()l)cs  entire  or  toothed,  tlie  inidtlle  one  ius|ndate ;  sterile 
and  fertile  flowers  intermixed,  3-5  in  a  cluster,  short-pe<licelled ;  Htyles 
united  ;  fruit  3-seeded ;  the  seeds  3-toothed  at  the  hane.  —  Hiver  hanks,  Georgia, 
and  westward.  June -July. — Stems  elongated.  Klower.s  greenish  white. 
Berry  crimson. 

2.    MELOTHRIA,    L. 

Flowers  polygamous  or  mona'cious.  Calyx  of  the  fertile  flower  narrowed 
aliove  the  ovary ;  the  sterile  ones  canipanulate.  Petals  5,  united  into  a  cam- 
])anulate  corolla,  ytamens  5,  triadelphous  :  anthers  tortuous,  connate,  at  length 
separate.  Style  single,  witli  a  cup-shaped  disk  surrounding  its  ba.ve.  Stigmas 
3.     Fruit  oval,  smooth,  many  seeded. 

1.  M.  pendula,  L.  Stem  filiform,  smooth  ;  leaves  rough,  cordate,  with 
3-5  angular-toothed  lobes  ;  sterile  flowers  in  small  racemes ;  the  fertile  .soli- 
tary, on  long  peduncles;  fruit  oval,  blackish,  drooping.  —  Light  soil,  Florida 
to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     May- August.  — Flowers  small,  \ellow. 

3.    SICYOS,  L. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Calyx  flattisli,  witli  5  subulate  or  minute  teeth.  Pet- 
als 5,  united  below  into  a  rotate  corolla.  Stamens  5,  monadelphous  or  tria- 
delphous.  Ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled.  Style  slender.  Stigmas  3.  Fruit 
membranaceous,  bristly,  l-.seeded.  —  Annual  herbs.  Sterile  and  fertile  flowers 
mostly  from  the  same  axil. 

1.  S.  angulatus,  L.  Plant  hairy  and  clammy;  leaves  thin,  cordate, 
with  3-5  acuminate  denticulate  lobes;  sterile  flowers  racemose;  the  fertile 
ones  in  peduucled  clusters,  whitisli.  —  Kiver  banks,  Florida,  and  northward, 
June  -  August. 

4.     ECHINOCYSTIS,    Torr.  &  Gray. 

Flowers  moncecious.  Calyx  6-toothcd.  Petals  6,  united  at  the  base,  spread- 
ing. Stamens  of  the  sterile  flower  3,  2  of  the  anthers  united.  Fertile  flower 
with  a  2-celled  ovary,  and  2  erect  ovules  in  each  cell.  Stigma  broad.  Fruit 
prickly,  at  length  dry  and  bursting  at  the  summit,  fibrous  within.  Seeds 
large,  flat.  —  Climbing  herbs,  with  small  grccnisli  white  flowers,  the  sterile 
numerous  in  long  compound  axillary  racemes,  with  single  or  clustered  fertile 
ones  at  its  base. 

1.  E.  lobata,  Torr.  &  fir.ay.  Aiinual,  smoothi-^h ;  leaves  thin,  acutely 
5-lobed  ;  fruit  oval,  2'  long.  —  Piver  Ijanks,  Tennessee.     July. 


The  common  GorRn  or  Calarash  (Lagenaria  vut.oarts,  f^crinfje), 
originally  from  the  tropics,  is  generally  diffused  over  the  Southern  States,  in 
waste  places  and  around  dwellings. 


Order  O-'i.     CACTACEJE.     (Cactus  Family.) 

Suocitlont,  shrulihy.  and  commonly  leafless  and  prickly  ]ilants,  with 
globular,  or  columnar  and  angular,  or  flattened  and  jointed  stems,  and 


CACTACE^.       (cactus    FAMILY.)  171 

solitary  sessile  flowers.  —  Sepals  and  petals  similar,  imbricated  in  sev- 
eral rows,  and  adherent  to  the  1-celled  ovary.  Stamens  indefinite, 
with  long  filaments,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  petals.  Style  single  : 
stigmas  numerous.  Fruit  baccate.  Seeds  numerous,  campylotropous, 
borne  on  several  parietal  placentae.     Albumen  scanty  or  none. 

1.     CEBEUS,   Haw. 

Sepals  and  petals  united  into  an  elongated  tube  above  the  ovary.  Stamens 
inserted  on  the  tube.  Style  filiform.  Stigma  mauy-lobed.  Seeds  without 
albumen.  —  Stems  elongated,  ribbed  or  angled;  the  angles  bearing  tufts  of 
spines  and  showy  flowers. 

1.  C.  monoclonos,  DC.  Stem  tall,  columnar,  6-8-angled,  green; 
angles  obtuse;  spines  short,  brownish.  —  Key  West.  —  Stem  4°-10°  high. 
Flowers  6'  long,  the  inner  petals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  white ;  the  outer  ones 
linear,  greenish,  and  gradually  diminishing  into  the  scales  of  the  tube.  Stig- 
mas 10  or  more,  filiform,  exserted.     Stamens  included. 

2.  C.  triangularis,  Haw.  Stem  elongated,  jointed,  3-sided,  rooting  at 
the  joints  ;  flowers  greenish  externally,  white  within,  very  large  ;  fruit  large, 
naked.  —  Key  West.  —  Stem  climbing  over  bushes.     Joints  1°  long. 

2.     OPUNTIA,  Tourn.      Prickly  Pear. 

Sepals  and  petals  not  united  into  a  tube.  Stamens  inserted  into  the  base  of 
the  petals.  Style  cylindrical.  Stigma  3- 8-lobed.  Seeds  with  thin  albumen. 
—  Stems  with  flat  or  rarely  cylindrical  joints.  Leaves  fleshy,  with  tufts  of 
bristly  hairs  and  commonly  strong  spines  in  their  axils,  deciduous.  Flowers 
large,  yellow. 

1.  O.  FicUS-Indicus,  Haw.  Stem  erect,  spreading-  joints  oval  and 
obovate;  leaves  subulate,  bristly  in  the  axils,  without  spines;  fruit  bristly,  ob- 
ovate,  red  within,  edible.  —  South  Florida.     May.  —  Joints  1°  long. 

2.  O.  vulgaris,  Mill.  Stem  prostrate ;  joints  obovate,  pale ;  spines  few 
and  sliort ;  fruit  nearly  smooth. — Dry  sandy  soil,  near  the  coast.  June- 
July. 

3.  O.  Rafinesquii,  Engelm.  Stems  spreading ;  joints  obovate  or  round- 
ish, deep  green ;  leaves  large,  spreading ;  spines  stout,  mostly  marginal ; 
flower  buds  acute  ;  petals  10-  12  ;  stigmas  7-8.  —  Kocky  or  sandy  soil,  Ten- 
nessee, and  westward. 

4.  O.  polyantha,  Haw.  Stem  erect;  joints  oblong;  spines  yellow, 
strong,  une(|u;il ;  flowers  numerous  around  the  .summit  of  the  joints  ;  stigmas 
6.  —  Key  West,  and  waste  places  around  Apalachicola,  Florida.     June. 

5.  O.  Pes-Corvi,  Leconte.  Stems  prostrate,  diffuse ;  joints  small  (1'- 3'), 
cylindrical  or  somewhat  flattened,  easily  separable,  spiny;  spines  by  pairs, 
unequal,  elongated  ;  sepals  and  petals  8-12,  cuneate  ;  stigmas  4;  fruit  small, 
fleshy,  bristly,  1-2-seeded.  —  Barren  .sandy  places  along  the  coast,  Florida 
and  Georgia.     May.  —  Stems  1*^-2°  long. 


1~2  FICOIDE.E. 

OuDKK  UG.     FICOIDEyE. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  witli  simple  exstijmlatc  siH'ciilciit  leaves,  poU'peta- 
lous  or  ain'talous  flowers,  capsular  2-several-<.:elle(I  fruit,  with  central 
placenta\an(l  curved  or  annular  embryo  enclosing  mealy  albumen.  — 
A  small  order,  represented  here  by  two  tribes  or  suborders. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe  I.  SESl'VIE^.  Culyx  5-i)arted,  free,  or  nearly  so,  from  the  1-5-celled  ovary. 
Corolla  iiuiie.  Stamens  inserted  on  tlie  calyx.  Cai>Htile  circiuuscisBile.  —  Seaside 
plants,  with  nearly  opposite  leaves,  and  small  axillary  Howers. 

1.  CYPSELK.\.     Sepals  obtuse.     Stamens  2 -3.     Style 'J-parted.     Capsule  1 -celled. 

2.  TR1.\NTHEMA.     Sf  pals  mucronate.     Stamens  5.     Style  entire.     Capsule  1  - 'i-oelled. 

3.  SESUVIUM.    Sepals  mucronate.    Stamens  5  ormore.    Styles  3-5.    Capsule  3- 5-celled. 

Tribe  II.  MOLL.UGINE.iE.  Calyx  5-sepalled.  Corolla  none.  Stamens  hypogy- 
nous.  Capsule  valvate.  —  Prostrate  annual  herbs,  with  whorled  leaves,  and  axillary 
flowers. 

4.  MOLLUGO.     Capsule  3-valved,  3-ceUed.     Sepals  white. 

1.    CYPSELEA,  Turp. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Petal.-J  none.  Stanieus  1-3,  alternate  with  tlie  calyx 
lobes.     Styles  2.     Capsule  circumscissile. 

1.  C.  humiftisa,  Turp.  Small,  aunual,  decumljent,  glabrous,  ])ranchiiig; 
leaves  nearly  <j]»pusite,  ohovate  or  oval,  dotted  (\}/'-2"  long),  tlie  petiole 
dilated  and  with  nienihranous  margins  at  the  base;  stipules  laciuiate  ;  tlowers 
axillary,  small,  greenish.  — South  Florida  (Blodgett). 

2.     TRIANTHEMA,   Sauvages. 

Sepals  3.  Stigmas  1  or  2.  Capsule  1-  or  2-celled,  1-  or  few-seeded.  Oth- 
erwise, Avith  the  characters  and  hal)it  of  Sesuvium. 

1.  T.  monogyna,  L.  Perennial;  stem  dichotomons,  diffuse  (2°-3° 
long) ;  leaves  op])Osite,  obovate,  sul)connate  by  their  dilated  petioles;  flowers 
axillary,  ses.sile,  purple  within  ;  stamens  5  ;  stigma  single;  capsule  1 -celled, 
4-8-seeded.  —  Keys  of  South  Florida  {Garber,  Curtiss). 

3.     SESUVIUM,  L.      Sea  Pirslaxe. 

Sepals  5,  free,  united  at  the  base,  persistent,  colored  within.  Petals  none. 
Stamens  5,  or  numerous,  inserted  on  the  calyx.  Styles  3-5.  Capsule  3  -  5- 
celled,  many-seeded,  circumscissile.  —  Prostrate  and  fleshy  maritime  jdants, 
with  nearly  opposite  and  entire  leaves,  and  axillary  purplish  flowers. 

1.  S.  portulacastrum,  L.  Leaves  lanceolate  and  oblong,  acute,  on 
winged  and  clas])iiig  ])eti(des  ;  flowers  pedicelled  ;  sepals  fleshy,  lanceolate, 
mucronate,  purple  within  ;  stamens  numerous.  —  Sandy  or  muddy  ])laces 
along  the  coast.     May  -  Dec.     ^  —  Stems  diffuse,  creeping. 

2.  S.  pentandrum,  Ell.  Leaves  spatulate-obovate,  obtuse,  on  slightly 
winged  and  clasping  petioles;  flowers  sessile;  .sepals  ovate-lanceolate;  sta- 
mens 5.  —  Muddy  saline  coves,  F^lorida  to  North  Carolina.  May -Nov. 
(T^l  —  Stems  (often  erect)  and  flowers  smaller  than  in  the  preceding. 


UMBELLIFER^.        (PARSLEY    FAMILY.)  173 

4.    MOLLUGO,  L. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  none.  Stamens  5  and  alternate  with  the  sepals,  or  3  and 
alternate  with  tlie  cells  of  the  ovary.  Styles  3,  short.  Capsule  3-valved,  3- 
celled,  many -seeded.  — Prostrate  diffusely-branched  annuals.  Leaves  whorled. 
Flowers  white,  on  slender  a.xillary  peduncles. 

1.  M.  verticillata,  L.  Smooth  ;  leaves  spatulate-lanceolate,  unequal,  in 
wliorls  of  4-  8;  fruiting  peduncles  reflexed;  stamens  3.  —  Cultivated  ground, 
common.     Introduced.     May -August. 


Order  67.     UMBELLIFER^:.     (Parsley  Family.) 

Herbs,  with  chiefly  hollow  and  fm-rowed  stems,  alternate  mostly 
compound  leaves,  with  dilated  or  clasping  petioles,  and  umbelled 
flowers.  Calyx  tube  coherent  with  the  ovary ;  the  limb  5-lobed  or  ob- 
solete. Petals  5,  mostly  incurved,  inserted  with  the  5  stamens  on  the 
edge  of  the  disk  that  crowns  the  ovary.  Styles  2.  Friut  composed 
of  2  indehiscent  carpels  {mericarps),  suspended  from  a  filiform  axis 
{carpophore),  and  cohering  by  their  inner  face  {commissure)  ;  each  fur- 
nished with  5  primary  ribs,  and  often  with  a^  many  secondary  ones ; 
the  intervening  spaces  {intervals)  usually  containing  channels  {vittce), 
which  are  filled  with  aromatic  oil.  Seed  solitary,  suspended.  Em- 
bryo minute,  at  the  base  of  horny  albumen.  —  Umbels  and  partial 
umbels  {umbellets)  commonly  subtended  by  an  involucre  or  involucel. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder  I.  ORTHOSPERME^.  Albumen  of  the  seed  flat  and 
straight  on  the  inner  face,  not  convolute  nor  involute. 

*  Umbels  simple  or  proliferous. 
Teibe  I.      HYDROCOTYLE^.     Fruit    naked,    laterally   compressed,   or    globose. 
Umbels  axillary.     Petals  entire.     Stems   creeping. 

1.  HYDROCOTYLE.     Vitt*  none.     Fruit  compressed.     Leaves  orbicular  or  ovate. 

2.  CRANTZIA.     Vittae  5.     Fruit  globose,  corky.     Leaves  linear. 

Tribe  II.     S  ANICUL.E^.     Fruit  bristly  or  scaly,  globose  or  turbinate.     Umbels  capi- 
tate, cymose. 

3.  SANICULA.    Fruit  bristly,  globose.    Vittae  numerous.    Flowers  polygamous. 

4.  ERYNGIUM.     Fruit  scaly  or  granulate,  turbinate.     Vittse  5.     Flowers  perfect. 

*  «  Umbels  compound  or  perfect. 
Teibe  III.    AMMINEJE.      Fruit  laterally  compressed,  or  nearly  globose.     Carpels 
with  5  equal  linear  ribs,  terete,  or  rounded  on  the  back,  wingless. 

■I-  Flowers  yellow. 

5.  PIMPERNELLA.     Leaves  temately  divided.     Vittae  numerous. 

6.  BUPLEURUM.    Leaves  entire,  perfoliate.    Vittse  mostly  none. 

♦-  -t-  Flowers  white. 

7.  CICUTA.    Fruit  subglobose,     Carpels  with  .'=ingle  vittae  in  the  intervals.    Perennial. 

8.  APIUM.     Fruit  ovate  or  globose.    Carpels  with  single  vittae.    Annuals. 


174  I'MBELLIFER-E.       (I'AKSLKV    I  AMII.V.) 

9.    LEPTOCAULIS.     Fruit  ovate,  tuberculate  or  bristly.     Carpels  witii  single  vittip. 

10.  DISCOl'LEUKA.      Fruit  ovate  or  globose.      Carpels  witli  corky  margins  and  single 

vitta-. 

11.  CRYl'TOT^NIA.     Fruit  oblong.     Carpels  with  single  vittii-  in  the  intervals,  and  under 

the  ribs.     Rays  unequal.     Perennial. 

12.  SIUM.     Fruit  ovate.     Ribs  corky.     Vittse  several  hi  each  interval. 

Tribe  IV.  SESKLINK.ilC.  Fruit  terete,  the  cross  section  circular.  Carpels  5-ribbed 
or  ')-winged,  the  lateral  ribs  on  the  margin. 

13.  TH.\S1*IUM.     Vitta*  single.     Carpels  wiiiged.     Flowers  yellow. 

14.  ZIZI.'V.     Vittw  siugle.     Carpels  wingless,  fruit  compressed. 

15.  LIGUSTICUM.     Vittie   numerous  in  the   intervals,  and  on  the  inner  face.     Carpels 

sharply  ribbed.     Perennial.     Flowers  white. 
IG.    CYNOSCIADIUM.     Vittie  single.     Carpels  with  corky  ribs.     Flowers  white. 

Tribe  V.  ANGKLICE.E  \-  VI.  PEUCEDANE^E.  Fruit  dorsally  compressed, 
wing-margined.  Carpels  o-ribbed  or  5-winged,  the  marginal  ribs  broader  than  the 
dorsal  ones. 

■I-  Margins  of  the  fruit  doubly  winged.     Flowers  white. 

17.  ANGELICA.     Leaves  ternately  compound,  the  leaflets  coarse. 

18.  CONIOSELINUM.     Leaves  pimiately  compound,  the  leaflets  flne. 

•(-  -t-  Margins  of  the  fruit  single-winged.    Intervals  with  single  vittae  (except  the  last),  and 
'2- a  on  the  inner  face  of  the  carpels. 

19.  TIEDEMANNIA.     Leaves  pinnate,  ternate,  or  rush-like.     Flowers  white.  , 

20.  HERACLEUM.     Leaves  large,  ternately  compound.     Flowers  white,  large. 

21.  POLYTiENIA.     Leaves  bipinnate.     Flowers  yellow.     Fruit  margins  corky. 

Tribe  VII.  CUMMINE^  &  VIII.  DAUCINE^E.  Fruit  wingless.  Carpels  5- 
ribbed,  and  with  as  many  secondary  ones.     Vittae  single  mider  the  ribs. 

22.  TREPOCARPUS.     Carpels  naked,  the  4  secondary  ones  prominent,  corky. 

23.  DAUCUS.     Carpels  armed  with  4  rows  of  barbed  prickles. 

SuiiORDER  II.     CAMPYLOSPERMEiE.     Inner  face  of  the  seed  longi- 
tudinally grooved. 
Tribe  IX.     SCANDICINE^   &   X.  SMTRNIE^.     Fruit  laterally  compressed. 

24.  CH.EROPHYLLUM.     Fruit  oblong,  smooth.     Vittse  single.     Umbel  few-rayed. 

25.  OSMORRHIZA.     Fruit  davate,  bristly.     Vittae  none. 

2G.   EULOPHUS.     Fruit  ovate.     Vittae  numerous     Perennial. 

Suborder  III.     Ca:L0SPERME7E.     Inner  face  of  the  seed  incurved  at 
both  ends. 
Tribe  XI.     CORIANDRE.^.    Fruit  globular  or  twin,  wingless. 

27.  ERIGENIA.     Fruit  twin.     Vittae  several  in  the  intervals. 

28.  CORIANDRUM.     Fruit  globular.     Vittae  none. 

1.     HYDROCOTYLE,    Tourn.      Marsh  Pennywort. 

Calyx  teeth  obsolete.  Petals  not  incurved.  Fruit  laterally  compressed, 
orbicular.  Carpels  5-ribbed,  the  dorsal  and  lateral  ones  often  obsolete,  the 
intermediate  ones  enlarged.  Vitt£e  none.  —  Low  marsh  herbs,  with  slender 
creeping  stems,  and  peltate  or  reniform  leaves.  Umbels  small,  axillary. 
Flowers  white. 


UMBELLIFER^,       (PARSLEY    FAMILY.)  175 

1.  H.  Americana,  L.  Smooth;  leaves  orhicular-renifoi-m,  crenately 
7-lobed;  umbels  sessile,  3 -5-flo\vered  ;  fruit  2-ribbed.  —  Mouutaius  of  North 
Carolina.     July.  —  Stems  stoloniferous.     Leaves  very  thin,  glossy. 

2.  H.  umbellata,  L.  Smooth;  leaves  orbicular,  peltate,  obscurely 
lobed,  creuate ;  umbels  globose,  on  peduncles  commonly  longer  tlian  the  peti- 
oles ;  fruit  2-ribbed  on  each  side.  —  Wet  places.     May.  —  Leaves  I'  wide. 

3.  H.  ranunculoides,  L.  Smooth;  leaves  orbicular-reniform,  cre- 
nately 3-. 5-1  ol)ed ;  umbels  few-flowered,  on  peduncles  much  shorter  than  the 
petioles,  mostly  nodding  in  fruit ;  fruit  obscurely  ribbed.  —  Springs  and 
muddy  places.     May- June.  —  Petioles  6'-  12'  long.     Peduncles  V  long. 

4.  H.  interrupta,  Muhl.  Smooth ;  leaves  orbicular,  peltate,  crenate ; 
umbels  proliferous,  the  nearly  sessile  clusters  forming  an  interrupted  spike; 
fruit  strongly  ribbed.  —  Wet  places.  June.  —  Petioles  longer  than  the 
peduncles. 

5.  H.  repanda,  Pers.  Pubescent ;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  truncate  or 
slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  glandular-serrate ;  umbels  capitate,  few-flowered, 
shorter  than  the  petioles ;  fruit  strongly  ribbed.  —  Low  grounds.     July. 

2.     CRANTZIA,    Nutt. 

Calyx  teeth  obsolete.  Petals  roundish.  Fruit  globular.  Carpels  5-ribLed, 
tlie  lateral  ribs  thickened  and  corky.  Vittae  single  in  the  intervals,  with  2  on 
the  commissure.  —  Small  creeping  marsh  herbs,  with  fleshy  linear  leaves,  and 
small  whitish  flowers  in  axillary  umbels. 

1.  C.  lineata,  Nutt.  (Hydrocotyle  lineata,  Michx.)  —  Muddy  banks, 
near  the  coast.  July.  —  Leaves  1'  long,  with  cross  partitions,  narrowed  to- 
wards the  base,  obtuse.     Involucre  5  -  6-leaved. 

3.     SANICULA,  Tourn. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  persistent.  Fruit  globose,  without  ribs,  armed  with 
hooked  prickles ;  the  carpels  not  separating  spontaneously,  each  with  5  vittse. 
—  Perennial  erect  branching  herbs,  with  palmately  divided  long-petioled 
leaves,  and  polygamous  flowers  in  small  heads,  disposed  in  a  loose  expanding 
cyme. 

1.  S.  Marilandica,  L.  Leaves  .5-7-parted,  the  divisions  lobed  and 
toothed  ;  heads  many-flowered  ;  sterile  flowers  numerous  on  slender  pedicels ; 
styles  long,  recurved.  —  Dry  woods.     May.  —  Stem  2"^ -3°  high. 

2.  S.  Canadensis,  L.  Leaves  3-5-parted,  the  divisions  lobed  and 
toothed;  heads  few-flowered ;  the  sterile  flowers  (1-3)  nearly  sessile;  styles 
short  and  straight.  —  Dry  woods,  common.  May.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 
Branches  of  the  cjiae  long  and  .spreading. 

4.    ERYNGIUM,   Tourn.    Button  Snakeroot. 

Calyx  5-lobed.  Styles  long  and  slender.  Fruit  short,  turbinate,  granulate 
or  scaly,  tne  ribs  obsolete.  VittiB  5,  2  dorsal  and  3  on  the  commissure.  — 
Smootn  herbs.     Leaves  often  with  cartilaginous  margins,  and  spiny  serra- 


176  UMBKLLIFIiUJE.       (PARSLEY    FAMILY.) 

tiires,  the  floral  ones  opposite  or  wliorled.     Flowers  blue  or  white,  closely  ses- 
sile ill  ivinose  bractoil  lieads,  the  lower  bracts  empty  and  iiivolucrate. 
♦  Sicms  erect:  heads  in  a  terminal  leafy  cijme. 
t-  /.tares  jiarallel-teined :  sjiinulose-citiate. 

1.  E.  yuccsefolium,  Michx.  (Bitton  Snakekoot.)  Stem  stout,  2°- 
4°  high;  leaves  linear  lanceolate,  l°-2°long,  the  ciliae  single ;  involucre  7-8- 
leavcd,  sliorter  tlian  tlie  ovate  head  ;  bracts  cuspidate,  entire.  —  Woods  and 
margins  of  fields,  in  the  middle  and  upj)er  districts.    July.  — Flowers  wliitish. 

\'ar.  synchsetum,  Gray,  ytem  slender,  l°-2°high;  leaves  narrower, 
the  cili;e  2-3  together.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens  in  the  lower  districts.     July. 

2.  E.  longifolium,  Cav.  Stem  slender,  2° -3°  high;  leaves  linear,  as 
long  as  the  stem,  the  ciliae  few  and  remote ;  heads  long-pediiucled,  globose, 
i'  -i'  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  involucre  ;  bracts  ovate,  cuspidate,  entire.  — 
Manatee,  South  Florida  (Siinpson). 

■*-  •*-   Veins  of  the  leaves  diverging  or  reticulate:   petioles  crossbarred  (except 

No.  9). 

3.  E.  Floridanum,  Coulter  &  Hose.  Stem  mostly  simjjle,  2^^- 3°  high  ; 
lower  leaves  long-petioled,  ovate  or  oblong,  rarely  cordate,  the  floral  ones  3- 
parted,  toothed;  leaves  of  the  involucre  10-13,  1-2-tootlied,  or  entire,  about 
as  long  as  the  ovoid  head ;  bracts  linear-subulate,  entire ;  flowers  blue.  — 
South  Florida. 

4.  E.  virgatum,  Lam,,  Leaves  short,  oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  serrate, 
the  upper  ones  toothed  or  divided  ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  entire,  or  with  2-4 
bristly  teetli,  longer  than  the  head  ;  bracts  3-toothed.    (E.  ovalifolium,  Michx.) 

—  Pine  barren  swamps.     August.  —  Stem  l°-2°  long.     Leaves  2'-3'  long, 
sometimes  cordate.    Flowers  blue. 

Var.  Ludovisianum,  Morong.  Stem  slender,  2^  high,  branching;  lower 
leaves  lanceolatt,  denticulate,  2'  long,  the  upper  linear;  involucre  twice  as 
long  as  the  small  (3" -4"  wide)  globose  head.  —  Louisville,  Georgia  (Hopkins, 
Elliott),  and  westward. 

5.  E.  Ravenelii,  Gray.  Leaves  linear,  elongated,  nearly  terete,  grooved 
on  the  upper  surface,  obscurely  deuticuLite  ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  3-cleft,  as 
long  as  the  head;  bracts  equally  3-cleft,  spine-])ointed,  longer  than  the  mu- 
crouulate  calvTC  lobes.  —  Marshes,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  Sept.  -  Oct.  — 
Stem  U°  -  3°  high.     Flowers  blue. 

6.  E.  Mettaueri,  Wood.  Mostly  taller  (.'?°-6°  high);  radical  loaves 
broadly  linear,  flat,  obscurely  denticulate,  the  petinle  prominently  crossbarred  ; 
stem  leaves  more  strongly  denticulate  ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  mostly  longer 
than  the  head,  pale  or  bluish  above ;  flowers  blue.  —  Fresh  marshes  along  the 
west  coast  of  Florida.    July- August. 

7.  E.  Virginianum,  Lam.  Stem  slender,  l°-2°high;  lowest  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  long-pelioled,  flat,  iucurved-serrate  or  entire,  the  upper  spinu- 
lose ;  involucre  as  long  as  the  head ;  bracts  unequally  toothed,  the  middle 
tooth  as  long  as  the   slender-pointed  calyx  lol)es ;  flowers  pale  blue  or  whitish. 

—  Margius  of  ponds  and  streams.     July- August. 


UMBELLIFER^.        (PARSLEY    FAMILY.)  177 

8.  E.  prsealtum,  Gray.  Leaves  lanceolate,  flat,  veiny,  serrate ;  the  up- 
per ones  linear,  spiay-toothecl ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  2-3  times  as  long  as 
the  head;  bracts  tricuspidate,  barely  as  long  as  the  mature  calyx.  (E.  Yir- 
ginianum,  Ell.)  — Fresh  nuirshes  near  the  coast,  Georgia  to  North  Carolina. 
August.  —  Stem  4° -6°  high.  Lowest  leaves  l°-2°  long  and  2^-3'  wide. 
Flowers  white. 

9.  E.  aromaticum,  Baldw.  Stems  clustered,  prostrate,  very  leafy; 
leaves  spatulate,  pinnately  lobed,  cartilaginous  on  the  margins ;  the  3  upper 
lobes  broad  and  spine-pointed,  the  lower  ones  scattered  and  bristle-like ;  leaves 
of  the  involucre  3-cleft,  longer  tliau  the  globose  head ;  bracts  3-toothed.  —  Dry 
pine  barrens,  East  and  South  Florida.     Sept.  —  Stems  1°  long. 

*  *  Stems  prostrate  or  spreading ,  Jiliform :    heads  small,  on  solitary  axillary 
peduncles :  Jioivers  blue. 

10.  E.  prostratum,  Nutt.  Stems  several,  prostrate,  branching ;  leaves 
thiu  ;  the  earliest  ones  ovate  or  oblong,  sharply  serrate  or  toothed,  loug-peti- 
oled,  the  otliers  3-parted,  with  the  middle  segment  lanceolate  and  commonly 
3-toothed  ;  involucre  longer  or  shorter  than  the  oblong  head ;  bracts  spatulate, 
obtuse,  barely  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Low  sandy  pine  barrens,  Georgia, 
Florida,  and  westward.     Sept.  —  Stems  i°  -  li°  long. 

11.  E.  Baldwinii,  Spreng.  Stems  single,  diffusely  branched  above; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  entire,  or  sparingly  toothed,  long-petioled,  the 
floral  ones  sessile,  3-parted,  with  the  segments  linear  or  filiform  and  entire ; 
involucre  as  long  as  the  hemisplierical  head ;  bracts  subulate,  acute,  twice  as 
long  as  the  calyx.  —  Damp  sandy  soil  along  the  coast,  Georgia,  and  westward. 
July- August.  (2) — Stems  l°- 2°  long.  Leaves  somewhat  fleshy.  Flowers 
verv  small. 

5.    PIMPERNELLA,  L. 

Calyx  teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovoid-oblong,  twin.  C.arpels  5-ribbed,  the  cross 
section  nearly  orbicular.  Vittse  3  in  each  interval,  and  4  on  the  commissure. 
—  Smooth  perennial  herbs,  with  2  -  3-ternately  compound  leaves,  and  yellow 
flowers. 

1.  P.  integerrima,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Stem  slender;  leaflets  oblong- 
ovate,  entire ;  rays  of  the  umbel  long  and  slender ;  involucre  none. 
(Smvrnium  integerrimum,  L.)  —  Rocky  woods,  Mississippi,  and  northward. 
May  -June.  —  Stem  1°-  2°  high. 

6.    BUPLEURUM,   Tourn. 

Calyx  teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  flattened  at  the  sides,  or  twin,  ovate-oblong. 
Carpels  5-ribbe(l,  the  intervals  with  or  without  vittte.  —  Smooth  herbs,  with 
entire  simple  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers. 

1.  B.  rotundifolium,  L.  Leaves  ovate,  perfoliate  ;  umbel  5-rayed  ;  in- 
volucre none  ;  leaves  of  the  involucel  5,  ovate,  mucronate.  —  Waste  ground. 
Sparingly  introduced. 

7.    CICUTA,   L.    Water  Hemlock. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Fruit  roundish.  Carpels  with  .5  flattish  equal  ribs ;  the 
intervals  with  single  vittse,  and  2   on  the  inner  face.  —  Smooth  perennial 

12 


178  UMltKLLIFEK.i:.       (tAKSLKV     FAMILY.) 

marsh  herbs,  with   hollow  stems,  and   twice  jiiuiiately  or  teriiately  divided 
leaves.     Iiivohuels  iiiaiiv-leaved.     Plowers  white. 

1.  C.  maculata,  !>•  stem  larj^e  (.3°-G°  hijjli),  jmrplish ;  leaflets  ovate- 
lanceolate,  aciite,  coarsely  serrate  ;  umbels  large,  many-rayed.  —  Marshes  and 
river  banks.     July.  —  Plant  very  poisonous. 

8.     APIUM,    L. 

Calyx  teeth  .5,  or  obsolete.  Fruit  ovale  or  ol)lonp;,  flattened  on  the  sides, 
the  carjjols  c(pially  5-ribbed.     lutervals  witli  single  vitta;.     Flowers  white. 

1.  H.  nodiflorum,  Koch.  Stems  prostrate  or  creeping;  leaves  pinnate  ; 
leaflets  ovate-lanceolate, serrate  ;  uml)els  short-j)eduiicled, opposite  the  leaves; 
involucre  1-2-leaved  or  none;  invohuel  .'J-6-leaved.  —  Ditches,  etc.  around 
Charleston.     Introduced.     A])ril- June. —  Stems  2°  long. 

2.  H.  leptophyllum,  DC.  .Stem  erect  or  diffuse;  leaves  ternately  or 
bitern;itely  divided,  the  divisions  linear  or  setaceous;  umbels  nearly  se.ssile, 
1-3-rayed;  involucre  and  involucel  none;  fruit  ovate.  —  Ea.st  Florida,  and 
westward.     Introduced.  —  Stem  i°  -  2°  high.     Fruit  very  small. 

9.  LEPTOCAULIS,  Nutt. 

Calyx  teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate,  comj)ressed  on  tlie  sides,  often  rough  or 
bristly.  Carpels  S-ribbed,  the  intervals  witli  single  vittae,  and  2  on  the  face. 
—  Slender  smootli  hei-bs,  with  finely  dissected  leaves,  and  white  flowers. 
Umbels  few-raved.     Involucre  none.     Involucel  few-leaved. 

1.  L.  divarioatUS,  DC.  Annual ;  stem  (6'-  18'  high)  widely  branched  ; 
leaves  2-.3-]iiiniatifid,  with  the  divisions  filiform  ;  uml)el  ,3-4-rayed.  (Sison 
pusillum,  Micli.r.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  April. — 
Fruit  very  small,  roughened  with  minute  scales. 

2.  L.  echinatus,  Nutt.  Leaves,  etc.  as  in  tlie  preceding,  but  the  fruit 
beset  with  rigid  spreading  hooked  bristles.  —  Mol)ik'  (Mohr),  and  westward. 

10.  DISCOPLEURA,  DC. 

Calyx  teeth  subulate,  persistent.  Fruit  ovate  ;  the  carpels  strongly  3-ribbed 
on  the  back,  and  with  two  lateral  ribs  united  with  a  thick  corky  margin. 
Intervals  with  single  vittaj.  —  Smooth  annuals,  growing  in  marshes.  Leaves 
pinnately  dissected,  with  the  filiform  divisions  often  whorled.  Involucre  and 
involucel  conspicuous.     Flowers  white. 

1.  D.  capillacea,  DC.  Umbels  3-IO-r.ayed;  leaves  of  the^ involucre 
mostly  3 -.5  cleft;  fruit  ovate.  (Ammi  capillaceum,  Michx.) — Brackish 
marshes,  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward.  June-July.  —  Stem  l°-2° 
high,  much  branched.     Earliest  leaves  simple,  or  simply  pinnate. 

2.  D.  Nuttallii,  DC.  LTmbels  many-rayed ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  .5-6, 
entire ;  fruit  globose.  —  Low  ground,  Florida,  Georgia,  and  westward.  —  Stem 
2°  -  6°  high. 


UMBELLIFER.E.        (PARSLEY    FAMILY.)  179 

11.     CRYPTOT^NIA,  DC. 

Calyx  teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  obloug,  contracted  at  the  sides.  Carpels 
equally  5-ribbed,  with  very  slender  single  vittte  in  each  interval,  and  one 
under  each  rib.  —  A  smootli  perennial  herb,  with  trifoliolate  leaves  on  long 
petioles.  Leaflets  large,  ovate,  doubly  serrate  and  mostly  lobed.  Rays  of 
the  umbel  few  and  very  unequal.  Involucre  none.  Involacels  filiform. 
Flowers  white. 

1.  C.  Canadensis,  DC.  —  Eich  shady  soil,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts 
July.  — Stem  2°  high. 

12.     SIUM,  L. 

Calyx  teeth  small  or  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate  or  globular,  flattened  at  the 
sides ;  the  carpels  with  5  equal  corky  ribs.  Intervals  usually  with  several 
vittffi.  —  Marsh  or  aquatic  perennial  lierbs.  Leaves  pinnate;  the  immersed 
ones  dissected  into  numerous  capillary  divisions.  Involucre  several-leaved. 
Flowers  white. 

1.  S.  lineare,  Michx.  Leaflets  varying  from  linear  to  oblong,  finely  and 
sharply  serrate  ;  calyx  teeth  minute  ,  fruit  globular,  strongly  ribbed.  —  Along 
streams,  commonly  in  water.  West  Florida  and  North  Carolina.  Rare. 
July.  —  Stem  2°  high. 

13.    THASPIUM,  Nutt. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Fruit  ovoid  or  oblong,  nearly  terete,  the  carpels  .5-winged. 
Vittffi  single  in  the  intervals  and  two  on  the  commissure.  —  Perennial  herbs, 
with  1  -  3-ternately  divided  leaves,  or  the  lower  ones  entire,  and  yellow 
(rarely  purple)  flowers.     Involucre  none.     Fruit  all  pedicellate. 

1.  T.  aureum,  Nutt.  Glabrous;  stem  sparingly  branched,  1°- 3°  high  ; 
radical  leaves  simple,  cordate ;  stem  leaves  ternate,  the  leaflets  oblong-lanceo- 
late, sharply  serrate ;  flowers  yellow  or  (in  var.  atropurpureum,  C  ^  R.)  dark 
purple;  fruit  ovoid,  2"  long,  the  ribs  winged.  —  Dry  open  woods.  May- 
July. 

2.  T.  barbinode,  Nutt.  Stem  2° -3°  high,  widely  branching,  pubescent 
at  the  joints;  leaves  mostly  2- 3-ternate,  the  leaflets  thin,  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  coarsely  seri-ate  and  often  lobed  ;  flowers  yellow ;  fruit  elliptical, 
3"  long,  with  three  of  the  ribs  more  narrowly  winged.  —  Woods  and  rocky 
hanks,  chiefly  in  the  up])er  districts.     May  to  July. 

Var.  pinnatifidum,  C.  &  R.  More  or  less  pubescent ;  leaflets  small 
(i' long),  coarsely  toothed;  fruit  smaller,  puberulent.  —  Rocky  banks  of  the 
Chipola  River,  West  Florida.     June. 

3.  T.  pinnatifidum,  Gray.  Branches  and  umbels  roughish-puberulent ; 
leaves  1  -  3-ternate  ;  leaflets  1  -  2-pinnatifid,  the  lobes  linear  or  oblong  ;  fruit 
oblong,  narrowly  10-winged,  2"  long,  the  intervals  minutely  scabrous. — 
Mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee.  — Stem  2° -3°  high. 

14.     ZIZIA,  Koch. 
Habit  and  most  of  the  characters  of  Thaspium,  but  the  fruit  laterally  com- 
pressed, wingless,  and  the  central  one  of  each  umbellet  sessile.     Flowers 
yellow. 


180  UMBKLLIFER^-.       (I'AKSLKY    FAMILY.) 

1.  Z.  aurea,  Koch.  Olalmms,  20-3°  IiIkIi  I  leaves  1-3-ternate,  tlie 
lowest  Idiifjiictiuled  ;  lealletM  ovate  or  ovate-laiiceuliite,  .sharply  serrate  ;  ravs 
stout,  l.")-2.'»;  fruit  oljong,  2"  long. —  W'orxls  ami  low  ground.  Mav- 
July. 

Var.  Bebbii,  (".  &  H.  More  slender;  leaflets  coarsely  serrate;  rays 
fewer;  fruit  .smaller,  oval.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Georgia. 

2.  Z.  COrdata,  DC.  Stem  2°-.3°  higli  ;  lowest  leaves  simple,  cordate, 
creiiatc,  tlie  upper  ternate,  siiarply  serrate,  lanceolate  ;  fruit  ovate,  1  ^"  long.  — 
Copses  and  open  woods.     May  -  June. 

15.    LIGUSTICUM,  L.    Nondo. 

Calyx  teeth  minute  or  obsolete.  Fruit  elliptical,  nearly  terete.  Carpels 
with  5  acute  e(iual  and  somewliat  winged  rihs.  Vittre  numerous.  Involucre 
short,  2-6-lcaved.  —  rereiniial  herl)s.  Leaves  1 -3-teriiately  divided.  Flow- 
ers wliite. 

1.  L.  actseifolium,  Michx.  Stem  tall  (3°-6°),  smooth,  branched; 
leaves  S-ternatoly  (li\  idcd  ;  leaflets  ovate,  toothed;  umbels  very  nuuu-rons, 
panicled  ;  fruit  ovatc-oblong,  tlie  ril)s  wing-like  ;  vitta;  3  in  each  interval,  and 
6  on  the  commissure.  —  Kich  soil,  in  the  upi)er  di.stricts.  July -August. — 
Root  large,  aromatic. 

16.     CYNOSCIADIUM,  DC 

Calvx  teeth  subulate.  Fruit  ovate,  terete.  Carpels  with  5  obtuse  ribs, 
the  two  lateral  ribs  united  with  the  thick  corky  margin.  Intervals  with  single 
vittae.  —  Smooth  annuals,  witli  finely  divided  leaves,  and  very  small  white 
flowers.     Leaves  of  the  involucre  few  or  none. 

1-  C.  pinnatum,  I^C.  Leaves  pinnately  divided  into  few  long  linear 
segments;  jjetals  roundish,  obtuse;  fruit  ovate-oblong,  the  ribs  not  promi- 
nent. —  Alabama  {Prof.  E.  A.  Smith),  and  westward.  August.  —  Stem 
6'  -  12'  high.     Lowest  leaves  often  entire. 

2.  C.  digitatum,  DC.  Leaves  palmately  3 - 5-parted,  segments  linear; 
calyx  teeth  prominent;  fruit  contracted  at  the  top,  .strongly  riJjljed.  —  Ala- 
bama, and  westward.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 

17.     ANGELICA,  L. 

Calyx  teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  fl.attened.  Carpels  5-ribbed,  the  2  lateral  ribs 
dilated  into  wings.  Vitta;  1-6  in  each  interval,  and  2-10  on  the  commis- 
sure.—  Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  with  compound    leaves,  no   involucre,  and 

white  flowers. 

*   Vittfv  single  in  each  interval. 

1.  A.  Curtisii,  Buckley.  Stem  smooth  ;  leaves  tw-ice  ternate,  or  the 
divisions  quinate ;  leaflets  thin,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  often  slightly  cor- 
date, sharply  toothed ;  fruit  broadly  winged ;  commissure  with  2  vittse.  — 
High  mountains  of  North  Carolina.  August.  —  Stem  3°  high.  Petioles 
large  and  sheathing. 


UMBELLIFER^.       (PARSLEY    FAMILY.)  181 

*  *  VittcE  3-6  in  each  interval, 

2.  A.  hirsuta,  Ton.  &  Gray.  Upper  part  of  the  stem  and  umbels  softly 
pubesceut ;  leaflets  oblong-ovate,  sharply  serrate ;  fruit  pubescent.  —  Dry 
hills,  Florida  to  Tennessee,  and  northward.     July.  —  Stem  2°  -3°  high. 

3.  A.  deutata,  Chapm.  Stem  slender,  smooth ;  umbels  slightly  pubes- 
cent;  leaflets  lanceolate,  strongly  veined,  coarsely  toothed;  fruit  smooth. — 
Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida.  Sept.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high,  branching  above; 
teeth  of  the  small  (^')  leaflets  spreading. 

18.    CONIOSELINUM,  Fischer. 

Calyx  teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oval.  Carpels  somewliat  flattened  on  the 
back,  5-winged,  with  the  lateral  wings  twice  as  broad  as  the  dorsal  ones.  Vittae 
2-3  in  each  interval,  and  4  -  8  on  the  commissure.  —  Smooth  herbs.  Leaves 
thin,  finely  2  -  3pinnately  compound.  Involucre  none.  Involucels  subulate. 
Flowers  white. 

1.  C.  Canadense,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Leaflets  pinnatifid,  with  linear-ob- 
long lobes,  the  petioles  inflated ;  rays  of  the  umbel  slender ;  fruit  broadly 
oval.  — High  mountains  of  North  Carolina.     August.  —  Stem  3° -5°  high. 

19.    TIEDEMANNIA,  DC. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Fruit  oval  or  obovate,  flattened  on  the  back.  Carpels 
with  5  slender  obtuse  ribs,  winged  on  the  margins.  Intervals  with  single 
vittse,  and  2  -  6  on  the  commissure.  —  Smooth  herbs,  from  tuber-bearing  roots, 
and  white  flowers.  Involucre  few-leaved  or  none.  Involucel  few-  or  many- 
leaved. 

1.  T.  rigida,  C.  &  R.  Leaves  pinnate  ;  the  leaflets  (3-9)  varying  from 
linear  to  oblong,  variously  toothed  or  entire.  —  Swamps.  August  -  Sept. 
—  Stem  2°  -  5°  high. 

2.  T.  ternata,  C.  &  R.  Leaves  ternate,  with  the  leaflets  linear,  entire 
and  strongly  nerved  ;  tiie  lowest  ones  on  very  long  petioles.  —  Low  or  swampy 
pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North.  Carolina.  Nov. —  Stem  slender,  2°  high. 
Petioles  of  the  lower  leaves  1°  or  more  long. 

3.  T.  teretifolia,  DC.  Leaves  reduced  to  rush-like  petioles,  the  lowest 
equitant ;  involucre  and  involucel  each  5  -  6-leaved.  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  in 
the  lower  districts.     August  -  Sept.     Stem  2°  -  4°  high. 

20.    HERACLEUM,  L. 

Calyx  teeth  minute.  Fruit  oval,  flat.  Carpels  with  the  2  lateral  ribs  dis- 
tant from  the  3  dorsal  ones,  and  near  the  dilated  margins.  Vittae  shorter 
than  the  carpels,  single  in  the  intervals,  and  usually  2  on  the  commissure.  — 
Stotit  perennial  herbs,  with  pinnately  or  ternately  divided  or  lobed  leaves  on 
inflated  petioles,  and  white  flowers.  Involucre  few-leaved.  Involucel  many- 
leaved.     Marginal  flowers  commonly  larger  and  radiant. 

1.  H.  lanatum,  Michx.  Villous;  leaves  very  large,  ternate;  leaflets 
broadly  cordate,  deeply  lobed,  hoary  beneath.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina. 
June. —  Stem  4°-  8°  high,  strongly  furrowed. 


182  UMBELLIFEU.E.       (PARSI.KV    KAMn.V.) 

21.    POLYT^NIA,  l»('. 
Calyx  5-11)111110(1.     Fruit  oval,  i()iii])r«'ss<il,  ilic  iiiar^ijiiis  tliickened;  carpels 
ohsi'iirt'ly  rildifd,  with  two  vitta;  in  the  iiitcr\als,  and  six  on  the  t'oininissurt'. 
—  AsniDDih  Ipitimial  '.  herb,  with  j)iiiuately  divideil  leaves,  and  yelhjw  Howers. 

1.  P.  Nuttallii,  DC.  Stem  ereet  from  a  tliitk  tap-root,  l°-3°  hif,'h  ; 
loaves  :2  -  .'3-))iiinate,  witii  coarse  toothed  lolies,  the  upper  opposite,  3-parted  ; 
inviilucri'  none;  iuviilncels  liristiv.  —  Al.-ihania,  Tenncs.see,  and  ucst«ard- 
April. 

22.    TREPOCARPUS,  Nutt. 

Calyx  teeth  suljulate,  deciduous.  Fruit  lincarolilong,  acute,  nearly  terete, 
8-augled ;  carpels  4  ribbed,  each  rib  covering  a  single  vitta.  Commissure 
spougy,  grooved  in  tiie  middle,  witli  two  minute  vittaj  next  the  seed.  —  A 
smooth  annual,  with  3-pinuately  tinely  dissected  leaves,  and  S-.O-rayed  long- 
l)eilunclcd  unil)els. 

1.  T.  JEthusa,  Nutt.  —  Low  lianks  near  Mobile  (Mohr).  —  Stem  2°  high. 
I'ediuicles  longer  tlian  tlie  leaves.     Flowers  white. 

23.  DAUCXJS,  Touru.    Carrot. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  irregular.  Fruit  ovate  or  oblong.  Carpels  with 
3  jiriinary  inconspicuous  ribs,  ciliate  on  the  back,  and  one  at  each  margin 
witliin,  and  4  secondary  wings  divided  into  barbed  prickles,  with  a  single 
vitta  under  each,  and  2  on  the  inner  face.  —  Annual  or  biennial  lierbs,  witli 
2-3pinuately  finely  divided  leaves,  many-leaved  involucres  and  involucels, 
and  white  or  yellowish  flowers.    Fruiting  umbels  concave  at  the  top. 

1.  D.  Carota,  L.  Stem  2°-4°  high,  hirsute;  fruit  oldong;  wings  of 
the  carpels  divided  to  the  base  into  12  or  more  bristly  prickles.  —  Waste 
places.     Iiii  rod  need. 

2.  D.  pusilla,  Michx.  Stem  ^''-2=  high,  bri.^tly ;  frnit  oblong-ovate; 
wings  of  the  carpels  deeply  parted  into  6-8  flattened  prickles;  umbel  I' -2' 
wide.  —  Sandy  old  fields.     May  -  June. 

24.  CHJEROPHYLLUM,  L. 

Calyx  teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oblong  or  linear,  tapering  at  the  apex,  con- 
tracte<l  at  the  sides.  Carpels  (loo])ly  furrowed  on  the  commissure,  witli  .5 
obtuse  equal  ribs.  Intervals  with  single  vittaj,  —  Herbs,  with  compound 
finely  dissected  leaves,  and  white  liowers.  Involucre  few-leaved  or  none.  In- 
volucel  many-leaved. 

1.  C.  procumbens,  Lam.  Stem  weak,  .slightly  pubescent ;  leaves  ter- 
nately  divided;  the  divisions  bipiunatifid,  with  oblong  obtuse  lolies;  umbel 
sessile,  of  2-3  long  rays;  involucel  4-.5-leaved,  few-flowered;  fruit  oblong, 
abruptly  pointed,  finely  ribbed.  —  Shady  river  banks.  April -May.  (l)  or 
(2)  —  Stems  C -  1 8'  long. 

2.  C.  Teinturieri,  Hook.  &  Arn.  More  pubescent ;  lobes  of  the  leaves 
narrower  and  aculo  ;  fruit  oblong-linear,  more  strongly  ribbed  and  tajieriiig 
at  the  apex;  otherwi.se  like  the  last.  —  Banks  of  the  Apalacliicola  Kiver, 
Florida,  and  westward.     March  -  Ajiril.  —  Stem  erect,  1°  higli. 


ARALIACE.E.       (gINSENG    FAMILY.)  183 

25.     OSMORRHIZA,  Raf. 
Calyx  teeth  obsolete.    Fruit  clavate,  angled.     Carpels  with  bristly  ribs, 
furrowed  on  the  commissure.     Vittae  none.  —  Perennial  herbs  with  aromatic 
roots.    Leaves  2-ternate,  with  the  leaflets  ovate,  toothed  or  serrate.    Umbels 
opposite  the  leaves.     Involucre  and  iuvolucel  2  -  5-leaved.     Flowers  white. 

1.  O.  brevistylis,  DC.  Styles  very  short,  conical;  fruit  somewhat 
tapering  at  the  apex.  -^  Mountains  of  North  Carolina  ;uid  northward.  June. 
—  riant  hairy,  1°-1^°  high.     Leaflets  thin,  acuminate,  pinuatitid. 

2.  O.  longistylis,  DC.  Stem  1°  high,  from  a  sweet  anise-scented  root; 
leaves  mostly  3,  the  leaflets  thin,  ovate,  lubed  and  toothed,  the  lowest  long- 
petioled  ;  umbel  and  its  3  rays  long  and  slender ;  styles  nearly  as  long  as  the 
ovary  ;  fruit  mostly  curved.  —  Shaded  river  banks.  North  Georgia,  and  north- 
ward.    April. 

26.    EULOPHUS,   Nutt. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Fruit  ovate,  laterally  contracted,  indistinctly  ribbed. 
VittiE  large,  numerous, Mith  4  on  the  concave  face.  — A  tall  (3° -4°)  glabrous 
perennial,  with  biternately  divided  leave-s,  and  long-stalked  many-rayed  um- 
bels of  white  flowers.     Involucre  1-2-leaved.     Involucel  many-leaved. 

1.  E.  Americanus,  Nutt.  —  Tennessee,  and  westward. 

27.  ERIGEWIA,  Nutt. 
Calyx  teeth  obsolete.  Petals  obovate.  Fruit  didymous,  the  carpels  kidney- 
shaped,  incurved  at  each  end,  with  5  slender  ribs ;  intervals  with  several 
vitta3.  —  A  low  (6'- 10'  high)  smooth  herb  from  a  deep  round  tuber;  the 
simple  stem  bearing  2  -  3-ternately  finely  dissected  leaves,  and  a  small  leafy- 
bracted  compound  umbel  of  white  flowers. 

1.  E.  bulbosa,  Nutt.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  and  Tennessee.     April. 

28.    CORIANDRUM,   Hoff.     Coriander. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Fruit  gioljose,  10-ribbed,  the  primary  ribs  inconspicuous, 
flexuous,  without  vittae.  —  Chiefly  annual  herbs,  with  bipinnately  divided 
leaves  and  white  flowers. 

1.  C.  sativum,  L.  Glabrous,  2°  high ;  divisions  of  the  leaves  linear; 
umbel  spreading.  —  Waste  ground.     Introduced. 


Order  68.     ARALIACEiE.     (Gixsexg  Family.) 

Umbellifei'ous  herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  nearly  as  in  the  last  order ; 
but  the  flowers  (chiefly  polygamous)  with  flat  and  .spreading  petals, 
the  .styles  and  carpels  of  the  baccate  fruit  usually  more  than  two, 
and  tlie  embryo  at  the  apex  of  copious  fleshy  albumen. 

1.    ARALIA,   L.    Sarsaparilla. 
Calyx  teeth  5,  or  none.     Petals,  stamens,  and  spreading  styles  5.     Berry 
drupaceous,  5-lobed,  .5-celled.  —  Herbs  or  shrul)s.     Leaves  compound.    Umbels 
corymbed  or  panicled.     Flowers  whitish.     Berry  black. 


184  CORNACEiE.      (dogwood    FAMILY.) 

•  Steins  herbact'ons. 

1.  A.  racemosa,  L.  (Si'ikknakd.)  Stfin«ino<>tli,  leafy,  widely  braudied; 
leaves  tt-niatily  di'ioinpniiiKl  ;  leaMets  largo,  ln-nadly  cordate,  d<<ul>ly  serrate; 
QiuWelri  very  iiuiiieruus,  pauicled.  —  Kieii  woods  aluug  tlie  uiuuntaiiis.  .July. 
—  Hoot  thick,  aromatic.     Stem  .'J'-'-5'^  '''J?''* 

2.  A.  hispida,  Miiiix.  Stem  leafy,  somewhat  8hrubl)y  at  the  ha«e, 
bristly;  leaves  bijjiuiiately  comitoiiiui ;  leaHets  lanceohite  ovate,  tiharply  ser- 
rate ;  umbels  in  uaked  pedumled  coryml)s.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina. 
June -.Inly.  —  Stem  1°  -  2'^  high. 

3.  A.  nudicaulis,  L.  stem  naked,  short,  hearing  3  long  pedum  Icil  um- 
bels at  tlie  ape.x  ;  leaf  solitary,  radical,  long-petioled,  ternately  divided,  the 
divisions  (piinate  ;  U^aflets  ohlong-ovate,  acuminate,  serrate.  —  Mountains  of 
North  Carolina,  and  northward.  May. —  Koot  long  and  slender,  aromatic. 
Stem  1°  high,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

*  #  Stems  woody. 

4.  A.  spinosa,  L.  (Herclles's  Club.)  Stem  simple,  prickly  ;  leaves 
very  large,  crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  bipinnately  compound ; 
leaflets  tiiick,  ovate,  crenate,  glaucous  beneath ;  umbels  in  very  large  hoary 
panicles.  —  Swamps.     July  -  August.  —  Stem  10°-  15°  high. 

2.     PANAX,  L.     Ginseng. 

Calyx  minutely  .5-toothed.  Petals  and  stamens  .5.  Styles  2-3.  Berry 
fleshy,  drupaceou.s,  2-.3-lohed,  2-3-celled.  —  Low  herbs,  with  naked  stems, 
bearing  at  the  summit  a  single  long-peduncled  umbel  of  greenish  flowers, 
surrounded  l)y  a  whorl  of  three  3  -  7-foliolate  leaves.     Berry  red  or  greenish. 

1.  P.  quinquefolium,  L.  Root  fusiform  ;  leaflets  .5  -  7,  oblong-obovate, 
serrate,  stalked  ;  styles  2,  berrv  crimson.  —  Kich  woods  along  the  mountains, 
Georgia,  and  northward.     July.  —  Stem  1°  high.     Leaflets  2' -3'  long. 

2.  P.  trifolium,  L.  Root  globose ;  leaflets  3-5,  lanceolate,  serrate, 
sessile  ;  styles  3  ;  berry  greenish.  —  With  the  last.  —  Plant  4'-  6'  high. 


Ordp:r  69.     CORXACE^E.     (Dogwood  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple,  entire  or  rarely  toothed  ex.stipulate 
leaves,  and  perfect  or  polygamous  flowers.  —  Calyx  coherent  with  the 
1-2-celled  ovary,  4 -5-toothed.  Petals  4-5,  valvate  in  the  bud, 
sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  4-10,  inserted  into  the  margin  of  the 
disk  that  crowns  the  ovary.  Ovules  solitary,  anatropous.  pendulous. 
Fruit  a  berry-like  1-2-celled,  l-2-seede(l  drupe.  Embryo  nearly 
as  long  as  the  fleshy  albumen.     Cotyledons  large  and  foliaceous. 

1.     CORNUS,   Tourn.     Docwooo,  Cornel. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  4-toothed.  Petals  and  stamens  4.  Stigma  capi- 
tate.    Drupe  2celled,  2-seeded.  —  Shrubs  or  low  trees.     Leaves  and  branches 


CORNACE^.       (dogwood    FAMILY.)  185 

Opposite  (except  No.  1).     Flowers  in  naked  spreading  cymes,  or  capitate,  and 
subtended  by  a  colored  involucre. 

*  Flowers  white,  in  a  loose  open  cyme:    involucre  none. 
I.e.  alternifolia,  L'Herit.    Leaves  oval,  abruptly  acute  at  each  end, 
pale  aud  pubescent   beneath,  long-petioled,  and,  like   the   greenish   striped 
branches,   alternate ;   drupes   deep  blue.  —  Banks  of   streams,  Florida,  aud 
northward.     May.  —  A  widely  branching  shrub,  or  small  tree. 

2.  C.  Stricta,  Lam.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  abruptly  acute  or  acu- 
minate, smooth,  whitish  beneath ;  cymes  flat  or  depressed  at  the  summit ; 
drupes  and  anthers  pale  blue.  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  west- 
ward.    April.  —  A  shrift)  or  small  tree.     Branches  brown. 

3.  C.  paniculata,  L'Herit.  Leaves  smooth,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
paler  beneath ;  cymes  convex  at  the  summit,  somewhat  pauicled,  loose-flow- 
ered; drupes  white,  depressed-globose. — North  Carolina,  and  northward. 
May- June.  —  Shrub  4° -  8^  high.     Branches  gray. 

4.  C  sericea,  L.  Leaves  ovate  or  elliptical,  smooth  above,  the  lower 
surface,  like  the  purplish  branches  and  close  depressed  cyme,  silky-pubescent; 
drupes  pale  blue.  —  Low  woods.     May.  —  Shrub  6°  -  1 0°  high. 

5.  C.  asperifolia,  Michx.  Leaves  short-petioled,  lanceolate-ovate  or  ob- 
long, acute,  very  rough  on  both  sides,  as  well  as  the  branchlets  aud  flat  cymes ; 
drupes  pale  blue.  —  Dry  woods,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward. 
June.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree.     Branches  slender  and  sometimes  warty. 

6.  C.  Stolonifera,  Michx.  Stem  erect  or  declining,  with  reddish  purple 
shoots  ;  leaves  ovate,  abruptly  acuminate,  closely  pubescent,  whitish  beneath  ; 
cymes  small,  dense,  smooth ;  drupes  white.  —  Swamps  and  wet  hanks,  Ten- 
nessee, and  northward.     May. 

*  *  Flowers  capitate,  subtended  by  a  white  4-leaved  involucre. 

7.  C.  florida,  L.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  ovate,  at  length  smooth  on 
both  sides ;  flowers  greenish ;  drupes  ovoid,  red.  —  Oak  woods,  common. 
May.  —  A  small  tree.  Wood  hard  and  close-grained.  Leaves  of  the  involucre 
emarginate  and  thickened  at  the  summit,  showy. 

2.     NYSSA,  L.     Sour  Gum. 

Flowers  dicecio-polygamous.  Sterile  flowers  in  many-flowered  heads  or 
cymes.  Calyx  .5-parted.  Stamens  5-10.  Petals  and  pistil  none.  Fertile 
flowers  single  or  few  in  a  head.  Calyx  limb  5-toothed  or  obsolete.  Petals  .5, 
minute,  or  wanting.  Stamens  5-10,  mostly  sterile.  Style  long,  revolute. 
Stigma  decurrent.  Ovary  1-celled.  Drupe  1-seeded.  —  Trees  or  shrubs. 
Leaves  alternate,  entire  or  rarely  toothed,  finely  reticulated.  Flowers  small, 
greenish,  on  axillary  or  lateral  peduncles. 

*  Sterile  flmvers  in  loose  clusters. 
1.  N.  sylvatica,  Marsh.     Leaves  oval  or  obovate,  mostly  acute,  tomen- 
tose  when  young,  at  length  shining  above  ;   fertile  peduncles  long  and  slen- 
der, 3-8-flowered  ;  drupes  ovoid,  dark  blue.  —  Rich  upland  woods,  Florida  to 


186  C.VI'KIFOLIACE.K.        (HOXEYSLXKLE    FAMILY.) 

Missi8si|)]>i,  ami  nuitliward.  May.  —  A  trco  30°-50'  '"'g''.  witli  widely 
spreadiiij;  luaiK'lie.-*.  Leaves  ratlier  thick,  dark  green,  2-5' lung.  Fertile 
peduncles  H'-3'  long.     Drupe  y  long. 

2.  N.  Caroliniana,  Poir.  Branches,  leaves,  etc.  tonientose  when  young, 
at  lenglli  nearly  .<niuoih ;  leaves  short-pelioled,  varying  from  lanceolate  to 
orbicular,  obtuse,  sometimes  slightly  cordate ;  peduudes  short,  the  fertile  ones 
1  -2-Ho\vered  ;  drupes  oval,  blue.  —  Ponds  and  swamps,  in  the  lower  districts. 
April -May.  —  A  large  tree,  or  in  pine-barren  swamps  sometimes  a  mere 
shrub.  Leaves  l'-2'  long.  Peduncles  ^'-I'long.  Drupe  smaller  than  in 
the  last. 

3.  N.  uniflora,  Walt.  Leaves  large,  l<>ng-J)etiolet^  ovate  or  oblong,  acute, 
entire  ur  shari)ly  toothed,  tomeutose  beneath,  the  lower  ones  often  cordate; 
fertile  peduncles  elongated,  1-flowered;  drupes  ovate-olilong,  dark  blue. — 
Dee])  swamps  and  ponds,  middle  and  lower  districts.  April.  — A  large  tree. 
Leaves  4' -6'  long.     Drupe  8" -12"  long. 

*  »  Sterile  /lowers  capitate. 

4.  N.  capitata,  Walt.  (Ogeechee  Lime.)  Leaves  large,  short-petioled, 
oblong,  oval,  or  obovate,  mucronate  or  acute,  toraentose  beneath ;  flowers 
below  the  leaves,  the  fertile  ones  perfect,  solitary,  on  very  short  peduncles ; 
drupe  oblong,  red.  —  Swamps,  Florida  and  Georgia,  near  the  coast,  and 
westward.  —  A  small  tree.  Leaves  3' -5'  long.  Drupe  1'  long,  agreeably 
acid. 


DiviJ^iON  IL    IMONOPETALOUS  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Floral  envelopes  double,  consistin^u  of  both  calyx  and 
corolla ;  the  latter  of  more  or  less  united  petals. 

Order  70.     CAPKIFOLIACE^.      (Honeysuckle   Family.) 

Chiefly  trees  or  slirub.s,  with  opi)osite  leaves,  and  no  stipules.  Calyx 
tube  adherent  to  tlie  ovary,  the  limb  4-5-toothed  or  lobed.  Corolla 
tubular  or  rotate,  4-5-lobed.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the 
corolla,  and  alternate  with  them,  inserted  on  its  tube.  Ovary  2-5- 
celled,  with  1-many  pendulous  ovules  in  each  cell.  Fruit  mostly 
baccate  or  drupaceous.  Seeds  anatropous.  Embryo  smaU,  in  the 
axis  of  fleshy  albumen. 

Synopsis. 
*  Corolla  tubular.     Style  slender.     Stifrma  capitate. 

1.  SYMPHORICARPUS.     Corolla  camiianulate.     Berry  4-celled,  '-'-seeded.     Erect  shrubs. 

2.  DIERVILLA.     Corolla  funnel-shaped.     Capsule  2-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded.     Erect 

shrubs. 

3.  LONICERA.     Corolla  tubular.     Berry  1  - 3-celled.     Chiefly  woody  vines. 

4.  TRIOSTEUM.     Corolla  tubular.     Drupe  bony,  3  - 5-seeded.     Herbs. 


CAPRIFOLIACE^.       (HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY.)  187 

*  *  Corolla  rotate.     Stigmas  3-5,  sessile.     Flowers  in  cymes. 

5.  SAMBUCUS.     Leaves  pimiate.     Berry  3-5-seeded. 

6.  VIBURNUM.     Leaves  simple.     Drupe  1-seeded. 

1.     SYMPHOmCAilPUS,  Bill.    Sxowberry. 

Calvx  tube  globose,  the  limb  4  -  5-toothed,  persistent.  Corolla  campanu- 
late,  uearly  regular,  4  -  5-lobed.  Stamens  4-5,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the 
corolla.  Ovary  4-celled,  2  of  the  cells  with  several  abortive  ovules,  the  other 
two  with  a  single  suspended  fertile  ovule  in  each.  Berry  4-celled,  2-seeded. 
Seeds  bony. — Erect  shrubs  with  entire  leaves,  and  white  or  reddish  flowers 
in  axillary  spikes  or  clusters. 

1.  S.  vulgaris,  Michx.  Leaves  oval,  downy  beneath;  flowers  in  small 
axillary  clu.sters ;  corolla  smoothish  within  ;  berries  red.  —  Dry  soil  among 
the  mountains,  Georgia,  and  northward.     July  -  Sept.  —  Shrub  2"^  -  3°  high. 

2.     DIERVILLA,  Touru. 

Calyx  oblong  or  cylindrical,  narrowed  above,  with  5  subulate  teeth.  Corolla 
funnel-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5.  Capsule  2-celled,  septicidally  2-valved, 
many-seeded.  —  Low  shrubs,  with  ovate  or  oblong  acuminate  serrate  decidu- 
ous leaves,  and  axillary  and  terminal  cymose  flowers. 

1.  D.  triflda,  Moench.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  distinctly  petioled, 
pubescent,  especially  on  the  veins  above ;  peduncles  mo.stly  3-flowered ;  cap- 
sule ovoid-oblong,  narrowed  into  a  neck  above.  —  Mountains  of  North  Caro- 
lina.    June. — Stem  2° -4°  high.     Flowers  greenish  yellow. 

2.  D.  sessilifolia,  Buckley.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  clo.sely  sessile  and 
somewliat  clasping;  peduncles  many-flowered;  capsule  cylindrical-oblong, 
narrowed  into  a  short  neck  above.  —  Mountains,  Alabama  to  North  Carolina. 
—  Leaves  and  capsule  larger  than  in  the  last  species. 

3.     LONICERA,  L.     Woodbine,  Honeysuckle. 

Caly^i  ovoid,  5-toothed.  Corolla  tubular,  5-cleft,  often  bilabiate,  and  gib- 
bous near  the  base.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  2-3-celled,  with  several  ovules  in 
each  cell.  Berry  1 -3-celled,  several-seeded.  Seeds  bony. — Erect  or  twin- 
ing shrubs,  with  entire,  often  connate  leaves.  Flowers  by  pairs  or  in  spiked 
whorls. 

\.  L.  sempervirens,  Ait.  Stem  twining;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
pale  and  tomeutose  beneath,  the  upper  pair  shorter  and  connate ;  spikes  ter- 
minal; whorls  distinct ;  corolla  nearly  equally  5-lobed,  scarlet  or  orange  with- 
out, yellow  within.  —  Margins  of  swamps.  April -Sept.  —  Leaves  perennial. 
Corolla  2'  long. 

2.  L.  grata,  Ait.  Stem  twining ;  leaves  obovate,  glaucous  beneath,  the 
2  or  3  upper  pairs  connate  ;  whorls  of  flowers  axillary  and  terminal ;  corolla 
bilabiate,  the  tube  long  and  slender.  — Mountains  of  Carolina  and  northward. 
May.  —  Young  branches  often  hairy.  Corolla  1  h'  long,  with  a  red  or  purplish 
tube  and  a  white  limb,  changing  to  yellow.     Berry  orange-red. 


188  CAPKIFOL1ACE.E.        (hONEYSUCKLK    FAMILY.) 

•'5-  L.  flava,  SiiMS.  Smootli  and  noiiR-wliat  glaucoius ;  stem  scarcely  twin- 
ing; leaves  oval  or  olujvate,  the  upjur  j>air8  connate;  whorls  of  Howers 
crowded,  terminal ;  corolla  slender,  liilahiate.  —  Hanks  of  rivers  in  the  uj»per 
districts.  June -July.  —  Corolla  1'  long,  bright  yellow;  tke  4-cleft  limb 
uearly  iw  long  a.s  the  tube. 

4.  L.  glauca,  Hill.  ISmooth;  stem  twining;  leaves  ellii)tical,  glaucous 
beneatii,  2-3' lung,  the  upper  pairs  connate;  whorls  of  Howers  cnjwded, 
peduncled ;  corolla  short,  bilabiate,  gil)bous  at  the  biu<e  ;  stanjens  hairy  below. 
—  Mountains  of  Korth  Carolina.  June.  —  Corolla  8"- 10"  long,  yellow  and 
purplish. 

5.  L.  Sullivantii,  Gray.  Smooth  and  glaucous ;  leaves  oval  or  obovate- 
obl(»ng,  2-4  lung,  nearly  all  more  or  less  connate;  corolla  yellow;  stamens 
smoothish.  (L.  parviHora,  in  part,  Flora.)  — Mountains  of  East  Tennessee. 
May -June.  —  Stem  3^  -  6  high.     Corolla  1' long. 

4.    TRIOSTEUM,  L.    Fevek-woht. 

Calyx  ovoid,  with  5  leafy  linear-lanceolate  persistent  lobes.  Corolla  tubu- 
lar, e(|ually  5-lobed,  rather  longer  than  the  calyx.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  3- 
celled,  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  dry  drupe  containing  3  bony 
nutlets.  —  Pereuuial  hairy  herl)s,  with  large  leaves,  narrowed  but  connate  at 
the  base,  and  sessile  axillary  flowers. 

1.  T.  perfoliatum,  L.  Stem  soft-hairy  ;  leaves  oval,  acuminate,  entire, 
hairy  above,  tomentose  beneath ;  flowers  commonly  clustered,  brownish 
purple. — Shady  woods  in  the  upper  districts.  June -July. — Stem  2° -4° 
high.     Leaves  4'  -  7'  long. 

2.  T.  angustifolium,  L.  Stem  hirsute  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong, 
acuminate,  hirsute  above,  pubescent  beneath  ;  flowers  mostly  solitary,  yel- 
lowish. —  Shady  rich  soil  among  the  mountains.  June.  —  Plant  smaller  than 
the  last. 

5.  SAMBUCUS,  Tourn.     Elder. 

Calyx  lobes  minute  or  none.  Corolla  rotate,  .5-lobed.  Stamens  5.  Fruit 
a  globular  baccate  drupe,  containing  three  1-seeded  nutlets.  —  Shrubs,  with 
pinnate  leaves,  and  white  flowers,  in  ample  terminal  cymes. 

1.  S.  Canadensis,  L.  Leaflets  7-11,  oblong,  serrate,  smoothish,  acute, 
the  lower  ones  often  3-parted  ;  cymes  flat,  .5-parted ;  fruit  black.  —  Low 
grounds,  common.  June -July.  —  Stem  4° -16°  high,  the  straight  young 
shoots  with  large  ])ith. 

2.  S.  pubens,  Michx.  Leaflets  5-7,  oblong,  serrate,  pubescent  beneath  ; 
cymes  paniculate,  j)yraniidal;  fruit  red.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and 
northward.     June.  — Shrub  6°-  10°  high.     Cymes  smaller  than  in  the  last. 

6.  VIBURNUM,  L.    Haw,  Sloe. 

Calyx  minute,  .5-toothed.  Corolla  rotate  or  somewhat  campanulate,  5- 
lobed.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  1-3-celled,  one  of  the  cells  containing  a  single 
ovule,  the  others  empty.     Drupe  baccate,  containing  a  single  compressed 


CAPRIFOLIACE.^.       (HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY.)  189 

bouy  nut.  —  Shruhs  or  small  trees.  Leaves  lobed  or  undivided,  the  petioles 
sometimes  winged.  Flowers  in  terminal  cymes,  small,  white ;  the  marginal 
ones  occasionally  radiant  and  sterile. 

*  Sterile  and  radiant  Jiowers  none, 

-I-  Cymes  sessile. 

1.  V.  prunifolium,  L.  Leaves  thin,  obovate  or  roundish,  mostly  ob- 
tuse, finely  and  sharply  serrate,  smooth  and  glossy,  or  the  veins  beneath  and 
more  or  less  dilated  petioles  rusty -pubescent ;  cymes  large,  4  -  5-rayed ;  drupe 
oblong-ovoid,  black.  —  Dry  rich  woods.  April  -  May.  —  A  small  tree.  Fruit 
edible. 

2.  V.  LentagO,  L.  Leaves  thin,  ovate,  acuminate,  finely  and  sharply 
serrate,  smooth  above,  the  lower  surface  and  dilated  wavy  petioles  roughened 
with  minute  scales  when  young;  cymes  4-rayed  ;  fruit  oval,  black.  —  Moun- 
tains of  Georgia,  and  northward.     May.  — A  small  tree. 

Var.  pyrifolium.  Glabrous  throughout;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse, 
or  abruptly  acute ;  cymes  often  short-peduncled  ;  fruit  ovate,  acute,  bluish 
black.  (V.  pyrifolium,  PoVr.)— Banks  of  streams,  mountains  of  Georgia. 
April. 

3.  V.  obovatum,  Walt.  Leaves  small,  thick,  obovate  or  obovate-oblong, 
obtuse,  slightly  creuate  or  entire,  smooth  ;  cymes  3-rayed;  drupe  ovoid,  black. 
—  River  banks,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  April -May.  —  A 
shrub  or  small  tree.     Leaves  ^'- 1' long.     Cymes  small. 

•f-   Cijmes  peduncled. 
•M-  Leaves  palmalely  lohed. 

4.  V.  acerifolium,  L.  Pubescent ;  leaves  roundish  or  broadly  ovate, 
rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  coarsely  serrate,  3-lobed  above  the  middle ; 
cymes  7-rayed  ;  fruit  oval,  black.  —  Dry  open  Avoods.  May- June.  —  A  slen- 
der shrub,  2° -4°  high.  Leaves  2' -3'  wide,  becoming  smooth  above,  some- 
times almost  entire. 

5.  V.  densiflorum,  Chapm  Stem  slender,  branching ;  leaves  small, 
downy  beneath,  varying  from  oblong  to  broadly  ovate,  entire,  irregularly 
serrate,  or  slightly  2 -3-lobed,  acute  at  each  end,  or  rounded  at  the  base; 
cymes  downy,  small,  compact,  the  base  and  ramifications  involucrate  with  a 
whorl  of  linear  bracts.  —  Wooded  hillsides,  West  Florida.  April.  —  Stems 
2°-4°  high.     Leaves  V-2'  long. 

•w-  *+  Leaves  undivided. 

6.  V.  nudum,  L.  Rusty-pubescent;  leaves  varying  from  oval  to  lan- 
ceolate, entire  or  nearly  so,  thick,  becoming  smooth  above,  prominently  veined 
beneath  ;  cymes  rather  short-peduncled,  5-rayed  ;  fruit  ovoid,  l)lue.  —  Swamps, 
common.     April -May. — Shrub  8° -12°  high. 

Var.  angUStifolium,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smoother ;  leaves  thinner  and 
narrower,  obscurely  serrulate  or  entire.  —  Margins  of  swamps,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina. 

Var.  serotinum,  Ravenel.  Smooth,  or  nearly  so,  punctate;  leaves 
oblong-ovate,  attenuate  above  the  middle,   crenate  serrate,  abruptly   short- 


100  RiniAcK-K.     (maddkk  faimilv.) 

pctiolcd  ;  cyme  loii^i^-ped uncled,  nioHtly  leafy  and  corymlxiso,  the  divisions 
very  slender,  tidwers  very  small,  the  filaments  slij;liily  cNserii-d. —  I,<i\v  pine 
barrens  near  Darien,  Georgia.     Oct. -Nov. 

7.  V.  cassinoides,  L.  Leaves  thickisli,  ovate,  ohuvate,  or  ohloug,  ab- 
ru|)tly  sln>rt-](i)iiited,  entire  or  crenulate-serratc,  2' -3'  long,  smooth  al)ove, 
the  lower  surface,  like  the  jjeticjles  and  hranciilets,  scurfy  ;  cymes  4-rayed ; 
fruit  3"  long,  ovoid,  black.  —  Low  ground,  Is'orth  Alahauia  to  North 
Carolina. 

8.  V.  dentatum,  L.  Veins  of  the  leaves  beneath  with  tufted  hairs  in 
their  axils,  otlicrwise  smooth ;  leaves  round-ovate,  sliglitly  conlate,  coarsely 
serrate,  acute,  plicate  by  the  strong  impressed  veins;  cymes  long-jicduncled, 
7-rayed;  calyx  smooth,  witli  the  lobes  ol)tuse;  fruit  small,  roundish,  deep 
blue.  —  Rich  damp  soil.     March- May.  —  A  large  shrub. 

9.  V.  molle,  Michx.  Stellate-pubescent;  leaves  3'-4'  long,  thin,  or- 
bicular-cordate, dentate-serrate,  acute,  hairy  on  the  impressed  veins,  the  short 
petiole,  with  the  setaceous  stipule-like  appendages,  and  bracted  cyme  glandu- 
lar; calyx  ciliate  ;  corolla  large,  the  lol)es  round;  fruit  "oldong-ovate."  — 
Cliffs  of  the  Coosa  Kiver,  near  Rome,  Georgia      May.  —  Shruli  6° -8°  high. 

Var.  ?  tomentOSUm.  Leaves  smaller  (\y-2V  long)  and  thicker,  ovate 
or  oblong-ovate,  seldom  cordate,  softly  pubescent  beneath  ;  petioles  and  cymes 
glandless ;  stipule-like  appendages  none  ;  corolla  smaller  ;  fruit  roundisii,  blue. 
(V.  scabrellum, /'/ora.) — Mostly  in  low  groimd  in  tlie  lower  districts. — 
Shrub  8° -12°  high. 

10.  V.  pubescens,  Pursh.  Leaves  small,  ovate  or  oblong-ovato,  coarsely 
serrate,  hairy  above,  tomentose  beneath,  on  very  short  petioles  or  the  upper- 
most subsessile;  cymes  small,  smoothish,  7-rayed;  fruit  oblong,  black. — 
Mountains  of  North  Carolina.  June.  —  A  shrub  2° -3°  high.  Leaves  r-2' 
long. 

*  *  Marginal  flowers  radiant  and  sterile. 

11.  V.  lantanoides,  Michx.  Stem  smooth  and  straggling;  branches, 
cymes,  and  lower  surface  of  the  round-ovate,  cordate,  serrate  leaves  covered 
with  tufted  down ;  cymes  sessile ;  fruit  ovoid,  black.  —  Deep  shades  on  the 
mountains  of  North  Carolina.  June.  —  Stem  2° -4°  long.  Leaves  4'  —  6' 
long.     Sterile  flowers  1'  in  diameter. 


Order  71.     RUBIACE..^.     (Madder  Family.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  entire,  opposite  and  united  by  in- 
terposed stipules,  or  whorled.  —  Calyx  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary ;  the 
limb  4  -  6-toothed  or  lobed,  or  obsolete.  Corolla  4  -  (3-lobed,  inserted 
on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  4-6,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the 
corolla,  and  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Ovary  2-  10-celled,  with  1  -sev- 
eral anatropous  or  amphitropous  ovules  in  each  cell.  Style  mostly 
solitary.     Albumen  hard  or  fleshy. 


RUBIACEiE.        (madder    FAMILY.)  191 

Synopsis. 

Suborder  I.  COFFEES.  Ovules  aud  seed  solitary  iu  the  cells  (except 
No.  6).     Calyx  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary. 

§1.     Leaves  whorled.     Stipules  none. 

1.  GALIUM.     Corolla  rotate,  valvate  in  the  bud.     Fruit  2-celled.     Herbs. 

§  2.     Leaves  opposite,  rarely  three  iu  a  whorl,  with  stipules  interposed. 
*  Herbs.     Mature  fruit  dry.     Flowers  single  or  clustered. 

2.  SPERMACOCE.     Carpels  2,  one  or  both  open  on  the  inner  face.     Flowers  clustered. 

Calyx  lobes  persistent. 

3.  RICHARDIA.    Carpels  2-4,  closed.    Calyx  lobes  deciduous.    Flower  clusters  terminal. 

4.  DIODIA.     Carpels  2  -  3,  bony  and  closed.     Style  2-cleft.     Albumen  fleshy. 

*  *  Shrubs.     Fruit  dry.     Flowers  in  globular  peduncled  heads. 

5.  CEPHALANTHUS.     Carpels  2-4,  separating  at  the  base,  closed. 

*  *  *  Shrubs.     Fruit  fleshy  or  pulpy.     Flowers  mostly  axillary. 

•1-  Ovaries  united,  forming  a  compound  berry  in  fruit. 

6.  MITCHELLA.     Flowers  by  pairs.     Stamens  4.     Berry  4-seeded. 

7.  MORINDA.     Flowers  numerous.     Stamens  5.     Berry  1-seeded. 

H-  -I-  Ovaries  and  fruit  separate. 
++  Albumen  horny. 

8.  CHIOCOCCA.     Fruit  flattened,  even.     Stigma  entire.     Seeds  suspended. 

9.  PSTCHOTRIA.     Fruit  ribbed.     Stigma  2-lobed.     Seeds  erect. 

■i-i-  ++  Albumen  fleshy. 

10.  STRUMPFIA.     CoroUa  bell-shaped.     Anthers  subsessile,  united.     Leaves  whorled. 

11.  GUETTARDA.     Corolla  salvcr-form.     Anthers  subsessile,  separate. 

12.  ERITHALIS.     Corolla  subrotate.     Filaments  slender.     Flowers  panicled. 

13.  ERNODEA.     CoroUa  salver-form.     Flowers  axillary,  solitary. 

Suborder  II.  CINCHONE^.  Ovules  and  seeds  numerous  in  the  cells. 
Calyx  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary.     Leaves  opposite. 

*  Fruit  baccate,  indehiscent.     Shrubs. 
4-  Fruit  5-celled. 

14.  HAMELIA.     Flowers  cymose.     Corolla  cylindrical,  crimson. 

■I-  4-  Fruit  2-celled. 

15.  GENIPA.     Flowers  cymose.     Corolla  salver-form,  white.     Berry  large. 

16.  RANDIA.     Flowers  solitary.     Corolla  5-lobed,  convolute  in  the  bud. 

17.  CATESB^A.     Flowers  solitary.     Corolla  4-lobed,  valvate. 

*  *  Fruit  capsular,  loculicidally  dehiscent. 
■t-  Shrubs  or  trees. 

18.  PINCKNEYA.     Shrubs  or  trees.     Flowers  cymose,  terminal.     Seeds  winged. 

19.  EXOSTEMMA.     Shrubs.     Flowers  solitary,  axillary.     Seeds  winged. 

•I-  •»-  Herbs.     Corolla  valvate.     Seed  wingless. 

20.  HOUSTONIA.     Corolla  tunnel-  or  salver-form,  4-lobed,  longer  than  the  calyx, 

21.  OLDENLANDIA.     Corolla  rotate,  4-lobed,  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

22.  PENTODON.     Corolla  funnel-form,  5-lobed.     Capsule  included  in  the  calyx. 

1.    GALIUM,  L. 

Calyx  teeth  obsolete.  Corolla  rotate,  3 -4-lobed.  Stamens  3-4.  Styles  2, 
united  at  the  base.  Stigma  capitate.  Fruit  double,  separating  into  two  1- 
seeded  closed  carpels.  Albumen  horny.  —  Slender  herbs,  with  scjuare  stems 
and  whorled  leaves.    Flowers  minute. 


192  KUBIACE^.       (mADI)KK    FAMILY.) 

•  Annual :  fruit  dry. 

1.  G.  Aparine,  L.  (Cleaveks.)  Annual;  («tenis  weak,  retrorsoly  his- 
piil,2°-3°  lung:  leaves  6-8  iu  a  whorl,  lameolate,  hispid  on  the  niargiuH  aud 
mi(iril);  jjcduncles  long,  1  - 2-tiowered  ;  fruit  bristly.  —  Waste  places,  spar- 
iugly  introduced. 

2.  G.  virgatum,  Xutt.  Low  (6'- lO' high),  .simple  or  branching  at  the 
base,  snioulh  nv  liispid;  leaves  4  in  a  wiiorl,  sliurt  (4"  or  5"),  ohlong-lanceo- 
latc,  hispid-ciliate;  peduncles  axillary,  short,  l)racteolate,  1-flowered;  fruit 
hispiil.  —  liarreus  of  Tennessee  (O'dtlimjer),  and  westward. 

*  *  Perennial. 
■*-  Fruit  harcate :  peduncles  1  -3-Jlowered :  leaves  4  in  a  irhorl. 

3.  G.  hispidulum,  Michx.  Stems  much  branched,  slightly  roughened, 
hairy  at  the  joints;  leaves  small  (2" -6"),  rigid,  lanceolate-ovate,  rough  on 
tlie  margins  and  veins  beneath,  acute;  berry  roughened,  liluish  lilack.  (Rubia 
Brownei,  Michx.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil  near  the  coast.  ilay-Sept.  —  Stems  1°- 
2"^  long.     Root  yellow.     Flowers  greenish  white. 

4.  G.  uniflorum,  Michx.  Smooth ;  stems  mostly  simple,  slender, 
erect ;  leaves  linear,  acute,  rough  on  the  margins,  punctate  beneath ;  berry 
smooth,  black.  —  Dry  rich  soil,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward. 
June -July.  —  Stems  numerous,  1°  high.     Flowers  white. 

•^  ■*-  Fruit  dry:  peduncles  commonly  Q- many-flowered. 
•*-*■  Fruit  hispid. 
J).  G.  triflorum,  Michx.  Stems  weak,  diffuse,  very  rough  ;  leaves  4-6 
in  a  whorl,  lanceolate  or  elliptical,  cuspidate,  the  upper  surface  and  veins  be- 
neath hispid;  peduncles  mostly  3-flowered ;  fruit  deu.sely  uncinate-hispid. — 
Low  shaded  places.  July.  —  Stems  2° -3^  long.  Flowers  greenish  white.  A 
smoother  form  is  G.  cuspidatum,  Muhl.    , 

6.  G.  pilosum,  Ait.  Stems  rigid,  hairy  or  rougliened  on  the  angles, 
branching;  leaves  small  (4" -8"),  4  iu  a  whorl,  oval,  slightly  pointed,  more 
or  lesis  hairy  and  roughened,  dotted;  peduncles  2-3  times  forking;  fruit 
pedicelled,  bristly  with  hooked  hairs.  —  Dry  soil.  June  -  Sept.  —  Stem  l°-3° 
long.     Flowers  purjjle. 

Var.  puncticulosuni,  Gray.  Stem,  leaves,  etc.  smooth  or  nearly  so ; 
frnit  often  mucii  larger.  —  Dry  rich  soil,  Florida,  and  northward, 

7.  G.  circsezans,  Michx.  Stems  erect,  smooth  or  nearly  so ;  leaves 
large  (1'-  \V),  4  in  a  whorl,  oval,  mostly  obtuse,  3-nerved,  pubescent;  pedun- 
cles forking,  then  spreading  and  spike-like;  fruit  bristly  with  hooked  hairs, 
nearly  sessile,  nodding.  —  Dry  open  woods.  July.  —  Stems  several,  sparingly 
branched,  1°  liigh.     Flowers  purple. 

**  **  Fi'uit  smooth. 

8.  G.  trifldum,  L.  Stems  slender,  weak,  smooth  or  rough-angled,  at 
length  diffuse ;  leaves  4-6  in  a  whorl,  unequal,  varying  from  linear  to  spatu- 
late-lanceolate,  obtuse,  smooth,  or  rough  on  the  margins  and  midrib,  the  upper 
ones  often  opposite ;  peduncles  1  -3-flowered ;  corolla  lobes  and  stamens  often 
3.  —  Wet  places.  June -July.  —  Stems  1°- 2°  long.  Flowers  white.  Flant 
dries  black. 


RUBIACE.E.       (madder    FAMILY.)  193 

9.  G.  asprellum,  Michx.  Stem  weak,  2°  -  4°  long,  diffusely  branched, 
retrorsely  hi.spid ;  leaves  6  in  a  whorl,  lanceolate  or  elliptical,  hispid  on  the 
midrib  aud  margins ;  flowers  very  numerous,  minute,  white.  —  Mountains  of 
North  Carolina.     July. 

10.  G.  latifolium,  Michx.  Stems  erect,  smooth  ;  leaves  thin,  4  iu  a 
whorl,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  smooth,  3-nerved,  dotted,  minutely  fringed  on 
the  margins;  peduncles  filiform,  2-3  times  forking.  —  Mountains  of  North 
Carolina,  and  northward.  July.  —  Stems  1°  -  li°  high.  Leaves  V -2'  long. 
Flowers  purple. 

11.  G.  Arkansanum,  Gray.  Stems  low,  smooth;  leaves  4  in  a  whorl, 
lanceolate  or  linear,  1'  or  less  long,  ciliate  on  the  margins ;  peduncles  forking. 
—  West  Tennessee  (Gattinger),  and  westward. 

2.     SPERMACOCE,  L. 

Calyx  2-4-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  salver-shaped  or  funnel-shaped,  4- 
lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla. 
Stigma  simple  or  2-cleft.  Fruit  composed  of  two  1 -seeded  carpels.  Seeds 
grooved  on  the  inner  face. — Low  herbs.  Leaves  obliquely  straight-veined, 
their  bases  connected  by  the  bristly-fringed  sheathing  stipules.  Flowers 
small,  in  axillary  sessile  clusters. 

«  Carpels  separating  at  the  apex,  one  of  them  closed  by  the  partition,  the  other 
open.  —  Spermacoce. 

1.  S.  glabra,  Michx.  Stem  4-angled,  smooth,  erect ;  leaves  lanceolate  or 
oblong,  acute,  roughened  on  the  margins  and  veins  beneath  ;  clusters  globose, 
dense,  many-flowered  ;  corolla  barely  longer  than  the  lanceolate  calyx  teeth, 
white,  woolly  withiu  ;  stamens  and  style  included;  fruit  obovate.  —  Banks  of 
rivers,  Florida,  and  westward.     June.     %  —  Stem  1°- 2°  high. 

2.  S.  tenuior,  L.  Stem  erect,  smooth,  slightly  angled ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute,  rough  above  and  on  the  margins ;  clusters  few-flowered ; 
corolla  white,  hairy  within,  2- 3'  times  as  long  as  the  calyx;  stamens  and 
slender  style  exserted ;  fruit  turbinate.  —  Dry  soil,  Florida,  Georgia,  and 
we.stward.    July.     %  —  Stem  6'  -  12'  high. 

3.  S-  Portorieensis,  Balbis.  Stem  slender,  erect  or  prostrate,  branch- 
ing from  the  base,  terete,  smooth  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  rough  above,  remote  ; 
clusters  small,  mostly  few-flowered  ;  flowers  minute,  the  smooth  white  corolla 
barely  longer  than  the  subulate  teeth  of  the  calyx  ;  stamens  and  style  in- 
cluded ;  fruit  ovoid,  hairy.  —  South  Florida,  in  dry  soil.  (T)  —  Stem  3'  -  12' 
long. 

*  *  Carpels  both  opening  on  the  inner  face.  —  Borreria. 

4.  S.  parviflora,  Gray.  Annual ;  stem  erect,  slender,  simple  or  branched 
above,  4-angled,  smooth ;  leaves  remote,  lanceolate,  mostly  obtuse,  narrowed 
at  the  base,  the  upper  surface  and  margins  rough,  the  lateral  veins  oliscure  ; 
clusters  dense,  globose,  axillary  and  terminal ;  calyx  teeth  4,  subulate,  longer 
than  the  minute  (white)  corolla  ;  fruit  ovoid,  hairy.  —  "Waste  places,  Florida. 
June  -  August.  —  Plant  6'  - 18'  high,  pale  green.    Leaves  1'  long. 

13 


194  RUBIACEiE.       (mAPPKU    KAMILY.) 

f).  S.  podoccphala,  (iray.  Stems  low  (.T-  6'),  smooth,  erect  or  aj^cenil- 
ing,  Itraiuliiii^  ai  llie  liase;  leaves  smootli,  liiuiar,  witli  tlu'  iiiargiiiH  revoliite, 
those  ill  the  axils  clustered,  the  floral  <iiies  mostly  4,  longer  tiiau  the  solitary 
terminal  long-petluiuleil  gloliose  head;  stipular  hristles  2-4  ;  fruit  pulieseent, 
ovoid,  crowned  with  two  suhulate  spreading  calyx  lohes ;  corolla  somewhat 
funnel-shaped,  mostly  3-lol)ed,  smooth  within ;  stigma  ca])itate. —  I'ine  Kev, 
South  Florida  ( Bluihjett). 

3.     EICHARDIA,  L.    False  Ii>ecac. 

Calyx  4  -  "-parted,  the  lobes  deciduous.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  3  -  6-lol)ed. 
Stamens  3-6,  exserted.  Style  3- or  4-cleft.  Capsule  separating  into  2-4 
one-seeded  iudehisceut  nutlets.  —  Hairy  branching  herbs.  Leaves  united  by 
bristly  .stij)ulos.     Flowers  white,  in  terminal  sessile  clusters. 

1.  H.  scabra,  St.  Ililaire.  Annual,  hirsute,  forking;  leaves  ovate,  acute, 
the  two  upper  pairs  iuvolucre-like  ;  calyx  lobes  subulate  ;  nutlets  2-3,  oblong. 
—  Alabama,  Georgia,  and  Florida.     Introduced. 

4.    DIODIA,  L. 

Characters  chiefly  of  Spermacoce,  but  the  two  bony  indeliiscent  car|)els 
closed  on  the  inner  face.  —  Herbs.  Corolla  tube  often  long  and  slender. 
Flowers  few  or  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  narrow  leaves. 

1.  D.  Virginica,  L.  Perennial;  stem  and  leaves  smooth,  pubescent,  or 
hirsute  ;  stem  prostrate,  4-angled  ;  leaves  somewhat  fleshy,  lanceolate,  acute, 
sessile;  flowers  single,  or  2-G  in  a  cluster;  corolla  hairy  within,  the  tube 
long  anil  slender;  frnit  ovoid,  strongly  ribbed,  crowned  with  the  2  (rarely  4) 
linear  or  lanceolate  calyx  teeth. —  Wet  places.  Juue-Sept.  —  Stem  l°-4° 
long.     Flowers  white  or  purplish. 

2.  D.  teres,  Walt.  Animal ;  stem  erect,  widely  branched  from  the  base, 
terete,  l)ristly  or  hairy  ;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  acute,  rough  ;  flowers 
solitary  or  2  -  3  together ;  corolla  funnel-shaped  ;  fruit  obovate,  even,  crowned 
with  the  4  short  caly.x  teeth.  —  Dry  sandy  soil.  July -Sept.  —  Stem  6'-  12' 
high,  sometimes  prostrate.     Flowers  purjilish. 

5.     CEPHALANTHUS,  L.    Button-Bush. 

Calyx  obconical,  4toothed.  Corolla  tulnilar,  4-cleft,  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  4.  Style  slender,  ex.'serted.  Stigma  ca])itate.  Fruit  dry,  obconical, 
separating  from  the  base  into  2-4  one-seeded  carpels.  Seeds  pendulous.  Al- 
bumen horny.  —  Aquatic  shrubs,  with  oval  or  lanceolate  leaves,  short  entire 
stipules,  and  white  flowers  collected  into  a  globo.se  long-pedunded  head. 
Receptacle  hairy. 

1.  C.  OCcidentalis,  L.  Smooth,  or  the  young  branches  and  lower  sur- 
face of  the  ovate-oblong  acute  leaves  pubescent ;  peduncles  terminal,  and 
in  the  upper  axils.  —  Ponds  and  marshes.  July  -  August.  —  Stem  4° -12° 
high.  Leaves  petioled,  3' -5'  long,  sometimes  three  in  a  whorl.  Heads  1'  in 
diameter. 


RUBIACE^.        (madder    FAMILY.)  195 

6.    MITCHELLA,  L.    Partridge-berkt. 

Flowers  by  pairs,  with  their  ovaries  united.  Calyx  4-toothecl.  Corolla 
funnel-shaped,  4-lobed,  hairy  within,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4.  Style 
slender.  Stigmas  4.  Fruit  composed  of  two  4-seeded  fleshy  drupes  united, 
crowned  with  the  4-toothed  calyx.  —  A  smooth  creeping  evergreen  shrub,  with 
small  broadly  ovate  leaves,  minute  stipules,  and  fragrant  white  terminal 
flowers. 

1.  M.  repens,  L.  —  Shady  woods.  March -April.  —  Stem  l°-2°  long. 
Leaves  6"-  10"  long,  mostly  somewhat  cordate,  shining  above,  on  slender 
petioles.     Corolla  I'  long.     Fruit  red. 

7.    MORINDA,  L. 

Flowers  numerous,  their  ovaries  united  into  a  head.  Calyx  obscurely 
toothed.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  .5-lobed,  valvate  in  the  Inad.  Stamens  5, 
short.  Style  slender.  Stigmas  2,  filiform..  Fruit  composed  of  2-4  one- 
seeded  carpels,  all  united  into  a  fleshy  head. — Trees  or  shi'ubs.  Leaves 
opposite  or  wliorled.  Stipules  witliin  the  leaves.  Flowers  terminal,  or  op- 
posite the  leaves. 

1.  M.  Coioc,  L.  Stem  smooth,  procumbent  or  climbing  ;  leaves  smooth, 
lanceolate  and  acuminate,  or  obovate-oblong  and  abruptly  acute,  short- 
petioled ;  stipules  broad  and  short ;  flowers  small,  crimson.  —  South  Florida. 
March  -  April. 

8.     CHIOCOCCA,  Browne.     Snowberry. 

Calvx  ovate,  5-toothed.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  5-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla ;  anthers  linear,  included. 
Style  slender.  Stigma  obtuse.  Fruit  fleshy,  roundish,  compressed,  composed 
of  two  oblong  1-seeded  nutlets.  Seeds  suspended.  —  Shrubs.  Leaves  smooth, 
petioled.     Stipules  connate.     Flowers  in  axillary  racemes,  white  or  yellow. 

1.  C.  raeemosa,  Jacq.  Erect;  leaves  oblong  (2' -3'  long),  acute  at 
both  ends ;  racemes  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves,  often  compound,  many- 
flowered  ;  corolla  many  times  longer  than  the  calyx  teeth,  white,  turning 
yellow.  —  Varies  with  the  .stems  prostrate  and  vine-like,  leaves  smaller  (^'-f 
long),  more  rigid,  and  longer  than  the  few-flowered  simple  racemes.  —  South 
Florida.  —  Fruit  white. 

9.     PSYCHOTRIA,  L. 

Calj^x  ovate,  5-toothed,  or  nearly  entire.  Corolla  short,  funnel-shaped,  4  - 
5-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4-5.  Stigma  2-cleft.  Fruit  drupa- 
ceous, composed  of  two  1-seeded  carpels,  mostly  ribbed  or  angled  when  dry. 
Seeds  erect.  Albumen  horny.  —  Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  opposite,  nar- 
rowed to  a  petiole.  Stipules  sometimes  membranaceous  and  deciduous. 
Flowers  mostly  in  terminal  corymbs  or  panicles. 

1.  P.  undata,  Jacq.  Leaves  lanceolate,  or  lanceolate-elliptical,  acumi- 
nate at  each  end,  the  lower  surface  as  well  as  the  branches  ferruginous- 
pubescent,  sometimes  glabrous ;   stipules  clasping,  ovate,  obtuse,  deciduous ; 


196  uri!i.\(  K.i:.     (mai)I>ku  family.) 

corviiibs  terininal,  trii-liotoiuous  at  the  Ikuso. — Soiitli  Florida.  —  Leaves  2' -3' 
long.     Fruit  uvjitc,  ri.'<l. 

2.  P,  tenuifolia,  Swartz.  Leaves  oldoiijij,  aciiiiiiiiatc  at  eacli  end,  undu- 
late, rugose,  and,  like  tlie  liranehes,  sniootli  ;  stipuie.'*,  ineniliranaeeous, aeule, 
(leeiiluuus;  evnu;  sessile,  twice  trieiiotoinous,  shorter  tiian  the  leaves;  corolla 
naked  at  tlie  tliroat,  hairy  at  the  insertion  of  tlie  filaments;  fruit  ovoid,  10- 
rihbed.  —  South'' Florida.  —  Leaves  al)out  3'  long.     Flowers  small. 

10.     STRUMPFIA,  Jae<i. 

Calvx  liml)  .5parte<l ;  tiie  lnhes  aeute,  erect.  Corolla  somewhat  bell- 
8ha])ed,  deeply  S-parted,  the  tube  very  siiort,  the  lobes  erect,  laneecdate, 
spreading  at  the  apex.  Stamens  5,  inserted  ou  the  base  of  the  corolla  ;  fila- 
ments very  short ;  anthers  thick,  cohering  in  an  ovoid-oldong  5-angled  tube. 
Style  single,  as  long  as  the  anthers,  villous  ;  stigma  obtuse,  2-lobed.  Ovary 
2-4-celled  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  2-4<'elled,  1  -4-.seeded 
drupe.  —  A  low  maritime  shrub.  Branches  roughened  by  the  persistent  stip- 
ules, trichotomous.  Leaves  ternate,  very  rigid,  linear,  ol>tuse,  entire,  the  mar- 
gins revolute.  Flowers  small,  in  axillary  racemes,  shorter  thau  the  leaves. 
Corolla  pube.«icent.     Drupe  small,  red. 

1.  S.  maritima,  Jac([.  —  South  Florida,  Bhxhjett. 

IL    GUETTARDA,  L. 

Calyx  tube  ovoid,  the  limb  tubular,  scarcely  tootbed.  Corolla  salver- 
shaped,  4- 9-lobed,  naked  iu  the  throat.  Anthers  4-9,  sessile  in  the  throat 
of  the  corolla.  Style  simple.  Stigma  mostly  capitate.  Fruit  composed  of 
4-9  one-seeded  bony  carpels,  united.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  ovate  or  lance- 
olate leaves,  and  lanceolate  deciduous  sti])ules.  Peduncles  axillary,  forking. 
Flowers  sessile. 

1.  G.  elliptica,  Swartz.  Leaves  membranaceous,  elliptical,  slightly 
mucronate,  fcatlier-veined,  rough  above,  tlie  lower  surface,  especially  the 
veins,  like  the  branches  and  cymes,  covered  with  ap]>ressed  silky  hairs;  cymes 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  .5  -  10- flowered  ;  flowers  silky,  tetramerous  (rarely  tri- 
merous) ;  stigma  entire;  fruit  globose,  composed  of  4  nutlets  surrounded  by 
8  empty  cells,  calyx  limb  truncate,  cleft  on  one  side. — South  Florida. — 
Leaves  V -\V  long.     Fruit  as  large  as  a  pea. 

2.  G.  scabra,  Lam.  Leaves  coriaceous,  elliptical  or  somewhat  obovate, 
cordate  at  tlie  base,  rugose,  muricate  above,  the  lower  surface,  like  the 
branches  and  cymes,  msty-tomentose ;  cymes  longer  than  the  leaves,  several- 
flowered  ;  fruit  globose,  4-seeded,  without  empty  cells.  —  South  Florida.  — 
Leaves  larger  thau  in  No.  1. 

12.     ERITHALIS,   Browne. 

Calj'x  ovoid,  obscurely  4- 10- toothed.  Corolla  somewhat  rotate,  4-10- 
parted,  with  linear  spreading  lobes.  Stamens  4-  10,  inserted  on  the  base  of 
the  corolla:  anthers  linear.  Style  simple.  Stigma  2-lipped.  Fruit  globose, 
ribbed,  composed  of  4-10  one-seeded  bony  carpels.     Seeds  suspended. — 


RUBIACE^.       (madder    FAMILY.)  197 

Smooth  shrubs,  with  opposite  petioled  leaves,  broad  and  short  mucrouate 
sheathing  stipules,  and  axillary  panicled  flowers. 

1.  E.  fruticosa,  L.  Leaves  coriaceous,  oblong,  obtuse,  shining,  nar- 
rowed into  a  petiole ;  panicles  about  as  long  as  the  leaves,  many-fiowered  > 
flowers  mostly  tetramerous,  small ;  fruit  5-ribbed,  6-  10-celled.  —  South  Flor- 
ida. —  Leaves  2'  -  3'  long.     Flowers  white. 

13.     ERNODEA,    Swartz. 

Calyx  ovate  ;  the  limb  4  -  6-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  slen- 
der; tlie  lobes  4-6,  revolute.  Stamens  exserted;  anthers  linear,  erect. 
Style  slender,  longer  than  the  stamens.  Fruit  obovate,  somewhat  fleshy,  the 
two  separable  liorny  carpels  closed.  Seeds  furrowed  on  the  inner  face.  —  A 
someAvhat  shrubby  prostrate  and  smooth  plant,  with  rigid  3-nerved  lanceolate 
leaves,  and  solitary  sessile  axillary  flowers. 

1.  E.  littoralis,  Swartz. — South  Florida,  along  the  coast.  March - 
April.  —  Stems  straight,  rigid,  4-angled,  smooth.  Branches  short,  alternate. 
Leaves  sessile,  smooth,  acute,  the  upper  ones  crowded.  Flowers  sessile  iu 
the  upper  axils,  yellow.     Fruit  roundish. 

14.     HAMELIA,   Jacq. 

Calyx  oval,  .5-toothed.  Corolla  tubular,  somewhat  5-angled,  5-lobed.  Sta- 
mens 5,  inserted  near  the  base  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla :  anthers  linear.  Style 
simple.  Stigma  obtuse.  Berry  ovoid,  5-furrowed,  5-celled,  many-seeded.  Seeds 
minute,  compressed.  —  Shrubs,  with  opposite  or  -whorl  ed  oldong  petioled  leaves, 
lanceolate  stipules,  and  orange-colored  flowers,  in  axillary  and  terminal  cymes. 

1.  H.  patens,  Jacq.  Pubescent;  branches  angled ;  leaves  3  in  a  whorl, 
oblong,  acute ;  cymes  terminal,  peduncled,  umbellate  ;  corolla  cylindrical,  the 
lobes  concave  at  the  apex,  and  mucronate  on  the  back.  —  South  Florida.  — 
Leaves  3'  -  5'  long.     Berry  black. 

15.    GENIPA,  L. 

Calyx  tube  produced  above  the  ovary,  truncate  or  5-toothed.  Corolla  sal- 
ver-form, 5-parted,  convolute  in  the  1>ud.  Stamens  ,5,  inserted  near  the  throat 
of  the  corolla :  anthers  nearly  sessile.  Stigma  clavate  or  2-cleft.  Ovary  1- 
celled,  the  two  placentae  nearly  meeting  at  the  axis.  Berry  large,  pulpy 
within,  many-seeded.  — Tropical  shrubs  or  trees. 

1.  G.  clusisefolia,  Grlseb.  (Seven-Year  Apple.)  Leaves  clustered 
at  the  end  of  the  branches,  obovate,  glabrous ;  stipules  large,  persistent ; 
racemes  corymbose;  corolla  fle.shy. —  Sontii  Florida.  —  Shrub  6° -8°  high. 
I^eaves  3' -4'  long.     Corolla  1'  long,  white,  very  fragrant. 

16.  RANDIA,  Houst. 
Calyx  obovate,  .5-toothed.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  .'j-lobed.  Anthers  5,  ses- 
sile in  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  linear.  Style  simple,  short.  Stigma  clavate, 
2-lobed.  Fruit  somewhat  dry,  2-celled,  many-seeded.  Seeds  wingless.  — 
Branching  mostly  spiny  shrubs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  solitary  stipules  be- 
tween the  petioles.     Flowers  solitary  or  in  short  racemes. 


198  buuiacejK.     (>iA]inKi:  iamily.) 

1.  R.  aculeata,  l^.  Sjiiny  ot  unannod;  leaves  Hiuall,  olwvatc,  smooth, 
coriaceous;  liowcrs  solitary,  axillary;  corolla  (wliiti,-)  liairy  in  tlu-  throat,  tlie 
tuin'  2-3  tiiiK'S  a.s  long  ;ui  the  calyx,  the  linih  convolute  in  the  huil.  — South 
Florida.  —  IJranches  rigid.  J^eaves  5"-  10"  l<Jiig,  rather  longtM-  than  the  .sul>- 
iilate  spreading  .s])ij)os.  Corolla  3" -4"  long,  i'ruit  ovoid,  as  Luge  as  a  pea, 
about  O-seudcd.     Sinu.ses  of  the  calyx  hairy. 

17.     CATESB^A,  L. 

Calyx  4-toothed  or  4-jjartLil.  Corolla  funnel  sliaj)cd,  4-li)l)ed.  Stamens  4, 
iuserted  ou  the  base  of  the  corolla.  Stigma  2-lol)ed.  Berry  2-celled,  mauy- 
seedcd,  the  placeutie  at  the  top  of  the  partition.  Seeds  flat,  imbricated.  — 
Spiny  siirubs,  with  small  thick  opijosite  leaves,  and  axillary  whiti.sh  Howers, 

1.  C.  parviflora,  Swartz.  Glal^rous;  leaves  oval  or  o1)ovate,  mo.stly 
shorter  than  tiie  spiiie.s,  the  margins  rov(dute;  flowers  sessile;  corolla  small 
(4"  loug),  the  tulKJ  4-angled ;  berry  globose. — Uahia  Honda,  South  Florida 
(Curliss).  —  Shrub  4° -8°  high. 

18.     PINCKNEYA,   Michx.    Geokcia  Bark. 

Calyx  oblong-obovatc,  .5-l<d)ed,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  deciduous,  or  one  of 
them,  in  the  outer  flowers,  often  trausfornied  into  a  large  colored  leaf.  Co- 
rolla tubular,  hair\-,  with  five  linear-oblong  revolute  lobes,  slightly  imbricated 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  exserted  :  autliers  oblong.  Stigma  obtuse.  Cajjsule 
globose,  papery,  2-celled,  opening  loculicidally  at  the  apex,  and  at  length  sep- 
ticidally  to  the  base.  Seeds  numerous,  in  two  rows,  horizontal,  membrana- 
ceous, winged. —  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  ])ubescent  branches.  Leaves 
large,  oval  or  oblong,  acute,  smoothish  above,  the  lower  surface,  like  the 
terminal  compound  cyme,  hoary-pubescent.     Stipules  linear,  deciduous. 

1.  P.  pubens,  Michx. —  Marshy  banks  of  streams  in  the  pine  barrens, 
Florida  to  South  Carolina.  May -June. —  More  conspicuous  for  its  ovate 
pink-colored  floral  leaves,  than  for  its  purjdish  spotted  corolla. 

19.    EXOSTEMMA,   DC. 

Calvx  ohovate  or  tubular ;  the  limb  5-toothed,  persistent.  Corolla  tube 
very  long,  terete  ;  the  limb  with  five  long  linear  recurved  lobes,  valvate  in  the 
bud.  Stamens  5,  exserted.  Style  filiform,  thickened  above.  Stigma  obtuse 
or  2-lobed.  Capsule  coriaceous,  ovoid,  2-cclled,  opening  loculicidally  at  the 
apex,  and  septicidally  nearly  to  the  base,  many-seeded.  Seeds  circular,  im- 
bricated, winged. — Trees  or  shrul)s.  Leaves  opposite.  Stipules  solitar}-. 
Flowers  white  or  reddish. 

1.  E.  Caribseum,  K.  &  S.  Smooth;  branches  slender;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acnniinnte;  ])eduncles  axillary,  solitary,  l-flowered ;  corolla  as 
long  as  the  leaves.  —  South  Florida.  —  Shrub  6°-  12°  high.  Corolla  2'  long, 
fragr.ant. 

20,     HOUSTONIA,   Cronov.    Bltette. 

Flowers  tetrainerous,  dimor])hous.  Calyx  4-toothed.  Corolla  salver-  or 
funnel-form,  4-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud.     Stamens  and  styles  long  or  short. 


KUBIACE.E.        (MADDEK    FAMILY.)  199 

Stigmas  2.  Capsule  2-celled,  free  from  the  calyx  above,  opening  across  the 
top.  Seeds  few  or  numerous.  Albumen  horny.  —  Low  herbs,  with  solitary 
or  cymose  white  or  blue  flowers. 

*  Corolla  salver-shaped :  peduncles  axillary,  solitary. 

1.  H.  eCErulea,  L.  (Innocence.)  Perennial;  stems  erect,  4' -6' high; 
radical  leaves  tufted,  spatulate-obovate,  obtuse,  the  ujjper  small  and  distant ; 
pedicels  erect  or  declining;  flowers  nodding  in  the  bud;  corolla  5" -6"  wide, 
blue  or  white  with  a  yellow  eye,  its  tube  thrice  the  length  of  the  subulate 
calyx  lobes ;  capsule  obcordate.  —  Low  ground  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts. 
April -May. 

2.  H.  patens,  Ell.  Annual;  stems  erect ;  radical  leaves  acute ;  branches 
and  pedicels  spreading;  flowers  erect  in  the  bud;  corolla  3"  wide,  deep  blue, 
and  no  yellow  eye,  its  tube  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  lobes ;  otherwise  like 
the  preceding.  —  Roadsides  and  dry  banks.     Feb. -April. 

3.  H.  serpyllifolia,  Michx.  Perennial,  smooth;  stems  filiform,  pros- 
trate, branching ;  leaves  ovate  or  roundish,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  long 
slender  petiole ;  peduncles  elongated,  terminal,  and  in  the  forks  of  the  stem. 
—  High  mountains  of  North  Carolina.  —  Stems  6'  -  12'  long.  Peduncles  1'- 
2'  long.     Flowers  deep  blue. 

4.  H.  rotundifolia,  ^lichx.  Perennial;  stems  diffuse,  creeping ;  leaves 
round  or  oval,  fleshy,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  petiole;  peduncles 
mostly  sliorter  than  the  leaves,  recurved  in  fruit ;  flowers  white.  —  Sandy  soil 
near  the  coast,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward.  Feb. -March,  and 
bearing  inconspicuous  fruiting  flowers  through  the  year. 

*  *  Corolla  funnel-shaped:  flowers  diceciously  dimorphous :  capsule  free  at  the 
apex :  stem  4t-an(/led :  flowers  in  terminal  ci/mes. 

5.  H.  purpurea,  L.  Pubescent ;  stem  branching,  erect ;  leaves  ovate 
or  lanceolate-ovate,  sessile,  3 -.5  ribbed;  calyx  lobes  longer  than  the  capsule; 
corolla  purjfle  or  nearly  white,  slightly  hairy  within ;  capsule  roundish.  — 
Woods,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts.  June -July.  —  Stems  8'- 12'  high. 
Calyx  lobes  occasionally  3-4  times  the  length  of  the  capsule. 

Var.  longifolia,  (iray.  Smooth  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  1-ribbed,  the 
lowest  spatulate-oblong ;  calyx  lobes  as  long  as  the  globose  capsule.  —  With 
the  preceding. 

Var.  tenuifolia,  Gray.  Branches  and  pedicels  filiform,  spreading; 
leaves  remote,  narrow-linear ;  flowers  and  capsules  smaller.  —  Mountains  of 
North  Carolina.     July. 

6.  H.  angUStifolia,  Michx.  Smooth;  root  woody;  stems  clustered, 
eret't,  branching  al)Ove ;  leaves  linear ;  cymes  crowded,  with  the  central 
flowers  nearly  sessile ;  corolla  white,  very  hairy  within ;  capsule  ovoid,  as 
long  as  the  calyx  teeth.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida,  and  westward.  June  - 
July.  —  Stems  1°  -  2°  high. 

Ynr.  filifolia,  Gray.  Stems  shrubby  at  the  base,  diffusely  branched ; 
leaves  filiform,  remote ;  cymes  scattered,  3-flowered,  the  slender  pedicels 
equal  and  spreading;  capsule  obcordate,  rather  longer  than  the  calyx  teeth, 
the  upper  half  free.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  slender,  6'-  10'  long.  Flowers 
and  capsules  very  small. 


200  LO(iAMA<  i:.K.        (lOGAMA    lA.MlLV.) 

21.    OLDENLANDIA,  I'j-i  m. 

Flowers  tetramcmus,  iml  (liiiiinjilitius.  TjiIn  x  4-lolied.  Corolla  rotate,  4- 
lobc'd,  litiigur  than  the  4  imurved  staiin-us  ;  aiitliurs  ovoid.  Capsuk-.s  iiieliuled, 
niaiiv-soedud.  Allniiiieii  He.sliy.  —  Small  luarsli  lierl).s,  with  ojiposiie  leaves, 
4  -  S-parteil  stijiiiles,  and  axillary  siiigio  or  dustereil  iiiimitu  tlowers. 

1.  O.  Boscii,  t'hapiu.  Stems  4-aiiglt'd,  smoolii,  diffuse ;  leaves  linear; 
flowers  single,  or  2-3  together  ;  eomlhi  white  or  jjurjdisli ;  eapsule  ovdid. — 
River  banks,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward.  July.  —  Stems  6'- 
10'  h.ng. 

2.  O.  glomerata,  Miihx.  Stems  terete,  smooth  or  jiul)esccnt,  branching ; 
leaves  oblong  or  oval,  short-petioled  ;  elusters  dense,  mauy-liowered;  corolla 
greenish  white.  —  NVet  places,  Florida  to  Korth  Carolina,  and  westward. 
Ja'y.  —  Stems  3'-  15'  high.     Karlier  Howers  mostly  single. 

22.    PENTODON,  Ilochst. 

Flowers  peutamerous.  Calyx  turl)inate,  5-tootlied.  Corolla  funnel-shaped, 
5-lobed,  longer  than  the  calyx  teeth.  Stamens  short.  Cajisule  included, 
many-seeded.     Albumen  fleshy.  — Tender  jjrostrate  glabrous  aunmils. 

1.  P.  Halei,  Cray.  Stems  weak,  diffuse,  forking;  leaves  oval-oblong, 
acute  at  each  end,  somewhat  fleshy  ;  flowers  solitary,  or  in  short  3  -  .5-flowered 
cymes,  white.  —  Banks  of  rivers,  Florida,  and  westward.  July.  —  Stem  6'- 
12'  long.     Leaves  1'  long. 


Order  72.     LOGANTACE^.     (Logania  Family.) 

Herbs,  shnibs,  or  trees,  with  opposite  entire  stipulate  leaves, 
regular  flowers,  and  tlie  calyx  free  IVoin  the  ovary,  which  mainly 
distinguishes  the  order  from  liubiacese. 

Synopsis. 

*  Herbs. 

1.  SPIGELIA.     Corolla  tubular.     Style  single,  iointed. 

2.  MITREOLA.     Corolla  .sliort,  .5-lobed.     Styles  2,  united  above. 

3.  POLTPREMUM.     Corolla  short,  4-lobed.     Style  single. 

*  *  Evergreen  woody  vines. 

4.  GELSEMIUM.     Corolla  campanulate.     Seed  winged. 

1.    SPIGELIA,  L.    PixKRooT. 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  linear-subulate,  persistent.  Corolla  tubular-fun- 
nel-sliaped,  5-lobed,  valvate  in.  the  bud  Stamens  5,  anthers  linear.  Style 
slender,  jointed,  hairy  above.  Stigma  cajjitate.  Capsule  composed  of  two 
few-seeded  carpels,  which  at  length  separate  at  the  base  and  open  locnlici- 
dally.  —  Herbs.  Leaves  opposite.  Flowers  in  one-sided  terminal  s])ikes, 
rarely  solitary. 

1.  S.  loganioides,  A.  PC.  Stem  simple,  ascending,  somewhat  4- 
angled,  the  upjier  part  and  joints  slightly  puberulent ;   leaves  ovate  or  obo- 


LOGAXIACE^.       (lOGAXIA    FAMILY.)  201 

vate,  sessile,  the  upper  surface  and  margins  roughish;  flowers  axillary, 
solitary,  or  the  terminal  ones  three  in  a  cluster ;  tube  of  the  corolla  more 
than  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  lobes.  —  IS'ear  Fort  King,  East  Florida.  — 
Stem  6'-  10'  high.     Leaves  4"-  9"  long.     Corolla  4"  long,  white. 

2.  S.  gentianoides,  Chapm.  stem  erect,  simi^le,  4-augied,  roughi.sh ; 
leaves  roundish,  ovate,  or  oblong,  sessile,  acute,  the  upper  surface  and-  mar- 
gins roughened ;  spikes  terminal,  few-flowered ;  lobes  of  tlie  corolla  connivent ; 

stamens  and  .'ityle  included.  —  Liglit  dry  soil,  West  Florida.     May -June. 

Stem  6'-  10'  high.     Corolla  6"-  10"  long,  pale  rose-color. 

3.  S."  Mai'ilandica,  L.  Stem  simple,  erect,  smooth,  4-angled ;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  or  oblong,  acute,  sessile,  pubescent  on  the  veins;  spikes  ter- 
minal, many-flowered,  sometimes  forking;  corolla  long,  slender,  the  lobes 
spreading;  anthers  and  style  exserted.  —  Rich  woods.  May -June.  —  Stem 
l°-2°  high.  Corolla  \i'  long,  scarlet,  yellow  within. — A  popular  vermi- 
fuge. 

2.     MITREOLA,  L.     Mitre-wort. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  short,  5-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud,  the  tube  round- 
ish, bearded  in  the  throat.  Stamens  5,  included :  anthers  ovate.  Styles  2, 
short,  united  above.  Stigma  capitate.  Capsule  2-parted,  mitre-shaped,  many- 
seeded,  the  two  lobes  opening  on  the  inner  face  near  the  apex.  Seeds  oval, 
concave.  —  Smooth  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  small  white  flowers  in 
terminal  and  axillary  cymes,  with  the  simple  branches  recurved  in  the  bud. 

1.  M.  petiolata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  branching;  leaves  tliin,  oblong, 
acute,  narrowed  into  a  petiole.  (Ophiorhiza  lanceolata,  EII.)  —  Muddv  banks, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  June -Sept.  (T)  —  Stem  4-angled, 
1°  -  2°  liigh.     Leaves  2'  -  3'  long. 

2.  M.  sessilifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  simple,  4-angled ;  leaves  thick, 
OA-ate  or  roundish,  strongly  veined,  sessile,  rough  on  the  margins;  flowers  and 
capsule  very  small.  (Ophiorhiza  Mitreola,  Michx.) — Varies  with  lanceo- 
late obscurely  veined  leaves,  and  larger  flowers  and  fruit.  —  Gras.sy  swamps. 
July -Sept.  (l) — Stem  6' -18'  high.  Leaves  6"- 10"  long.  Plant  pale 
green. 

3.    POLYPREMUM,  L. 

Calyx  deeply  4-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  bearded  in  the 
throat,  4-lobed,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4.  Style  single,  very  sliort. 
Stigma  ovoid,  entire.  Capsule  ovoid,  compressed,  2-celled,  loculicidallv  2- 
valved,  many-seeded.  —  A  low  smooth  perennial  herl),  with  4-augled  forking 
stems,  linear  acute  leaves,  their  bases  united  by  the  membranaceous  stipules, 
and  solitary  sessile  white  flowers  in  the  forks  of  the  stem. 

1.  P.  procurabens,  L.  —  Waste  places,  Florida  to  Nortli  Carolina. 
June -Sept.  —  Stems  6'- 10' long,  erect  or  prostrate,  clustered.  Flowers 
very  small,  the  corolla  barely  longer  than  the  calyx  lobes. 

4.     GELSEMIUM,  Jnss.    Yellow  Jess.\mixe. 

Flowers  dimorphous.  Calyx  .5-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  fnnncl-sliajjed, 
5-lobed  :  the  lobes  rounded,  emarginate,  spreading,  quiucuncial  in  the  bud,  the 


1'02  VALKKIANACE.E.       (VALEKIAN    FAMILY.) 

sinuses  iiii|>ressc'il.  Stamens  5,  iuserteil  near  the  base  of  the  curolla :  anthers 
oliloug-sagittate,  exlrorso.  Styles  united,  tilifomi,  jjartlv  pereiBtent.  Stigmau 
4,  liueur,  spreailing.  Capsule  oblong,  ci>inj)re8se(J,  2-celle(l,  oi)Ciiing  septi- 
ridally  to  the  middle,  and  loculicidallv  at  tlie  apex,  each  valve  tipped  witii  the 
persistent  base  of  the  styles.  Seeds  sevenil,  oval,  flat,  winged,  obliijuely  imbri- 
cated in  two  rows.  —  A  smooth  woody  vine,  w  ilii  opposite  evergreen  leaves, 
minute  stipules,  and  large  yellow  fragrant  Howers,  iu  axillary  bractcd  and 
elustci'-like  nui'tiics. 

1.  G.  sempervirens,  Alt.  —  Margins  of  swamjis.aud  river  banks,  near 
the  coast.  Mareli  -  Ai)ril.  —  Stem  twining,  ])ur|)lish.  Leaves  lanceolate  or 
ovate,  acute  orsubcordate  at  tlic;  base,  short-petioled.  Kacemes  few-tiowered. 
Pedicels  scaly.     Corolla  I'  -  1|'  lung. 


Order  73.     VALKKIANACE-^E.     (Valerian  Family.) 

Herbs  with  o2»po.site  exstipulate  leaves,  and  cyiiiose  flowers.  —  Calyx 
tube  adherent  to  the  ovary.  Corolla  tubular  or  funnel-shaped,  mostly 
5-lobed,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  distinct,  fewer  than  the 
corolla  lobes,  and  inserted  on  its  tube.  Ovary  ;3-celled,  two  of  which 
are  empty,  the  third  containing  a  single  suspended  anatropous  ovule. 
Style  slender.  Stigmas  1-3.  Fruit  1  -  3-celled,  1-seeded.  Albumen 
none. 

1.     VALERIANA,  Tourn.     Valerian. 

Limb  of  tlio  oaly.v  composed  of  several  j)luniose  bristles,  at  first  incurved, 
afterward  spreading.  Corolla  gibbous  at  the  base,  5-lobed.  Stamens  3. 
Fruit  Icelled,  1-seeded. — Perennials. 

1.  V.  SCandens,  L.  Smooth;  stem  climbing;  leaves  on  slender  peti- 
oles, ternately  divided  ;  leaflets  ovate,  entire  ;  cymes  paniculate,  diffuse,  axil- 
lary and  terminal ;  corolla  very  short.  —  East  Florida. 

2.  V.  pauciflora,  Michx.  Smooth;  stem  (l°-,3°  high )  erect,  or  de- 
cumbent at  the  base,  simple  ;  leaves  membranaceous,  toothed  or  serrate,  the 
radical  ones  mostly  entire,  ovate  or  cordate,  long-petioled,  the  others  pin- 
nately  .3  -  7-lobed  ;  cymes  terminal,  in  a  close  panicle  ;  tnl)e  of  the  pale  pink 
corolla  long  and  slender.  — Mountains  of  Tennessee,  and  northward.  June- 
July. 

2.    VALERIANELLA,  Tourn.     Lamh  Lf.ttuce. 

Calyx  limb  toothed  or  obsolete.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  .5-lobed.  Stamens 
3.  Fruit  •3-celled,  two  of  the  cells  empty  and  sometimes  confluent  into  one, 
the  other  Iseeded.  —  Annual  herbs,  with  forking  stems,  opposite  entire  or 
lobed  leaves,  and  white  or  purplish  flowers  in  crowded  bracted  cymes. 

1.  V.  radiata,  Pufr.  Leaves  oblong,  the  upper  ones  clasping  and 
toothed  at  the  l)ase ;  fruit  mostly  downy,  ovoid,  with  a  furrow  ])etween  the 
parallel  and  contiguous  empty  cells;  flowers  white. — River  bank.*,  Florida, 
and  northward.     Feb.  -  March.  —  Stem  6'-  12'  high. 


COMPOSITE.       (composite    FAMILY.)  203 

2.  V.  olitoria,  Poll.  Flowers  pale  blue;  fruit  compressed,  oblique, 
with  a  corky  mass  at  the  back  of  the  fertile  cell,  the  empty  cells  large  aud 
sometimes  confluent ;  stem  and  leaves  as  in  F.  radiata,  —  New  Orleans. 
Introduced. 

3.  V.  Woodsiana,  Walp.,  var.  patellaria,  Gray.  Flowers  white; 
fruit  circular,  notched  at  both  ends,  the  empty  cells  concave,  broader  than  the 
fertile  one,  aud  forming  a  wing  around  it.  —  Kashville  {Dr.  Gattinger). 


Order  7i.     DIPSACACE^E.     (Teasel  Family.) 

Plants  in  habit  and  inflorescence  resembling  the  next  order,  but 
with  separate  anthers,  and  albnminous  suspended  seeds,  represented 
here  by  a  single  species  of 

1.     DIPSACUS,    Tourn.     Teasel. 

Heads  oblong.  Involucre  many -leaved.  Flowers  in  the  axil  of  a  thin  awn- 
pointed  bract,  aud  enclosed  in  a  4-leaved  iuvolucel.  Calyx  4-augled,  truncate, 
adnate  to  the  l-ceUed,  1-ovuled  ovary.  Corolla  4-cleft.  Stamens  4,  inserted 
on  the  corolla.  —  Tall  biennials. 

1.  D.  sylvestris,  ililler.  Stem  prickly,  3°-5°  high;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  the  lowest  oblong,  crenate-serrate ;  involucre  longer  than  the 
head ;  bracts  straight  awned ;  flowers  pale  purple.  —  North  Carolina.  Intro- 
duced from  Europe. 


Order  7.5.     COMPOSIT^E.     (Composite  Family.) 

Flowers  clustered  in  a  dense  head  upon  a  common  receptacle,  and 
surrounded  by  an  involucre.  Calyx  united  with  the  ovary;  the  limb 
(pappus)  either  obsolete,  or  forming  a  cup-like  or  toothed  border,  or 
divided  into  chaffy  scales  or  bristles.  Corolla  superior,  flat  or  funnel- 
shaped,  .5-  (rarely  4-)  lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  alternate 
with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  inserted  into  its  tube :  anthers  co- 
hei'in'^  in  a  cjlinder  (synf/enesinu.i).  Style  single:  stigmas  2.  Fruit 
(achenium)  dry  and  seed-like.  Seed  solitary,  erect,  wdthout  albumen. 
Radicle  inferior.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  without  stijiules.  Invo- 
lucre composed  of  short  or  leafy  bracts  (scales  of  the  involucre),  arranged 
in  1  -  many  series.  Receptacle  naked,  or  furnished  with  scales  (chaffy). 
Heads  with  the  flowers  all  tubular  (discoid),  or  all  strap-shaped,  or 
the  marginal  ones  strap-shaped  or  ligulate  {radiate). 

Artificial  Synopsis  of  the  Genera. 

Sdrorder  T.  TUBULIFLOKiE.  Corolla  of  tlie  perfect  flowers  tubu- 
lar, equally  .5-  {rarely  .3-4-)  lobed.  Kay  flowers,  when  present,  ligulate, 
either  pistillate  or  neutral. 


204 


COMl'OSlT.i:.        (coMPOSITi:    KA.MILV.) 


§  1.     Heads  (liHooid. 
•  Heads  with  tlie  fluwiTH  all  porfoct.  Ho. 

Pappus  none.     Lpavos  resinous-dotted,  linear.     Flowers  yellow     .         .        FLAVKRIA.     CI) 
Piip]ius  none.     Li-aves  opposite,  ovate.     Flowers  yellow     .         .  VKKUESINA.     5t< 

TappuH  mine.     Leaves  alt«ruate.     Flowers  wlute  ....     UARTWKIGHTIA.      & 
Pappus  bristly  or  hairy. 
Flowers  yellow. 

Receptacle  iiointeJ ISIGKLOVIA.    21 

Receptacle  flat SOLIDAGO.     'ZU 

Receptacle  convex BENECIO.     80 

Flowers  white,  blue,  or  purple. 
Receptacle  chatfy. 

Leaves  opposite.     Flowers  white MKL.\NTHERA.     47 

Leaves  alternate.     Flowers  purple CARPHKPHORUS.       7 

Receptacle  bristly. 

Leaves  spiny CNICU8.     84 

Leaves  not  spiny,  cordate ARCTIUM.    85 

Receptacle  naked. 

Scales  of  the  involucre  in  a  single  row CACALIA.     83 

Scales  of  the  involucre  iu  2  or  more  rows. 

Pappus  double,  the  outer  row  very  short VERNONIA.       1 

Pappus  single. 
Achenia  ribbed  or  striate. 

Pappusplunio.se.     Flowers  cream-colored KUHXIA.     11 

Pappus  scabrous.  Leaves  cordate.  Flowers  purple  .  BRICKELLIA.  12 
Papims  scabrous.  Leaves  narrow.  Heads  raceiued  .  .  .  LIATRIS.  8 
Pappus  scabrous.  Leaves  oblong.  Heads  panicled  .  .  TRILISIA.  9 
Pappus  scabrous.  Leaves  obovate.  Stems  woody  .  .  GARBERIA.  10 
Achenia  not  ribbed,  iVangled. 

Receptacle  conical CONOCLINIUM.     13 

Receptacle  flat.     Stems  climbing MIKANIA.     14 

Receptacle  flat.     Stems  erect EUPATORIUM.     13 

Pappus  scaly. 
Flowers  blue  or  purple. 

Pappus  a  cup-shaped  border  of  united  scales AGERATUM.      4 

Pappus  slender,  almost  bristly. 

Pappus  deciduous.     Heads  large  and  single STOKESIA.      2 

Pappus  persistent.     Heads  small,  in  3-bracted  clusters  .    ELEPH.4.XTOPUS.      3 

Pappus  of  .5  oval  almost  bony  scales.     Leaves  whorled      .        .     SCLEROLEPIS.      6 
Flowers  white. 

Receptacle  naked. 

'  [  POLYPTERIS.     C7 

Leaves  entire,  linear  or  lanceolate \    p\L\poXIA      C8 

Leaves  entire,  ovate  or  cordate AGKRATUM.  4 

Leaves  pinnately  lobed HYMENOPAPPUS.  GC 

Receptacle  chaffy. 

Acheniura  top-shaped.     Scales  of  the  pappus  5 -6     .         .        .      M.\RSHALL1A.  C.5 

Acheniiim  flat.     Pappus  2-awned ACTINOMERIS.  59 

Flowers  yellow.     Pappus  2  -  4-awned. 

Awns  of  the  pappus  deciduous HELIANTHUS.  50 

Awns  of  the  pappu.s  persistent,  hispid  upward COREOPSIS.  60 

Awns  of  the  pappus  persistent,  hispid  downward BIDENS.  C2 

*  *  Heads  with  flowers  variously  imperfect. 

Marginal  flowers  pistillate.     Central  flowers  perfect,  but  abortive. 
Pappus  bristly. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  in  a  single  row ERECHTHITES.     82 


COMPOSITE.       (composite    FAMILY.) 


205 


Scales  of  the  involucre  in  2  or  more  rows.  No. 

Pubescence  woolly.     Receptacle  partly  chaffy FILAGO.  33 

Pubescence  woolly.     Receptacle  naked GNAPHALIUM.  32 

Pubescence  tomentose.     Stem  winged        .         .         .         .         .    PTEROCAULON.  30 

Pubescence  glandular.     Heads  corymbose PLUCHEA.  29 

Pappus  a  5-lobed  border.     Flowers  yellow TANACETUM.  77 

Pappus  none.     Leaves  pinnately  divided ARTEMISIA.  78 

Marginal  flowers  pistillate.     Central  flowers  staminate. 

Pappus  none.     Style  rigid,  persistent SOLIVA.  79 

Panpus  none.     Style  deciduous.     Heads  nodding IV A.  41 

Marginal  flowers  neutral.     Central  flowers  perfect  .          ...          CENTAUREA.  86 

*  *  «  Heads  dioecious  or  monoecious. 

Staminate  and  pistillate  heads  on  the  same  plant. 

Fruiting  involucre  1-seeded,  naked  or  tubercled AMBROSIA.  42 

Fruiting  involucre  2-seeded,  armed  with  hooked  spines      .        .        .       XANTHIUM.  43 

Staminate  and  pistillate  heads  on  separate  plants. 

Anthers  tailed.     Hoary  herbs ANTENNARIA.  31 

Anthers  taiUess.     Smooth  shrubs BACCHARIS.  27 

§  2.     Heads  radiate. 

Rays  pistillate. 

Flowers  aU  fertile. 

Receptacle  naked. 

Rays  yellow.     Leaves  opposite. 

Pappus  none.     Heads  1 -rayed FLAVERIA.  69 

Pappus  scaly.     Leaves  fringed,  dotted PECTIS.  73 

Pappus  scaly.     Leaves  divided DYSODIA.  72 

Pappus  capillary.     Heads  large ARNICA.  80 

Rays  yeUow.     Leaves  alternate. 

Scales  of  the  involucre  in  1  row SENECIO.  81 

Scales  of  the  involucre  in  2  rows HELENIUM.  71 

Scales  of  the  involucre  in  several  rows     Heads  large  ....     INULA.  28 

Pappus  double,  of  the  ray  and  disk  flowers  aUke  .        .        .     CHRYSOPSIS.  24 

Pappus  double,  of  the  ray  flowers  none      ....    HETEROTHECA.  23 

Pappus  single. 

Leaves  alternate.     Heads  racemed  or  clustered        .        .          SOLIDAGO.  20 

Leaves  alternate.     Heads  pauicled         ....         APLOPAPPUS.  22 

Pappus  of  2  -  8  bristles GRINDELIA.  25 

Rays  white  or  purple. 

Pappus  none.     Rays  pale  purple BELLIS.  19 

Pappus  none.     Rays  white CHRYSANTHEMUM.  76 

Pappus  chaffy.     Rays  white ....                 ...      BOLTONIA.  18 

Pappus  bristly  or  capillary. 

Pappus  double DIPLOPAPPUS.  16 

Pappus  single. 

Rays  few SERICOCARPUS.  15 

„                                                                                                           (          ASTER.  16 

Rays  numerous .....< „ 

•^                                                                                                       I  ERIGERON.  17 

Receptacle  chaffy. 

Involucre  double,  the  outer  4-leaved,  4-angled  .        .        .  TETRAOONOTHECA.  50 

Involucre  imbricated  or  spreading. 

Maritime  shrubs.    Pappus  4-toothed BORRICHIA.  45 

Herbs. 

Receptacle  conical  or  elongated. 

Rays  persistent.     Corolla  lobes  velvety ZINNIA.  48 

Rays  deciduous.     Achenia  3 -4-angled          ....      HELIOPSIS.  49 

Rays  deciduous,     Achenia  compressed     ....       SPILANTUES.  51 


I'UG 


tOMPOSIT.*:.        ((•OMl'f>SITK    FAMILY.) 


Receptacle  flat. 

LicnveH  lubud,  alti-rimte ACHILLEA. 

Loaves  lobeil,  uppuHito WEDELIA. 

Leaves  not  lobed.     Pujiptis  2-awued       .....     VKK11KS1N.\. 

Leaves  not  lobed.     Pappus  none        ......       KCLIITA. 

Flowers  of  the  Jisk  sterile. 

Rays  yellow.     l>a|>pus  uoue I'OLYMKIA. 

Rays  yellow.     l'api)us  none.     Aclieuia  prickly      .        .  ACANTHOSPEKMU.\I. 

Rays  yellow.     Pappus  a  toothed  crown CHKVSOGUNUM. 

Rays  yellow.  P.ippus  12-toothed  or  awued.  Achenia  winged  .  .  SlLl'HIUM. 
Rays  yellow.  Pappus  ".'-toothed  or  awned.  Achenia  wingless  1JEKLAXL)IKRA. 
Rays  yellow.     Pappus  2  toothed.     Achenia  wingless         .  Ll.NDHElMEKIA. 

Rays  yellow.     Pappus  of  the  rays  none,  of  the  disk  dowers  bristle-like  scales. 

AMPHIACHYRIS. 

Rays  wliite.     Receptacle  couical PARTHENIUM. 

Rays  neutral  (without  pistils). 
Receptacle  naked  or  nearly  so. 

Achenia  villous.     Pappus  scaly,  long-awned GAILLARDIA. 

Acheuia  smooth  or  the  angles  hairy.     Pappus  awuless  .        .        LLPTOPODA. 

Receptacle  deeply  pitted. 

Margins  of  the  pits  entire.     Perennial BALDWINIA. 

Margins  of  the  pits  toothed.     Ainmal ACTIN0SPER41UM. 

Receptacle  chaffy  throughout. 
Involucre  double.     Pappus  2  -  4-awned. 

Awns  of  the  pappus  hispid  upward COREOPSIS. 

Awns  of  the  pappus  hispid  downward.     Acheuia  beakless         .         .  BIDENS. 

Awns  of  the  pappus  hispid  downward.     Achenia  beaked      •        .        .     COSMOS. 

Involucre  simple  or  imbricate. 

Pappus  a  cup-shaped  border. 

Chaff  of  the  receptacle  elongated,  spine-pointed    .        .        .        ECHINACEA. 

Chaff  of  the  receptacle  not  elongated  nor  spine-pointed     .         .    RUDBECKIA. 

Pappus  none.     Achenia  not  angled GYMXOLOMIA. 

Pappus  2  -  4-awned. 
Achenia  winged.     Leaves  divided.     Receptacle  elongated         .       LEPACHYS. 
Achenia  winged.     Leaves  undivided.     Receptacle  convex     .     ACTINOMERIS. 
Achenia  wingless.     Awns  of  the  pappus  deciduous    .        .  HELI.\N'THUS. 

Achenia  wingless.     Awns  of  the  pappus  persistent          .        HELI.\NTHELLA. 
Receptacle  chaffy  at  the  apex.     Achenia  ribbed ANTHEMIS. 


ScBORDKR  II.     LABIATIFI/lK.E.     Corolla  of  the   perfect   flowers  2- 
lipped ;  the  outer  lip  3-lohed,  the  inner  2  lobed. 
Herb  etemless.     Scape  l-flowered.     Flower  nodding    ....        CHAPTALIA.    87 


Suborder  III.     LIGULIFLOR^E,     Corolla  of  all  the  flowers  ligulate. 


Pappus  none.     Achenia  many-ribbed   .... 

Pappus  scaly.     Flowers  blue 

Pappus  scaly  and  bristly. 
Scales  of  the  pappus  5,  with  ii  intermediate  bristles 
Scales  of  the  pappus  and  bristles  numerous 
Pappus  hairy. 
Pappus  tawny  or  dirty  white. 
Flowers  erect,  rose-color.     Leaves  filiform  . 
Flowers  erect,  yellow.     Achenia  beakless 
Flowers  erect,  yellow.     Adienia  long-beaked 
Flowers  nodding,  whitish  or  purplish 


APOGON. 
CICHORIUM. 


KRIGIA. 
CYNTHIA. 


.       LYGODESMIA.  93 

.      HIERACIUM.  91 

PYRRHO  PAPPUS.  95 

.  PRENANTHES.  92 


COMFOSIT.E.       (composite    FAMILY.)  207 

Pappus  clear  white  (except  in  one  Mulgedium). 
Achenia  conspicuously  beaked.  No. 

Achenia  ribbed.     Stemless  herbs        ......        TARAXACUM.  94 

Achenia  flat.     Stems  leafy LACTUCA.  96 

Achenia  bealiless  or  nearly  so. 

Flowers  blue.     Achenia  sliglitly  beaked MULGEDIUM.  96 

Flowers  yeUow.     Achenia  beakless SONCHUS.  97 

Suborder  I.     TUBUI.IFI.ORiE. 

Tribe  I.  VERNONIACE^E.  Heads  discoid;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and 
perfect:  branches  of  the  stijle  terete,  Jj I i form,  hairy  all  over;  the  stigmatic 
lines  only  on  the  lower  part.  —  Herbs,  with  edternate  leaves  and  purple 
flowers. 

1.     VERNONIA,  Sclireb.     Iron-weed. 

Heads  many-flowered,  the  flo-\\ers  all  equal  and  tubular.  Involucre  shorter 
than  the  flowers ;  the  scales  closely  imbricated  in  several  rows.  Receptacle 
naked.  Achenia  cylindrical,  ribbed.  Pajjpus  double;  the  exterior  consisting 
of  very  sliort  scale-like  bristles,  tlie  intei-ior  of  copious  capillary  bristles.  — 
Perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  corymbose  purple  flowers. 

1.  V.  oligophylla,  Michx.  Stem  nearly  naked ;  leaves  rough  above, 
pube.scent  beneath,  denticulate ;  those  at  the  ba.se  large,  oval  or  oblong,  the 
others  small,  distant,  lanceolate ;  corymb  few-flowered,  spreading ;  involucre 
bell-shaped,  the  scales  lanceolate,  acuminate,  fringed.  —  Damp  pine  barrens. 
July.  —  Steni  2°  high,  sparingly  branched. 

2.  V.  Noveboracensis,  Willd.  Stem  more  or  less  pubescent,  branched 
above ;  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  mostl}-  roughish  above,  smooth  or  pubescent 
beneath;  corymbs  spreading;  involucre  hemispherical,  the  scales  fringed, 
ovate,  ending  in  a  long  filil'orni  point,  or  simply  acute.  —  River  banks  and 
low  ground.  July -Sept.  —  Stem  3°-G°  high.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
purple,  and  usually  covered  with  web-like  hairs. 

Var.  latifolia,  Gray.  Stem  2°-3°hign;  lower  leaves  oval  or  oblong, 
coarsely  serrate,  paler  beneath,  the  upper  lanceolate,  entire ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  fringed,  acute.  —  Dry  woodlands,  Georgia  and  Florida.     July. 

3.  v.  Baldwinii,  Torr.  Tomentose;  stem  2° -3°  high ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrulate;  heads  rather  small  and  crowded,  globose, 
canescent ;  scales  of  the  involucre  appressed,  with  spreading  or  recurved  tips; 
achenia  pubescent.  —  W.  Tennessee  {Gatlinger),  and  westward. 

4.  V.  altissima,  Nutt.  Stem  4°-10°  high,  smooth;  leaves  lanceolate 
or  oblong,  tlie  lower  coarsely  serrate,  mostly  glabrous  ;  corymlis  spreading ; 
heads  scattered,  the  scales  smooth,  obtuse,  appressed  ;  achenia  slightly  his])id. 
—  Low  ground,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts.    July  -  August. 

5.  V.  fasciculata,  Michx.  Stem  slender,  smooth,  2° -5°  high,  very 
leafy;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  varying  to  ol)long,  acuminate,  smooth  above, 
puncticulate  ;  heads  crowded ;  scales  of  the  involucre  downy  on  the  margins, 
acute  ;  achenia  smooth.  —  River  banks,  Tennessee,  and  westward.     August. 


I'dS  COMPOSITiE.       (COMFCISITK    FAMILY.) 

6.  V.  angUStifolia,  Michx.  stem  uleiuliT,  siimotli  or  hairy,  verv  leafy  ; 
lea\e.s  linrar  i>v  liiii.'ai-laii<-i'(>late,  .sniKutliisli,  nr  pula-sc'eul  and  rouglii.sli,  the 
lowest  ones  sparingly  ilentiiulatf,  tiie  upper  entire,  with  the  margins  revolute; 
C(iryml>s  mostly  nmliel-lil<e  ;  involucre  liell-sliapeil ;  the  scales  lanceolate, 
fringed,  ai  iite  or  coiispieuously  mueronato. —  Dry  jiine  barrens,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina,  and  westward.     June- August.  —Stem  2^-3^  liigli- 

\'ar  pumila,  Cliapm.  J^ow  (C  -  12'),  smoothish  ;  leaves  short ;  heads  3- 
7,  loosely  roryniho.se;  involucre  .smooth  ;  jiajijius  yellowish;  achenium  smooth. 
—  Wet  piue  woods,  South  Florida.     Nov. 

2.     STOKESIA,  L'ller. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  marginal  Howers  much  larger,  deeply  split  on 
the  inside,  and  ray-like.  Invohure  suliglobo.se,  bracted,  the  outer  scales  pro- 
longed into  a  leafy  bristly-fringed  appendage,  the  inner  oues  lanceolate  aud 
entire.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  short,  .3  - 4-augled,  smooth.  I'apjiua 
coini)osed  of  4-3  filiform  chaffy  deciduous  .scales.  —  A  sparingly  blanched 
downy-stemmed  jjerennial.  Leaves  smooth,  lanceolate,  entire,  the  upjter  ones 
sessile,  and,  like  the  bracts,  fringed  at  tlie  base,  the  lowest  narrowed  into  a 
slender  ])Ctiule.     Heads  few   or  solitary,  large,  terminal.     Flowers  blue. 

1.  S.  cyanea,  L'ller.  —  Wet  pine  barrens.  South  Carolina,  aud  westward, 
very  rare.  —  Stems  1'^-  l\°  high.     Heads  T  wide. 

3.     ELEPHANTOPUS,  L.    Elephaxt's-foot. 

Heads  3  -  5-flowered,  crowded  iu  terminal  3-bracted  clusters.  Flowers  all 
equal  aud  similar.  Involucre  compressed ;  scales  8,  iu  2  rows,  dry,  oblong, 
acute,  dotted.  Receptacle  naked.  Corolla  dee])ly  split  on  one  side,  palmate. 
Achenia  oblong,  ribbed,  hairy.  Pappus  bristly  from  a  dilated  liase,  double  or 
single  —  Erect  hairy  corymbose-branched  perennials,  with  alternate  ample 
leaves,  and  purple  or  white  flowers. 

1.  E.  CarolinianuS,  Willd.  Stem  leafy,  hairy  ;  leaves  thin,  oval  or  ob- 
long, iiicurvedserrate,  liairy,  tapering  into  a  petiole ;  bracts  ovate,  longer 
than  the  heads  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  slightly  hairy.  —  Damp  shady  soil. 
July -August.  —  Stem  1^-2°  high.  Leaves  3' -  6' long,  2' -4' wide.  Flow- 
ers purple. 

2.  E.  tomentosus,  L.  Rough-hairy;  stem  nearly  naked;  radical 
leaves  spreading,  obovate-oblong,  narrower!  into  a  petiole  ;  stem  leaves  (1  -2) 
small,  lanceolate ;  bracts  ovate  or  cordate,  usually  shorter  than  the  heads ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  very  hairy.  —  Dry  sandy  soil.  Juno  -  August.  —  Stem 
l°--2°  high.  Radical  leaves  4'-  10'  long,  2'  wide,  spreading  on  the  ground. 
Flowers  j)alc  purple. 

3.  E.  nudatus,  Gray.  Sparsely  hirsute,  and  dotted  with  minute  resinous 
atoms  ;  stem  (6'-  18'  high)  with  3  or  4  short  ol)ovate  leaves  at  the  base,  and 
a  smaller  one  below  the  branches  of  the  cyme  ;  bracts  broad-ovate,  barely 
acute,  rather  shorter  than  the  heads  :  scales  of  the  involucre  smooth,  cuspi- 
date ;  scales  of  the  pappus  abruptly  dilated  at  the  base.  —  Damp  ground  near 
the  coast.    July  -  Sept. 


COMPOSITE.       (composite    FAMILY.)  209 

Tribe  II.  EUPATORIACE^E.  Heads  discoid ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and 
perfect :  branches  of  the  stijle,  usuallj/  elomjuted,  club-shaped,  minutely  pubes- 
cent ;  the  stigmatic  lines  obscure.  —  Flowers  while,  blue,  or  purple. 

4.    AGERATUM,  L. 

Heads  many-flowered.  luvolucre  uearly  hemispherical ;  the  scales  numer- 
ous, imbricated.  Receptacle  naked  or  chaffy.  Acheuia  5-augled.  Pappus 
composed  of  5-10  distinct  scales,  or  a  mere  border.  —  Leaves  opposite, 
toothed.     Heads  in  close  corymbs.     Flowers  blue  or  purple. 

1.  A.  littorale.  Gray.  Stem  diffuse,  somewhat  shrubby  at  the  base, 
smooth ;  leaves  ovate,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  slender  petiole ;  corymbs 
few-flowered ;  receptacle  naked  ;  pappus  a  whitish  truncated  margin.  —  Bouth 
Florida.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  long.     Flowers  blue. 

2.  A.  COnyzoides,  L.  Leaves  ovate,  rhombic,  or  cordate,  on  rather 
long  petioles ;  scales  of  the  pappus  5,  slightly  serrate,  awu-pointed  from  a 
broad  base.  —  Wet  places  near  Savannah,  Georgia.  JVIay.  —  Pubescence  and 
form  of  the  leaves  variable.     Flowers  white  or  blue. 

5.     HARTWRIGHTIA,  Gray. 

Heads  few-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  2  rows,  linear,  obtuse. 
Receptacle  naked.  Corolla  dilated  above,  5-toothed.  Anthers  appendaged. 
Acheuia  5-angled.  Pappus  none.  —  A  glabrous  perennial  herb.  Stem  corym- 
bose above.  Leaves  alternate,  obtuse,  entire,  obscurely  veined,  the  lower  ob- 
long, tapering  into  a  long  margined  petiole,  the  tipper  few,  small  and  distant, 
linear.  Heads  C}' mose,  pedicelled.  Flowers  white,  resinous-punctate,  like  the 
achenia  and  involucre. 

1.  H.  Floridana,  Gray.  —  Sphagnous  marshes,  Volucia  County,  Florida 
(Wright,  Webster).  — ^tem  2° -3°  high.  Leaves,  with  the  petiole,  6'- 12' 
long. 

6.     SCLEROLEPIS,  Cass. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  imbricated  in  2 
rows,  equal.  Receptacle  naked.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Achenia  5-angled. 
Scales  of  the  pappus  5,  almost  horny,  oval.  —  A  smooth  aquatic  perennial 
herb,  with  whorled  linear  leaves,  and  1-3  heads  of  purple  flowers  terminating 
the  stem  or  peduncle-like  branches. 

1.  S.  verticillata,  Cass. —  Shallow  ponds.  July.  —  Stems  asceuding, 
1°  high.     Leaves  5-  6  in  a  whorl.     Heads  f  wide. 

7.     CARPHEPHORUS,  Cass.     (Liateis,  Ell.) 

Heads  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  3-5  rows, 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  appressed.  Receptacle  chaffy.  Achenia  10-ribbed. 
Pappus  of  numerous  unequal  bearded  bristles.  —  Erect  perennial  herbs. 
Leaves  alternate.     Heads  corymbed.     Flowers  purple. 

1.  C.  Pseudo-Liatris,  Cass.  Pubescent  and  somewhat  hoary;  stem 
8im])le,  rigid  ;  leaves  linear,  appressed,  the  lowest  crowded,  elongated  ;  corymb 
small,  dense,  mostly  simple ;   pedicels  bracted ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lance- 

14 


210  COMrOSIT.?!.        (rOMI'OSITK    FAMILY.) 

oliite,  acute,   hairy. —  Opt-n   /i;ra.<.sy    juia-    liarnns,   Florida,   and    westward 
Sept.  —  !Steiii  6-18'  liigli.     Ik-ads  rart-h'  ractiiio.se. 

2.  C.  tomentOSUS,  'J'orr.  &.  liray.  Stem  siiiijilu,  tonieiitoHC ;  leaves 
smootli  nr  liain,  ^laiiil-jiointi'd  ;  the  lowest  oldoiig  or  lauceolate,  3-rib)>ed, 
uarrowed  ijito  a  long  ela.-<i(ing  jtetiole,  the  other.-*  iiuiiierous,  small,  oblong  or 
oval,  sessile  ;  corymb  lo<j.se  liowered  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  very  tomeuto.se, 
the  outer  ones  short,  ovate,  the  iuuer  oblong,  acute.  —  Low  pine  barrens, 
North  and  Soutli  Carolina.     Sept. —  Stem  2°  high. 

3.  C.  COrymbosus,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  tall,  hairy;  leaves  smooth  or 
more  or  less  hairy;  the  lowest  cuneate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  1- or  obscurely  3- 
ribbed  ;  the  others  numerous,  small,  obh^ng,  sessile  ;  heads  aliout  20,  closely 
corymbed  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  nearly  smooth  and  equal,  oval,  very  obtuse, 
broadly  margined.  — Margins  of  swamps,  Florida  to  N'orth  Carolina.  Sept. 
—  Stem  2° -4°  higii. 

4.  C.  bellidifolius,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smooth  ;  leaves  spatulate-lanceolate, 
3-ribbed,  obtuse  ;  heads  few  in  a  loo.se  corymb ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oblong, 
obtuse,  sparingly  fringed  on  the  margins;  pappus  slightly  plumose. —Dry 
sandy  soil,  Georgia  to  North  Carolina.  Sept.  —  Stems  several  from  the  same 
root,  12'  -  18'  liigli.     Heads  sometimes  pauicled. 

8.     LIATRIS,  Schreb.     Button  S.nakeroot. 

Heads  few-  or  many-flowered,  the  flowers  all  similar  and  perfect.  Scales 
of  the  iuvolucre  imbricated.  Receptacle  naked.  Corolla  5-lobed.  Achenia 
nearly  terete,  narrowed  at  the  base,  about  10-ribbed.  I'appus  of  numerous 
plumose  or  bearded  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  tuberous  roots  and  sim- 
ple stems.  Leaves  alternate,  entire.  Heads  in  spikes  or  racemes.  Flowers 
purple,  often  varying  into  white,  commonly  dotted  with  resinous  particles. 
*  Scale  f:  of  the  involucre  with  petal-like  or  leafy  tips:  pappus  plumose. 

1.  L.  elegans,  AVilld.  Heads  very  numerous  in  a  cylindrical  raceme, 
4  -  5-flowered  ;  inner  scales  of  the  involucre  petal-like,  purple ;  stem  tomen- 
tose ;  leaves  smooth,  the  lowest  lanceolate.  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to 
South  Carolina,  and  westward.     August.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Heads  show:y. 

2.  L.  squarrosa,  Willd.  Heads  few  or  numerous,  large,  many-flowered, 
cylindrical ;  scales  of  the  involucre  with  leafy  spreading  tips  ;  stem  pubescent ; 
leaves  smoothish  or  hairy,  long,  linear,  rigid,  3-. "j-ribbed.  —  Dry  sandy  .s(jil. 
July  -  August.  —  Stem  1°-H°  high.  Heads  1' long,  sessile  or  terminating 
short  branchlets.     Corolla  lobes  hairy. 

»  *  Scales  of  the  involucre  not  appendaged. 
•*-  Heads  S-G^flowered :  pappus  conspicuously  plumose. 
3f  L.  Boykinii,  Torr.  «&  Gray.  Nearly  smooth ;  stem  slender ;  leaves 
linear,  dotteil ;  heads  3  -4-flowered,  rather  closely  spiked  ;  scales  of  the  iuvo- 
lucre smooth,  lanceolate  or  linear,  acuminate  and  spreading  at  the  apex,  as 
long  as  the  pappus.  —  Near  Columbus,  Georgia.  August  -  Sept.  —  Stem  1°  - 
2°  high.     Spike  6'  -  1 0'  long. 

4.  L.  tenuifolia,  Nutt.  Smooth ;  stem  tall  and  slender ;  leaves  narrow- 
linear  or  filiform,  the  lowest  long  and  crowded ;   heads  .5-flowered,  in  a  long 


COMPOSIT.E.       (composite    FAMILY.)  211 

close  raceme  ;   scales  of  the  involucre  barely  pointed,  smooth,  purple.  —  Dry 
pine  barrens.     Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high.     Racemes  often  1-sided. 

Var.  quadriflora,  Chapm.  Leaves  involute-filiform,  rigid,  those  of  the 
stem  setaceous ;  heads  4-flowered  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  8,  half  as  long  a 
the  disk,  often  cuspidate.  —  Banks  of  the  Caloosa  River,  South  Florida 
Oct. 

•»-  -(-  Heads  3  -  many-floioered :  pappus  densely  bearded. 

5.  L.  pauciflora,  Pursh.  Stem  pubescent,  declining;  leaves  linear, 
short,  smooth ;  heads  4-5-flowered,  in  a  long  1-sided  raceme;  scales  of  the 
involucre  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  smooth,  or  pubescent  on  the  margins.  (L. 
secunda,  EU.)  —  Dry  sandy  ridges  in  the  middle  districts.  Sept.  —  Stem 
2°  -  .3°  long. 

6.  L.  Chapmanii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  tomentose ;  leaves  smooth  or 
pubescent,  linear,  ratlier  obtuse ;  the  uppermost  very  short  and  bract-like ; 
heads  mo.stly  3-flowered,  cylindrical,  densely  spiked ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
lanceolate,  acumiuate,  smooth ;  the  outer  ones  much  shorter  and  broader  ; 
corolla  and  very  hairy  acheuium  large.  —  Dry  sandy  ridges,  Florida.  July  - 
Sept.     Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 

7.  L.  gracilis,  Pursh.  Stem  tomentose  and  somewhat  hoary ;  leaves 
smooth  or  nearly  so,  the  lowest  lanceolate,  obtuse,  long-petioled,  the  others 
linear,  appressed  or  spreading,  short ;  heads  small,  3  -  7-flowered,  sessile  or  on 
slender  tomentose  and  bracted  pedicels  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oblong,  rather 
obtuse  or  mucrouate,  more  or  less  pubescent ;  the  edges  not  margined  and 
commonly  ciliate.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens.  Sept.  —  Stem  \°-2°  high.  Varies 
greatly  in  the  length  and  direction  of  the  pedicels. 

8.  L.  graminifolia,  WilUI.  Stem  usually  smooth,  and  striped  with 
greener  lines  ;  leaves  more  or  less  hairy  on  the  upper  surface,  and  fringed 
near  the  base ;  the  lowest  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  elongated,  the  upper 
linear;  heads  in  spikes  or  racemes,  often  very  numerous  ;  involucre  broadly 
obconical,  7-14-flowered;  the  scales  oblong-spatulate  rounded  at  the  apex, 
narrowly  margined.  (L.  gracilis.  Ell.,  a  more  slender  form,  with  the  fewer- 
flowered  heads  on  longer  pedicels.) — Light  dry  soil.  Sept.  —  Stem  2° -6° 
high. 

9.  L.  spicata,  Willd.  Smooth ;  stem  very  leafy ;  leaves  linear,  erect ; 
the  lowest  very  long,  obtuse,  3  -  5-ribbed ;  the  uppermost  small  and  bract-like ; 
heads  sessile,  cylindrical,  8-  12-flowered,  crowded  in  a  long  cylindrical  spike; 
scales  of  the  involucre  smooth,  obtuse,  narrow-margined,  purple.  (L.  resinosa, 
Nutt.,  a  small  form  with  5-flowered  heads.)  —  Swamps.  Augu.st-Sept. — 
Stem  rigid,  2°-5°  high.     Spikes  sometimes  2°-3°  long.     Styles  elongated. 

10.  L.  Garberi,  Gray.  Hirsute,  the  rigid  leaves  at  length  smoeth ; 
heads  closely  spiked,  6 -7-flowered  ;  scales  of  the  bell-shaped  involucre  ovate 
or  oblong,  cuspidate,  glandular-hirsute  ;  papjius  Ijarbellate.  —  Tampa,  Florida 
(Garber). 

11 .  L.  scariosa,  Willd.  Stem  stout,  pubescent ;  leaves  mostly  pubescent 
the  lowest  large,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  obtuse,  the  upper  linear,  acute  ;  heads 
large,  15  -40-flowered,  roundish,  sessile  or  pedicelled ;  scales  of  the  involucre 


212  COMI'OSIT.T-:.       («'<)MI'0SITK    FAMILY.) 

Bpatiilntc  or  oliovato,  rDuiulcil  at  the  iipox,  usually  willi  liroad  and  oolorptl 
margins  ;  tin-  outer  oiu's  with  spreading  ti|»8. —  \)ry  light  soil.  Sept.  —  Stem 
3°-6°  high.     Heads  soiiietiiues  1'  wide. 

9.     TRILISA,  Cass. 

Heads  few-flowered,  cymo8e-i)aiiicled.  Iiivolufral  scales  nearly  equal,  in 
three  .series.  Corolla  short.  rapi>us  bearded.  —  Erect  perennials.  Leaves 
veiny,  mostly  serrate.     Root  fibrous. 

1.  T.  odoratissima,  Cass.  (Hound's  Tongie.)  Stem  herbaceous, 
smooth;  leaves  siiuh.iIi  and  often  glaucous,  obtuse ;  tlic  lowest  spatulate- 
obovatc,  3-5-ribbed,  tlic  upper  oval  or  oblong,  small,  sessile;  heads  7-8- 
flowered,  di.sposed  in  an  aini>le  si)reailing  corymb  or  panicle.  —  Flat  pine  bar- 
rens in  the  lower  districts.  Sept.  —  Stem  2° -3-  high.  The  withering  leaves 
exhale  the  odor  of  vanilla. 

2.  T.  paniculata,  Cass.  Stem  viscid-pubescent ;  leaves  smooth  ;  the 
lowest  spatulatc-laHceulate,  the  upper  lanceolate,  sessile,  small ;  heads  mostly 
5-flowered,  in  small  lateral  and  terminal  corymbs,  forming  a  dense  oblong 
panicle.  —  With  the  preceding.     Sept.  -  Oct.  —  Stem  1°-  2°  high. 

10.     GARBERIA,  Gray. 

Heads  5-flowered.  Involucral  scales  in  4-5  rows,  lanceolate,  acute.  Co- 
rolla slender,  dilated  funnel-shaped  at  the  throat.  Receptacle  naked.  Ache- 
nia  10-ribbed.  Pappus  copious,  scabrous.  —  A  branching  shrub,  with  small 
obovate  entire  vertical  leaves,  and  showy  heads  of  purple  flowers  in  a  dense 
corymbose  cyme. 

1.  G.  fruticosa,  Gray.  —  Dry  .sandy  pine  barrens,  South  Florida. — 
Stem  4° -6°  high.     Leaves  I'  or  less  long.     Heads  8"  long. 

11.     KUHNIA,  L. 

Heads  10- 25-flowered.  Flowers  all  similar  and  perfect.  Scales  of  the  in- 
volucre few  and  loosely  imbricated  in  2-3  rows.  Receptacle  naked.  Corolla 
slender,  5-toothed.  Achenium  cylindrical,  many-striate.  Pappus  a  single  row 
of  strongly  plumose  bristles.  —  A  perennial  herb,  w  ith  lanceolate  or  linear 
dotted  leaves,  and  heads  of  yellowish  white  flowers  in  panicled  corymbs. 

1.  K.  eupatorioides,  L.  Stem  puliescent,  or  somewhat  viscid,  mostly 
branched  ;  leaves  tootiied  or  entire,  pubescent,  or  smoothish  beneath,  the  lower 
ones  sometimes  opposite  ;  corymbs  loose  or  crowded.  —  Light  dry  soil.  Sept. 
—  Stem  2° -4°  high. 

12.     BRICKELLIA,  Ell. 

Heads  few-  or  many -flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  imbricated, 
the  outer  ones  shorter.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Achenia 
cylindrical,  10-striate.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  bearded  bristles.  —  Perennial 
herbs,  with  dotted  opposite  3-ribbed  leaves,  and  large  heads  of  pale  purple 
flowers,  in  terminal  corymbs. 


COMPOSIT.E.       (composite    FAMILY.)  213 

1.  B.  cordifolia,  Ell.  Stem  erect,  tomentose,  mostly  branching;  leaves 
ovate,  serrate,  mostly  cordate,  petioled,  the  upper  ones  often  alternate ;  heads 
large,  30  -  40-flowered ;  achenia  nearly  smooth.  —  Light  rich  soil,  Georgia, 
Florida,  and  westward.     August.  —  Stem  2° -4°  high.     Flowers  showy. 

13.     EUPATOmUM,  Tourn.     Thoroughwort. 

Heads  3 -many-flowered.  Involucre  cylindrical  or  bell-shaped,  the  scales 
in  a  single  row,  or  imbricated  in  2 -several  rows.  Receptacle  flat,  naked. 
Corolla  5-toothed.  Achenia  5-angled,  the  sides  smooth  and  even.  Pappus  a 
single  row  of  slender  rough  bristles.  —  Perennial  and  mostly  resinous-dotted 
herbs,  with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves,  and  white  or  purplish  flowers. 
§  1.  Scales  of  the  cijlindrical  involucre  numerous,  closely  imbricated  in  several 
rows,  r if/id,  striate,  obtuse  :    heads  many-Jiowered:  flowers  blue. 

1.  E.  ivsefolium,  L.  Herbaceous;  stem  (3°-5°)  erect,  terete,  rough- 
hairy,  at  leugtli  much  branched ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  nearly 
sessile,  3-uerved,  sparingly  serrate  ;  corymbs  dense;  heads  15-20-flowered  ; 
scales  of  tlie  involucre  very  obtuse.  —  Mississippi,  and  westward.     July  -  Nov. 

2.  E.  COnyzoides,  Vahl.  Shrubby,  stem  much  branched  (4° -6°  high), 
leaves  opposite,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  3-nerved,  serrate  or 
nearly  entire  ;  corymb  trichotomous ;  heads  10-20-flowered,  receptacle  flat ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  rounded  at  the  tip ;   achenium  scabrous  on  the  angles. 

—  Coast  of  South  Plorida  (Curtiss). 

3.  E.  heteroclinium,  Griseb.  Pubescent;  stem  brauchiug  above  (2° 
high) ;  leaves  opposite,  ovate,  crenate-serrate,  short-petioled  ;  pedicels  1-3 
in  the  forks  of  the  branches,  longer  than  the  cylindrical  many-flowered 
heads ;  scales  of  the  involucre  smooth,  oblong,  deciduous ;  receptacle  globular, 
naked  ;  achenium  smooth.  —  Keys  of  South  Florida.     Nov. 

§  2.    Scales  of  the  involucre  mostly  loosely  imbricated  in  few  {rarely  single)  rows, 
thin:    receptacle  flat :   heads  corymbose  {except  Nos.  17  and  18). 

*  Scales  of  the  involucre  purplish,  scarious,  obtuse,  imbricated  in  several  rows,  the 

outer  ones  much  shorter:   leaves  whorled:  flowers  purplish. 

4.  E.  purpureum,  L.  Smooth  or  pubescent;  stem  tall,  often  spotted 
or  dotted  ;  leaves  petioled,  3  -6  in  a  whorl,  varying  from  lanceolate  to  ovate, 
coarsely  serrate,  roughish  ;   corymbs  large,  compound  ;   heads  5-  10-flowered. 

—  Swamps,  rarely  in  dry  woods.     August  -  Sept.  —  Stem  3°  -  10°  high,  solid 
or  hollow,  even  or  grooved. 

Var.  amCBnum,  Gray.  Leaves  thin,  opposite  or  ternate,  ovate,  coarsely 
unequally  and  sharply  serrate  ;   corymbs  loosely  flowered ;   heads  3-flowered. 

—  Woodlands  of  the  upper  districts.  —  Stem  2°  -3°  high. 

*  «  Scales  of  the  involucre  {green  or  white)  imbricated  in  ^-3  rows,  the  outer 

rows  shorter:  heads  5  -  20  flowered :  leaves,  achenia,  etc.  dotted  ivith  resinous 
glands:  floivers  white. 
H-  Heads  b flowered :  leaves  undivided,  sessile  or  nary-owed  into  a  stalk-like  base 
{except  No.  16). 

5.  E.  hyssopifolium,  L.  Pubescent ;  leaves  opposite,  the  ujiper  ones 
alternate,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate  or  toothed,  3-ribbed 


214  COMPOSIT.E.       (COMPOSITK    FAMILY.) 

at  the  base  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  obtuse,  mucronate,  shorter 
than  the  flowers.  —  Varies  with  the  leaves  narrow-linear  and  entire,  the  lower 
ones  4  in  a  wliorl,  and  numerous  smaller  ones  in  the  axils.  —  Low  grouud. 
Sept.  —  Stciii  2^-  .3^  l"i.i,'h.     Leaves  rigid,  sometimes  all  alternate. 

6.  E.  CUneifolium,  Wiild.  rubescent;  leaves  short,  ol)ovate-oblong, 
sparingly  serrate  near  the  summit,  or  entire,  3-ribbed,  mo!<tiy  very  obtuse; 
scales  of  tlie  involucre  obtu^;e,  shorter  tliau  the  flowers.     (E.  glaucescens,  A7/.) 

—  Rich  shaded  soil,  Florida  to  South  Caroliua  Sept.  —  Stem  2° -  3°  high. 
Leaves  1'  long,  i)ale  and  somewhat  glaucous  on  both  sides. 

7.  E.  leucolepis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  simple,  virgate,  minutely  pubes- 
cent and  rougiicued  ;  leaves  somewhat  remote,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate, 
acute,  serrate,  very  rough  on  both  sides,  obscurely  3-ribbed;  corymbs  ample, 
hoarv  ;  scales  of  tiie  involucre  lanceolate,  acuminate,  wiiite  and  scarious  at 
the  apex,  as  long  as  the  flowers.  —  Flat  i)ine  barrens.  Sei)t.  —  Stem  2°  liigh. 
Leaves  r-2'  long. 

8.  E.  tortifolium,  Chapm.  Stem  pubescent,  branching  above,  1°-!^° 
high;  leaves  small  (I'-U'  long),  oblauceolate,  entire,  vertical,  the  upper 
linear ;  heads  crowded ;  involucral  scales  erect,  acute  ;  pappus  rather  rigid, 
longer  tlian  the  corolla.  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Georgia  and  Florida.     Sept. 

9.  E.  semiserratum,  DC.  Tomentose;  stem  slender,  simple  or 
branclied  ai)ove;  leaves  alternate,  opposite,  or  whorled,  lanceolate,  acute, 
strongly  serrate,  3-ribbed  near  the  base,  tapering  into  a  petiole ;  corymbs 
large ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  flowers, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  mature  achenia.  —  Margins  of  ponds  and  wet  places. 
Stem  2°  liigh.     Leaves  2'  long,  strongly  veined. 

10.  E.  SCabridum,  Ell.  Stem  stout,  tomentose  ;  leaves  opposite,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  thickly  and  unequally  serrate,  rough  above, 
tomentose  and  somewhat  glaucous  beneath,  3-ribbed  from  near  the  base ; 
corvmbs  am])le,  dense  ;  scales  of  tlie  involucre  lanceolate,  cuspidate,  shorter 
than  the  flowers.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.     August. 

—  Stem  2°  high.     Leaves  H' long. 

11.  E.  rotundifolium,  L.  Stem  pubescent,  mostly  simple;  leaves 
short,  broadly  ovate  or  roundish,  obtusely  serrate,  roughish,  mostly  trun- 
cate at  the  base,  3-ril)bed  and  somewhat  rugose  ;  corymbs  large  ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  lanceolate,  acute,  sliorter  than  the  flowers.  —  Low  pine  barrens. 
August.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Ivcaves  1'  long. 

12.  E.  teucrifolium,  Willd.  Kough-pubescent ;  leaves  ovate  or  ob- 
long-ovate, coarsely  serrate  and  sometimes  toothed  near  the  base,  3-ril)bed ; 
the  upper  ones  snmll  and  remote;  corymbs  dense,  depres.sed  in  the  centre; 
scales  of  tiie  involucre  lanceolate,  mucronate,  shorter  than  the  flowers.  (E. 
verbeuaafolium,  Michx.)  —  Damp  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  Sept.  — 
Stem  virgate,  2° -3°  high.  Leaves  1' -  1 1' long,  the  base  rounded  or  trun- 
cate.    Branches  of  the  corymb  alternate. 

13.  E.  album,  L.  Rough-pubescent  or  hairy  ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late, narrowed  at  the  base,  toothed-.scrrate,  strongly  veined  ;  corymbs  dense ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  smooth,  or  the  outer  ones  pubescent,  longer 


COMPOSITE.       (composite    FAMILY.)  215 

than  the  flowers,  the  acuminate  or  mucronate  tips  white  and  scarious.  —  Dry- 
sandy  soil.     Sept. —  Stem  l°-2°  high.     Leaves  2'  long. 

14.  E.  altissimum,  L.  Stem  tomeutose;  leaves  opposite,  lanceolate, 
acute,  pubescent,  strongly  3-ribbed,  sharply  serrate  above  the  middle,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base  ;  corymb  dense,  hoary  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  shorter  than 
the  flowers,  linear-oblong,  obtuse.  —  Sterile  soil.  North  Carolina,  and  westward. 
Sept.  —  Stem  3°  -  7°  high.     Leaves  3'  -  4'  long. 

15.  E.  sessilifolium,  L.  Smooth;  leaves  long,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
serrate,  rounded  and  closely  sessile  at  the  base  ;  corymb  tomeutose ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  oblong,  obtuse.  —  Open  woods  in  the  upper  districts,  Alabama, 
and  northward.  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high,  mostly  branching  above.  Leaves 
3'  -  6'  long,  thin  and  veiny. 

16.  E.  mikanioides,  Chapm.  Stem  ascending  from  a  creeping  base, 
branching  and  tomeutose  above;  leaves  opposite,  long-petioled,  deltoid, 
glandular-serrate  or  toothed,  truncate  or  abruptly  acute  at  the  base,  resinous- 
dotted  above,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath  ;  the  petioles  somewhat  connate ; 
corymb  ample ;  scales  of  the  involucre  about  10,  lanceolate,  acute ;  anthers 
slightly  exserted  ;  achenia  5-angled,  glandular.  —  Low  sandy  places  on  the 
coast  of  West  Florida.  Sept.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Leaves  T-l^'  long, 
somewhat  fleshy. 

•1-  -I—  Heads  in  panicled  racemes,  3  -  5-Jiowered :    leaves  pinnutely  divided. 

17.  E.  foeniculaceuin,  Willd.  Stem  tall,  pubescent,  paniculately  much 
branched  ;  divisions  of  the  leaves  filiform,  smooth  ;  heads  3-5-flowered  ;  scales 
of  the  involucre  smooth,  margined,  notched  at  the  apex,  mucronate;  achenia 
smooth.  —  Chiefly  in  old  fields.  Sept. -Oct. — Stem  3° -8°  high.  Flowers 
white. 

18.  E.  COronopifolium,  Willd.  Pubescent;  stem  paniculately 
branched ;  divisions  of  the  leaves  linear  ;  heads  crowded,  5-flowered  ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  mucronate,  pubescent,  margined  ;  achenia  smooth.  —  Dry  sandy 
soil.     Sept. -Oct.     Stem  2° - 4°  high.     Flowers  white. 

-(-  -I-  -1-  Heads  6-\5-Jlowered :   leaves  opposite. 
■*-*■  Leaves  sessile  or  perfoliate. 

19.  E.  pinnatifidum,  Ell.  Pubescent;  leaves  lanceolate,  pinnately 
lobed  or  pinnatifid,  the  uppermost  linear  and  entire,  tlie  lowest  ones  whorled ; 
heads  6  -  9-flowered  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acute.  —  Dry  soil, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  .3^  high. 

20.  E.  perfoliatum,  L.  Pubescent  or  hairy ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, crenate-serrate,  rugose,  sessile  and  clasping  at  the  base,  or  connate-per- 
foliate ;  heads  about  10-flowered ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate, 
acute.  —  Low  ground.     Sept.  —  Stem  stout,  2°  -  3°  high.     Leaves  6'  -  8'  long. 

++  ++  Leaves  petioled. 

21.  E.  serotinum,  Michx.  Pubescent;  stem  tall,  mostly  branching; 
leaves  long-petioled,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  3-ribbed ; 
heads  12-  1 5-flowered  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-oblong,  obtuse  ;  achenia 
smooth.  —  Rich  soil.     Sept.  —  Stem  3°  -  6°  high.     Leaves  4'  -  9'  long. 


216  COMI'OSIT.i:.       ((  OMI'O.SITK    FAMILY.) 

22.  E.  villosurn,  Swartz.  Stem  tunieiitose,  brauiliiiig  ;  leaves  nhort- 
petioled,  c)\au-,  oliiusc  or  iiiULTouate,  rustA-pulieacfiit,  lieiiticulate  or  entire, 
3  ribbed  ;  eor_viiibiieii.se;  beads  10- 15-Howered  ;  scales  of  tiie  involucre  about 
10,  eqiKil,  linear,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  (lowers;  anthers  slightly  ex.serted  ; 
achenia  hispid;  pappus  shorter  tlian  the  liuwers.  —  South  l-lnrida.  —  Leaves 
rigid,  r-  l-i'  long. 

»  «  *  Sralts  of  the  involucre  (green)  etjudi,  in  a  sinijle  row:    licuds  S-'M-fiuiv- 
ered :    Uiins.  achenia,  etc.  not  resinuus-dolted :    leaves  on  slender  petioles. 

23.  E.  ageratoides,  L.  Smooth;  leaves  thin,  ovate  or  slightly  cordate, 
acuminate,  coarsely  and  sharply  serrate,  3-ribbed ;  heads  10-20-fl&wered ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  acutish,  slightly  pubescent;  achenia  smooth. — 
Rich  shaded  soil.  Sept.  —  Stem  commonly  branching,  2° -3°  high.  Leaves 
3' -5' long.     Flowers  white. 

24.  E.  aromaticum,  L.  Pubescent ;  leaves  thickish,  ovate,  or  the  low- 
est cordate,  crenate-serrate,  roughish,  on  short  petioles,  barely  acute ;  heads 
8- 15-flowered  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear;  achenia  smooth.  —  Dry  open 
woods,  common.  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  higli.  Leaves  V -2'  long.  Flowers 
white. 

25.  E.  incisum.  Stem  long,  .slender,  smoothish,  liranchiug ;  leaves 
small,  ovate,  tapering  to  the  obtuse  apex,  abruptly  contracted  at  base,  coarsely 
and  une(]ually  serrate,  3-nerved,  twice  as  long  as  the  very  slender  petioles; 
corymbs  loose,  compound,  pubescent;  heads  12-14-flowered;  corolla  white, 
achenium  slightly  ])uboscent.  —  Clear  Water  Harbor  and  Manatee,  Florida. 
Nov.  —  Stem  2° -3°  long.     Leaves  1'-  1^'  long-     Flowers  very  fragrant. 

26.  E.  incarnatum,  Walt.  Pubescent ;  stem  slender,  reclining,  diffusely 
branched  ;  leaves  on  long  petioles,  deltoid,  acuminate,  truncate  or  cordate  at 
the  base,  coarsely  serrate  ;  corymbs  numerous,  small ;  lieads  about  20-flowereu  ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  acute,  2-ribbed  ;  achenia  hispid.  —  Kich  shaded 
soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  Sept.  —  Stem  2° -4°  long.  Leaves  l'-2' 
long.     Flowers  pale  purple. 

§  3.     Scales  of  the  involucre  nearli/  equal,  imbricated  in  2-3  rows:  heads  many- 
flowered :  receptacle  conical,  naked.  —  Conoclinium. 

27.  E.  CCBlestinum,  L.  Smoothish  ;  leaves  deltoid-ovate,  the  lowest 
often  cordate,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate ;  heads  30  -  60-flowered ;  flowers 
bluish  purple.  —  Eich  soil.     Sept.  —  Stem  2°  high. 

14.     MIKANIA,   Willd. 

Heads  4-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  4.  Receptacle  naked,  flat. 
Anthers  partly  eKserted.  Corolla,  achenia,  etc.  as  in  Eupatorium.  —  Chiefly 
climbing  herbs,  witli  opposite  mostly  cordate  leaves,  and  whitish  flowers. 

1.  M.  scandens,  Willd.  Smooth  or  pul)escent ;  leaves  on  slender  peti- 
oles, acuminate,  toothed  or  entire ;  corymbs  numerous,  on  short  axillary 
branches  or  peduncles  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  acute ;  achenia  minutely 
glandular.  —  Swamps.    August  -  Sept.  —  Stem  twining. 


COMPOSIT.^.       (composite    FAMILY.)  217 

Tribe  III.  ASTEROIDE^.  Heads  discoid  or  radiate :  the  rays  pistillate : 
branches  of  the  style,  in  the  perfect  flower ,  flattened ,  linear  or  lanceolate,  equally 
pubescent  above  on  the  outside :  the  conspicuous  stigmatic  lines  terminating  where 
the  exterior  pubescence  commences. 

15.     SERICOCARPUS,  Nees. 

Heads  12-15-floMered;  the  ray  flowers  about  5.  Aviiite,  pistillate;  those  of 
the  disk  tubular  and  perfect.  Involucre  somewhat  cyliudrical  or  club-shaped ; 
the  scales  cartilaginous,  whitish,  closely  imbricated  in  several  rows,  with  green- 
ish and  more  or  less  spreading  tips.  Keceptacle  pitted,  toothed.  Achenia 
short,  obpyramidal,  silky.  Pappus  simple,  composed  of  numerous  capillary 
bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs.  Leaves  alternate.  Heads  crowded  in  a  dense 
corymb.    Disk  flowers  yellow. 

1.  S.  conyzoides,  Nees.  Stem  slightly  pubescent,  corymbose  above; 
nearly  terete ;  leaves  ciliate  on  the  margins,  otherwise  smooth,  the  lower  ones 
spatulate-oblong,  serrate  al)ove  the  middle,  the  upper  oblong  or  lanceolate  and 
entire ;  involucre  top-shaped ;  pappus  rust-color.  —  Dry  gravelly  or  sandy  soil, 
in  the  middle  and  upper  districts.     August.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 

2.  S.  solidagineus,  Nees.  Smooth;  stem  angled;  leaves  lanceolate 
or  linear,  obtuse,  entire,  the  lowest  spatulate ;  involucre  top-shaped ;  pappus 
white.  —  Low  ground  in  the  upper  districts.  August.  —  Stem  slender,  2° 
high.     Heads  smaller  than  in  the  last. 

3.  S.  tortifolius,  Nees.  Closely  pubescent;  leaves  short,  obovate, 
rarely  serrate,  vertical ;  involucre  top-shaped ;  the  scales  oblong  and  slightly 
spreading  at  the  tips;  pappus  copious,  white.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  iu  the 
middle  and  lower  districts.     August.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.     Leaves  1'  long. 

16.     ASTER,  Tourn.     Aster,  Starwort. 

Heads  many-flowered;  the  rays  (white,  blue,  or  purple)  in  a  single  series, 
pistillate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  more  or  less  imbricated,  mostlv  with  her- 
baceous or  leafy  tips.  Receptacle  flat,  pitted.  Achenia  usually  compressed. 
Pappus  a  single  row  of  numerous  rough  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial 
(rarely  annual)  herbs.  Leaves  alternate.  Disk  flowers  yellow,  often  chan- 
ging to  purple. 

§1.  BiOTiA.  — /ni'o/Mc;-e  obovate-bel I- shaped :  the  scales  (pale)  closely  imbri- 
cated, and  nearly  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips :  achenia  somewhat  3-angled : 
bristles  of  the  pappus  rigid:  leaves  large,  the  lower  ones  cordate:  heads 
corymbed. 

1.  A.  COrymbosus,  Ait.  Stem  slender,  smooth;  leaves  on  slender 
petioles,  tliin,  coarsely  serrate,  acuminate ;  the  lower  ones  cordate,  the  upper 
oblong;  involucre  shorter  than  the  disk,  the  scales  obtu.se;  rays  6-9,  white. 
—  Shady  woods  in  the  upper  districts.  Sept.  -  Oct.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 
Leaves  2' -4'  long.     Corymljs  loose. 

2.  A.  macrophyllus,  L.  Stem  stout,  rough  pubescent ;  leaves  large, 
rather  thick,  rough,  mucronate-serrate,  acute ;  the  lowest  broadly  cordate,  on 
slender  naked  petioles ;  the  upper  ovate,  on  short  and  winged  petioles ;  invo 


218  (tiMrosiT.K.     (composite  family.) 

liuri'  lu-arly  as  Ion;;  iiii  tlio  diok ;  the  exterior  scales  ri^^id,  witli  Hpreading 
friii;;L'(l  tips;  ravs  aliidit  10,  pale  j)Ui]iie.  —  J^ow  sliady  woods,  in  the  upper 
disi riets.  Sept.  —  Stem  I ^"^ - 2^  '''g'l-  Leaves  4' - 6'  long,  2' - 4'  wide. 
§2.  IIklkastuum.  —  Heads  few  und  racemose,  or  solitarij,  hirije :  scales  of 
the  involucre  nearly  equal,  linear,  rii/id :  achenia  nearly  glabrous:  jiajijnts 
riyid:  leaves  linear,  entire,  or  spinulose  along  the  viaryins. 

.3.  A.  paludosus,  Ait.  Stem  .-ili^jjhtly  roufjliened ;  leaves  linear,  rigid, 
aeiile,  ]i:irtl\  rl:is]]iii::;,  cjften  fiingctl  near  the  base;  heads  3-8,  raeemed  or 
cor_vml)ed;  iuvoluere  hemisplierical,  as  long  as  tiie  disk;  the  scales^  nearly 
ecjual,  linear-spatulate,  with  nmeronate  green  spreading  tips.  —  Low  gromid, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina.  Sept.-Uct.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Leaves  2' -4' 
long.     Heads  ^'- 5' wide.     Kays  numerous,  deep  blue. 

4.  A,  spinulosus,  (hajtm.  Rhizoraa  tuberous;  stem  simple,  pubes- 
cent; leaves  rigiil,  uanow-linear,  appressed,  the  margins  fringed  with  bristly 
hairs;  the  lowest  numerous  and  elongated;  heads  4-8  in  a  simple  spike; 
involucre  bell-shaped ;  scales  etjual,  lanceolate-subulate,  rigid,  erect,  sjiine- 
pointed,  bristly  near  the  base;  achenia  strongly  ribbed.  —  Damp  pine  barrens. 
West  Florida,  near  the  coast.  June- August.  — Stem  10'-  15'  high.  Lowest 
leaves  6' -12'  long,  r'-3"  wide;  the  upper  cues  1'  long.  Heads  Y  wide. 
Rays  12-15,  pale  blue.     Pappus  tawny. 

5.  A.  eryngiifolius,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Khizoma  tuberous ;  stem  simple, 
pubescent ;  leaves  lanceolate-linear,  the  lowest  mostly  entire ;  the  others  erect, 
and  fringed  with  spiny  teeth;  heads  vei"y  large,  solitary,  or  3-4  in  a  loose 
raceme;  involucre  hemispherical;  scales  very  numerous,  lanceolate,  tapering 
into  a  long  slender  recurved  tip  ;  achenia  short,  oblong.  —  Low  pine  barrens, 
Florida.  June -August.  — Stem  l°-2°  high.  Lowest  leaves  4' -6'  long. 
Heads  1'  or  more  in  diameter.     Rays  numerous,  white. 

§3.  Calliastrum.  —  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  several  rows,  cori- 
aceous, vsHdlly  with  herbaceous  spreadinrj  tips:  rai/s  12  or  more :  achenia 
nearly  smooth :  pappus  of  unequal  rather  rigid  bristles,  someivhat  thickened 
iipicard:  lc<n-fs  rigid,  none  of  them  cordate:  heads  large  and  showy. 

6.  A.  mirabilis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Rough-pubescent ;  stem  corymbosely 
branched  above ;  leaves  ovate,  mucronate  serrate,  sessile ;  the  lowest  abruptly 
narrowed  into  a  petiole ;  involucre  hemispherical ;  the  scales  oblong-linear, 
obtuse  and  recurved  at  the  summit ;  achenia  nearly  smooth,  striate.  —  Colum- 
bia, South  Carolina  (Prof  Gibbes).  Sept.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Stem  leaves 
I' -3'  long.     Rays  about  20,  blue  or  violet,  elongated. 

7.  A.  spectabilis,  Ait.  Stem  corymbose  and  glandular-pubescent 
above;  leaves  oblong- Lanceolate,  rough  (m  the  upper  surface,  .sessile  and  en- 
tire; the  lowest  tapering  into  a  petiole,  and  sparingly  serrate;  heads  not 
numerous,  single,  terminating  the  branches;  involucre  nearly  hemispherical, 
as  long  as  the  disk ;  the  scales  linear-oblong,  with  obtuse  and  spreading  glan- 
dular tips.  —  North  Carolina  ( Curtis).  Sept.  -  Oct.  —  Rhizoma  slender.  Stem 
l°-2°  high.  Leaves  2'-4'  long.  Heads  |'  in  diameter.  Rays  about  20,  1' 
long,  deep  violet. 

8.  A.  gracilis,  Nutt.  Stem  slender,  slightly  pubescent,  corymbo.se  at 
the  summit;   leaves  rough,  oblong,  partly  clasping,  entire;  the  lowest  ob- 


COMPOSIT.E.       (composite    FAMILY.)  219 

scurely  crenate  and  narrowed  into  a  petiole;  heads  corymbose;  involucre 
(whitish)  obconical,  as  long  as  the  disk ;  tlie  scales  very  uuecjual,  acute,  the 
lower  ones  much  shorter,  green  and  slightly  spreading  at  the  tips.  —  North 
Carolina  and  Tennessee.  Sept.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Leaves  l'-2'  long. 
Heads  smallest  of  this  group.     Rays  about  12,  violet. 

9.  A.  SUrculOSUS,  Michx.  Stems  several  from  a  creeping  caudex,  slen- 
der, pubescent  above ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  smooth,  the 
margins  rough  and  sometimes  sparingly  serrate,  clasping;  the  lowest  nar- 
rowed iuto^a  petiole;  heads  solitary,  or  3-5  in  a  simple  corymb;  involucre 
broadly  top-shaped,  nearly  as  long  as  the  disk;  the  scales  linear-spatulate, 
with  abruptly  pointed  spreading  herbaceous  tips ;  the  outer  ones  lanceolate 
and  leaf-like.  —  Low  ground,  Georgia  to  North  Carolina.  Sept.  —  Stem  |°- 
1|°  high.     Lowest  leaves  4'  -  6'  long.     Heads  ^'  wide.     Eay s  numerous,  violet. 

10.  A.  Curtisii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smooth  throughout ;  stem  simple,  slen- 
der ;  leaves  membranaceous,  lanceolate,  entire  or  slightly  serrate,  acuminate, 
sessile ;  heads  in  a  simple  or  slightly  compound  terminal  raceme ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  linear-spatulate,  coriaceous,  the  green  and  spreading  tips  barely 
acute;  rays  purple.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina. —  Stem  2° -3°  high. 
Leaves  3'  -  4'  long.     Heads  i'  -  f  in  diameter. 

§  4.  Aster  proper.  —  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  various  degrees, 
with  herbaceous  tips :  rays  numerous :  achenia  flattened :  pappus  of  soft  cap- 
illary bristles,  not  thickened  upward :  autumnal  plants. 

*  1.  Leaves  uniform,  small,  sessile,  entire,  silky  or  silvery  on  both  sides,  mucro- 
nate:  scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  3 -several  rows:  rays  violet-purple. 

11.  A.  sericeus,  Vent.  Stem  with  numerous  branches,  bearing  the 
large  heads  (single  or  3  in  a  cluster)  at  their  summits;  leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
late, silvery ;  scales  of  the  involucre  leafy  and  spreading ;  achenia  smooth.  — 
A  western  species,  a  form  of  which,  with  narrower  and  less  silvery  leaves  and 
scales,  occurs  on  the  mountains  of  Georgia  and  Tennessee.  —  Stem  10' -20' 
high.     Leaves  I'- I' long.     Heads  showy.  ' 

12.  A.  COncolor,  L.  Stem  mostly  simple,  slender,  bearing  towards  the 
summit,  the  middle-sized  heads  in  a  long  often  compound  raceme ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  silky  wiien  young ;  the  lowest  ones  oblong ;  scales  of  the  obovoid 
involucre  lanceolate,  ajipressed,  the  subulate  tips  spreading ;  achenia  silky.  — 
Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  Root  sometimes  tuberous.  Stem 
l°-3°  high.    Leaves  erect,  Y-V  long. 

*  2.  Leaves  rough,  all  sessile  or  clasping  and  entire:  heads  chiefly  solitarij,  ter- 

minating the  branchlets :  scales  of  the  obovoid  or  bell-shaped  involucre  imbri- 
cated in  several  rows,  coriaceous,  with  herbaceous  slightly   spreading  tips : 
rays  purplish  blue  :  achenia  hairy. 
+-  Leaves  very  small,  sessile:  heads  small:  scales  of  the  involucre  spatulate. 

13.  A.  squarroSUS,  Walt.  Stem  slender,  diffuse;  leaves  oblong  or 
triangular-ovate,  reflexed,  very  rough,  sessile ;  the  lowest  spatulate.  —  Dry 
.soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Lowest  leaves  ^' long, 
the  others  2"  -  3"  long. 


220  coMPOSiT-E.     (composite  family.) 

14.  A.  adnatus,  Nutt.  Stem  with  the  slender  hraiichcs  erect;  leavea 
oblong,  very  mugli,  tlie  midrib  partly  adnate  to  the  stem,  free  at  tlie  apex; 
the  lowest  wedge-obovate,  free.  —  Sandy  barrens,  Florida  and  Alabama. — 
Stem  l°-2°  liigli.     Heads  smaller  than  in  the  preceding. 

■>-  -t-  Lravcs  (ill  clasjiiii(/  and  auriclid  at  the  bast:  heads  lanjc :  scales  of  the 
inculucre  linear. 

1j.  a.  pateus,  Ait.  Stem  ])ube.scent,  loosely  paniiled  abo\e;  leaves 
ovate-oblung,  witii  very  rough  and  wavy  margins;  those  on  the  slender  spread- 
ing branchlets  very  small.  —  Var.  I'liLouii-oi.ius.  Leaves  larger,  tiiinner, 
and  less  rougiiened,  contracted  below  the  middle ;  heads  often  racemo?ie  on 
the  sliort  lateral  branches.  —  Dry  soil,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts.  —  Stem 
l°-3°  high.  Leaves  V-2'  (in  the  var.  3'-6')  long.  Heads  showy. 
♦  3.    Leaves  (and  stems)  smooth  :    the  lowest  tapering  into  a  petiole,  the  others 

sessile  or  clasping :  heads  middle-sized,  showy  :  scales  of  the  ohocoid  involucre 

whitish,  the  short  green  lijis  scarcely  spreading  :    rays  bright  blue :    achenia 

moxtly  smooth. 

If).  A.  Isevis,  L.  Very  .smooth  and  often  glaucous  ;  stem  rigid,  pauicled 
above,  bearing  the  showy  heads  on  short  rigid  branclilets ;  leaves  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  coriaceous,  mostly  entire  and  rough  on  the  margins  ;  the  ujiper 
cues  sessile  or  clasping  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  rigid,  api)ressed,  witii  aljruptly 
pointed  herbaceous  tips.  —  Open  woods  in  the  upper  di.stricts.  —  Stem  2° -3° 
high. 

17.  A.  virgatUS,  Kll.  Stem  very  smooth, straight,  simple  or  brandling; 
heads  racemose  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  rough  on  tlie  margins,  partly 
clasping,  the  lowest  broader  and  narrowed  at  the  base;  scales  of  the  involucre 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  outer  ones  spreading.  —  Upper  districts  of  Georgia, 
and  westward.  —  Stem  3° -4°  high.  Lower  leaves  3' -6'  long;  those  of  the 
branches  small  and  numerous. 

18.  A.  COncinnus,  Willd.  Stem  nearly  smooth,  somewhat  loo.sely  cor- 
3'ml)ose ;  tlie  branches  virgate,  dichotomous-paniculate ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
partlv  chisping,  remotely  and  sharply  serrate,  with  scabrous  margins,  those 
of  the  branchlets  oblong,  entire  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  acute,  closely 
imbricated.  (A.  cyaneus?  Ell.)  —  Nortii  Carolina  ( Schweinitz).  —  Stem  2° -  3° 
high.     Achenia  pubescent. 

»  4.  Lower  leaves  large,  cordate,  on  long  petioles  :  heads  middle-sized  or  small, 
racemed  or  panicled :  scales  of  the  involucre  somewhat  membranaceous,  with 
short  green  tips :   rays  blue  or  violet. 

•*-  Leaves  entire,  or  nearly  so. 

19.  A.  azureus,  Lindl.  Stem  roughish,  rigid,  racemose-compound  at 
the  summit,  tiie  branches  slender ;  leaves  rigid,  rough  ;  the  lowe.st  ovate-lanceo- 
late or  oblong ;  the  upper  lanceolate  or  linear,  sessile  ;  those  of  the  branches 
subulate,  appressed ;  scales  of  the  obconical  involucre  closely  imbricated, 
abruptly  acute.  —  Dry  soil  in  the  upper  districts  of  Georgia,  and  northward. 
—  Stem  2° -3°  high.     Rays  bright  blue. 

20.  A.  Shortii,  Hook.  Stem  smoothish,  slender,  racemose-panicled  at 
the  summit;  leaves  nearly  smooth,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute;  those  of  the  stem 


COMPOSITE.        (composite    FAMILY.)  221 

all  on  slender  petioles,  and  obtuse  or  cordate  at  the  base,  commonly  entire  ; 
those  of  the  branches  oblong,  sessile  ;  scales  of  the  bell-shaped  involucre 
linear,  closely  imbricated,  rather  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  disk.  —  Mountains 
of  Georgia,  and  westward.  —  Stem  2°  -4°  high.     Rays  violet-blue. 

21.  A.  undulatus,  L.  Pubescent ;  stem  racemose-panicled  above ;  leaves 
varying  from  lanceolate  to  broadly  ovate,  often  wavy  or  slightly  serrate  on 
the  margins,  roughish  on  the  upper  surface ;  the  lowest  on  long  and  slender 
petioles,  wliich  are  dilated  and  clasping  at  the  base ;  the  upper  on  broadly 
winged  petioles,  or  sessile  and  clasping  ;  scales  of  the  obovoid  involucre  lin- 
ear, appressed,  acute.  (A.  scaber.  Ell.,  with  the  smaller  leaves  very  rough  on 
both  sides.)  —  Woods,  common  and  very  variable.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.  Heads 
small.     Rays  pale  blue. 

•t-  -1-  Lowest  leaves  conspicuouslij  serrate :   heads  small. 

22.  A.  eordifolius,  L.  Stem  commonly  smooth,  racemose-panicled 
above ;  leaves  smooth,  or  rough  above  and  pubescent  beneath,  all  cordate, 
serrate,  and  slender-petioled,  or  the  uppermo.st  on  short  winged  petioles,  or 
sessile  and  entire  ;  heads  very  numerous  in  panicled  racemes;  scales  of  the 
obconical  involucre  loosely  imbricated,  with  obtuse  or  slightly  pointed  green 
tips.  —  Open  woods,  in  the  upper  districts.  —  Stem  l°-3°  high.  Leaves  com- 
monly thin.     Rays  pale  violet. 

23.  A.  sagittifolius,  Willd.  Stem  nearly  smooth,  racemose-branched 
above;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  pubescent ;  the  lowest  cordate,  on 
long  and  mostly  margined  petioles ;  the  upper  abruptly  contracted  into  a 
winged  petiole  ;  those  of  the  branches  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  entire ; 
heads  in  dense  compound  racemes;  scales  of  the  oblong  involucre  rather 
loosely  iml)ricated,  linear-subulate,  the  tips  green  and  spreading.  —  Rich 
woods,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.  Heads  more  crowded 
than  those  of  the  preceding.     Rays  purple. 

*  5.  Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  entire,  sessile  ;  radical  ones  spatulate-lanceolate, 
serrate :  heads  small  and  numerous,  racemed :  scales  of  the  involucre  in  several 
rows,  rigid,  with  spreading  or  recurved  green  tips. 

24.  A.  ericoides,  L.  Smooth  ;  stem  much  branched  ;  leaves  linear-lan- 
ceolate, acute  at  each  end ;  those  of  the  branches  subixlate  ;  heads  racemose, 
mostly  on  one  side  of  the  spreading  branches  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  broadest 
at  the  base,  with  acute  or  subulate  tips.  —  Var.  villosus.  Stem  and  broader 
leaves  rough-hairy,  and  the  smaller  heads  in  shorter  and  more  dense  racemes. 
—  Var.  PLATYPHTLLUS.  Stem  (3° -4°)  and  larger  leaves  clothed  with  soft 
■white  hairs  ;  heads  larger.  —  Dry  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  Stem  l°-2° 
high.     Rays  white  or  pale  blue. 

Var.  Reevesii,  Gray.  Stem  l°-2°  high,  branching  from  near  the  base  ; 
smooth,  or  papillose-hispid  ;  leaves  linear,  the  lowest  hispid-ciliate;  heads  3"- 
4"  long,  on  tliickly  bracted  pedicels.  — Nashville,  Tennessee. 

25.  A.  polyphyllus,  Willd.  Nearly  glabrous  ;  stem  4° -."5°  high,  much 
branched  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  the  lower  sharply  serrate, 
3' -5' long;  heads  racemose  at  the  end  of  tlie  branches;  involucre  scales 
linear  or  linear-subulate,  appressed ;  rays  short,  white.  —  North  Carolina 
{Gray),  and  northward. 


I'L'l*  COMPOSIT.K.       (composite    FAMILY.) 

26.  A.  multiflorus,  Ait.  Wliitish-puliescent ;  etein  very  leafy,  ami 
niiKli  bruiulit-d  ;  lia\e.s  linear,  ol)tu.>;e  at  eaeli  end,  often  l)ri.xlle-j)ointeil, 
spreading  or  recurved,  the  upper  oues  8es.sile  or  soniewliat  clasping  ;  heads 
densely  racemose  on  the  short  and  very  leafy  branches,  or  sometimes  solitary 
at  tlieir  summits ;  scales  of  the  involucre  broadest  at  tiie  apex,  obtuse  or 
short-pointed.  —  Dry  sterile  soil,  in  tiic  ujijicr  districts.  —  Stem  l°-2'^high. 
Leaves  about  1'  long.     Kays  wliitc. 

«  6.    Leaves  linear,  lanceolate,  or  oblontj,  sessile,  usualli/  narrowed  at  the  base  : 
fieails  small  or  middle-sized :    scales  of  the  inrohtcre  memhrauaccous,  with  up- 
pressed  or  slightly  spreading  tij)S  :    i-ai/s  pale  purjile  or  white. 
■♦-  Heads  sinall. 

27.  A.  racemOSUS,  Kll.  Kough-jmbescent ;  stem  iiiiuh  liraiu  bed,  bear- 
ing the  small  heads  in  a  spiked  raceme  near  the  summit  of  the  slender  erect 
branches  ;  leaves  linear,  sessile,  rigid  ;  scales  of  involucre  smooth,  linear-subu- 
late ;  the  inner  ones  as  long  as  the  disk  ;  rays  very  short.  —  Damp  ricli  soil, 
Paris  Island,  Soutli  Carolina  —  Stem  2°  high.     Rays  pale  purple. 

28.  A.  duraosus,  L.  Smoothish  ;  stem  slender,  racemose-panided,  bear- 
ing the  small  heads  ciiietly  on  slender  and  very  leafy  branchlets ;  leaves  linear, 
entire,  spreading  or  reflexed  ;  the  lowest  spatulate-lanceolate,  serrate  ;  those 
of  the  branches  short,  linear-oblong,  and  mostly  obtuse  scales  of  the  in- 
volucre closely  imbricated  in  3-6  rows,  with  obtuse  green  tips.  —  Dry  or  damp 
soil,  common,  and  running  into  several  varieties.  —  Stem  2°-3°  high.  Kays 
pale  purple  or  white. 

29.  A.  vimineus,  Lam.  Stem  slender,  pubescent,  racemose-branched ; 
leaves  long,  linear-lanceolate,  sparingly  serrate,  tapering  into  a  long  and  slen- 
der point ;  the  uppermost  entire  ;  heads  in  close  racemes  along  the  spreading 
branches;  scales  of  the  involucre  narrow-linear,  acute,  imbricated  in  3-4 
rows. — Low  ground  in  the  upper  districts.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.  Kays  pale 
purple  or  wliite. 

30.  A.  diffusus,  Ait.  Pubescent  or  hairy  ;  stem  simple,  and  Ijearing  the 
small  heads  in  a  long  and  leafy  compound  raceme,  or  diffusely  branched,  with 
the  heads  scattered  along  the  branches,  or  in  short  few-flowered  racemes; 
leaves  varying  from  linear-lanceolate  to  wedge-obovate,  acute  at  each  end, 
sharply  serrate  in  the  middle ;  the  lowest  spatulate,  the  uppermo.st  entire  ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  acute.  —  Low  grounds  and  banks,  common  and 
very  variable.  —  Stem  1°  -  4°  long.     Kays  wliite  or  purplish. 

Var.  bifrons,  Gray.     Smooth  throughout;   stem  simple,  slender,  2° -3° 
high;  leaves  thin,  lanceolate,  remotely  serrate,  4' - 6' long ;   heads  in  small 
axillary  and  terminal  panicles.  —  Shaded  river  banks,  Georgia  and  Tennessee. 
I-  -4-  Heads  middle-sized. 

31.  A.  paniculatus,  Lam.  Stem  smooth  or  pubescent  in  lines,  corym- 
bose or  racemose-branched  :  heads  in  short  racemes  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute 
or  acuminate  at  both  ends,  smooth,  rough  on  the  margins,  the  lower  ones 
sharplv  serrate  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-subulate,  loosely  imbricated. — 
Low  ground,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  Stem  3° -6°  high,  sparingly  or 
diffusely  branched.    Leaves  2'  -4'  long.    Kays  pale  blue. 


COMPOSITE.       (composite    FAMILY.)  223 

*  7.    Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  sessile,  the  upper  ones  more  or  less  clasping : 

heads  large  or  middle-sized :    scales  of  the  involucre  nearly  equal,  with  spread- 
ing green  tips  :  rays  mostly  large  and  numerous,  blue  or  purple. 

32.  A.  Novi-Belgii,  L.  Stem  nearly  smooth,  corymbose-panicled  above ; 
leaves  long,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  shining  above,  the  lowest  narrowed  at  the 
base,  and  serrate  in  the  middle,  the  ujjper  sessile  or  partly  clasping;  beads 
solitary  or  few  on  the  rigid  branchlets  ;  scales  of  the  involncre  linear,  with 
green  and  subulate,  or  broader  and  abruptly  pointed  spreading  tips ;  rays 
purplish  blue. — Swamps,  Georgia,  and  northward.  —  Stem  l°-3°  high. 
Leaves  3'-  6'  long.     Heads  showy. 

33.  A.  Elliottii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  stout,  smooth,  very  leafy,  corym- 
bose-branched ;  the  branches  short  and  pubescent  in  lines  ;  leaves  large,  ob- 
long-lanceolate, acute,  serrate,  narrowed  toward  the  base,  and  partly  clasping ; 
the  lowest  spatulateoblong,  obtuse,  crenate ;  heads  corymbed  at  the  ends  of 
the  branches  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  subulate,  with  long  and  spreading  tips  ; 
rays  pale  purple.     (A.  puniceus,  Ell.)  — Swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 

—  Stem  2° -3°  high.     Leaves  4'  -  6'  long,  or  the  lowest  1°  long. 

34.  A.  puniceus,  L.  Stem  hispid,  panicled  above ;  leaves  lanceolate  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  very  rough  above,  auriculate 
and  clasping  at  the  base  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-subulate,  in  about  two 
rows;   rays  numerous  and  showy.  —  Swampy  thickets  in  the  upper  districts. 

—  Stem  3°  -  5°  high,  commouly  purplish.     Kays  violet-purple. 

Var.  Isevicaulis,  Gray.  Stem  smooth,  green ;  branches  pubescent ; 
leaves  wider  and  smoother.  —  Banks  of  the  Coosa  River,  Rome,  Georgia. 

3.5.  A.  prenanthoides,  Muhl.  Stem  pubescent  in  lines,  corymbose  at 
the  summit;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate  in  the  middle, 
contracted  into  a  broadly  winged  petiole,  which  is  dilated  and  clasping  at  the 
base,  rough  above ;  scales  of  the  involucre  narrow-linear,  imbricated  in  3  -  4 
rows,  with  spreading  green  tips.  —  Damp  woods.  North  Carolina,  and  north- 
ward. —  Stem  1°  -  3°  high.     Leaves  thin,  5'-  6'  long.     Rays  pale  purple. 

*  8.    Leaves   lanceolate   or  oblong,   entire,  sessile   or  clasping :   heads  large,  in 

corymbs  or  racemes :   scales  of  the  involucre  numerous,  with  spreading  green 
summits  :  rays  numerous,  showy. 

36.  A.  grandiflorus,  L.  Stem  rigid,  rough  with  bristly  hairs,  sparingly 
branched;  leaves  small,  linear-oblong,  sessile,  hispid,  commonly  reflexed; 
heads  very  large,  solitary,  terminating  the  branches  ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
rigid  ;  the  outer  ones  with  obtuse  spreading  tips,  the  inner  erect,  acute  ;  rays 
violet.  —  Dry  soil  in  the  upper  districts.  —  Stem  2°-3°  high.  Leaves  l'-2' 
long.    Heads  1'  in  diameter. 

37.  A.  Oblongifolius,  Nutt.  Stem  hir.sute,  corymbosely  branched,  very 
leafy  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  closely  sessile,  acute,  scabrous  above ;  heads 
terminating  the  .short  branchlets,  single  or  corymbo.se;  scales  nearly  equal, 
glandular  ;  rays  violet  purple  ;  achenia  pubescent.  —  Rocky  banks,  Tennessee, 
and  northward.  —  Stem  1°-  2°  high.     Leaves  1'-  2'  long.  ' 

38.  A.  Carolinianus,  Walt.  Stem  shrubby,  long  and  trailing;  the 
branches  and  leaves  closely  pubescent ;  leaves  short,  oblong,  acute,  abruptly 


224  coMPOSiT.'E.     (coMrnsiTK  family.) 

coutracted  into  n  short  auriculate-clnflping  ])etiole;  heads  single,  or  somewhat 
nxi muse  lit  the  ends  of  tlie  branelies ;  sciik-s  of  the  invohicre  narrow-linear, 
with  reenrvi'd  subulate  tips;  rays  slender,  ])ale  jiurjdi-.  —  Kiver  swamps, 
Florida  to  Soutli  (':iri>liii;i.  — Stem  4^-  lO-"  lonj^.     Leaves  I'-a'  long. 

3U.  A.  Novae-AngliaB,  L-  Stem  liairy  or  liispid,  corymbose  above  ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  puliescent,  scarcely  narrowed  at  tlic  auriculate-clasp- 
iujx  l>ase ;  heads  corymbcd ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-suliulate,  loosely 
imiiricated,  viscid;  rays  violet-purple.  —  Upper  districts,  in  low  ground. — 
Stem  2° -4°  high,  mostly  purple.  Leaves  2'- 3'  long.  Heads  Y  t>r  more  in 
diameter,  immerous  and  siiowy. 

§5.    Oktiiomekis.  —  Scales  of  the  involucre  regularli/ imbricated,  scarious  on 
the  man/ins,  without  herbaceous  tips:   pappus  simple,  soft-hair ij. 

40.  A.  acuminatus,  Miciix.  Pubescent ;  stem  erect,  corymbose  above ; 
leaves  large,  oblung-lauceolate,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  tapering  at  the 
base;  heads  corym bed,  on  slender  naked  peduncles;  scales  of  the  involucre 
linear-lanceolate  ;  rays  w-hite.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward. 
Sept.  —  Stem  1°-  1^°  'ligt.     Leaves  thin,  3' -5'  long,  strongly  veined. 

41.  A.  ptarmacoides,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smooth  or  scabrous;  stems  (6'- 
15'  higli)  simple  ;  leave.s  liacar-Iauceolate,  1  -3-nerved;  heads  small,  in  a  flat 
corymb;  scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  3  or  4  rows,  sliort ;  rays  white. 
—  Northern  States. 

Var.  Georgianus,  Gray.  Taller  {U°-2°  high),  and  more  slender,  eor- 
ynibosely  branched  above  ;  lower  leaves  lanceolate,  sparingly  serrate  ;  corymb 
larger  £^nd  more  loosely  flowered  ;  ray  flowers  sterile,  the  style  short  or  abor- 
tive. —  Mountains  of  Georgia.     Sept. 

§  6.  OxYTRiPOLicM.  —  Scales  of  the  invohicre  witlwut  herbaceous  tips,  scarious 
on  the  marrjins  :  pappus  simple,  so/t-huiry :  stems  smooth  and  slender :  leaves 
narroiv,  entire. 

*  Perennial :  scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  several  rows:  rays  conspicuou>f. 

42.  A.  Chapmani,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  erect,  straight,  branched  above ; 
lower  leaves  long  (3' -9'),  linear,  spreading,  the  upper  scattered,  subulate, 
erect  ;  heads  large,  terminating  the  slender  branches  ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
lanceolate,  rigid  ;  rays  showy,  purple  ;  achenia  smooth,  many-ribbed.  (A.  ex- 
ilis,  Ell.  ? )  —  Pine-barren  swamps,  West  Florida.     Oct.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high. 

43.  A.  tenuifolius,  L.  Stem  mostly  reclining,  flexuous,  sparingly 
branched  ;  leaves  fleshy,  narrow-linear;  heads  few,  scattered,  terminal,  small : 
scales  of  the  involucre  narrow-linear,  very  acute,  the  lower  ones  smaller  and 
passing  into  bracts  ;  achenia  slightly  hairy,  .5-ribbed.  —  Salt  marshes,  common. 
Oct.  —  Stem  l°-3°  long.     Rays  white  or  pale  purple. 

*  *  Annual :    scales  of  the  involucre  in  2-3  rows:    rai/s  short. 

44.  A.  SUbulatUS,  Michx.  Stem  paniculately  much  branched ;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end ;  those  of  the  branches  linear  or  fili- 
form, sessile  ;  heads  small,  very  numerous,  in  leafy  racemes ;  scales  of  the 
cylindrical  involucre  linear-subulate,  smooth ;  rays  in  two  rows,  not  longer 
than  the  disk ;  achenia  somewhat  hairy,  5-ribbed.  —  Wet  places  along  the 


COMPOSITE.       (composite    FAMILY.)  225 

coast,   Florida,   and   northward.     Oct.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.     Lowest   leaves 
sharply  serrate. 

45.  A.  exilis,  Ell.  ?  Stem  diffusely  branched  ;  leaves  linear-subulate  ; 
the  lowest  ones  linear,  tapering  at  the  base ;  lieads  small,  loosely  panicled,  on 
spreading  peduncles ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-subulate,  smooth  ;  rays  in 
a  single  row,  longer  than  the  disk ;  achenia  4-ribbed,  hairy.  —  Marshes  along 
the  coast,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  Sept.  —  Stem  l°-3°  high.  Lowest 
leaves  oval  or  lanceolate,  toothed ;  those  of  the  branches  short  and  bract-like. 
Rays  blue. 

§  7.    DcELLiNGEKiA  &  Ianthe.     Pappus  double,  the  miter  row  short  and  bristly, 

the  inner  long  and  capillary :  scales  of  the  involucre  without  herbaceous  tips. 

*  Involucre  as  lonrj  as  the  disk:    rays  purple. 

46.  A.  linariifolius,  L.  Stem  rigid,  simple,  closely  pubescent ;  leaves 
numerous,  liuear,  .spreading,  the  margins  very  rough ;  heads  solitary  or  some- 
what racemose ;  scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  several  rows,  linear, 
appre.ssed  ;  achenia  silky.  —  Dry  open  woods.     Sept.  —  Stem  1°  high.     Leaves 

r  long. 

*  *  Involucre  shorter  than  the  disk:    rays  white. 

47.  A.  infirmus,  Michx.  Stem  pubescent ;  leaves  elliptical,  tapering  at 
each  end,  hairy  on  the  margins  and  veins  beneath  ;  heads  few,  on  slender 
spreading  peduncles;  acheuia  smooth.— L^pper  districts  of  Carolina,  and 
northward.     August.  —  Stem  1°- 2°  high.     Leaves  2' -4' long. 

48.  A.  amygdalinus,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  roughish  and  corymbose 
above  ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  nearly  smooth  ;  heads  numer- 
ous, corymbed ;  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse  ;  achenia  smooth.  —  Swamps. 
Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high  ;  the  liranches  spreading.     Leaves  1^'  -  2'  long. 

49.  A.  umbellatus,  Mill.  Stem  smooth,  corymbose  above ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  acuminate ;  scales  of  the  involucre  acutish  ;  achenia  smooth.  — 
Swamps  in  the  upper  districts.  Sept.  —  Stem  3°  -  6°  high.  Branches  erect. 
Leaves  3'  -  .5'  long. 

50.  A.  reticulatus,  Pursh.  Closely  pubescent  ;  stem  simple,  scaly  at 
the  base  ;  leaves  oblong,  sessile,  strongly  veined  ;  heads  large,  corymbed,  on 
long  and  naked  (whitish)  peduncles;  scales  of  the  involucre  acute  ;  achenia 
hairv.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  May  -  July.  —  Stem 
1°  -  2°  high.     Leaves  1'  -  2'  long. 

17.    ERIGERON,  L.    Fleabane. 

Heads  mostly  hemispherical,  many-flowered.  Eays  very  numerous,  pistil- 
late. Scales  of  the  involucre  nearly  equal,  in  1-2  rows.  Receptacle  flat, 
nakeil.  Achenia  compressed.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  capillary  bristles  ;  or 
with  an  outer  row  of  short  chaffy  scales  or  bristles.  —  Herts.  Leaves  alter- 
nate.    Rays  white  or  purplish. 

*  Eays  longer  than  the  disk. 
•1-  Very  numerous,  filiform . 
\.   E.   strigOSUS,   Mithl.     Annual,  rough-pubescent;   stem    corymbose- 
panicled  above  ;  leaves  entire  or  sparingly  serrate,  the  lowest  oblong,  tapering 

lo' 


226  CdMloslT.i;.        (I  (..Mnol  I  K    lAMILY.) 

into  a  slciultT  petiole,  lla-  u|i]ict  laiueolatc  or  liiiwir,  sc-ssilc,  (list ant ;  lieada 
small,  con  iiil)osf  paiiicled  ;  rays  wliiu^ ;  <>iiht  i)a|)i»us  sliurl  and  cliaffy.  —  Dry 
olil  fid. Is,  I'.miiiioii.     .Imif.  —  Stem  2"  liigli. 

Var.  Beyrichii,  CIray.  liiiMiiiial,  piilKTiilfiil ;  stems  slender,  l°-2° 
hWh;  leaves  mostly  entire,  tiie  lowest  elnstered,  lincar-spatulale,  lung-pel i- 
oled,  the  upijer  sessile  ;  iieads  small;  rays  rose-eolor. — Sandy  pine  l.arnns. 
South  Carolina,  and  westward.     May. 

2.  E.  annuus,  Pers.  Annual,  hirsute,  erect  (2° -4°  higli|  ;  lowest 
leaves  oMoiig,  pelioled,  tootiied,  the  ujjper  lanceolate,  .sessile,  mostly  entire; 
heads  coryml)ose  ;  rays  wliite,  not  twice  tiie  length  of  the  sparsely  liirsiite 
iuvtducre ;  inner  ])ai)i)us  of  the  ray  flowers  scanty  or  none.  —  VVa.ste  phiccs. 
May -June. 

3.  E.  Philadelphicus,  L-  Hairy;  .stem  corymbose  hranehed  ahuve; 
leaves  thin,  toothed  or  entire  ;  the  lowest  spatulate-oblong  ;  the  upper  ohlong- 
lauceolate,  clasping ;  rays  very  numerous  and  narrow,  jmrplish.  —  Low  ground. 
May.  —  Stem  2°  -4°  high. 

4.  E.  quercifolius,  Lam.  "Resembles  tlie  preceding,  but  less  hairy  ; 
lower  leaves  mostly  sinnate-])innatifi;l ;  heads  smaller,  and  rays  siiorter. — 
Low  ground,  South  ('andina,  and  westward. 

-t-  -I-  Jinijs  less  niiinerous,  linear. 

5.  E.  bellidifolius,  Muhl.  Hairy  or  villous;  stem  simjde  ;  lowest  leaves 
spatulate  or  obovate,  toothed  above  the  middle  ;  the  upper  ol)long,  sessile  and 
entire  ;  heads  large,  solitary  or  corymbose  ;  rays  broadly  linear,  bluish  jiurple. 
—  Open  woods  and  banks  in  the  up])er  districts.  Marcli- Ajiril.  —  Stem  1° 
high,  stoloniferous. 

6.  E.  nudiculis,  ]Michx.  Smootli  or  nearly  so  ;  stem  simple,  scape-like  ; 
radical  leaves  clustered,  tliick,  spatulate  or  obovate,  entire  or  sliglitly  toothed ; 
the  otiicrs  small  and  remote  ;  heads  corymbed  ;  rays  (about  .30)  white.  —  Pine- 
barren  sw-amps.     March  -  April.  —  Rliizoma  thick.     Stem  1°-  2°  high. 

*       Annitnl :  rnj/s  shorter  than  the  disk. 

7.  E.  Canadensis,  L.  Hirsute  or  smoothish  ;  stem  muoli  branched; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate;  heads  very  numerous,  in  panicled  racemes,  small, 
cylindrical ;  rays  white  ;  disk  flowers  4-toothed.  —  Old  fields,  common.  May  - 
Sept.  —  Stem  I°-3^  high. 

8.  E.  divaricatus,  Miclix.  Annual,  decumbent,  liirsute;  leaves  nar- 
row-linear ;  heads  loosely  corymbose  ;  rays  pur])le,  not  longer  than  the  simple 
pappus  ;  achenium  nearly  smooth.  —  Mississippi,  Tennessee,  and  northward. 

9.  E,  linifolius,  Willd.  Stem  erect,  l°-4°  higli,  simple  or  liranched  ; 
lowest  leaves  olilong,  coarsely  toothed,  the  upper  linear,  entire ;  heads  pani- 
cled ;  flowers  5-toothed.  —  Waste  places.     Introduced. 

18.     BOLTONIA,   L'Her. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Rays  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  hemispherical  invo- 
lucre imbricated  in  two  rows,  not  longer  than  the  disk.  Receptacle  hemi- 
spherical or  conical,  obscurely  alveolate.     Achenia  flattened,  obovate,  wing- 


COMPOSITE.        (composite    FAMILY.)  227 

margined.     Pappus  composed  of  several  short  chaffy  scales ;  that  of  the  disk 
flowers  mostly  with  2-4  longer  awns.  —  Tereuuial  herbs,  resembling  Asters. 

1.  B.  diffusa,  Kll.  Stem  with  long  and  slender  branches ;  leaves  linear, 
entire;  heads  small,  terminal;  achenia  narrowly  margined,  hairy;  pappus 
very  short,  two-awued.  —  Damp  soil.  Sept.  -  Oct.  —  Stem  3*^  -  4°  high.  Kays 
purplisli. 

2.  B.  glastifolia,  L'Her.  Stem  paniculate;  leaves  rigid,  lanceolate, 
sparingly  serrate ;  the  upper  ones  linear,  entire ;  heads  rather  large ;  achenia 
broadly  margined  ;  pappus  of  few  sliort  bristles,  and  2-4  long  awns.  —  River 
swamps,  ilorida,  and  northward.  July -Sept.  —  Stem  3^-5'^  liigb-  Rays 
white. 

3.  B.  asteroid.es,  L'Her.  Stem  paniculate,  the  branches  short ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  entire;  achenia  smooth,  narrow-margined;  pappus  very  short, 
without  awns.  —  Swamps,  North  Carolina.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.  Heads  inter- 
mediate in  size  between  the  two  preceding. 

19.     BELLIS,   Tourn.    Daisy. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Rays  pistillate,  in  a  single  row.  Scales  of  the  in- 
volucre mostly  in  two  rows,  rather  thin,  equal.  Receptacle  conical,  naked. 
Achenia  obovate,  compressed,  wingless.  Pappus  none.  —  Low  herbs,  with 
alternate  leaves,  and  solitary  terminal  heads  of  white  or  purple  flowers. 

1.  B.  integrifolia,  Michx.  Annual,  branching,  smooth  (6'- 12' high); 
leaves  obovate,  entire,  the  upper  ones  lanceolate,  sessile;  heads  peduncled; 
rays  pale  purple ;  aclienia  rough. — Tennessee  [Gattinger).     March. 

20.     SOLIDAGO,  L.     Golden-rod. 

Heads  few-  or  many-flowered.  Rays  1-16,  rarely  wanting,  pistillate.  Disk 
flowers  tubular,  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  rarely  with 
spreading  tips.  Receptacle  flat,  mostly  alveolate.  Achenia  terete,  many- 
ribbed.  Pappus  simple,  of  numerous  scabrous  mostly  capillary  bristles.  — 
Perennial  (rarely  shrubbj')  erect  plants,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  small  heads 
of  yellow  flowers. 

§  1.  Chrts.xstrtjm.  —  Scales  of  the  involucre  n-ith  herhnceous  spreading  tips: 
bristles  of  the  pappus  unequal,  some  of  them  thickened  upward:  racemes  short, 
forming  n  long  and  narroio  leaftj  panicle. 

1.  S.  discoidea,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Pubescent  or  hairy;  stem  simple  or 
branched ;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  petiole,  the  lower  ones 
coar.sely  serrate;  racemes  composed  of  .3-6  large  10-15-flowered  heads; 
rays  none;  achenia  smooth.  (Aster?  discoideus,  Ell.) — Rich  woods,  Flor- 
ida, Georgia,  and  westward.  Sept. — Flowers  yellowish  white.  Stem  3° -5° 
high. 

2.  S.  squarrosa,  Muhl.  Stem  stout,  simple,  pubescent  above;  leaves 
large,  smoothish,  oblong,  acute,  serrate,  the  lower  ones  tapering  into  a  long 
winged  petiole ;  the  upper  sessile  and  entire ;  racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
composed  of  .3-6  clu.'itered  heads;  rays  12-16,  showy;  achenia  smooth. — 
Mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward.  Sept.  —  Stem  2° -4°  high.  Lowest 
leaves  6'  -  8'  long.     Heads  1 6  -  24-flowered. 


228  COMIMISIT.K.       (COMIMISITK    I'AMIKY.) 

§  2.  Vii»iAiitKA.  —  Sraivs  of  the  irtvolmrr  uppressed :  mi/s  iiioslli/  fewer  than 

tlif  (lis/,  iliiiii  IS,  riiri-li/  Wduliiiij  :  nirrmrs  rucemose,  rori/mhus)',  or  panicled. 

*  Ji<iciiiii'S  not  l-siili:il :  Ivtires ftuthtr-feined. 

■*-  liuccmcs  (uilluri/,  c/usti'i-likr,  iixiial/i/  shorter  thtin  the  leaves:  the  uppermost 

ojteii  croa-ded  and  nirimose :  leaves  uniform,  serrate. 

3.  S.  pubeus,  .M.  A.  Curtis.  Stem  siiiijile,  slender,  puliescent ;  leaves 
thill,  ovallauiidliiU',  arimiiuate  at  each  cud,  coarsely  serrate,  pubescent;  ra- 
cemes dense,  tiie  upper  ones  racemose;  heads  8- l4-flo\vered  •  ravs  4-7- 
scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse,  vill(»us  pubescent ;  achenia  hoary.  —  Ujjper  and 
mountainous  parts  of  Georgia  and  ^.'orth  Carolina.  Augu.st.  —  Stem  2^-3° 
iiigli.     Leaves  3'-  .'>'  long. 

4.  S.  Buckleyi,  'IV.rr.  &  Gray.  Aillun,-;  luiliesient ;  leaves  oblong,  acute 
at  each  end,  coarsely  serrate,  .smoother  al)ove ;  racemes  loose,  all  separate  and 
mucii  shorter  than  the  leaves;  lieads  1 5  - 20  flowered  ;  rays  4-6;  scales  of 
the  involucre  rather  acute,  nearly  siii(ii;tli ;  achenia  short  and  smooth.  —  Inte- 
rior of  Alal)ama  to  North  Canjlinu.     Oct.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Leaves  3'  long. 

5.  S.  latifolia,  L.  Stem  smooth,  .«ini])le;  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, une(|ually  toothed-.<!errate,  mostly  pubescent  beneath;  racemes  roundish 
or  oblong,  commonly  shorter  than  the  leaves,  the  upper  more  or  le.^s  racemose ; 
heads  about  10-flo\vered  ;  rays  3  -  4  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  smoothish,  ol)tuse ; 
achenia  silky -pubescent.  —  Shady  woods  in  the  uj)per  districts.  Se])t.  —  Stem 
l°-2°  high.     Leaves  3' -5'  long,  2' -3'  wide. 

6.  S.  CSesia,  L.  Stem  slender,  often  branching,  smooth  and  glaucous ; 
leaves  smootli,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  sessile,  sharply  serrate;  racemes  all  dis- 
tinct, roundish,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  the  lowest  rarely  elongated ; 
heads  about  10-flowered;  rays  3-4,  large,  bright  yellow;  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre smooth,  obtuse  ;  achenia  pubescent.  —  Damp  shady  woods  and  banks. 
Sept.  —  Stem  2°-3°  high,  often  purple.  Loaves  3' -5'  long,  i'-V  wide. 
Bacemes  in  all  the  upper  axils. 

7.  S.  Curtisii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smoothish;  stem  tall,  not  glaucous, 
straight  and  mostly  simple,  striate-angled ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  obovate-lanceo- 
late,  acuminate  at  each  end,  sharply  serrate  above  the  middle,  sessile ;  racemes 
dense,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves;  heads8- 12-flowered  ;  rays  4-6;  scales 
of  the  involucre  oblong-linear,  obtuse  ;  achenia  hoary-pubescent.  —  Mountains 
of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee.  Sept.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.  Leaves  5' -6' 
long. 

8.  S.  monticola,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smoothish  ;  stem  terete,  simple  and 
slender,  puberulent  above;  leaves  very  thin,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
slightly  serrate;  the  upper  ones  small  and  bract-like;  racemes  sessile,  the 
uppermost  approximate  and  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves;  heads  about  15- 
flowered  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  acute  ;  achenia  smooth.  —  Mountains 
of  North  Carolina.     Sept.  —  Leaves  and  flowers  smaller  than  the  last. 

9.  S.  lancifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smooth;  stem  tall,  simple,  angled; 
leaves  long-lanceolate,  acuminate,  finely  serrate,  sessile ;  racemes  apjiroxi- 
mate,  peduncled,  somewhat  compound ;  the  upper  ones  longer  than  the  re- 
duced  leaves;    heads  nearly  sessile;    scales   of  the   involucre  oblong,  very 


COMPOSIT.*;.     (composite  family.)  229 

obtuse,  minutel}^  granular;  aclienia  hairy.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina. 
Sept.  —  Stem  3"^  high.    Leaves  4'  -  5'  long.     Heads  large. 

t-  •*-  Racemes  crowded  in  racemose  or  pyramidal  terminal  panicles,  longer  than 
the  leaves  {except  No.  15) :  lowest  leaves  larcje,  commonlij  tapering  into  a 
petiole,  the  uppermost  small,  sessile  and  entire. 

10.  S.  bicolor,  L.  Pubescent;  stem  simple,  or  branching  above ;  lowest 
leaves  spatulate-oblong,  serrate ;  the  upper  lanceolate ;  panicle  racemose,  the 
lowest  racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  heads  about  20-flowered ;  rays  7-9, 
short,  whitish ;  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse.  —  Dry  soil  in  the  upper  districts, 
and  northward.     Sept.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.     Eadical  leaves  2'-  5'  long. 

Var.  eoncolor,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Mostly  taller  (2°-4°),  and  branching, 
hirsute ;  leaves  broader ;  rays  yellow.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  and  Ten- 
nessee. 

11.  S.  puberula,  Nutt.  Minutely  pubescent;  stem  simple,  virgate; 
lowest  leaves  spatulate-oblong,  serrate  above  the  middle ;  the  upper  lanceolate ; 
panicle  dense,  racemose  or  pyramidal ;  heads  about  30-flowered ;  rays  al)out 
10;  scales  of  the  involucre  subulate ;  achenia  smoothish.  (S.  pubesceus,  .£^//.) 
—  Dry  sandy  soil,  in  tlie  upper  districts.     Sept. 

Var.  pulverulenta,  Chapm.  Upper  leaves  shorter,  obloug-obovate ; 
scales  of  tlie  (20-25-flowered)  involucre  linear-lanceolate;  achenia  smooth. 
(S.  pulverulenta,  Nntt.) — Damp  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
Sept. -Oct.  —  Stem  2° -4°  higli,  often  purplish.  Lowest  leaves  2' -4'  long. 
Flowers  middle-sized,  bright  yellow. 

12.  S.  petiolaris,  Ait.  Minutely  pubescent;  stem  mostly  simple, 
straight,  very  leafy ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  elliptical,  acute,  rough  on 
the  margins,  all  but  the  lowest  entire,  and  nearly  sessile ;  panicle  racemose 
or  oblong;  heads  large,  20-25-flowered  ;  rays  about  10,  showj^;  scales  of  the 
involucre  linear,  pubescent ;  the  outer  ones  more  or  less  spreading ;  achenia 
smoothish.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  Sept.  —  Stem  2° - 
3°  high.     Leaves  l'-2'  long. 

13.  S.  speciosa,  Nutt.  Stem  stout,  mostly  simple,  smooth  below,  pubes- 
cent above;  leaves  smooth,  the  lowest  large  (5' -8' long,  1 -J' -2' wide),  serrate; 
the  upper  ones  lanceolate ;  panicle  compact,  pyramidal ;  heads  rather  large, 
crowded,  1 5  -  20-tlowered ;  rays  6-8,  showy;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceo- 
late, obtuse ;  achenia  smooth.  —  Varies,  with  the  stem  and  lower  surface  of 
the  broader  (2'  -  3')  leaves  villous  ;  the  fewer,  larger,  and  more  scattered  heads 
about  30-flowered ;  or  every  way  smaller ;  the  short  racemes  forming  a  narrow 
racemose  panicle.  —  Dry  soil ;  the  first  variety  in  the  upper  districts.  Sept.  - 
Oct.  —  Stem  3°-  5°  high,  often  purplish. 

14.  S.  verna,  Curtis.  Closely  pubescent  and  somewhat  hoary;  stem 
.simple  or  panicled  above ;  leaves  thin,  roughi.sh,  the  lowest  oblong,  abruptly 
narrowed  into  a  long  and  slender  petiole,  the  upper  ones  sessile  and  entire ; 
racemes  very  slender,  .spreading,  forming  an  open  somewhat  corymbose  pan- 
icle ;  heads  rather  large,  scattered,  about  30-flowered ;  rays  narrow ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  linear ;  achenia  puliescent.  —  Pine  barrens,  near  Wilmington, 
North  Carolina  (Cwrt/s).  May -June.  —  Stem  2° -3'^  high.  Lowest  leaves 
3'  -  5'  long. 


230  I  <)M1M)S1T.H.        ((■():«  I'OSITK    F.\MII,Y.) 

1").  S.  glomerata,  Miflix.  Smuoili;  stiMn  stout,  simple;  loavcH  large, 
<)l)liiiij;;-laiRi''>lali-,  aiiiininate  at  eaili  i-ml,  sliarplv  soiratc,  tlic  lowest  tapcr- 
iiii;  into  a  lu-tiole;  racemes  cluster-like,  imiili  shorter  tiiaii  the  leaves;  the 
upper  oues  aitjtroximate  ami  raienmse  ;  heads  \ery  lar^t;,  ."{0-40  Howered  ; 
raws  10-12;  scales  of  the  involucre  acute,  smooth ;  achenia  jtuliesceiit  — 
llii;li  mountains  of   North  Camlina.     Sij)t.  —  Stem  1^-2    iiij^^h.     l>eaves  4'- 

9'  lonir. 

■I-  -I-   ■»-  Jiuri'uu's  cori/mbuse  :    lirnds  vrri/ larr/e. 

16.  S.  rigida,  L.  Hough-puljescent  aud  .somewhat  hoary;  stem  stout; 
leaves  ri;:;id,  oval  or  ohlonj^,  serrate,  sessile ;  the  lowest  narrowed  into  a  peti- 
ole; corynil)  compact;  heads  ;J0  -  35-tlowercd  ;  rays  7-10;  scales  of  the 
involucre  obloni(,  ohtuse  ;  achenia  smooth.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia,  and  north- 
ward.    Sc])t.  —  Stem  3°  -  4°  high.     Lowest  leaves  G'  -  9'  long. 

17.  S.  COrymbosa,  Kll.  Stem  erect,  smooth;  the  branches  rough- 
hairy  ;  lower  leaves  ohlong-lauceolate,  the  upper  ovate ;  all  fleshy,  rigid, 
smooth,  but  very  rough  and  fringed  along  the  margin ;  racemes  corymbose, 
the  low  er  recurved  ;  rays  long.  —  Upper  districts  of  Georgia  and  Tennessee. 
Sept. -Oct.  —  Stem  stout,  4° -6°  high.  Lower  leaves  4'-0'  long.  Heads 
about  30  flowered.     Scales  of  the  involucre  oval.     Rays  about  10. 

18.  S.  spithamaea,  M.  A.  Curtis.  Stem  low  (8' -12'),  rigid,  soft-hairy  ; 
leaves  oblouglauceoLitc,  smooth,  sharply  serrate,  acute  ;  the  lowe.st  tapering 
into  a  petiole;  corymb  dense,  compound;  heads  25-30-flowered,  rays  6-7, 
short ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acute  ;  achenia  pubescent.  —  Moun- 
tains of  North  Carolina.     Sept.  —  Stems  tufted.    Leaves  1' -  3' long. 

*  9ff  Racemes  \-sided,  mostli/  compound,  sj)7-eadinfj  or  recurved  (in  Nos.  20  and 

21  often  erect),  commonlij  disposed  in  a  pyntmidal  panicle. 
1  ■»-  Smooth  species,  growing  in  marshes :  stems  virgate :  leaves  very  numerous, 

more  or  less  fleshii ;  the  lowest  elongated  and  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole  ; 

the    upper   small    and  passing    into   bracts:    heads    middle-sized:    achenia 

puhearcnt. 

10.  S.  flavovirens,  Cliapm.  Smooth  tliroughout ;  stem  stout,  simple; 
leaves  oidong,  obtuse  or  mucronate ;  the  lowe.st  serrate,  on  winged  petioles, 
the  upper  entire,  narrowed  at  the  base;  panicle  ijyrainiilal ;  heads  10-12- 
flowered  ;  rays  mostly  3,  sliowy  ;  .scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acutish.  — 
M,arshes,  Apalachicola,  Florida.  Sept.  —  Whole  ])lant  yellowish  green. 
Stem  2° -6^  high.  Lowest  leaves  .5 '-10'  long,  obscurely  ribbed.  Heads 
rather  larg«. 

20.  S.  stricta,  Ait.  Smooth;  stem  slender,  rarely  branched;  leaves 
somewhat  fleshy,  entire  ;  the  lowest  oblong-spatulate,  sometimes  slightly  ser- 
rate, veiny  ;  the  upper  very  small,  lanceolate,  appressed ;  panicle  racemose, 
erect,  or  pyramidal,  with  the  lower  racemes  1-sided  ;  heads  12  -  16-flowercd  ; 
rays  .5 -7;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acute.  —  I'ine  barren  swamps. 
Sept.  —  Stem  .3'='-  .5-  high. 

21.  S.  angUStifolia,  Ell.  Smooth;  stem  slender,  simple,  or  branched 
above  ;  leaves  flesliy,  entire,  the  lowest  lanceolate,  the  upper  linear  and  acute  ; 
panicle  racemose  or  pyramidal,  lower  racemes  spreading  and  Isided;   lieads 


COMPOSITE.        (composite    FAMILY.)  231 

rather  small,  about  lO-tlowered  ;  rays  5,  uarrow;  scales  of  the  involucre  liuear, 
obtuse.  —  Coast  of  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Oct.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high. 

22.  S.  sempervirens,  L-  Stem  simple,  or  branched  above ;  lowest  leaves 
lanceolate-oblong,  entire,  fleshy,  loug-petioled ;  the  upper  lanceolate,  acute, 
sessile  or  partly  clasping ;  panicle  contracted  or  pyramidal ;  heads  rather 
large ;  rays  7-10;  scales  of  the  involucre  liuear,  acutish.  —  Salt  marshes, 
Florida,  and  nojjthward.  Sept.  -  Oct.  —  Stem  3'^  -  8°  higli.  Leaves  varying 
in  thickness,  the  lowest  6'  -  12'  long. 

2  -t-  Stems  (smooth)  commonly  hranchtng  :  leaves  not  fleshy,  serrate,  veiny  ;  the 
lowest  ample,  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole  :  panicles  pyramidal,  or  race- 
mose on  the  spreadincj  branches. 

23.  S.  patula,  Muhl.  Stem  stout,  strougly  angled  ;  leaves  large,  ovate 
or  oblong,  acute,  very  rough  above,  smooth  beneath  ;  panicles  dense,  leafy ; 
peduncles  pubescent;  rays  6-7;  achenia  sparsely  pubescent.  —  SwamiJ.s, 
Georgia,  and  northward.  —  Leaves  6'  - 1 2'  long. 

Var.  strictula,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  simple,  or  with  few  elongated  rough- 
pubescent  branches ;  leaves  smaller ;  racemes  short,  formiug  a  long  and 
slender  compound  raceme.  —  Swamps,  Florida,  and  northward.  Sept. -Oct. 
—  Stem  4° -6°  high. 

24.  S.  junCGa,  Ait.  Smooth;  leaves  sharply  serrate,  acute  or  acuminate 
at  each  end,  the  lowest  elliptical  or  lanceolate-oblong,  somewhat  3-ribbed,  on 
winged  and  ciliate  petioles ;  the  upper  sessile ;  pauicle  dense,  somewhat  corym- 
bose ;  heads  small,  crowded,  1 8  -  20-flowered ;  rays  8-12,  small ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  obtuse  ;  achenia  nearly  smooth.  —  Rich  soil  in  the  upper  districts. 
Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high. 

25.  S.  arguta,  Ait.,  var.  Caroliniana,  Gray.  Inflorescence  pubescent, 
otherwise  glal irons  ;  stem  2° -4°  high,  branching  above  ;  lowest  leaves  large 
(4' -6'  long),  ovate,  sharply  serrate,  wiug-petioled,  upper  ones  lanceolate, 
entire ;  heads  3"  long,  Crowded  in  short  terminal  recurved  racemes,  about 
20-flowered  ;  achenia  pubescent.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  and  North  Carolina. 
August. 

2G.  S.  Boottii,  Hook.  Stem  smooth,  or  pubescent  above ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late or  olilong,  acute  or  acuminate  at  each  end,  appressed-serrate,  smooth  or 
more  or  le.ss  pubescent ;  panicle  open,  oblong  or  pyramidal ;  heads  about  12- 
flowered  ;  rays  5  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse  ;  achenia  nearly  smooth.  — 
Varies,  with  longer,  narrower,  and  more  sharply  serrate  leaves,  and  slender 
racemose  panicles  towards  the  summits  of  the  spreading  branches.  —  Sandy 
soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Sept.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high,  often  ])urj!lish. 

27.  S.  braehyphylla,  Clmpm.  Stem  slender,  pubescent,  sparingly 
branclicd  :  leaves  smooth  or  pubescent  on  the  veins,  finely  serrate,  the  lowest 
spatulate,  the  upper  oval  or  orbicular;  racemes  short,  forming  a  compound 
raceme  toward  the  end  of  the  .spreading  branches  ;  scales  of  the  3  -5-flowered 
involucre  rigid,  obtuse  ;  r.ays  none ;  achenia  pnliescent,  as  long  as  the  rigid 
pappus.  — Dry  light  .soil,  Georgia,  Fl<  rida,  nnl  westward.  Sept.  —  Stem  2°- 
3°  high.     Leaves  l'-2'  long. 


232  COMI'OSIT.E.        (C0Mri>SITK    FAMILY.) 

3  •*-  Lvaves  very  numi'ruiis,i/ni(litulli/  diminisliiuij  in  size  upward,  rein i/,  sessile, 
or  lh>'  Inirtst  mirriiu'iil  intu  a  s/mrl  /icliolc:    heads  small. 
ti8.    S.  rugOSa,  Mill-     Sicm   liirsiilc;    leaves  ovate  or  oblouf^,  aeiile,  ser- 
rate, rmigli  iiliove,  iiulieseciit,  esperiallv  on  tlio  veins  beneath,  often  rnyose, 
.  prominently  veined  ;   jtaniile  lealV,  often  narrow  ami  elongated  ;  the  raeenies 
slender  and  reeurved  ;    sciiles  of  the   10- I'j-tlowered  involucre  linear;    rays 
G-9,  small;   aehenia  pubescent.  —  Low  thickets,   Florida,  and    ncjrthwarJ. 
Se])t.  -  Oct.  —  Stem  2°  -  6°  high,  commonly   branching,     l-eaves  varia!>le  in 
texture  and  ])ui)escence. 

29.  S.  ulmifolia,  Mubl.  Stem  smooth,  or  softly  pubescent  above; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  smooth  on  the  up])er  surface, 
paler  and  pubescent  ou  the  veins  beueath  ;  panicle  loose,  spreading;  heads 
about  10-flowered  ;  rays  4-5  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  acutish  ;  achenia  nearly 
smooth.  —  Low  ground  in  the  upper  districts.  Sept. — Stem  2^-3°  high. 
Leaves  thin,  2'-. '{'long. 

30.  S.  Elliottii,  Torr.  &  (iray.  Smooth;  .'^tem  mo.stly  simple;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate  or  elliptical,  sessile,  acute,  finely  serrate,  the  upper  ofteu 
entire  ;  racemes  crowded,  forming  a  pyramidal  jjanide;  scales  of  the  13-20- 
flowered  iuvolucre  linear,  obtu.se ;  rays  5-7;  achenia  mumtely  ])uliescent. 
(S.  elliptica?  Ell.)  —  Damp  soil  uear  the  coast,  Georgia  to  North  Carolina. 
Sept.  —  Stem  3°  -  (r  high.     Leaves  very  numerous,  2'  -  3'  hjug. 

31.  S.  pilosa,  Walt.  Stem  hirsute,  simple,  or  branching  above  ;  leaves 
very  nunicrnns,  oldong-lanceolate,  slightly  serrate,  mucronate,  rough  above, 
puliescent  on  tiie  veins  beneath  ;  racemes  numerous,  slender,  forming  a  pyram- 
idal or  somewhat  corymbose  panicle;  heads  narrow,  1 2  -  1 5-flowered  ;  rays 
7-10,  small;  scales  of  the  iuvolucre  linear;  achenia  slightly  pubesceut. — 
Low  ground,  Florida,  and  northward.  Sept. -Oct.  —  Stem  2°-8°  high. 
Leaves  2' -3'  long. 

32.  S.  odora,  Ait.  Stem  mostly  simple,  pubescent  in  lines  ;  leaves  entire, 
linear-lanceolate,  smooth  on  both  surfaces,  rough  ou  the  margins,  punctate 
with  pellucid  dots,  often  reflexcd;  panicle  pyramidal,  mostly  one-sided  ;  heads 
5  -  7-flowered  ;  rays  about  3,  showy  ;  achenia  hairy.  —  Dry  soil,  Florida,  and 
northward.  Oct. —  Stem  2° -3°  high.  Leaves  l'-2'  long.  —  Plant  anise- 
scented. 

33.  S.  Chapmani,  Gray.  Stem  2°-  3°  high,  mostly  simple  ;  leaves  .short 
(\'-\V  long),  oliluDg-ovate,  obtuse  ormucronate-acute,  the  margins  scabrous; 
heads  5  -  9-flowered ;  rays  1-3,  or  none.  (S.  odora,  in  part,  1st  edit.)  — 
Sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida.     Sept. 

34.  S.  tortifolia,  Ell.  Stem  straight,  simple  or  branched,  rough-pnbes- 
cent  above  ;  leaves  small,  linear,  entire,  or  the  lowest  slightly  serrate,  often 
twisted,  pubescent  on  the  margins  and  midrib;  panicle  dense,  pyramidal; 
heads  small,  6  -  9-flowered ;  rays  3  -  4  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  obtuse  ; 
achenia  sliirhtly  pubescent.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
Sept.  —  Stem  2^  -  3°  high.     Leaves  very  numerous,  I'  -  2'  long. 

3,5.  S.  gracillima,  Torr.  iSt  Gray.  Smooth  ;  stem  slender ;  lowest  leaves 
spatulate-lauceolate,  obtuse,  serrate  near  the  apex;  the  others  linear  and 


COMPOSIT.E.       (composite    FAMILY.)  233 

entire  ;  heads  rather  large,  9-1 2-flo\vered,  forming  a  narrow  cumpound  raceme 
at  the  summit  of  the  stem  and  branches ;  rays  mostly  wanting  ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  oblong,  obtuse ;  achenia  pubescent.  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  IMiddle 
Florida.     Oct.  —  Stem  2°  high. 

4  ■<-  Lowest  leaves  cordate,  on  long  petioles:  Iteads  in  simple  or  compound 
racevies,  8-lO-Jlowered :  pappus  rigid,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  hairy 
achenia. 

36.  S.  amplexicaulis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Pubescent  and  roughish  ;  stem 
slender,  sparingly  branched  above ;  leaves  sharjjly  serrate,  acute,  the  lowest 
broadly  cordate ;  those  of  the  stem  ovate,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  broadly 
winged  and  clasping  petiole,  the  uppermost  small,  sessile,  and  entire ;  racemes 
slender,  often  simple;  rays  1  -3  ;  pappus  as  long  as  the  acheuium.  —  Dry 
open  woods.     Oct.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high. 

37.  S.  COrdata,  Short.  Pubescent ;  stem  sparingly  branched  above ; 
leave.s  acute,  on  wingless  petioles;  the  lowest  large,  coarsely  serrate,  cordate, 
the  others  ovate,  sharply  serrate,  on  short  petiole.-* ;  the  uppermost  entire,  ses- 
sile ;  racemes  compound,  terminating  tiie  spreading  branches,  composed  of 
crowded  cluster-like  racemes  ;  the  lower  ones  scattered  ;  scales  of  the  8-10- 
flowered  involucre  rigid,  obtuse  ;  rays  .5  -  6  ;  pappus  much  shorter  tiian  the 
acheuium.  (BrachychiEta,  Torr.  ^  Gray.)  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  and  North 
Carolina.     Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.     Lowest  leaves  3'  -  5'  wide. 

5  -I-  Leaves  nearly  sessile,  more  or  less  plainly  3-ribbed :   panicles  recurved. 

38.  S.  Missouriensis,  Nutt.  Glabrous;  stem  simple,  rigid,  l°-2° 
high;  lea\es  rather  rigid,  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate  above  the  middle,  the 
lowest  tapering  into  a  petiole,  the  upper  linear,  entire  ;  panicle  short,  dense ; 
heads  16 -20- flowered  ;  rays  8- 12;  achenia  slightly  pubescent.  —  Dry  soil, 
Tennessee,  and  westward.     July. 

39.  S.  Gattlngeri,  Chapm.  Low  (1°  high),  simple,  glabrous;  lower 
leaves  lanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  tapering  into  a  petiole,  entire,  or  obscurely 
denticulate  near  the  apex,  the  u])permost  (^'  or  less  long)  passing  into  the 
oblong-linear  obtuse  bracts  of  the  widely  spreading  flat  panicle  ;  heads  ovoid ; 
16  -20-flowered,  the  oblong  scales  obtuse ;  rays  few,  notched  ;  pappus  coarse, 
shorter  than  the  flowers;  ovary  smooth.  —  Rocky  barrens  of  Tennessee 
{Gattinger). 

40.  S.  nemoralis,  Ait.  Plant  grayish,  minutely  pvibescent  and  rough- 
ened ;  stem  mostly  simple :  leave.s  oliscurely  3-ribbed  ;  tlie  lowest  spatulate- 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  serrate ;  the  upper  lanceolate,  acute,  narrowed  toward 
the  l)ase,  mostly  entire  ;  panicle  dense,  oblong  or  pyramidal,  recurved  ;  heads 
10- 12-flowered ;  rays  6-7;  aclienia  hairy. — Old  fields  and  open  woods, 
common.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 

41.  S.  Leavenworthii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  .simple,  minutely  puljes- 
cent  and  roughish  ;  leaves  very  numerous,  smooth,  linear-lanceolate,  entire  ; 
the  lowest  sparingly  serrate;  panicle  pyramidal;  heads  rather  large ;  rays 
10-  12  ;  achenia  pubescent.  —  Damp  soil,  Florida  to  South  Cavoliiia.  Oct.  — 
Stem  2°  -  3°  high.     Leaves  2'  -  3'  long,  3"  -  4"  wide,  faintly  ribbed. 


1*34  COMPOSIT.U.       (cOMPOSJTli    FAMILY.) 

42  S.  Canadensis,  1>.  Stem  pubescent  ami  often  rough  ;  leaves  lanceo- 
hiic.  iuiite  or  ai  iiniiiiiitc,  siiarply  norrate,  roiigli  aijo\e,  pHhcsfcnt  hcneath ; 
panicles  pvraniidal,  dense;  heads  small;  ravs  \cry  short;  achenia  ])uiiescent. 
—  ^'ari('S  (S.  proccra,  Kil.),  with  a  more  hairv  stem,  less  serrate  leaves,  the- 
ujiper  entire,  and  larger  heads  and  ravs.  —  Margins  of  fields,  etc.,  Florida, 
and  norlhwanl.     Oct.  —  Stem  3°  -  8°  higii.  ' 

43.  S.  serotina,  .^^it.  stem  smooth,  often  j)ur])le;  leaves  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  serrate,  glalirons ;  jianicle  jiyramidal,  of  numerous  recurved  ra- 
cemes; lays  short;  mature  achenia  smooth.  —  Low  ground,  Florida,  and 
northward.    Oct  — Stem  stout,  4° -K^  higii.     Heads  larger  than  in  the  last. 

Var.  gigantea.  (iray.  Stem  and  leaves  as  in  tiie  type,  hut  the  latter 
more  or  less  juiliescent  l)eneath,  and  scabrous  above.  —  With  the  preceding. 

44.  S.  rupestris,  Haf.  Inflorescence  sparsely  pubescent,  otherwise 
glabrous;  sieni  biaiuhing,  3°  high  ;  leaves  thin,  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate, 
3'-4'  long,  faintly  riljbed ;  panicle  leafy  ;  heads  2"  long;  rays  small.  —  Kooky 
river  banks,  Tennessee.     August. 

§3.  CiiuvsuMA.  —  Sti  in  shntbhij  :  leaves  impressed-punctate,  velidess  :  rays 
1  -  3  ;  recejitacle  conical,  naked. 
4.').  S.  pauciflosculosa,  Michx.  Stem,  leaves,  and  involucre  viscid ; 
leaves  spatulate-lanceulate  or  linear,  obtuse,  entire,  tiiQ  lowest  scalelike; 
panicle  1-sidcd  ;  the  clusters  erect,  on  naked  ])eduncles  ;  heads  4-7-flowered  ; 
scales  of  tlie  involucre  obtuse  ;  achenia  pubescent.  —  Sandy  banks  and  shores, 
Florida  to  South  Carcjlina.  Oct.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Leaves  1'- 2' long. 
Kays  large. 

§4.  EuTii.v.MiA.  —  Herbaceous:  haves  narrow,  entire,  I  -  5-iierred :  heads 
cor  1/ inliose  :  rays  more  numerous  than  the  disk  Jloicers :  receptacle  bristly: 
involiiirc  vis.rid. 

46.  S.  lanceolata,  L.  Stem  pubescent  above,  corymbose;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  roilghish  on  the  upper  surface,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath, 
3  -  .^-nerved  ;  heads  obconical,  mostly  sessile,  in  dense  clusters;  rays  15-20. 
—  Damp  soil,  Georgia,  and  northward.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high. 

47.  S.  tenuifolia,  Pursh.  Nearly  smooth ;  stem  corymbosely  much 
branclicd  ;  leaves  linear,  3-nerved,  glandular-dotted  ;  heads  few  in  a  cluster, 
often  pedicelled,  top-shaped;  rays  about  10.  —  Low  sandy  places,  common. 
Oct.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Heads  smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding. 

21.    BIGELOVIA,  DC. 

Heads  3-  4-flowored  ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Involucre  cylin- 
drical-club-shapeil,  as  long  as  the  flowers  ;  the  scales  linear,  rigid,  appressed, 
somewhat  vi.scid.  Receptacle  narrow^  cuspidate.  Achenia  terete,  striate, 
hairy.  Pajipus  simple,  of  numerous  scabrous  cai)illary  bristles.  Styles 
scarcely  exserted.  —  Smooth  erect  perennial  herbs,  with  narrow  obtuse  en- 
tire leaves,  and  small  heads  of  yellow  flowers,  dispo.sed  in  a  compound 
corymb. 

1.  B.  nudata,  DC.  Stem  mostly  simple,  virgate ;  lowest  leaves  spatu 
late-lanceolate,  obscurely  3-nerved ;   the  others  scattered,  linear.  —  Var.  vik- 


COMPOSITE.       (composite    FAMILY.)  235 

GATA.  Lowest  leaves  linear-spatulate,  1 -nerved  ;  the  others  narrow-linear  or 
filiform;    heads  larger.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Tlorida,  and  northward.     Sept. 

—  Stem  2°  high. 

22.     APLOPAPPUS,  Cass. 

Heads  many-flowered;  the  rays  pistillate.  Involucre  hemispherical  or 
bell  shaped.  Pappus  single,  of  numerous  capillary  bristles,  alike  in  the  rays 
and  disk.  Eeceptacle  alveolate.  Achenia  silky.  —  Annual  or  biennial  herbs, 
with  alternate  leaves,  and  scattered  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 

§  J.    Heads  large:   incolucre  hemispherical :    rays  numerous  :  jnijipus  brown. 

1.  A.  rubiginosus,  Torr.  &  Gray,  var.  phyllocephalus,   Gray. 

Stem  2° -3°  high,  corymbosely  branched,  the  branches  short,  pubescent; 
leaves  lanceolate,  with  bristle-pointed  spreading  teeth ;  heads,  with  involucre- 
like leaves  at  the  ba.se  ;  achenia  club-shaped  ;   bristles  of  the  jjappus  unequal. 

—  Damp  places,  Funta  Eassa,  Soutli  Florida.     Oct. 

§  2.    Heads  small:  involucre  narrow-!iel.l-shfiped,with  subulate  scales  :  rai/s  5-8: 

pappus  white. 

2.  A.  divaricatus,  Gray.  Hispid  and  glandular ;  stem  erect,  the  slen- 
der branches  spreading ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sparingly  tootlied;  involu- 
cre soft-hairy;  rays  5-8.  —  Sandy  fields  and  woods,  Florida,  Georgia,  and 
westward.  Sept.  —  Stem  l°-4°  high.  Panicle  large.  Heads  15-20- 
flowered. 

23.     HETEROTHECA,  Cass. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Rays  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated 
in  few  rows,  linear.  Receptacle  alveolate,  bristly.  Achenia  of  the  raj's  oval, 
destitute  of  pappus,  those  of  the  disk  flowers  obovate,  compressed,  hairy,  with 
a  double  pappus ;  the  outer  one  short  and  chaffy,  the  inner  bristly.  —  Biennial 
rough-hairy  branching  herbs,  with  irregularly  toothed  or  entire  alternate 
leaves,  and  corymbose-panicled  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 

1.  H.  Lamarckii,  Cass.  Leaves  oblong,  toothed,  commonly  sessile  or 
clasping ;  the  lowest  petioled,  obtuse  or  somewhat  cordate  at  the  base ;  in- 
volucre thick,  shorter  than  the  brownish  inner  pappus.  —  Dry  sandy  places 
along  the  coast.  South  Carolina,  and  westward.  Sept. —  Stem  rigid,  l°-2° 
high.     Leaves  V-2'  long. 

24.    CHRYSOPSIS,  Nutt. 

Pajjpus  of  the  ray  and  disk  flowers  alike,  double  ;  the  exterior  row  chaffy, 
or  of  chaffy  bristles,  the  interior  longer,  capillary  ;  otherwise  like  Heterotlieca. 

—  Biennial  or  perennial  hairy  or  silky  herbs,  with  linear  or  oblong  mostly 
entire  leaves.     Heads  mo.stIy  corymbed.     Flowers  yellow. 

*  Leaves  narrow,  nerved,  entire  :   achenia  obi  on  q -I  in  ear,  narrowed  at  each  end, 
pubescent :  perennials. 
1.    C.  graminif olia,  Xutt.     Stem  leafy,  white  with  appressed  silky  shin- 
ing hairs,  as  also  the  linear  leaves;   heads  numerous,  rather  small,  on  slender, 
more  or  less  glandular  peduncles ;  involucre  top-shaped,  the  linear  scales  glan- 


1*30  COMrOSlT.E.        (coMroSITK    FAMILY.) 

<lular. —  Suinly  piiii!  lianeiis,  coiiiimjii.     Sept. — Stem  l''-2°liigb.     Lowest 
leaves  4' -8'  I'.nij;. 

•2.  C.  Oligantha,  <'lia]iiii.  St.'m  nrailv  nukcil  and  ;:laii<liiliir  above,  the 
lower  |)art,  like  the  linear  or  lanci-nlalc  icaxcs,  silkv  witli  ajipresseil  .shining 
hairs;  heails  1  -4,  on  lonjj  creet  j;lan<liilar  i)e(Juneles,  ralhi-r  large;  iuvohurc 
U'll  shajieil,  the  scales  jjlaiulular-pulteseeiit.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Floriila. 
April -Mav. —  IStciii  1^  high.  Stem-leaves  ehvsjtiiig;  those  of  the  root  elon- 
gate.!. 

3.  C.  pinifolia,  Kll.  Smonlh;  stt-m  rigiil  ;  leaves  linear,  rrowded,  rigid  ; 
corymb  large ;  seales  of  the  iiivolnere  wonlly  at  the  summit.  —  Higli  saud-hills 
in  tiie  western  districts  of  Georgia  (A7//ci//).  —  Stem  l^^-2^  '''S''-  Stem 
leaves  4' -6'  long,  the  uppermost  filiform.  Heads  large.  Exterior  pa]>pus 
somewhat  chaffy. 

*  *  Leaves  veini/,  oblomj  or  lanreoliite  ;  the  lowest  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  upper 
sessile  :  achenia  obovute,  compressed. 

4.  C.  Mariana,  Nutt.  Perennial;  stem  simjile,  covered  with  loose  silky 
deciduous  iiairs ;  lowest  leaves  .spatulate-oblong,  entire  or  .sligiitly  serrate ;  the 
upper  ones  lanceolate,  sessile,  entire  ;  corynil)  small,  mostly  simple  and  umbel- 
late, cone-like  iu  the  bud;  peduncles  and  involucre  glandular.  —  Sandy  j)ine 
barrens,  Florida,  and  northward.     Sept.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 

5.  C.  trichophylla,  Nutt.  Biennial;  stem  very  leafy,  mostly  branili- 
iug,  villous  with  loose  silky  hairs;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  the  earliest 
ones  crowded,  obtuse  and  den.sely  villous,  the  upper  mostly  acute  and  often 
smoothish  ;  corymb  large,  comj)ound  ;  peduncles  and  involucre  smoothish. — 
Var.  HYSsoi'iFOLiA  (C.  hy.s.sopifolia,  Nutt.)  has  narrow-linear  and  smooth 
leaves,  excei)t  tlie  tuft  at  the  ba.se. — Dry  ])ine  barrens,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina.  Sept. —  Stem  2° -3°  high,  commonly  ascending.  Leaves  l'-2' 
long. 

6.  C.  gOSSypina,  Nutt.  Biennial,  densely  villous  and  hoary  throughout ; 
leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  entire;  the  lowest  spatulate,  the  tip])er  sessile;  corymb 
simple.  (C.  dentata.  Ell.,  leaves  larger,  the  lowest  sinuate-toothed.  C.  de- 
cunil)ens,  Flora,  inflorescence  glandular.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida,  and 
nortliward.     Sojit.  —  Stem  1°-  2°  high. 

7.  C.  SCabrella,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Biennial,  glandular-scabrous  through- 
out; the  earliest  leaves  only  villous;  lowest  leaves  clustered,  spatulate,  entire, 
the  others  brf)adly  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  l'-2'  long;  coryml>  compound; 
involucral  scales  linear,  acute,  rigid;  pappus  fulvous;  aclienia  silky.  —  Dry 
sandy  soil  near  the  coast,  Florida,     (^)ct. 

8.  C.  villosa,  Nutt.  Kough-hairy  and  somewhat  hoary  throughout ; 
stem  rigid,  very  leafy ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  sparingly  serrate ; 
the  upper  ones  sessile,  the  lowest  narrowed  into  a  petiole ;  heads  large,  in  a 
simple  cor3Tnh.  —  Dry  soil,  Alabama,  and  westward.  Sept.  —  Stem  l°-2° 
high.     Leaves  1'  long,  fringed  near  the  base. 

25.    GRINDELIA,  Willd. 

Heads  many -flowered.  Bays  j^istillate.  Scales  of  the  hemi'^pherical  invo- 
lucre imbricated  in  several  rows.     lieceptacle  flat.    Achenia  oval  or  obovate, 


COMPOSTT.E.       (composite    FAMILY.)  237 

glabrous.  Pappus  of  2  -  8  rigid  deciduous  awns  or  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs, 
with  alternate  leaves,  and  single  heads  of  yellow  flowers  terminating  the 
branches. 

1.  G.  laneeolata,  Nutt.  Glabrous,  corymbosely  branching  (l°-2°  high) ; 
leaves  luiiceulate,  sessile,  sharply  serrate ;  involucre  glutinous,  the  scales 
nearly  e([ual,  ending  in  a  filiform  point ,  bristles  of  the  pappus  mostly  2.  — 
Tennessee,  Alabama,  and  westward. 

26.     AMPHIACHYRIS,   Nutt. 

Heads  small,  radiate.  Eays  pistillate,  fertile.  Disk  flowers  perfect  but 
sterile.  Scales  of  the  top-shaped  involucre  few  and  rigid.  Pappus  of  the 
disk  flowers  of  5  -  8  bristle-like  scales ;  of  the  rays  minute  or  obsolete.  —  A 
low  much  branched  glabrous  annual,  with  linear  alternate  leaves  and  yellow 
pedicellate  flowers. 

1.  A.  dracuneuloid.es,  Nutt.  —  Colbert  County,  Alabama  (Mohr), 
and  westward.     August. 

27.    BACCHARIS,  L. 

Heads  dioecious,  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular.  Corolla  of  the 
sterile  flowers  5-cleft;  of  the  fertile  flliform,  nearly  entire;  style  exserted. 
Scales  of  tiie  oblong  or  hemispherical  involucre  imbricated  in  several  rows. 
Receptacle  naked  or  somewhat  chaffy.  Achenia  ribbed.  Pappus  of  the  ster- 
ile flowers  capillary,  in  a  single  row,  as  long  as  the  involucre ;  of  the  fertile 
flowers  in  1 -several  rows,  commonly  much  longer  than  the  involucre. — 
Smooth  and  resinous  shrubs.     Leaves  alternate.     Flowers  white. 

1 .  B.  halimifolia,  L.  Leaves  obovate,  or  oblong-obovate,  toothed  above 
the  middle,  the  uppermost  lanceolate,  entire ;  heads  peduncled,  the  terminal 
ones  clustered;  pappus  of  the  fertile  flowers  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  invo- 
lucre. —  Low  ground  near  the  coast.     Sept.  -  Oct.  —  Shrub  2°-  12°  high. 

2.  B.  glomeruliflora,  Pers.  Leaves  wedge  obovate,  coarsely  toothed, 
rigid ;  the  uppermost  obovate,  entire ;  heads  very  numerous,  in  dense  sessile 
axillary  clusters ;  pappus  of  the  fertile  flowers  twice  as  long  as  the  involucre. 
—  Swamps  along  the  coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  Nov.  —  Shrub  6°- 
12=  high. 

3.  B.  angUStifolia,  Michx.  Leaves  linear,  entire ;  heads  single,  or  2- 
4  in  a  terminal  cluster;  achenia  smooth.  —  Saline  marshes,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina.     Oct.  —  Shrub  4° -3°  high.     Heads  small. 

28.     INULA,  L.    Elecampane. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Rays  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated 
in  several  rows.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  naked.  Anthers  bicaudate  at  the 
base.  Pappus  single,  of  capillary  slightly  scabrous  bristles.  —  Perennial 
herbs.    Flowers  yellow. 

1.  I.  Helenium,  L.  Stem  stout;  leaves  large,  ovate,  denticulate,  to- 
mentose  beneath ;  the  lowest  ones  petioled,  the  upper  clasping ;  heads  very 


238  COMPOSIT.E.        (cOMroSITK    KAMILV.) 

larj^o,  soiiu'wliiit  c-orymbose  ;  outer  scales  of  tlie  involiuTe  lirou'lly  ovate,  leafy  ; 
rays  iiumcruiis,  narrow  ;  aclieuia  4  si<leil,  siimolli.  —  Mountains  of  Morth  (.'uro- 
lina.      liilriHliK-L'd. 

29.     PLUCHEA,    (ass. 

lluads  inany-liowtTed,  diseoid  ;  tliu  ciiitral  tlowers  mostly  perfect,  imt  ster- 
ile, with  the  corolla  dilated  and  fi-ckd't ;  the  otlicrs  pistillate,  slender,  slightly 
toothed.  Anthers  bicaudate.  Scales  of  tlie  involucre  imbricated.  Jieceptai;le 
flat,  mostly  naked.  Acheuia  grooved  or  angled.  J'appus  a  single  row  of 
capillary  slightly  scabrous  bristles.  —  Odorous  mostly  puiiescent  and  glandu- 
lar herbs,  with  alternate  ovate  or  oblong  serrate  leaves.  Heads  of  purplish 
flowers  corymbose. 

1.  P.  bifrODS,  DC.     Stem  .'^imjile,  or  s])aringly  brancheil ;  leaves  oblong, 

acute,  denticulate,  strongly   reticulated   and   rugose,  cordate  and  clasping; 

heads  clustered;   involucre  jnibe.scent  and  viscid. —  Margins  of  pine  barren 

ponds,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     Sept.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.     Flowers  pale 

purple  or  white. 

i 

2.  P.  foetida,  DC.  Minutely  ])ubescei)t  and  glandular;  leaves  large, 
membranaceous,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  tapering  into  a  j)etiole; 
corymlis  axillary  and  terminal ;  lieads  rather  small,  numerous,  on  slender  pedi- 
cels ;  involucre  smoothish ;  often  purplish.  —  Damp  soil,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward. Sept.  —  Stem  2°-  5°  high.  Leaves  5'  -  8'  long,  resinous-dotted.  Flow- 
ers purple. 

3.  P.  camphorata,  DC.  Minutely  pubescent  and  glandular-viscid; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  denticulate,  nearly  sessile; 
heads  rntlier  large,  in  a  dense  corymb,  on  short  and  stout  pedicels  ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  pubescent,  the  inner  ones  long-acuminate.  —  Salt  marches,  Flor- 
ida to  North  Carolina.  Sept.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high;  the  branches  few  and 
erect.     Leaves  2' -3'  long.     Flowers  light  purple. 

4.  P.  purpurascens,  DC.  Tomentose  and  glandular;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  sharply  and  somewhat  erosely  serrate,  on 
slender  petioles;  heads  rather  small,  on  slender  pedicels,  loosclv  corvmbose; 
scales  of  the  involucre  pubescent,  the  inner  ones  lanceolate,  acute.  —  Swamps 
and  low  ground,  Florida.  Sept.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high,  with  numerous  spread- 
ing branches.     Leaves  2' -4'  long.     Flowers  bluish  jmrple. 

30.    PTEROCAULON,  Fll. 

Heads  and  flowers  chiefly  as  in  Pluchea.  Scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate, 
imbricated  iu  several  rows,  caducous.  Keceptacle  minutely  hairy.  Acheuia 
angled,  pubescent.  Pappus  of  numerous  equal  capillary  Itristles.  longer  than 
the  involucre.  —  Perennial  herbs.  Leaves  lanceolate,  densely  toniento.se  and 
hoary  beneath,  the  margins  broadly  decurrent  on  the  stem.  Heads  compactly 
spiked. 

1.  P.  pycnostachyum,  Fll.  Stem  rarely  l)ranched,  l°-2°  high; 
leaves  wavy,  smooth  above;  spike  thick,  woolly;  flowers  white.  —  Damp  pine 
barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     June -July. 


COMPOSITE.       (composite    FAMILY.)  239 

31.     ANTENNARIA,  Gajrt.     Everlasting. 

Heads  mauy-flowered,  dioecious,  discoid ;  the  corolla  of  the  sterile  flowers 
5-clet't;  of  the  pistillate  filiform.  Scales  of  the  iuvolucre  scarious,  colored. 
Receptacle  convex  or  flat.  Achenia  nearly  terete.  Pappus  a  single  row  of 
capillary  bristles,  which,  in  the  stamiuate  flowers,  are  thickened  at  the  ajiex. 
—  Perennial  downy  or  woolly  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  lea\'es,  and  corym- 
bose rarely  single  heads. 

1.  A.  margaritacea,  R.Br.  Stem  corymbose  above,  woolly;  leaves 
liuear-lauceolace,  with  revolute  margins,  tomentose ;  heads  corymbose ;  iuvo- 
lucre white.  —  Upper  districts  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  Sept.  - 
Oct.  —  Stem  1°-  2°  high. 

2.  A.  plantaginifolia.  Hook.  Stolouiferous ;  stems  scape  like ;  radical 
leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  hoary,  becoming  smooth  above,  3-ribbed;  those  of 
the  stem  few,  linear  or  lanceolate ;  heads  small,  in  a  terminal  cluster,  some- 
times single  and  larger ;  involucre  white  or  purplish.  —  Sterile  soil,  Florida, 
and  northward.     March-  May.  —  Stem  6'-  12'  high. 

32.     GNAPHALIUM,   L.     Everlasting. 

Heads  many-flowered,  discoid ;  exterior  and  pistillate  flowers  very  slender, 
mostly  in  several  rows  ;  the  central  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  appressed, 
scarious.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Achenia  terete  or  more  or  less  flattened. 
Pappus  a  single  row  of  capillary  bristles.  —  Woolly  or  downy  herbs.  Lea^■es 
alternate.     Heads  in  crowded  spikes  or  corymbs.     Involucre  colored. 

1.  G.  polyeephalum,  Michx.  Stem  woolly  or  villous,  sometimes 
viscid,  white,  branching  above ;  leaves  linear,  sessile,  undulate,  white  beneath ; 
heads  corymbose ;  scales  of  the  involucre  white,  obtuse.  —  Old  fields  and  open 
woods,  common.     Sept.  -  Oct.    (T)  —  Stem  2°  high.     Perfect  flowers  few. 

2.  G.  purpureum,  L.  Woolly  or  tomentose  and  hoary  throughout; 
stems  liranching  at  the  base,  ascending,  simple ;  lowe.st  leaves  spatulate- 
lanceolate,  the  upper  linear;  heads  in  crowded  spikes.  —  Cultivated  ground, 
very  common.     April- June.     (T)  —  Stems  4'- 12' high. 

33.     PILAGO,  L.     Cudweed. 

Heads  discoid,  many-flowered  ;  the  central  flowers  perfect,  but  often  abor- 
tive, the  outer  ones  very  -slender  and  pistillate.  Involucre  of  few  woolly 
scales.  Lower  part  of  the  long  or  top-shaped  receptacle  chaffy,  the  upper 
part  naked.  Pappus  of  the  perfect  flowers  capillary,  of  the  pistillate  none.  — 
Low  woolly  annuals. 

1-  F.  Germanioa,  L.  Stem  forking;  leaves  lanceolate,  entire;  scales 
of  the  involucre  and  chaff  cuspidate.  —  Waste  ground.     Introduced. 

Tribe  IV.  SENECIONIDE^.  Heads  discoid  or  radiate :  branches  of  the 
sti/Ie,  In  the  perfect  floivers,  linear,  convex  eTternally,  halrtf  or  brush-shaped 
at  the  apex,  and  truncate,  or  produced  Into  a  conical  or  hispid  appendage  ; 
ike  stlgmatlc  lines  terminating  at  the  appendage,  not  confluent. 


240  coMPosiT.E.     (('OMiM)srrK  kamily.) 

34.    POLYMNIA,  L. 

Heads  ruiiiate,  iiiaiiy-rioworcMi ;  the  ravs  jiistillati-,  in  asiii^^lc  row  ;  tlmse  of 
tlic  ilisk  tiiltular,  5-tu(jtlio(l,  sterile.  Scales  of  ihu  iiivoliicri'  in  two  rows  ;  tlie 
outer  leatV,  sjireatliiig ;  the  iuucr  smaller,  inciiihranateous,  clas](ing  the  olio- 
voitl  fertile  aehuuiu.  Jieeeptaele  chaffy.  J'apjjiis  none.  —  Coarse  i)ranching 
perennial  herbs,  with  uiigulai'  or  lohed  leaves,  and  heads  of  yellow  flowers  in 
corymhose  panicles. 

1.  P.  Canadensis,  L.  A'i.scid-pul)escent;  lowest  leaves  opposite,  peti- 
okd,  jiiiinatilid  ;  ihu  upper  alternate,  angled  or  lobed  ;  outer  scales  of  the 
involucre  acuminate,  hairy  and  viscid  ;  rays  shorter  than  the  involucre.  — 
Mountains  of  North  Carolina.  July  -  August.  —  Stem  2° -5'^  high.  Heads 
small.     Kays  pale  yellow. 

2.  P.  Uvedalia,  L.  Stem  smooth,  or  rough-puhesccnt ;  leaves  l)roadly 
ovate,  S-o-lulied,  cuar.sely  toothed,  rough  ahove,  jnibescent  beneath,  abruptly 
contracted  iuto  a  siuuate-winged  ])etiole  ;  outer  scales  of  the  involucre  ciliate, 
obtuse;  rays  much  longer  than  the  involucre.  —  Rich  soil.  July -August. — 
Stem  3° -6°  high.     Kays  bright  yellow. 

35.  ACANTHOSPERMUM,  Schrank. 
Heads  moncecious,  railiate,  many-flowered  ;  the  rays  pi.stillate,  in  a  single 
row;  disk  flowers  starainate,  tubular,  .5-toothed.  Involucre  of  5  elliptical 
scales.  Keceptacle  flat.  Acheuia  compressed,  armed  on  the  back  with  rigid 
hooked  prickles,  and  enclosed  in  the  outer  scales  of  the  chaffy  receptacle.  — 
Diffusely  branching  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  solitary  heads  of  yellow 
flowers. 

1.  A.  xanthioides,  DC.  Prostrate,  pubescent ;  leaves  petioled,  oval  or 
obovate,  toothed  or  entire;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  which  encloses  the  ache- 
nium  unarmed.  —  Introduced  in  wool  from  South  America  several  years  ago, 
and  now  a  widely  dissemiuated  pest. 

2.  A.  humile,  DC,  with  the  chaff  of  the  receptacle  armed  with  2  spines, 
occurs  as  a  ballast  weed  at  Pensacola. 

36.     CHRYSOGONUM,  L. 

Heads  mnnv-flowered  ;  the  rays  5,  i)istillate.  Disk  flowers  tubular,  5-toothed, 
sterile.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  2  rows;  the  exterior  oblong,  leafy  ;  the 
interior  roundish,  clasping  the  oval  compressed  4-angled  fertile  achenia. 
Receptacle  flat,  chaffy.  Pappus  a  .slighlly  lol)ed  cup-shaped  crown,  divided 
on  tlie  inside  to  the  base.  —  A  low  hairy  stoloniferous  perennial  herb,  with 
oval  or  spntulate-ol)long  opposite  crenate  leaves,  and  single  heads  of  yellow 
flowers  borne  on  a  long  peduncle. 

1.  C.  Virginianum,  L.  —  Dry  open  woods,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
Feb. -April.  —  Plant  at  first  simple,  producing  from  a  tuft  of  radical  leaves 
a  single  peduncled  head,  afterward  stoloniferous  and  branching. 

37.    SILPHIUM,  L. 

Heads  manv-flowered  :  the  rays  numerous,  pis'^illate,  fertile,  in  a  single 
row.     Disk  flowers  cylindrical,  sterile;   the  style  undivided.     Scales  of  the 


COMPOSIT^E.        (composite    FAMILY.)  241 

involucre  leafy,  imbricated  in  several  rows ;  the  innermost  smallest,  chaff  like. 
Kecejjtacle  small,  with  linear  acutisii  chaff.  Acheuia  round  or  obovate,  Hat, 
broadly  winged,  2-toothed  or  emarginate  at  the  apex.  Pappus  none,  or  repre- 
sented by  the  two  teeth  of  the  achenia.  —  Tall  resinous  herbs,  with  alternate 
opposite  or  whorled  leaves,  and  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 

*  Stems  terete,  neurlij  naked :   leaves  alternate  ;  the  lowest  large,  serrate  or  vari- 
ously lobed,  long-petioled  ;  the  others  small  and  scattered. 

1  ■  S.  laciniatum,  L.  Stem  hispid  or  smooth  ;  leaves  very  rougli  or  his- 
pid, with  clasping  petioles,  }jinnately  parted ;  the  divisions  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late, acute,  lobed  or  toothed ;  heads  large,  spicate  or  racemose ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  ovate,  tapering  into  a  long  and  spreading  point,  ciliate ;  achenia 
round-obovate,  emarginate.  —  Varies  with  the  more  numerous  sessile  and 
clasping  leaves  less  deeply  parted.  (S.  gummiferum.  Ell.)  —  Prairies  of  Ala- 
bama, and  westward.  July -August.  —  Stem  6° -8°  high.  Lowest  leaves 
l°-2^h)ng.     Heads  1+'- 2' in  diameter. 

2.  S.  terebinthinaceum,  L.  Stem  smooth,  naked  above ;  leaves 
rougli-liairy,  undivided,  cordate-oval  or  oblong,  coarsely  serrate,  on  slender 
petioles ;  heads  loosely  pauicled ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oval  or  obovate, 
obtuse,  smooth;  acheuia  obovate,  emarginate  or  2-toothed.  (S.  pinnatifi- 
dum,  £■//.,  leaves  pinnatifid.)  —  Open  woods  in  the  upper  districts  of  Georgia, 
and  westward.  July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  4°  -  8°  high.  Radical  leaves  2°  long. 
Heads  1'  wide. 

3.  S.  eomposituin,  Michx.  Smooth  ;  leaves  cordate-ovate  or  reuiform, 
angularly  toothed  or  variously  lobed,  long-petioled  ;  heads  small,  corymboselv 
pauicled  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  obovate  or  oblong,  obtuse  ;  achenia  roundish, 
deeply  emarginate ;  rays  6-10.  —  Sandy  open  woods,  Florida  to  North  Caro- 
lina. July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  3° -6°  high.  Leaves  6'- 12'  long.  Heads  ^  in 
diameter. 

*  *  Steins  leaf  11  :   leaves  undivided,  alternate,  opposite,  or  whorled. 

•1-  Stems  terete. 

4.  S.  trifoliatum,  L.  Stem  smooth  ;  leaves  rough,  lanceolate,  slightly 
serrate,  on  shm-t  bristly  petioles  ;  the  upper  alternate  or  opposite  ;  the  lower 
3-4  in  a  whorl;  heads  small,  loosely  pauicled;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate 
or  oval,  fringed  on  the  margins  ;  achenia  oblong-ol)ovate,  2-toothed. —  Open 
woods  along  the  mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward.  July  -  Sept.  —  Stem 
4°  -  6°  high.     Leaves  4'  -  6'  long. 

.5.  S.  Asteriseus,  L.  Stem  smooth  or  hirsute  ;  leaves  rough,  opposite  or 
alternate,  or  the  lower  sometimes  3  in  a  whorl,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  toothed, 
on  short  hirsute  petioles ;  the  upper  sessile  and  commonly  entire  ;  heads 
somewhat  corymbose,  rather  large ;  extcjrior  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate, 
acute,  short  ciliate  ;  the  interior  oblong,  obtuse;  achenia  broadly  obovate,  2- 
toothed.  ■ —  Var.  dentatuji.  Lower  leaves  on  rather  long  petioles,  sometimes 
incisely  toothed ;  acheuia  sligiitly  emarginate  at  the  apex.  (S.  dentatum. 
Ell.)  —  Dry  open  woods,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  July -Sept.  —  Stem 
2° -4°  high.     Leaves  3' -  5' long.     Rays  showy. 

16 


L'12  comi'Osit.t:.     (roMPdsrn:  iamii.v.) 

t>.  S.  ISBVigatum,  KU-  Stem  smooth  ;  leiives  wiibroiis,  tliiik,  lanceolate- 
oliliMiii,  jiiiite  at  t;uli  cud,  o])po.site,  <-oar.st'ly  serrate,  on  short  petioles  ;  tlie 
upper  nearly  sessile;  heails  small,  loosely  eorymhose;  stales  of  the  iuvoliure 
ovate,  olituse,  sjireadinji; ;  aeheiiia  ovaJ-ohovate,  narrowly  winged,  eniargin'at*- 
and  sliglilly  2-tootlied  at  the  ajiex.  —  Upper  districts  of  Georgia  and  Ahi- 
Itania.     -Iiily  -  Se](l.  —  Stem  2°-3^  I'igh.     Lowest  leaves  G'-8'  long. 

7.  S.  SCaberrimutn,  l*'.ll.  Stem  mostly  liisjiid  ;  leaves  mostly  opposite, 
ovate,  acute,  serrate,  very  rongli  t»n  l)otli  sides,  on  sliort  petioles;  heads 
corymbose ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate,  ciliate ;  acheuia  nearly  orbicular, 
broadly  winged,  deeply  notched  at  the  apex.  —  Florida  to  Tennessee,  and 
westward.  August -Sept.  —  Stem  stout,  3° -4°  high,  becoming  smoutiiish. 
Leaves  3'  -  4'  long. 

8.  S.  integrifolium,  Michx.  Stem  3° -6°  high,  simple,  smootli  or 
scal)rous  ;  lea\es  uMnng-ovate,  the  lower  3' -5'  long,  sliort-j)etioled,  often  ser- 
rate, the  upper  sessile,  denticulate  or  entire;  heads  small,  corymbose;  scales 
of  the  involucre  round-ovate  ;  achenia  3"  long,  oljovate,  narrowly  winged,  2- 
toothed.  —  Tennessee,  and  northward.     July. 

9.  S.  brachiatum,  natt.  Stem  3° -5°  high,  smooth  and  glaucous; 
leaves  loiig-pctinlcd,  opjKisitc,  ha-state-ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  dentate,  rough 
above,  the  u])per  entire;  tioweriiig  liranches  spreading,  few-flowered  ;  iieads 
y  long,  long-pcduncled ;  achenia  broadly  obovate,  narrowly  winged,  emar- 
ginate;   rays  few.  —  Cum])crland  Mountains,  Tennessee.     July. 

•f-  -I-  Stems  sfjuare. 

If^.  S.  perfoliatum,  L.  Stem  and  branches  smooth  or  hairy;  leaves 
largo,  opposite,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  coarsely  toothed,  rough  on  both  sides, 
or  ])ubescent  or  hairy  beneath,  their  bases,  or  winged  petioles,  united  ;  the  up- 
permost commonly  entire,  simply  serrate  ;  corymb  trichotomoiis ;  the  central 
heads  long-pedunded  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate,  obtuse  ;  achenia  broadly 
obovate,  emarginate.  —  Banks  of  streams  along  the  mountains  of  Georgia, 
and  northward.  July -Sept.  —  Stem  4° -6°  high.  Leaves  6'- 12'  long. 
Heads  large. 

38.     BERL^NDIERA,  DC. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Ray  flowers  few,  pistillate ;  those  of  the  disk  tubu- 
lar, 5-toothed,  sterile.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  three  rows,  the  innermost 
largest,  membranaceous,  adherent  to  the  fertile  achenia.  Receptacle  chaffy; 
the  chaff  dilated  u])ward,  obtuse,  hooded,  partly  embracing  the  sterile  achenia ; 
the  inner  ones  gradually  narrower.  Fertile  achenia  in  a  single  row,  obovate, 
flattened,  wingless,  pubescent  on  the  inner  face,  the  apex  entire.  —  Perennial 
downy  or  hf)ary  herl)s,  with  alternate  leaves,  solitary  or  corymbose  heads, 
and  yellow  rays. 

1.  B.  tomentosa,  Nutt.  Stem  leafy,  hoary-tomentose ;  leaves  oblnng- 
ovate,  crenate,  hoary  beneath,  closely  pubescent  above  ;  the  loAvest  tapering 
into  a  petiole  ;  the  upper  cordate,  sessile  ;  heads  at  length  numerous,  corym- 
bose-panided.  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward. 
June- August.  —  Stem  l°-3°high.     Leaves  2' - 3' long. 


COMPOSIT.E.       (composite    FAMILY.)  243 

2.  B.  subacaulis,  Nutt.  Rongh-pubescent  and  somewhat  hoary ;  leaves 
chieflj-  radical,  clustered,  siuuate-piuiiatifid ;  heads  solitary  on  the  peduncle- 
like  stem,  or  few  on  the  peduncle-like  liranclies  of  the  short  and  nearlv  leafless 
stem.  —  East  Florida  and  Georgia.  ^lay- August.  —  Peduncle  6' -8'  lonf^. 
Leaves  3'  long. 

39.    LINDHEIMERIA,    Gray  &  Engelm. 

Ray  flowers  4-5.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  two  rows,  the  outer  ones 
linear,  the  inner  ones  oblong,  adherent  to  tlie  base  of  the  fertile  achenia,  and 
to  the  adjacent  scales  of  the  receptacle.  Achenium  oval,  flat,  the  narrow  wings 
prolonged  into  a  2-toothed  pappus.     Otherwise  like  Berlandiera. 

1.  L.  Texana,  Gray  &  Engelm.  —  Alabama  (Mohr),  and  w-estward. — 
Annual,  hirsute,  erect,  l°-2°  iiigh.  Leaves  oblong,  dentate.  Heads  in  a 
dichotomous  panicle,  nodding.     Flowers  yellow. 

40.     PARTHENIUM,  L. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  ray  flowers  .5,  in  a  single  row,  short,  obcordate, 
pistillate ;  those  of  the  di.sk  tubular,  5-tootlied,  sterile.  Anthers  slightly 
imited.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  two  rows,  ovate  or  roundish.  Receptacle 
conical,  chaffy ;  the  chaff  dilated  upward.  Achenia  smooth,  compressed, 
thick-margined.  Pajipus  of  two  awu-like  or  roundish  scales.  —  Herbs.  Leaves 
alternate.     Flowers  white. 

L  P.  integrifolium,  L.  Perennial;  stem  erect,  simple,  rough  ;  leaves 
undivided,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  serrate ;  the  lowest  narrowed  into  a  long 
petiole  ;  panicle  dense,  corj-mbose ;  involucre  hoary ;  pappus  minute,  awn- 
like.—  Dry  woods  in  the  upper  districts.  August.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 
Lowest  leaves  4' -6'  long.     Rays  cousjjicuous. 

2.  P.  Hysterophorus,  L.  Annual,  pubescent ;  stem  diffuse ;  leaves 
pinnatifid,  with  linear  toothed  lobes ;  heads  loosely  panicled ;  scales  of  the 
pappus  oval.  —  Waste  places,  Florida,  and  westward. 

41.    IVA,   L. 

Heads  few-  or  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tulnilar ;  the  marginal  ones 
(1  -.5)  with  a  short  corolla,  pi.stillate  nnd  fertile;  the  central  .5-toothed, sterile. 
Anthers  nearly  distinct.  Scales  of  the  involucre  3  -  5,  in  a  single  row,  oval  or 
obovate,  distinct  or  partly  united,  or  6-9  and  imbricated.  Chaff  of  the  small 
receptacle  linear  or  spatulate.  Achenia  biconvex,  obovate.  Pappus  none.  — 
Branching  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  or  (the  upper)  alternate  mostly 
fleshy  leaves,  and  small  axillary  nodding  hefids  of  whitish  flowers. 
*  Scales  of  the  invohicre  3-5,  in  a  single  roic. 

1.  I.  frutescens,  L.  Shrubby;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  sharply 
toothed-serrate,  3  ril)bed,  smoothish;  scales  of  the  involucre  5,  orbicular; 
fertile  flowers  5.  —  Saline  marshes,  Florida,  and  northward.  August -Sept. 
—  Shrub  4° -8°  high. 

2.  I.  miorocephala,  Xutt.  Annual,  rough  with  rigid  appressed  hairs; 
stem  .slender,  simple  or  branched;  leaves  narrow-linear,  entire ;  heads  minute, 


I'll  Ci'Ml'oslT.K.       (COMl'dSlTK    rAMILV.) 

0- Ii' itiiwcrod  ;  scales  of  tin-  invohicro  4  -  5,  rjliovate,  ciliate;  fertile  flowers 
1 -.3,  —  Dry  l.arreii  soil,  Florida  to  Soiitli  Carolina.  >\u<^nst  -  S('j)t.  — Stem 
l°-2M.i.-jli. 

3.  I.  ciliata,  Wiiid.  Anmial,  liisjiid ;  stem  l)rarKliiiig;  leaves  ovate, 
acuminate,  ooarsidy  si-rrate ;  spikes  dense,  the  bracts  elongated  ;  .scales  of  the 
involture  .'J -4,  nmndisli,  ciliate;  fertile  flowers  mostly  3.  —  Mississi]i|ji 
iCdijiriilci),  and  westward.     Sept.  —  Stem  2"^ -3°  high.     Leaves  3' -4'  long. 

*  *  Srdlts  (if' till'  iiiniliirri-  (5-9,  liiilin'riilcd  in  2-4  roics. 

4.  I.  imbricata,  Walt.  Somewiiat  shruliby,  smooth ;  leave.-?  fleshy, 
lanceolate,  the  lower  ones  slightly  serrate  and  3-ril)l)ed,  the  upper  alternate 
and  entire;  hea<ls  many-tiowered ;  outer  scales  of  tlie  involucre  orbicular; 
the  inner  olxnate,  toothed  margined ;  fertile  Howers  2-4,  the  short  corolla 
.'j-parted.  —  \'aries  with  smaller  and  fewer-flowered  heads,  and  the  corolla  of 
the  fertile  flower  truncate.  —  Drifting  .sands  along  the  coa.'it,  Floriila  to  North 
Carolina.     August-Sept.  —  Stem  1^-2^  high.     Leaves  1' long. 

42.     AMBROSIA,   Tourn. 

Heads  monfrcious,  in  racemes  or  spikes;  the  uj)per  ones  sterile,  nod<ling; 
the  lower  ])istillate  and  fertile.  Involucre  of  the  sterile  flowers  composed  of 
7-12  united  .scales,  5  -  20-flo\vered.  Keceptaele  naked  or  with  slender  chaff. 
Corolla  5-toothed.  Involucre  of  the  fertile  flowers  1 -flowered,  ovoid  or  turbi- 
nate, entire,  closed,  pointed,  commonly  with  a  row  of  tubercles  or  spines  near 
the  apex.  Corolla  and  stamens  none.  Acheuia  globose  or  ovoid.  Paj)])us 
none.  —  Herbs.  Leaves  mostly  pinnately  lobed.  Fertile  flowers  single  or 
clustered  at  the  base  of  the  sterile  spike,  or  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves, 
bracted.     Flowers  whitish. 

♦  Heads  of  sterile  flowers  denselij  spiked,  the  top-shaped  involucre  produced  on 
one  side  into  a  lonij  recurved  ajipenduge :  fertile  heads  axillary,  4--fin(/led. 

1.  A.  bidentata,  Michx.  Annual,  hirsute,  very  leafy;  leaves  mostly 
alternate,  lanceolate,  sessile  or  clasping,  entire  or  with  2  short  basal  lobes; 
fruit  acute,  with  4  short  spines.  —  Northern  Mississippi,  and  westward.  — 
Stem  1^-2°  high. 

*  *  Heads  of  sterile  flowers  cup-shaped,  toothed. 

2.  A.  hispida,  Pursh.  Stem  prostrate  and  shrubby  at  the  base;  the 
branches  hir.sute ;  leaves  bipiiniatifid,  thickish ;  spikes  few,  the  terminal  one 
elongated ;  fruit  downy,  unarmed.  —  Sandv  shores,  South  Florida,  f(jrming 
large  clusters. 

3.  A.  artemisiaefolia,  L.  (rj.\r,wEF.r).)  Annual,  erect,  hairy  or 
smoothish ;  leaves  bipiiniatifid,  with  linear  lobes;  the  upper  often  entire; 
spikes  single  or  panicled ;  fertile  flowers  single,  clustered,  or  sometimes 
spiked;  fruit  nearly  globose,  armed  with  si.\  short  teeth.  (A.  elatior.  L. 
A.  paniculata,  ^fich.v.,  spines  of  the  fruit  obsolete.) — Cultivated  ground, 
everywhere.     July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  1°  -  4°  high. 

4.  A.  triflda,  L.  Stem  tall  ( 6° -10°),  4-sided,  rough-hairy;  leaves  rough, 
palmately  3  -o-lobed,  with  the  lobes  ovate-lanceolate  and  serrate,  or  all  uudi- 


COMPOSITE.       (COMPOSITE    FAMILY.)  245 

vided  ;  fruit  obovate,  6-toothed  around  the  base  of  tlie  eonically  beaked  apex, 
clustered. —  River  bauks  aud  rich  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  August - 
Sept. 

43.  ■  XANTHIUM,  Tourn.      Cocklebue. 

Heads  monoecious,  spiked ;  the  upper  ones  many-flowered,  sterile,  with  the 
scales  of  the  involucre  separate,  in  a  single  row ;  the  receptacle  oblong,  chaffy, 
and  the  short  corolla  5-toothed ;  the  lower  ones  fertile,  consisting  of  two  pistil- 
late flowers,  enclosed  in  a  2-celled  oblong  closed  involucre,  which  is  armed 
externally  with  numerous  hooked  spines  or  bristles,  aud  terminated  by  one  or 
two  stout  beaks.     Corolla  filiform.     Achenium  oblong,  solitary  in  each  cell. 

—  Coarse  annual  herbs.    Leaves  alternate,  lobed  and  petioled. 

1.  X.  strumarium,  L.  Stemspineless,  rough,  branched;  leaves  large, 
broadly  cordate,  3  -  5-lobed  ;  the  lobes  toothed,  acute  aud  rough  on  both  sides ; 
fruit  oval,  pointed  by  two  straight  and  smooth  beaks.  —  Var.  echinatum. 
Leaves  obtuse,  less  strongly  lobed ;  tlie  iucurved  beaks  and  spines  of  the  larger 
(1')  fruit  bristly.  —  Cultivated  fields  and  waste  places,  cummon.     July- Sept. 

—  Stem  l°-4°  high,  often  spotted. 

2.  X.  spinosiim,  L.  Stem  armed  with  triple  spines,  much  branched ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  entire  or  3-lobed,  lioary-tomentose  beneath;  fruit  pointed  by 
a  single  beak.  —  Waste  places  around  the  larger  seaports,  and  sparingly  in 
the  interior.     Introduced.     August  -  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 

44.    ECLIPTA,  L. 

Heads  many-flowered;  the  ray  flowers  short,  pistillate,  in  a  single  row; 
those  of  the  disk  tubular,  4-toothed,  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  10-12, 
in  2  rows.  Receptacle  flat,  with  bristly  chaff.  Achenia  3  -  4-angled,  hairy  at 
the  apex.  Pappus  none. — Rough  branching  annuals,  with  opposite  lanceo- 
late leaves.  Heads  small,  axillary,  on  peduncles  of  varying  length.  Flowers 
white. 

1.  E.  alba,  Hasskarl.  Stem  erect  or  diffuse,  terete,  tumid  below  the 
joints,  sprinkled,  like  the  leaves,  with  appressed  rigid  hairs ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  sessile,  or  narrowed  into  a  petiole  ;  peduncles  single 
or  2  -  3  together.  —  Wet  places.     Sept.  -  Oct .  —  Stem  6'  -  3°  long. 

45.     BORRICHIA,  Adans. 

Heads  many-flowered;  ray  flowers  pistillate,  in  a  single  row;  those  of  the 
disk  tul)ular,  ."j-toothed,  perfect.  Scales  of  the  hemispherical  involucre  iml)ri- 
cated ;  the  exterior  ones  leafy.  Receptacle  flat,  with  rigid  per.sistent  chaff. 
Achenia  somewhat  wedge-shaped,  3  -  4-angled.    Pappus  a  3  -  4-tootlied  border. 

—  Fleshy  maritime  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite  and  slightly  connate.  Heads 
solitary,  peduncled.     Flowers  yellow. 

1.  B.  arborescens,  DC.  Smooth,  or  the  young  branches  pubescent; 
leaves  spatulate-lanceolate,  abruptly  pointed,  entire ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
as  long  as  the  disk ;  the  inner  ones  and  chaff  of  the  receptacle  obtuse.  — 
South  Florida.     Dec.  —  Shrub  .5"'  -  10°  high. 


L'lO  C(»MI'aSIT-E.      (COMPOSITK    FAMILY.) 

2.  B.  frutescens,  DC.  Unmcln^s  ami  leaves  lioary-tomeiitose ;  leaves 
var^'iug  Iroiii  sijululalu-liiicar  to  ohovatu-uliluiig,  eutire,  or  toollied  near  llio 
liiuio;  si-alu8  uf  the  iuvoluc-ie  sliortor  tliaii  the  disk,  tlic  inner  ouch  and  cliaft 
of  tlic  receptacle  si)ine-puiiited.  —  Saiiiio  niar.shos,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
June-Uct.  —  Stem  1^-2''  high. 

46.     WEDELIA,   .la.q. 

lU'ads  niany-rtowered,  radiate.  J-'lower.s  of  tlie  ray  iii.-itiliate,  of  the  disk 
perfect,  tul)iilar,  3-tootiied.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  2 -.3  rows,  the  outer 
ones  leafv,  the  inner  niend)ranaceous.  IJeceptacle  convex,  chaffy.  Achenia 
ohovate  or  compressed.  Pappus  caly.\-like,  coiui)osed  of  united  dentate  and 
ciliatc  scales.  —  llerhs  or  undershruhs,  with  opposite  serrate  leaves,  and  mostly 
solitary  yellow  Howers. 

1.  W^.  carnosa,  Kich.  Herbaceous,  smooth,  creepinj;;;  leaves  se.ssile, 
thick,  oljovate,  sliglitly  ."i-lohed  ;  heads  axillary,  peduncled  ;  outer  scales  of  tlie 
involucre  oblonj^,  as  long  as  the  disk,  the  inner  oues  smaller;  achenia  wing- 
loss.  —  Springy  places,  Key  Biscayne  (  Cur/lss). 

47.    MELANTHERA,  IJohr. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  tuhiilar  and  perfect,  .5-cleft.  Scales 
of  the  involucre  iml)ricated  in  2  rows.  Chaff  of  the  conve.K  receptacle  rigid, 
persistent,  ])artly  sheathing  the  flowers.  Achenia  4-augled,  short,  truncate  at 
the  apex.  Pappus  of  2-severiil  rough  rigid  deciduous  awns  or  hri.stles. — 
Rough  perennial  herbs,  with  branching  3-4-angled  stems,  opposite  undivided 
or  .3-lobed  serrate  petioled  leaves,  and  scattered  heads  of  white  flowers,  on 
long  ppduiiclcs.     Anthers  black. 

1.  M.  hastata,  Michx.  Stem  commoidy  spotted;  leaves  ovate,  entire, 
or  more  or  less  hastate-3-lobed,  serrate ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate, 
acute;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  spine-pointed.  —  Light  rich  soil,  Florida  to 
South  Carolina.     August  -  Sept.  —  Stem  :i°  -  6^  high. 

2.  M.  deltoidea,  Michx.  Leaves  deltoid-ovate,  undivided  ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  ovate  ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  obtuse,  mucrouate.  —  South  Florida. 

3.  M.  lanceolata,  Benth.  Leaves  lanceolate,  or  narrower  and  ta])ering 
from  the  ape.-i  to  the  ba.se  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oblong-lanceolate  ;  chaff 
of  the  rece})tacle  cuspidate.  —  Coast  of  South  Florida. 

48.     ZINNIA,  L. 

Heails  many-flowered  ;  the  ray  flowers  ])istillate  ;  tho.se  of  the  disk  jjerfect, 
tubular,  with  .5  velvety  lol)es.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  oval  or 
roundish,  margined.  Chaff  of  the  conical  receptacle  da.sping  the  disk  flowers. 
Eav  flowers  oblong,  rigid  persistent.  Achenia  of  the  disk  compressed,  with 
a  1  -2-awneil  ])appus  :  of  the -rays  3-angled,  destitute  of  a  pappus.  —  Annual 
herbs,  with  se.ssile  entire  3-ribbed  leaves,  and  solitary  hea  l.s,  mi  long  inflated 
peduncles. 


COMPOSITE.       (composite    FAMILY.)  247 

1.  Z.  pauciflora,  L.  Stem  erect,  hairy,  brauchiug ;  leaves  obloug- 
lanceolate  ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  obtuse ;  pappus  of  the  disk  flowers  1-awned ; 
rays  red  or  purple.  —  Waste  places,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  Introduced. 
July-  Sept.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  higli.     Kays  sometimes  fading  into  yellow. 

49.    HELIOPSIS,  Pers. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  ray  flowers  pistillate  ;  those  of  the  disk  tubular, 
perfect,  5-toothed.  Scales  of  tlie  involucre  in  2-3  rows  ;  the  exterior  hjnger, 
leafy.  Chaff  of  the  conical  receptacle  lanceolate,  partly  clasping  tlie  4-augled 
truncated  aclienia.  Pappus  minute  or  none.  —  Perennial  herbs  with  the 
habit  of  Helianthus.     Rays  yellow. 

1.  H.  Ise vis,  Pers.  Smooth;  stem  slender,  branching;  leaves  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  siiarply  serrate,  3-ribbed  at  the  base,  on 
slender  petioles ;  j^eduucles  elongated ;  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse ;  rays 
deciduous ;  achenia  smooth  and  truncate.  —  Dry  open  woods,  Florida,  and 
northward.  August -Sept.  —  Stem  2°-3°  higli.  Leaves  2' -3' long,  some- 
times scabrous. 

2.  H.  gracilis,  Xutt.  Stem  more  slender,  often,  like  the  leaves,  some- 
what scabrous ;  heads  smaller ;  achenia  pubescent,  crowned  ^ith  a  minute 
chaffy  pappus ;  otherwise  like  the  last.  —  Dry  woods  in  tlie  upper  districts. 
August. 

50.     TETRAGONOTHECA,  Dill. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  ray  flowers  (6  -  9)  pistillate ;  those  of  the  disk 
tubular,  5-toothed,  perfect.  Involucre  double,  4-sided ;  the  exterior  of  4  ovate 
leaves  partly  united  below  ;  the  interior  of  about  8  small  chaffy  scales.  Chaff 
of  the  conical  receptacle  lanceolate,  acute.  Achenia  obovoid,  nearly  terete, 
truncated.  Pappus  none.  —  A  low  hairy  and  clammy  perennial  herb,  with 
large  sessile  or  connate,  oval  or  oblong,  coarsely  toothed  leaves,  and  large 
solitary  heads  of  yellow  flowers,  on  long  peduncles. 

1.  T.  helianthoides,  L.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
July.  —  Stems  several,  stout,  1°-H°  high.  Leaves  4'-6'long.  Head  2' in 
diameter. 

51.     SPILANTHES,  Jacq. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  tlie  ray  flowers  often  wanting.  Scales  of  the  in- 
volucre in  2  rows,  appressed,  shorter  than  the  disk.  Receptacle  convex  or 
elongated  ;  the  membranaceous  cliaff  embi-acing  the  flowers.  Achenia  of  the 
disk  comjiressed,  mostly  ciliate  on  the  margins,  naked  at  the  apex,  or  with 
1-3  bri.stly  a\vns  ;  those  of  the  rays  3-angled.  — Chiefly  annual  acrid  lierlis, 
with  opposite  undivided  leaves,  and  solitary  heads  of  yellow  flowers  on  long 
peduncles. 

1.  S.  repGnS,  Michx.  Stem  braiicliiiig,  smooth  or  pubescent,  docuniboiit 
and  rooting  at  the  base  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  slightly  or 
coarsely  serrate,  narrowed  into  a  petiole ;  heads  small,  ovoid,  becoming 
oblong-conical ;  achenia  awnless  or  minutely  1  -2-awued  ;  rays  12.  —  Muddy 
banks.     Sept.  -  Oct.     1}.  —  Stem  6'  -  2^  long. 


24S  COMPOSIT.E.       (COMPOSITK    lAMILV.) 

52.     ECHINACEA,  MuikIi. 

Heads  iiiaiiv-liowiivl ;  tlie  rav  IIuwits  pi^iillaK-,  luii  .stcrili-,  droojiing;  those 
of  till-  disk  tiil>ular  and  iiurt't-ct.  Stak's  of  tlie  iiivolueie  laiRc-i>ljitf,  iu  tliree 
or  luiiiL'  rows,  sproatliiig.  Keieptai-le  at  leiiglli  conical.  Cliaff  of  the  recep- 
tacle ri'^id,  s])ine-i)oiiiled,  longer  tiian  tlie  disk  Howers.  Achenia  short, 
4siiled,  crowned  with  a  cuit-shaped  toothed  j)apiius.  —  Perennial  sparingly 
liranilied  herlis,  with  alternate  undivided  ."J  -  S-rilihed  leaves,  and  large  heads 
terniiualing  tiie  peduncle-like  suniniii  uf  the  stem  or  branches.  Ixays  jiurple 
or  wiiite. 

1.  E.  purpurea,  Miench.  stem  sini])le,  or  witli  jieduncle-like  iiranches, 
smooth  or  hairv  ;  leaves  ovate- lanceolate,  serrate,  rough  ;  the  lowest  oues 
ovate,  on  long  petioles;  scales  of  the  involucre  imhricated  iu  3-3  rows, 
ciliate  ;  ravs  about  12,  lauceolate,  purple.  —  ^'aries  with  the  stem  and  leaves 
smooth ;  rays  strap  shaped,  white.  —  Uich  woods  iu  the  upjjcr  districts.  June  - 
August.  —  Stem  2"  -  5°  high.     Kays  2'  -  3'  long. 

2.  B.  angUStifolia,  DC.  Hirsute;  stem  simple  ;  leaves  lanceohite,  en- 
tire 3-rilil)ed ;  tlie  lowest  ta])eriug  into  a  long  petiole;  scales  of  the  involucre 
imbricated  in  2-3  rows;  rays  12-15,  narrow,  pale  purple.  —  Prairies  aud 
rocky  woods  iu  the  upper  districts.  May  -July.  —  Stem  1°-  2^  high.  Lowest 
leaves  G'  loug. 

53.    RUDBECKIA,  L. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  ray  flowers  neutral ;  those  of  the  disk  tubular, 
perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  about  two  rows,  leafy,  spreading.  Re- 
ceptacle conical  or  cylindrical ;  the  chaff  not  rigid,  and  mostly  shorter  than 
the  disk  flowers.  Achenia  smooth,  angled,  truncated.  Pappus  a  luirrow 
border,  or  none.  —  Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  or  lobed 
leaves,  and  showy  heads  terminating  the  stem  or  branches.  Rays  mostly 
yellow.     Disk  dark  purple  or  yellowish. 

§  1.    Achenia  quadrangular :    chaff  of  the  receptacle  persistent. 

*  Dish  ovale  or  (jlohose. 

-t-  Leaves  undivided  :  stem  simple  or  sparinghj  branched. 

++  Leaves  linear,  3-rihbed,  entire. 

1.  R.  atrorubens,  Kutt.  Smooth,  or  strigo.se;  stem  simple,  2°  high; 
leaves  rigid,  4' -6'  long,  the  lower  clustered,  the  upper  small  and  distant; 
head  globose  or  ovate,  .solitary  ;  rays  wedge-shaped,  deep  crimson,  shorter 
than  the  dark  purple  disk;  pappus  4-toothed.  —  Margins  of  pine  barren 
ponds.     Georgia  and  Florida.     June -July. 

2.  R.  bupleuroides,  Shuttlw.  Smooth  throughout;  stem  slender, 
branching;  leaves  f/- 12' long,  thin,  the  lower  long-petioled,  the  upper  dis- 
tant ;  heads  globose  ;  rays  linear,  yellow,  longer  than  the  dark  brown  disk ; 
pappus  cup-shaped.  —  With  the  last.     June  -  July.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 

++  *+  Leai^es  broad,  reini/  ;  raijs  ijeUow. 

3.  R.  hirta,  L.  Hirsute ;  stem  and  branches  naked  at  the  summit ; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  serrate,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lowest  narrowed 


COMPOSURE,     (composite  family.)  24-9 

into  a  petiole  ;  disk  roundish,  purplish  brown ;  chaff  of  tlie  receptacle  acute, 
hairy  at  the  apex.  —  Dry  soil.  July -August.  —  Stem  rigid,  P-2°  high. 
Rays  longer  or  shorter  than  the  involucre. 

4.  R.  bicolor,  Nutt.  Hirsute;  stem  mostly  simple,  I'-l^'  high;  leaves 
oblong,  sessile,  tlie  lowest  petioled ;  heads  small ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
oblong ;  rays  yellow,  the  lower  half  browuisli  purple.  —  Georgia.  An  immi- 
grant from  tlie  West. 

5.  R.  fulgida,  Ait.  Pubescence  hirsute,  spreading ;  stem  mostly  branch- 
ing, 2°  higli ;  leaves  narrowly  or  broadly  lanceolate,  tapering  into  a  slender 
petiole,  slightly  serrate,  the  upper  sessile,  or  partly  clas]uug ;  heads  loug- 
peduncled ;  disk  globose,  i'  wide  ;  rays  10-14,  lanceolate.  —  Dry  woodlands. 
August -Sept. 

6.  R.  spathulata,  Michx.  Pubescence  .strigose,  appressed  ;  stem  l°-2° 
high,  often  simple ;  leaves  generally  broader,  the  lowest  contracted  into 
broadly  winged  petioles  ;  heads  smaller;  rays  fewer  (6-8)  and  broader,  6"- 
8"  long.  —  (Jpeu  woods  in  the  upper  districts.     Augixst  -  Sept.    - 

7.  R.  speciosa,  Wenderoth.  Hirsute;  stem  branching,  2*^-3°  high; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  at  the  base,  serrate,  and  often  coarsely 
toothed,  the  earliest  ovate,  contracted  into  a  long  (6'- 10')  slender  petiole; 
heads  large,  long-pedunded ;  rays  numerous,  1'  long ;  disk  globose,  dark 
purple.  —  Rich  soil  in  the  upper  districts.     August -Sept. 

8.  R.  mollis,  Ell.  Stem  villous,  branching ;  leaves  oblong,  obscurely 
serrate,  sessile  and  partly  clasping,  soft-tomeutose  on  both  sides ;  the  lowest 
somewhat  spatulate ;  scales  of  the  involucre  numerous,  liuear-lauceolate,  vil- 
lous, reflexed,  half  as  long  as  the  (12  -20)  rays;  disk  brownish  ;  chaff  of  the 
receptacle  rather  obtuse,  tomentose  at  the  apex.  —  Dry  soil,  Plorida  and 
Georgia.     August  -  Oct.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 

9.  R.  Heliopsidis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Rhizoma  prostrate  ;  stem  pubescent, 
with  few  peduncle-like  branches  at  tlie  summit ;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  slightly 
serrate,  obtuse,  smoothish,  5-ribbed,  petioled ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oblong, 
shorter  than  the  brownish  purple  snbglobose  disk,  and  (10-  12)  oblong-linear 
rays ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  obtuse,  pubescent  at  tlie  apex.  Low  ground  in 
tiie  upper  districts  of  Georgia  and  Alabama.     August  -  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  high. 

-1-    H-    Lriii-ps  divided :  stem  panicnlutelij  or  corymhosehi  hrunched. 

10.  R.  triloba,  L.  Biennial,  rough-hairy  ;  stem  much  branclied ;  lowest 
leaves  long  petioled,  ovate  or  oval,  simple,  or  with  two  small  lateral  lobes, 
.serrate;  lower  stem  leaves  3-lobed  ;  the  upper  simple,  sessile,  often  entire; 
heads  small,  numerous;  scales  of  the  involucre  narrow-lanceolate,  shorter 
than  the  rays ;  disk  almost  black ;  chaff  6f  the  receptacle  awl-pointed,  smooth, 
as  long  as  the  flowers. — Dry  ground  along  the  mountains.  August -Sept. 
—  Stem  2°  -  4°  high. 

Var.  rupestris,  Gray.  Sj^arsely  pubescent,  stout ;  lower  leaves  3-parted ; 
heads  globular,  f  wide,  rays  orange-yellow.  —  High  mountains  of  North 
Carolina. 

Var.  pinnatiloba,  Torr.  &  Gray.  More  slender;  lower  leaves  mostly 
pinnately  .5  -  7-lobed  ;  involucral  scales  linear,  acute.  —  Dry  woods,  Mariana, 
West  Florida.     August. 


250  coMrosiT.E.     (compositk  family.) 

11.  K.  laciniata,  L.  Stem  t^muuth,  tall  (4°-G''),  branchiiif; ;  leaves 
rOii^^li ;  tlie  lowt-st  |)iiiiiiitely  divided,  tlie  divisions  lanceolate  or  oliloiig,  lobed 
or  piiinatirtd;  the  iiiidille  ones  .3  -  ."i-parted ;  the  uj)])erriiost  often  iindivided, 
tootlied  ;  disk  yellowish,  ovate  or  eonieal ;  rays  large,  drooping  ;  chaff  of  tiie 
receptacle  trnncate,  jiuliescent  at  tin-  ajtex,  ahont  as  long  :us  the  3-angled 
achcnia.  —  Swamps,  Florida,  ami  northward.  July  -  August.  —  Leaves  large. 
Hays  l'-2'  loiiir. 

N'ar.  humilis,  (Jray  ;  Stem  2^ -4'^  liigli,  corymhosely  branched  ;  lowest 
leaves  mu.stly  entire,  round-cordate  ;  .stem  leaves  ."i  -  .5-lul)ed  ;  disli  globose.  — 
Kiver  banks  along  the  mountains  of  Cieorgia.     August. 

12.  R.  heterophylla,  Torr.  &  (iray.  I'ultcscent ;  stem  corymbose 
above;  leaves  coarsely  serrate,  rungii  above,  tomcntose  beneath;  tlie  lowest 
orbicular-cordate  or  3  -  5-partetl,  on  long  jtctioles;  the  middle  ones  3-iolied ; 
the  upjiermost  ovate,  sessile  and  entire;  disk  globose,  yellowish ;  rays  droo])- 
ing  ;  cliaff  of  the  receptacle  acute  ;  aclienia  3-sided.  —  Swamps,  Miihlle  Flor- 
ida. Augu.st.  —  Stem  3° -4°  high.  Leaves  and  heads  uuuli  smaller  tiian  iu 
the  preceding. 

*  *  Dish  columnar,  elomjaled:  stems  tuU,  simjile. 

13.  R.  maxima,  Nutt.  Smooth;  leaves  large,  membranaceous,  oval  or 
oblong,  slightly  toothed  or  entire,  feather-veined,  the  lower  ones  petioled, 
the  upper  clasping ;  head  solitary,  long-peduucled ;  rays  large,  droojiing.  — 
Wet  jiiiie  barrens.  West  Florida,  and  westward.  Aiigust.  —  Stem  4°  -  9°  liigh. 
Lowest  leaves  8' -12'  long.     Rays  2'  long. 

14.  R.  nitida,  Nutt.  Smooth  and  shining;  stem  tall,  naked  above; 
leaves  rigid,  oblong-lanceolate,  sliglitly  tootlied  or  entire,  3-5ribbed;  the 
lowest  long-petioled  ;  the  upper  partly  clasping,  small;  rays  large,  drooping; 
disk  brown.  —  Borders  of  swampy  tiiickets,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward. 
July.  —  Stem  S°  -  5°  high.     Lowest  leaves  4'  -  6'  long. 

§  2.    Achenia  terete,  striate:  chaff  of  the  receptacle  deciduous.  —  Dracopis. 

1.').  R.  amplexicaulis,  Vahl.  Annual,  glabrous,  branching,  l°-3*' 
high  ;  leaves  olibuig,  clasiiing;  lieads  terminal,  showy  ;  .scales  of  the  involucre 
.small;  ilisk  cylindrical,  brown;  achenia  small.  —  New  Orleans  (JJr.  Il(de), 
and  w  estward. 

54.     LEPACHYS,  Kaf. 

Scales  of  the  involucre  few  ami  small.  Cliaff  of  the  oblong  or  columnar 
receptacle  truncate  and  thickened  at  the  apex.  Aclienia  tlattene<l  and 
margined.  I'appus  2-toothed  or  none.  Otherwise  like  Rudbcckia. — Peren- 
nials.    Leaves  pinnately  divided.     Rays  large,  drooping,  yellow. 

1.  L.  pinnata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Rough  with  short  appressed  hairs;  stem 
sparingly  l)ranched;  divisions  of  the  leaves  3  -7,  lanceolate,  acute,  serrate  or 
entire ;  disk  yellowish,  oval  or  oblong,  shorter  than  the  rays ;  pappus  ob- 
scurely 2-toothed. — Dry  soil,  West  Florida,  Georgia,  and  westward.  July- 
Sept.  —  Stem  3°  -  4°  high.     Rays  2'  long. 


COMPOSITE.       (COMPOSITE    FAMILY.)  251 

55.     GYMNOLOMIA,  HBK. 

Scales  of  the  involucre  in  two  rows,  the  outer  leafy,  spreading,  the  inner 
shorter,  and  similar  to  the  rigid  lanceolate  cuspidate  chaff  of  the  conical 
receptacle.  Achenia  short,  striate.  Pappus  none.  Otherwise  like  Kud- 
beckia,  with  the  habit  of  Helianthus. 

1.  G.  Porteri,  Gray.  Annual,  rough  witli  short  scattered  hairs;  stem 
paniculately  branched ;  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  narrowed  at  each  end, 
fringed  at  the  bai<e ;  exterior  scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  as  long  as  the 
yellow  disk  ;  rays  7-9,  longer  than  the  disk ;  achenia  biconvex,  pubescent.  — 
Stone  Mountain,  Georgia.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high. 

56.     HELIANTHUS,  L.    Sunflower. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  ray  tiowers  neutral ;  those  of  the  disk  tubular 
and  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  three  or  more  rows,  with 
or  without  leafy  spreading  tips.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  chaffy.  Achenia 
4-angled,  usually  compressed.  Pappus  of  2  (rarely  3-4)  caducous  chaffy 
scales  or  awns.  —  Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  or  alternate,  com- 
monly 3-ribbed,  undivided  leaves.  Heads  solitary,  terminating  the  stem  or 
branches.     Disk  yellow  or  dark  purple.     Rays  yellow. 

*  Annual:  disk  dark  purple:  chaff  of  the  receptacle  ^-toothed:  leaves  on  long 
and  slender  petioles :  achenia  pubescent. 

1.  H.  Ploridanus,  Gray  (in  part).  Annual;  stem. smooth,  branching, 
40  _  go  higii ;  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  denticulate,  scabrous,  the  lower  oppo- 
site ;  scale.s  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  smooth  or  ciliate  ;  rays  10-  13  ;  chaff 
of  the  receptacle  entire  ;  achenia  rugulose.  —  Dry  old  fields,  East  Florida. 

2.  H.  debilis,  Nutt.  Rough  with  scattered  rigid  hairs,  villous  when 
young ;  stem  erect  or  decumbent,  branched,  somewhat  spotted  ;  leaves 
coarsely  serrate,  acuminate,  undulate,  the  lowest  deltoid-ovate,  cordate,  oppo- 
site, the  upper  ovate-lanceolate ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate-subulate ; 
rays  1.5-20.  —  Sandy  shores,  Florida,  and  westward.  July- Sept.  —  Stem 
10-3°  high. 

*  *  Perennial:  disk  dark  purple. 

-4-   Rays  minute  or  wanting. 

3.  H.  Radula,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  simple,  ascending,  leafy  and  hirsute 
towards  the  base,  naked  and  smoothish  above ;  leaves  thick,  entire,  rugose, 
hirsute,  the  4  radical  ones  large,  roundish  or  rhombic;  spreading;  the  lower 
ones  obovate,  opposite  ;  the  uppermost  small,  linear ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
()]>long-ovate  ;  rays  mostly  wanting ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  acuminate.  — 
Low  sandy -pine  barrens,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  Alabama.  Oct.  —  Stem  2° 
higli.     Heads  rather  large. 

-t-   -I-   Raijs  conspicuous. 

4.  H.  angustifolius,  L.  Stem  rough-hairy  or  smoothish,  simple,  or 
paniculately  branched ;  leaves  linear,  elongated,  entire;  with  the  margins 
revolute  ;  the  lowest  ones  opposite  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  3-t()othed  ;  rays  12-18,  showy.  -^  Low  ground, 
common.     Oct.  —  Stem  2° -6°  high.     Leaves  3' -6'  long. 


'JoJ  COMPOSITJE.       (COMI-OMTK    FAMILY.) 

5.  H.  heterophyllus,  Nntt.  Hirsute  <»r  liispiil ;  .stem  slender,  mostly 
siiii)ili',  naked  iil)()ve;  lejives  ojipitsite,  thick,  entire ;  tiie  lower  liiiueolate  <jr 
oldtui;^  ;  tlie  others  linear,  remote  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, ciiiate;  chaff  of  the  recej)tacle  ."Moothed,  tlie  middle  tooth  cusj)idate  ; 
ravs  15-20,  elongated.  —  I'iiic  liarren  swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina, 
and  westwanl.  JSept.  -  Oct.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high.  J.,owest  leaves  2'  -  6'  long. 
Ka\  s  1 V  long. 

<j.  H.  atrorubens,  L.  Hirsute  or  hispid  ;  stem  sparingly  branclKd  and 
somewliat  naked  above;  leaves  opj^site,  oval,  serrate,  the  lowest  large  and 
long-petioled  ;  the  upper  small,  sessile,  distant ;  scJiles  of  the  involucre  oval 
or  olilong,  oluuse ;  eliail  of  the  recejjtacle "  acute  ;  rays  about  12;  achenia 
pubescent  at  tlie  apex.  —  Dry  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  Sept. -Oct. — 
Stem  2*^-5°  liigh.     Lowest  leaves  4'-G'  lung.     Heads  rather  small. 

7.  H.  rigidus,  Desf.  Stem  leafy,  stout,  mostly  simple,  rough ;  leaves 
oblong  lanceolate,  slightly  serrate  or  entire,  thick  and  rigid,  very  rough  on 
both  sides,  narrowed  into  short  connate  petioles ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate, 
acute,  apjiressed ;  chaff  of  ti>e  receptacle  obtuse;  rays  20-25.  (II.  scaber- 
rinius,  Jill.)  —  Western  districts  of  Georgia  {Elliott),  and  westward.  Sejit.  — 
Stem  l^-a*^  lii^j^flleads  showy. 

*  *  Jt^fffimial :    disk  yellow :    heads  lanje  or  middle-sized. 

8.  H.  Isetiflorus,  Pers.  Stem  etout,  rough,  branching;  leaves  oval- 
lanceulaiv,  acuminate,  serrate,  rigid,  very  rougii  on  both  sides,  on  short  peti- 
oles;  U^ds  solitary  or  corymbose  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute,  iJciliate,  appressed ;  chaff  of  the  recejitacle  somewhat  3-toothed  or  en- 
tire ;  rays  12  -  10,  elongated.  (H.  tricuspis.  Ell.,  with  the  leaves  all  nearly 
entire  :  i  li.ifl  ul'  the  receptacle  3-toothed.) —  Dry  soil,  in  the  western  districts 
of  (Jeorgia,  and  westward.  Sept..  —  Stem  .3° -4°  high.  Leaves  5'- 8'  long. 
Rays  1 V  long. 

9.  H.  occidentalis,  Kiddell,  var.  Dowellianus,  Torr.  &  Gray. 
Nearlv  smo(»th  ;  stem  branched  above;  leaves  jjubesrcnt,  triple-nerved ;  the 
lowest  opposite,  broadly  ovate,  obtu.se ;  the  upper  alternate,  oblong-ovate ; 
peduncles  long  and  slender;  scales  of  the  inv<ducre  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
.slightlv  ciiiate,  shorter  than  the  disk,  appressed ;  rays  12-15.  —  Mountains 
of  North  Carolina.  A ugu.«t -  Sept.  —  Stem  4°  -  5°  high.  Lower  leaves  7'  -  8' 
long,  5' -6'  wide.     Rays  1'  long. 

10.  H.  mollis,  Lam.  Villous  or  tomentose  and  somewhat  hoary  ;  stem 
mostly  simple  ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  .slightly  serrate,  cordate 
and  clasping  ;  tlie  upper  often  alternate  ;  heads  few,  on  short  peduncles ; 
scales  of  tlie  involucre  lanceolate,  acute  ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  entire  ;  rays 
15-25.  —  Dry  open  woods  in  the  upper  di.=!tricts  of  Georgia,  and  westward. 
Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.     Leaves  2'  -  3'  long.     Heads  thick. 

11.  H.  giganteus,  L.  Stem  hirsute,  rough,  branching  above;  leaves 
lanceolate,  acuiiiiuate,  serrate,  nearly  .sessile,  rough  above,  paler  and  rough- 
hairy  beneath,  slightly  3-nerved  at  the  base,  all  but  the  lowest  alternate ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  spreading,  hirsute;  ra3-s  15-20. — 
Low  ground  in  the  upper  districts.  Sept.  —  Stem  3°  - 10°  high.  Leaves  2'- 
5'  long.     Rays  1'  long. 


COMPOSIT.E.        (COMPOSITK    FAMILY.)  253 

12.  H.  tomentOSUS,  Miclix.  Stem  stout,  hirsute,  braucliing;  leaves  all 
alternate,  or  the  lowest  opposite,  very  rough  above,  tomentose  beneath,  slightly 
sei'rate ;  the  lowest  large  (6'  -  12'),  ovate,  on  short  winged  petioles ;  the  upper 
ones  oblong ;  heads  large ;  scales  of  the  involucre  numerous,  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  villous,  spreading;  rays  15-20.  —  Open  woods,  and  margins  of 
fields,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  Sept.  —  Stem  4° -8°  high.  Kays  I'-l^' 
long. 

13.  H.  tuberosus,  L.  Stem  tall,  branched,  smooth  below,  hirsute  above; 
leaves  opposite,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  rough  above, 
pubescent  beneath  ;  the  lower  often  slightly  cordate,  on  short  winged  petioles- 
scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  hirsute,  about  as  long  as  the  disk ; 
rays  12-15.  —  Rich  soil  in  the  upper  districts.  Sept.  —  Stem  5° -8°  high. 
Lowest  leaves  6'-  12'  long.     Heads  large.     Kays  1^'  long. 

14.  H.  strumosus,  L.  Stem  simple  or  branched,  I'ough  above  ;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  ovate  lanceolate,  acuminate,  slightly  serrate,  short-petioled,  very- 
rough  above,  paler  and  smooth,  or  sometimes  softly  pube.sceut  beneath ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acuminate,  as  long  as  the  disl<,  spreading ; 
rays  8-10.  —  Dry  soil,  common.  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high,  sometimes  glau- 
cous.    Leaves  3' -4'  long. 

15.  H.  decapetalus,  L.  Stem  branched,  smooth  below,  rough  above ; 
leaves  thin,  opposite,  ovate,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  rough  on  the  upper 
surface,  smooth  or  roughish  beneath,  abruptly  short-petioled ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  lanceolate-linear,  spreading;  the  exterior  longer  than  the  disk  ; 
rays  8- 10.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward.  Sept.  —  Stem  2° -5° 
high.     Leaves  3'-  6'  long. 

16.  H.  hirsutus,  Raf.  Stem  hirsute,  simple  or  forking  at  the  summit; 
leaves  opposite,  short-petioled,  tapering  from  the  broad  and  rounded,  some- 
times slightly  cordate  base,  acuminate,  serrate,  very  rough  above,  paler  and 
rougli-hairy  beneath  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  ap- 
pressed,  as  long  as  the  disk  ;  rays  about  12.  —  Dry  soil  in  the  upper  districts. 
Sept.  —  Stem  2*^  -  5°  high.     Leaves  3'  -  5'  long. 

17.  H.  divarieatUS,  L.  Stem  smooth,  simple,  or  corymbosely  branched 
at  the  summit ;  leaves  opposite,  sessile,  ovate  lanceolate,  serrate,  rounded  or 
truncate  at  the  base,  very  rough  above,  smootli  or  rough-puliesceiit  l)eneath  ; 
heads  few,  on  short  peduncles  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  spreading,  as  long  as  the  disk  ;  rays  8-  12. — Dry  woods.  Sept. 
—  Stem  2°-  3°  high,,     Leaves  3'  -  5'  long. 

18.  H.  undulatus,  Chapm.  Perennial;  stem  scabrous,  3° -5°  high; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sessile  and  mostly  dilated  at  the  base,  undulate,  the 
margins  revolute,  very  scabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath,  3' -5'  long;  in- 
volucre pubescent;  rays  12-18,  I'long;  achenia  margined.  (H.  angusti- 
folius,  var.,  1st  edit.  H.  Floridanus,  Graij,  in  part.)  —  Marshes  near  the 
coast,  West  Florida.     Sept.  -  Nov. 

*  *  *  *  Perevnial :    dish  yellow :   heads  small :    leaves  narrnii: 

19.  H.  parviflorus,  Bernh.  Stem  smooth,  much  branched  ;  leaves  op- 
posite, or  the   upper  ones   alternate,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute. 


L',")4  coMi'osiT.K.      (roMi'osrn:  ka.mii.v.) 

spariugly  serrate,  rnni;li  alinvo,  paler  ami  toinciitnsi'  hineatli,  on  sliort  peti- 
oles;  licatls  numerous;  scales  of  tlio  involuc-re  uvate-laneeolatc!,  appressed  ; 
rays  f)  8. —  Dry  woods,  Florida,  and  northward.  Sej)t. —  Stem  3° -5^  I'iyh; 
the  bram-lies  forking.     Loaves  .'J'-  10'  long. 

20.  H.  Schweinitzii,  Torr.  &  (iray.  Stem  hispid,  hramhing  ahove  ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  acuiniuate,  sparingly  serrate,  nearly  sessile,  very  r(jugli 
above,  hoary-tomeutose  beneath ;  the  lower  ones  opposite,  the  ujijjer  alter 
uate  and  entire  ;  scales  of  the  iuvolucre  lanceolate,  acute,  with  spreading  tips  ; 
rays  about  8.  —  Upper  districts  of  North  Carolina  (C'«/7/*). —  IStem  3^-5° 
high.     Leaves  3'-  5'  long. 

2L  H.  laevigatus,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  smooth  and  glaucous,  the 
brandies  forking  ;  leaves  smooth  on  both  sides,  opposite,  or  the  upj)ermost 
alternate,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  serrulate,  oljscurely  3-ril)l)ed, 
nearly  sessile ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate,  acute,  appressed  with  spreading 
tips;  rays  6-8.  —  North  Carolina  (Curtis).  —  Stem  4° -5^  '''g''-  Heads 
twice  as  large  as  those  of  No.  1 9. 

22.  H.  longifolius,  Pursh.  Very  smooth  throughout ;  stem  slender, 
branching;  leaves  mostly  opposite,  liuear-lauceolate,  sessile,  entire;  the  lowest 
tapering  into  slender  petioles  and  sparingly  serrate  ;  heads  few;  scales  of  the 
iuvolucre  ovate-lanceolate,  as  long  as  tiie  disk;  rays  about  10.  —  Damp  rich 
soil  in  the  westeru  districts  of  Georgia  (Elliott).  —  Stem  3"  -  4°  high.  Leaves 
6'  -  8'  long.     Rays  small. 

57.     HELIANTHELLA,  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Achenia  4-angled,  compres.scd,  slightly  winged,  crowned  with  a  ciliate 
border,  or  the  angles  prolonged  into  persistent,  often  lacerated,  chaffy  scales  ; 
otherwise  like  Heliauthus.  —  Slender  perennial  herbs,  with  narrow  leaves, 
and  showy  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 

1.  H,  grandiflora,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Hirsute;  stem  simple;  leaves  very 
scabrous,  alternate  or  opposite,  lanceolate-linear,  or  linear,  entire  ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  lanceolate,  appressed  ;  pappus  of  two  obtuse  lacerated  scales. 
—  East  Florida.  Oct.  —  Stem  3° -4°  high.  Leaves  1'- 2' long.  Kays  nearly 
2'  long. 

2.  H.  tenuifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Hirsute  ;  stem  simple,  or  corymbcse  at 
the  summit ;  leaves  narrow-linear,  entire,  the  lower  ones  opposite  or  whorled  ; 
the  upper  alternate ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate-subulate,  spreading ; 
pappus  of  2-4  acute  awns.  —  Dry  sandy  pine  barrens,  West  Florida.  June 
-July. —  Stem  l°-2°  high.     Kays  I'-U'  long. 

58.    VERBESINA,  L. 

Heads  mostly  many-flowered  ;   the  rays  pistillate,  rarely  wanting.     Scales 
of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  2  or  more  rows.     Receptacle  convex  or  conical. 
Achenia  erect,  compressed,  winged  or  wingless,  2-awued.  —  Perennial  herbs, 
often  with  winged  stems,  and  mostly  yellow  flowers. 
*  Hfads  small :   rnijs  1  -  5. 

1.  V.  occidentalis,  Walt.  Stem  4-winged,  branching;  leaves  oppo- 
site, ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  3-ribbed;   corymbs 


COMPOSIT.E.       (composite    FAMILY.)  255 

trichotomous ;   rays  1-5,  yellow ;  achenia  wingless.  —  Waste  places,  road- 
sides, etc.,  Mississippi  to  North  Carolina.     Sept.  —  Stem  4° -6°  high. 

2.  V.  Virginica,  L.  Stem  3-wiuged ;  the  branches  mostly  wingless, 
tomentose ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  irregularly  serrate  or  sinuate- 
lobed,  tapering  into  winged  petioles,  rough  above,  downy  beneath  ;  corymbs 
cymose  ;  rays  3-4,  oval,  white  ;  achenia  winged.  (V.  sin uata,  £"//.) — Dry 
open  woods,  Florida  and  northward.     Sept.  —  Stem  2" -6°  high. 

*  *  Heads  larger :    raijs  5  -  14,  yellow,  or  none. 
-1-  Pappus  2-awned. 

3.  V.  heterophylla,  Gray.  Stem  mostly  simple,  hirsute,  terete  above, 
winged  below  ;  leaves  rough,  the  lower  ones  opposite,  decurreut,  oblong,  the 
upper  small,  linear,  remote  ;  heads  single  or  loosely  corymbose  ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  disk  and  the  5-10  linear  rays;  chaff 
of  the  receptacle  rigid,  acute,  longer  than  the  obovate  narrowly  winded 
1  -  2-awned  achenia.  —  Low  pine  barrens.  East  Florida.  —  Stem  2°-  3°  high. 
Lower  leaves  2' -3'  long. 

4.  V.  helianthoides,  Michx.  Stem  hirsute,  strougly  winged  ;  leaves 
alternate,  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  rough  hairy  above,  downy  and  hoary  be- 
neatli ;  heads  few,  corymbose ;  scales  of  the  involucre  in  2  -  3  rows,  broadly 
lanceolate,  appressed  ;  rays  8-14,  j'ellow ;  achenia  slightly  winged;  awns 
bristle-like.  —  Near  Louisville,  Georgia,  and  westward.  Julj'.  —  Stem  2°-3'^ 
high.     Leaves  3'  long.     Rays  \V  long. 

5.  V.  nudicaulis,  Gray.  Hirsute ;  stem  wingless,  somewhat  naked  and 
corymbose  above  ;  leaves  opposite,  oblong,  sessile,  barely  acute,  the  ixpper- 
most  small  and  mostly  alternate  ;  heads  corymbose  ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
short,  in  2-3  rows;  rays  7-12,  yellow;  achenia  obovate-oblong,  mostly 
wingless ;  awns  short.  —  Dry  sandy  woods,  Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Florida. 
August -Sept.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Leaves  2'- 3' long. 

6.  V.  encelioides,  Benth.  Annual,  canescent;  .stem  erect;  leaves 
ovate  or  o1)long,  coarsely  serrate,  the  broadly  winged  petioles  auriculate  at  the 
base ;  lieads  somewhat  corymbose :  achenia  of  the  disk  winged,  2-awned,  of 
the  rays  wingless,  3-toothed.  (Ximenesia,  Cav.)  — Middle  and  South  Florida. 
Introduced.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.     Flowers  yellow. 

■<-  ■•-  Pappus  and  rays  none. 

7.  v.  "Warei,  Gray.  Stem  wingless,  simple,  smooth  lielow,  naked  and 
rough  above ;  leaves  opposite  or  alternate,  lanceolate  or  elliptical,  sessile, 
rigid,  ol)tu.se,  strongly  reticulate,  strigose ;  heads  solitary  or  2-3  together, 
terminal ;  scales  of  the  involucre  in  2  rows,  lanceolate,  appressed ;  flowers 
orange-yelloAv ;  the  marginal  ones  abortive  ;  achenia  olilong-oljovate,  narrowly 
winged,  with  a  cup-shaped  disk.  —  Low  pine  barrens  near  the  coast,  AVest 
Florida.  June -July.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Leaves  2'  long.  Heads  dark 
brown. 

59.    ACTINOMERIS,   Nutt. 
Heads  many-flowered;  the  ray  flowers  4- 14,  neutral,  or  wanting.     Scales 
of  the  involucre  in  1-3  rows,  leafy.     Receptacle  convex  or  conical,  chaff}^; 
the  chaff  embracing  the  outer  edge  of  the  laterally  compressed  obovate  spread- 


L'wG  COMPOSIT.E.       (COMIMISITK    FAMILY.) 

ini^   iiii>stly   wiiiLifd   acla'iiia.       I'lijipus   of   two  ]ii'rsistciit   awns. —  rcrcniiial 
herl)S,  uitli  laiKu  'late  serrate  often  (lei'unont  leaves.    l*'lo\ver.s  yellow  or  wliiie. 

1.  A.  squarrosa,  Nutt.  stem  jmlicsient,  wiuf^ed  above;  leaves  alter- 
nate or  ojipusite,  ovate  laneuolate,  acmiiiiiate  at  eaeli  end ;  Iieails  eoryintiose; 
scales  of  tlie  inv<jlnerc  in  2  rows,  linear-spalulate,  spreading;  aclieuia  broadly 
obovate,  winge<l ;  awns  of  tiie  pa])pus  rigid,  spreading;  rays  4-12,  yellow. — 
River  lianks,  Florida  to  Nortli  Carolina.  Sept.  —  Stem  4° -8°  liigli.  Lowest 
leaves  1°  long. 

2.  A.  alba,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  smooth,  or  pubescent  and  often  sliglitly 
winged  aliove ;  leaves  alternate,  lanceolate ;  lieads  loosely  corymbose;  scales 
of  the  involucre  in  a  single  row,  lanceolate-subulate;  achenia  mo.stly  broadly 
winged;  awns  of  the  pappus  slender;  flowers  white ;  rays  none.  —  Hieh  soil 
in  the  lower  districts,  Georgia  and  South  Carolina,  and  westward,  rare.     Sept. 

—  Stem  4°  -  S°  high.     Leaves  .')'  -  8'  long. 

60.     COREOPSIS,   L.      Tickseed. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  ray  flowers  commonly  8,  neutral,  rarely  wanting. 
Involucre  double ;  each  row  of  about  8  scales ;  the  outer  ones  narrow  and 
spreading;  the  inner  membranaceous  and  appressed.  Receptacle  Hat,  chaffy. 
Chaff  membranaceous,  mostly  deciduous  with  the  achenia.  Achenia  com- 
pressed, often  winged,  not  narrowed  nor  beaked  at  the  apex,  awnless,  or  with  a 
pappus  of  two  upwardly  hispid  or  serrulate  awns  or  scales.  —  Herbs.  Leaves 
entire  or  pinuately  divided.  Heads  solitary  or  corymbose.  Disk  dark  purple 
or  yellow.     Rays  yellow,  rarely  rose-color. 

*  Bai/s  none. 

1.  C.  discoidea,  Torr.  &,  Gray.  Smooth;  stem  diffusely  branched; 
leaves  long-petioled,  3-parted,  with  ovate-lanceolate  coarsely  serrate  divisions ; 
the  uppermost  often  simple ;  heads  small,  on  short  peduncles ;  exterior  invo- 
lucre foliaceous,  longer  than  the  heads  ;  achenia  narrowly  wedge-shaped,  hairy. 

—  Swamps,  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  1°  -  2^  '''o^i- 

*  *  Bai/s  entire,  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  yellow. 

•*-  Leaves  petioled :  achenia  narrowlij  wechje-xhaped,  2-toothed  or  owned :  scalex 

of  the  involucre  eijual,  the  outer  ones  separate. 

2.  C.  aurea,  Ait.  Stem  smooth,  much  branched ;  leaves  smooth  or 
slightly  pubescent,  entire,  or  3-7-parted;  the  divisions  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
serrate,  toothed  or  lobed',  or  all  linear  and  entire ;  exterior  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre linear-spatulate ;  achenia  smoothish,  with  two  short  triangular  teeth. 
(C.  mitis,  Michx.  C.  arguta,  Pursh.) — Swamps.  August -Oct.  —  Stem 
2°-4°  high.  Leaves  polymorphous;  the  uppermost  commonly  undivided. 
Rays  showy. 

3.  C.  trichosperma,  Michx.  Smootli ;  stem  somewhat  4  angled, 
branching;  leaves  piunately  5-7-parted;  the  divisions  lanceolate  or  linear, 
sharply  serrate  or  toothed  ;  the  upper  ones  3  -  5-cleft ;  exterior  scales  of  the 
involucre  linear,  obtuse ;  achenia  hispid  above,  crowned  with  two  triangular 
hispid  teeth.  —  Swamps,  South  Carolina,  and  northward.  Sept.  —  Stem  1°- 
2°  high.     Achenia  twice  as  large  as  in  the  preceding. 


COMPOSITE.        (composite    FAMILY.)  257 

4.  C.  aristosa,   Michx.     Like  the  last,   but   more  or   less   pubescent; 
acheuiii  Hat,  obovate,  the  thin  margius  liispid  ;  awns  slender,  spreading,  about 
the  leijgtii  of  the  acheuia  —  Low  thickets,  Mississippi,  and  westward.     Sept. 
•<-  -I-  Leaves  pet ioled :  uchenia  elliptical  or  obovate,  emarfjlnate,  aivnless :  exte- 
rior scales  of  the  involucre  shorter  than  the  interior. 

5.  C.  tripteris,  L.  Stem  smooth,  branching ;  leaves  smooth,  or  rough 
above;  rarely  all  entire,  the  middle  ones  3-  (rarely  5-)  parted,  with  the  divis- 
ions lanceolate  and  entire  ;  exterior  scales  of  the  involucre  5-6,  obtuse,  united 
at  the  base;  achenia  elliptical,  smootii,  incurved,  narrowly  winged.  — Woods 
and  margius  of  fields.     August  -  Sept.  —  Stem  3°-  6°  high. 

6.  C.  latifolia,  Michx.  Smooth  or  somewliat  pubescent ;  stem  tall ; 
leaves  undivided,  ovate-oblong,  acumiuate,  coarsely  serrate,  smooth  above, 
paler  beneath ;  heads  small,  corymbose ;  scales  of  the  involucre  4  -  5  in  each 
row ;  the  exterior  ones  short,  not  united  below ;  rays  4  -  5  ;  achenia  obovate- 
oblong,  wingless.  —  High  mountains  of  Georgia  and  North  Carolina.    August. 

—  Lowest  leaves  6'  loug. 

■^  -I-  ■<-  Leaves  sessile,  3-parted  to  the  base,  seeminr/ly  6  in  a  whorl ;  the  divisions 
entire  or  variously  divided:  scales  of  the  involucre  erjual ;  the  exterior  linear- 
oblong,  united  below:  achenia  oblong,  narrowly  winged,  truncate,  or  minutelij 
2-toothed  at  the  ujiex. 

7.  C.  senifolia,  Michx.  Pubescent;  stem  4  angled  below,  branching; 
divisions  of  the  leaves  oval-lanceolate,  entire,  the  uppermost  leaves  often  sim- 
ple ;  disk  yellow  ;  achenia  minutely  2-toothed.  (C.  stellata,  Nutt.,  a  glabrous 
form,  with  broader  thinner  leaves.    C.  vEmleri,  Ell.,  with  all  the  leaves  entire.) 

—  Dry  sandy  woods.     August. — -Stem  2°  high.     Leaves  T -  2' long.     Kays 
6" -9"  long. 

8.-  C.  delphinifolia,  Lam.  Smooth  or  slightly  pubescent ;  divisions 
of  the  leaves  entire  or  2 -.3-  (the  middle  one  sometimes  5-)  parted,  linear-lance- 
olate, rather  rigid  ;  disk  brownish  ;  achenia  obovate-oblong,  minutely  2toothed. 

—  Dry  soil  in  tlie  upper  districts.     August -Sept. — Stem  l°-2''  high. 

9.  C.  vertieillata,  L.  Smooth;  stem  branching,  slender;  divisions  of 
the  pinnately  or  liipinnately  divided  leaves  linear  or  filiform ;  disk  yellow ; 
achenia  minutely  2-toothed  at  the  apex.  —  Low  ground,  in  the  upper  districts. 
August.  —  Stem  l°-3°  high. 

*  *  *  Rays  3  -  ^-toothed  or  lobed. 
•^  Rays  yellow :  achenia  orbicular,  broadly  winged,  warty,  and  ivith  a  tubercle  at 
each  end  on  the  inside,  2-toothed:  scales  of  the  involucre  nearly  equal:  heads 
lony-peduncled. 

10.  C.  auriculata,  L.  Stem  short  (4' -8'  high),  smooth  or  sparsely 
villous,  1  -2-forking  ;  lower  leaves  ovate  or  roundish  (\V -2'  long),  entire,  or 
with  2-4  small  lateral  lobes,  the  others  small  and  remote;  heads  few; 
achenia  oblong,  incurved,  wingless,  even,  or  obscurely  papillose.  —  Woods  in 
the  upper  districts.     April -May. 

11.  C.  pubescens,  Ell.  Stem  tall  (2°  high),  densely  villous,  at  length 
much  branched;  lower  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong  (3' -4'  long),  mosth'  3- 
lobed,  as  long  as  the  stout  petiole,  the  uppermost  entire ;  heads  very  numer- 

17 


2r)8  COMPOSITE,     (composite  family.) 

ous;    aclicnia  hroadly  winged,  circular,  sliplitly  2-toothed,  jdainly  paj)illo8e 
on  hutli  sides.  —  .Muuntains  of  Georgia  and  Carolina.     May -Sept. 

12.  C.  grandiflora,  Nutt.  iStem  slender,  smootli,  ascending;  leaves 
elongati'il ;  the  lowest  linear-spatulate.  on  long  eiiiate  petioles;  the  ni)j)er  ter- 
nattly  or  1 -2-pinnately  parted,  the  divisions  linear;  exterior  scales  of  the 
involucre  ovate-lanceolate;  rays  large,  4-5-toothed.  —  Dry  soil,  Kloriila, 
Georgia,  and  westward.     April- June.  — IStem  8'-  12'  high. 

13.  C.  lanceolata,  L.  Smoothi.sh;  stem  short,  ascending;  leaves  un- 
divided, rarely  2-3-lobed,  thick;  the  lowest  spatulate-ohlong  on  long  ciliate 
petioles;  the  upper  lanceolate,  sessile;  e.xterior  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate- 
lanceolate;  rays  large,  strongly  4-5-toothed.  (C\  cra.«sifolia,  yl/'^,  .stem  and 
leaves  hairy  or  woolly.)  —  Dry  soil,  i'h^rida  to  Nortli  Carolina.  May -June. 
Stem  6'-  12'  long. 

•*-  •*-  liai/s  yellow:  achenia  nearli/  straight,  obluntj,  2-airned,  the  mnrqins  with  a 
serrulate  or  pectinate  wing  (except  No.  14) :  exterior  scales  of  the  involucre 
shorter  than  the  interior:  disk  dark  purple. 

14.  C.  Leavenworthii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smooth;  stem  dicliotomous 
above  ;  leaves  opposite,  linear,  entire,  or  with  two  lateral  lobes ;  rays  3-toothed  ; 
achenia  witli  a  broad  whitish  entire  wing,  conspicuou.sly  2-toothed.  —  Coast 
of  Flori(hi,  and  westward.  —  Stem  slender,  l°-2°  high.  Lower  leaves  3' -4' 
long,  I"  wide.     Kays  5"-  6"  long. 

15.  C.  gladiata,  Walt.  Smooth;  stem  terete,  naked  above,  simple,  or 
with  few  peduncle-like  branches ;  leaves  fleshy,  alternate,  entire,  or  rarely  3- 
lobed;  the  lowest  ones  spatulate-oblong,  on  long  petioles;  the  upper  small, 
linear ;  heads  large ;  exterior  scales  of  the  involucre  small  and  roundish ; 
rays  showy,  4-toothed  ;  wings  of  the  aclienia  pectinately  toothed.  —  Low  pine 
barrens.  Sept. -Oct.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.  Lowest  leaves  8' -10'  long. 
Rays  wedge-shaped,  1'  long. 

16.  C.  angUStifolia,  Ait.  Smooth;  stem  .slender,  4-angled,  diclioto- 
mously  branched  above ;  leaves  opposite  or  alternate,  linear,  obtuse,  entire; 
the  lowe.st  ones  spatulate-lanceolate ;  heads  small,  corymbose ;  rays  3  toothed ; 
wings  of  the  achenia  pectinately  toothed.  —  Pine  barren  swamps,  in  the  lower 
districts.  Sept. -Oct.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.  Leaves  somewhat  fleshy.  Kays 
¥  long. 

17.  C.  integrifolia,  Poir.  Smooth;  .stem  terete, corymbosely  liranched 
above;  leaves  opposite,  ])etioled,  entire,  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  the  margins 
scarious  and  rougliish ;  heads  few,  on  long  peduncles  ;  exterior  scales  of  the 
involucre  oblong-linear;  rays  weilge-shaped,  palmately  3-lobed;  ovary  wing- 
less, with  his]iid  margins.  —  River  banks.  South  Carolina  and  Georgia.  Sept. 
—  Stem  2° -3°  high. 

•»-    -t-  Rays  purple  or  rose-color 

1 8.  C.  nudata,  Nutt.  Smooth  ;  stem  slender,  forking  above  ;  leaves  al- 
ternate, distant,  terete  and  rush-like ;  rays  bright  purple,  3-toothed  ;  achenia 
with  lacerated  wings,  2-awned. — Pine  barren  ponds,  Florida  and  Georgia, 
near  the  coast.  April.  —  Stem  2°  high.  Lowest  leaves  1°  long.  Rays  1' 
long. 


COMPOSIT.^.       (composite    FAMILY.)  259 

19.  C.  rosea,  Nutt.  Smooth;  stem  low,  branching;  leaves  opposite, 
linear;  heads  small;  rays  slightly  3-toothed  ;  achenia  wingless,  unawued. — 
Swamps,  Georgia  {Nuttall),  and  northward.  July -August.  —  Stem  8'- 12' 
high.     Rays  rose-color. 

61.    COSMOS,  Cav. 

Scales  of  the  involucre  more  or  less  united.  Achenia  terete  or  4-angled,  nar- 
rowed or  beaked  at  the  apex,  and  crowned  with  2-4  downwardly  barbed  or 
hispid  deciduous  awns.  Otherwise  like  Coreopsis. — Leaves  opposite,  pin- 
nately  divided.     Disk  yellow.     Rays  purplish. 

1.  C.  caudatus,  Kunth.  Smooth;  leaves  bipinnately  divided,  with  the 
divisions  lanceolate  and  entire;  achenia  (1' long)  tapering  into  a  very  long 
rough  beak,  2-awned  ;  rays  short,  3-cleft,  rose-color.  —  Key  West,  Florida. 

62.  BIDENS,  L.  Beggar-ticks. 
Chiefly  like  Coreopsis  ;  but  the  exterior  involucre  often  long  and  leaf-like ; 
the  achenia  compressed,  or  3 -4-angled,  (not  narrowed  at  the  apex,)  and 
crowned  with  2-4  persistent  downwardly  barbed  or  hispid  awns.  —  Leaves 
serrate,  or  pinnately  divided,  opposite.  Rays  yellow  or  white,  often  wanting. 
Disk  yellow. 

*  Achenia  flattened,  narrowly  wedge-shaped. 

1.  B.  frondosa,  L.  Stem  tall,  branched  ;  leaves  thin,  long-petioled,  pin- 
nately 3  -  o-divided ;  the  divisions  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
sharply  serrate  ;  heads  discoid  ;  exterior  scales  of  the  involucre  large,  leafy  ; 
achenia  2-awned.  —  Low  ground.  July  -  Sept.  (l)  —  Stem  2°  -  5°  high. 
Margins  of  the  achenia  upwardly  ciliate. 

2.  B.  COnnata,  Muhl.  Stem  low,  branched ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  tapering  and  connate  at  the  base,  tlie  lowest  often 
3-parted ;  heads  discoid;  exterior  involucre  leafy;  achenia  2 -4-awned,  with 
downwardly  hispid  margins.  —  Western  districts  of  Georgia  and  westward, 
in  damp  soil.     July  -  Sept.     (T)  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 

3.  B.  cernua,  L.  Stem  simple  or  branched  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  sharply 
serrate,  clasping  or  connate  at  the  base,  3'- 5' long;  heads  nodding;  outer 
involucre  leafy,  usually  2-3  times  longer  than  the  inner  one;  rays  short  or 
none  ;  achenia  4-awned.  —  Wet  ground  in  the  upper  districts.     Julv  -  Sept. 

4.  B.  ehrysanthemoides,  Michx.  Smooth;  stem  erect  or  ascending ; 
leaves  undivided,  oblong-lanceolate,  obscurely  serrate,  connate  ;  heads  radiate, 
showy;  achenia  2 -4-awned.  — Wet  places.  Sept. -Oct.  ©  —  Stem  thick, 
l°-2°high. 

*  *  Achenia  3-'i-angIed,  liyiear :  heads  radiate:  scales  of  the  involucre  nearly 

equal. 

5-  B.  leucantha,  Willd.  Stem  low,  4-angled ;  leaves  pinnately  divided  ; 
the  divisions  ovate  or  lanceolate,  serrate  ;  the  lowest  leaves  undi\nded  ;  outer 
scales  of  the  involucre  obtnse,  spreading  ;  the  inner  ones  acute  ;  rays  5,  white ; 
achenia  2  -  4-awned.  —  South  Florida.     Oct.  -  Dec.  —  Stem  1 0'  -  1 .5 '  high. 

6.  B.  bipinnata,  L.  Stem  tall,  4-angled.  much  branched  ;  leaves  bipin- 
nate,  the  divisions  small,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute  ;  heads  small ;  ravs  2-3, 
yellow;  achenia  3 -4-awned. —Cultivated  grounds,  common.  Aug. -Sept. 
®  — Stem  2° -5°  high. 


260  COMPOSIT.E.       (fOMl'OSITK    FAMILY.) 

63.   BALDWINIA,  Hll. 

Ilcails  niaiiy-flowereil,  gloljose  in  fruit;  ilie  ray  Howe rs  20-30,  neutral, 
3-tootheil  at  the  apex;  tube  of  tlieilisk  tiowers  dilated  and  indurated.  Scales 
of  the  involucre  short,  fleshy,  imbricated  in  about  4  rows.  Iiecej)tacle  deeply 
alveolate;  the  5-6-angled  cells  with  entire  margins,  enclosing  the  slender 
obcouiciil  hairy  achenia.  Pappus  of  7-9  oblong  nerveless  chafly  scales,  as 
long  a.«  the  achenia.  —  An  erect  puberulent  mostly  simple  perennial  herb, 
with  alternate  Hesliy  entire  linear  or  (the  lowest)  spatulate  leaves,  and  a 
solitary  head  of  yellow  Howers  on  a  long  peduncle. 

1.  B.  uniflora,  Kll.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and 
westward.  Se])t.  —  Stem  2''-3^  '"nli-  Heails  large. —  Dr.  Curtis  fin<ls  a 
form  with  the  disk  flowers  dark  purple.     The  rays  are  also  sometimes  tubular. 

64.     ACTINOSPERMUM,  Kll. 

Scales  of  the  involucre  iu  about  2  rows,  lanceolate,  setaceously  acuminate. 
Margins  of  the  cells  of  the  recei)tacle  cusjiidate-toothcd.  Achenia  radiate  at 
the  summit.  Pappus  a  row  of  12  short  roundish  entire  scales.  Otherwise 
like  Baldwinia. —  A  slender  brandling  annual.  Leaves  alternate,  linear, 
fleshy.  Heads  of  yellow  flowers  showy,  terminating  the  peduude-like  summit 
of  the  brandies. 

1.  A.  angustifolium,  Torr.  &  Gray.  (Baldwinia  multiflora,  A^»^/.)  — 
Dry  sandy  ridge.'i  in  tlie  ])iiie  barrens,  Florida  and  (Jeorgia.  Sept.  —  Stem 
l°-2°  high,  smooth.     Leaves  very  numerous,  sprinkled  with  jointed  hairs. 

65.     MAESHALLIA,  Schreb. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Corolla  pu- 
bescent, with  linear  spreading  lobes.  Scales  of  the  involucre  obloug-liuear 
or  lanceolate,  in  1-2  rows.  ChalT  of  the  convex  or  conical  receptacle  narrow- 
linear,  rigid.  Achenia  oblong,  narrowed  downward,  .5  angled,  mostly  hairy. 
Papjnis  of  .5  -  6  ovate  or  triangular  acuminate  entire  niemliranaceous  scales. 
—  Perennial  herbs,  with  simple  and  scajie-like  or  branching  stems,  smooth 
entire  3-uerved  alternate  leaves,  and  a  solitary  head  of  white  or  purplish 
flowers  terminating  the  stem  or  branches.     Anthers  blue. 

1.  M.  latifolia,  I'ursh.  Stem  leafy,  simple,  or  sparingly  branched 
above ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate ;  scales  of  the  involucre  acute ; 
achenia  smooth.  —  Dry  soil,  in  the  upper  districts.  May -June  — Stem 
1°  high. 

2.  M.  lanceolata,  Pursh.  Stem  naked  above,  simple,  pubescent;  leaves 
lanceolate,  obtuse  ;  the  lowest  spatulate ;  scales  of  the  involucre  olituse ; 
achenia  ])ubescent.  —  Var.  platvphvlla,  Curtis.  Stem  leafy  to  the  middle  ; 
leaves  longer  and  broader,  the  lowest  long-petioled.  —  Dry  open  woods, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward ;  the  variety  in  the  upper  districts. 
April -June.  —  Stem  6'-  12'  high.     Leaves  2' -3'  long. 

3.  M.  angUStifolia,  Pursh.  Stem  simple  or  branched,  leafy  below, 
puberulent  above ;   leaves  linear,  acute,  the  lowest  spatulate  ;  scales  of  the 


COMPOSITE.       (composite    FAMILY.)  261 

involucre,  linear,  acute ;  disk  at  length  ovate  or  oblong ;  acheuia  with  hairy 
angles.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  July -August. — 
Stem  2° -3°  high. 

66.     HYMENOPAPPUS,  L'Herit. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Scales  of  ths 
involucre  6-12,  oval  or  obovate,  membranaceous,  white.  Keceptacle  naked. 
Corolla  slender.  Achenia  top-shaped,  4-angled.  Pappus  of  12-20  short 
obtiuse  thii)  scales.  —  Hoary  or  woolly  herbs,  with  alternate  pinuately  lobed  or 
divided  leaves.     Heails  corymbed.     flowers  commonly  white. 

1.  H,  scabiosseus,  L'Herit.  Hoary-tomentose ;  stem  corymbosely 
branched ;  leaves  pinnatifid  or  the  lowest  bipinnatifid,  with  lanceolate  or 
oblong  divisions ;  scales  of  the  involucre  broadly  obovate,  longer  than  the 
disk ;  pappus  minute.  —  Liglit  dry  soil,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  west- 
ward.    April -May.     Stem  2^  high. 

67.    POLYPTERIS,  Nutt. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  ray  flowers  pistillate,  or  none.  Scales  of  the 
obconical  involucre  in  2  rows,  membranaceous  at  the  summit.  Throat  of  the 
corolla  shorter  tliau  the  lobes.  Eeceptacle  flat,  naked.  Aclieuia  slender,  4- 
angled,  tapering  at  the  base.  Pappus  of  6 -12  membranaceous  deuticulate 
scales.  —  Herbs  with  narrow  entire  leaves,  and  heads  of  white  or  purple 
flowers  in  a  terminal  corymb. 

1.  P.  integrifolia,  Nutt.  Stem  (2°  high)  branched  above,  smoothish; 
leaves  lanceolate,  rough,  the  lower  ones  often  opposite ;  rays  none ;  flowers 
purijlish ;  scales  of  the  pappus  8-9,  linear-subulate. — Dry  pine  barrens, 
Georgia  and  Florida.     July  -  Sept. 

68.    PALAFOXIA,  Lag. 

Heads  of  the  involucre  discoid.  Scales  of  the  involucre  wholly  herbaceous, 
linear.  Pappus  of  4-8  scales.  Throat  of  the  corolla  cylindrical,  longer  than 
the  lobes.     Otherwise  like  the  preceding. 

1.  P.  Feayi,  Gray.  Stem  woody,  slender,  widely  branched,  rough  with 
short  rigid  hairs ;  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  opposite  or  alternate,  short- 
petioled ;  corymbs  loose  ;  heads  discoid ;  achenium  sparsely  hispid,  several 
times  longer  than  the  obtuse  denticulate  scales  of  the  pappus.  —  South 
Florida.     Stem  3°  -  5°  high. 

69.    FLAVERIA,  Juss. 

Heads  few-flowered,  discoid,  or  with  a  single  pistillate  ray.  Involucre  of 
3-5  oblong  nearly  equal  scales.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  oblong  or 
club-shaped,-  smooth,  striate.  Pappus  none.  —  Tropical  herbs,  with  opposite 
leaves,  and  densely  clustered  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 

1.  F.  linearis,  Lagasca.  Stem  erect,  or  prostrate  at  the  base,  branched 
above,  smootliish ;  leaves  fleshy,  linear,  or  linear-lanceolate,  connate,  entire ; 
corymb  dense  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  mostly  5  ;  ray  often  wanting.  —  Coast 
and  Keys  of  South  Florida.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 


2C2  COMPOSITE.       (COMPOSITK    FAMILY.) 

70.     GAILLAKDIA,  Toiig. 

Heads  many-HowLTt'il ;  the  rays  iRUtnil.deiidiioiis.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
iu  3  rows,  spreading  ahove.  Hetei)taele  convex,  naked  or  tiniliriliatc!.  Hays 
wedge  shaped,  i)alniately  3-lobe(l.  Corolla  of  the  disk  with  suliulate  lobes. 
Aehenia  tojKsiiaped,  hairy.  I'appus  of  6  -  10  membranaceous  1-uerved  awued 
scales.  —  I'uliescent  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  solitary  heads 
of  yellow  or  jiurple  llowers  terminating  the  ijranches. 

1.  G.  lanceolata,  Midix.  stem  (l°-2^)  witli  long  and  slender  branches; 
leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  mostly  entire,  sessile,  the  lowest  narrowed  at  the 
base  ;  rays  yellow,  sometimes  wanting  ;  disk  Hovvers  i)urple ;  receptacle  naked ; 
scales  of  the  pappus  7-9. — Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  Soutii  Carolina. 
July  -  Sept. 

71.    HELENIUM,  L. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  rays  wedge-shaped,  3  -  5-cleft.  Scales 
of  the  involucre  in  2  rows ;  the  outer  ones  spreading,  the  inner  fewer  and 
chaffy.  Receptacle  naked,  convex,  globose,  or  oblong.  Corolla  of  tiie  disk 
4-5-toothed.  Aehenia  top-shaped,  furrowed,  hairy.  Pappus  of  5-8  mem- 
branaceous pointed  or  awned  scales.  —  Erect  herbs,  with  the  stem  often 
winged  by  the  alternate  decurrent  leaves.  Heads  terminal.  Flowers  mostly 
yellow. 

§1.    Raijs  pistillate :   stems  branching  ;  head s  Jew  or  man i/. 

1.  H.  autumnale,  L.  Perennial,  smooth  or  minutely  pubescent ;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  serrate,  strongly  decurrent ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
linear-subulate ;  scales  of  the  pappus  ovate-lanceolate,  denticulate,  awn- 
pointed  ;  rays  fertile,  3  -  5-cleft,  longer  than  the  disk.  —  Damp  soil.  Aug.  - 
Sept.  —  Stem  2^  -  4^  higli.     Aehenia  hairy. 

2.  H.  parviflorum,  Nutt.  Perennial,  smooth;  leaves  lanceolate  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  sparingly  serrulate,  scarcely  decurrent ;  scales  of  the  in- 
volucre filiform  ;  rays  sterile,  3-cleft,  narrow ;  aehenia  smooth ;  pappus  awned. 
Georgia,  Nuttall.  —  Heads  smaller  than  the  last,  globose. 

3.  H.  tenuifolium,  Nutt.  Annual,  smooth  ;  stem  .^lender,  very  leafv  ; 
leaves  narn.w-linear,  entire  ;  heads  globose,  on  long  and  .slender  peduncles  ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  subulate  ;  scales  of  the  pappus  ovate,  entire,  abruptly 
awned;  aehenia  villous  —  Hoad-sides  and  waste  ground.  Sept.  —  Stem  1°- 
2^  high.     Branches  erect. 

4.  H.  quadridentatum,  Labill.  Annual,  smoothish  ;  lowest  leaves 
oblong,  i)iniiatifid  ;  tlie  ii]>iKr  ones  lanceolate,  entire  ;  rays  shorter  than  the 
oblong  disk  ;  scales  of  the  papi)us  roundish,  obtuse.  —  River  banks  and  damp 
soil.  North  Carolina, and  westward.  —Stem  much  branched,  l°-3°  high. 

5.  H.  nudiflorum,  Xutt.  I'erennial,  stem  pubescent ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late, entire  or  nearly  so,  decurrent ;  heads  globose,  dark  purple  ;  scales  of  the 
pappus  ovate,  .slightly  denticulate,  abruptly  awn-pointed  ;  aehenia  hairy  on 
the  angles.  —  River  banks,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  May  -  June.  —  Stem 
10-2°  high. 


COMPOSITE.       (composite    FAMILY.)  263 

§  2.   Rays  neutrai:   stems  mostly  simple :   heads   solitary :   perennials.  — 
Leptopoda. 

6.  H.  Nuttallii,  Gray.  Smooth  or  nearly  so ;  leaves  entire  or  obscurely 
serrate,  lauceolate  or  linear,  the  lower  ones  decurrent,  the  lowest  tapering 
into  a  petiole  ;  rays  20  -  30  in  a  single  row ;  scales  of  the  pappus  lacerate,  and 
mostly  bristle-pointed ;  achenia  smooth.  —  Margins  of  pine  barren  ponds, 
Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward.  April -May.  —  Stem  l°-2° 
high. 

7.  H.  fimbriatum,  Gray.  Stem  smooth,  sometimes  branching,  the 
peduncle  slightly  pubescent ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  ob- 
scurely serrate,  decurrent ;  scales  of  the  pappus  fimbriate. — Low  pine  bar- 
rens, Florida,  and  westward.     April  -  May.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 

8.  H.  vernale,  Walt.  Closely  pubescent ;  leaves  somewhat  fleshy,  linear- 
lanceolate,  sessile  but  not  decurrent,  denticulate  ;  the  lowest  spatulate-lanceo- 
late,  toothed  or  piuuatifid  ;  scales  of  tlie  pappus  obtuse,  with  sliglitly  lacerated 
margins.  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward. 
April  -  May.  —  Stem  2^  high. 

9.  H.  brevifolium,  Gray.  Stem  pubescent  above,  often  sparingly 
branched ;  leaves  entire,  more  or  less  decurrent,  the  upper  ones  lanceolate, 
the  lowest  spatulate-oblong,  obtuse ;  scales  of  the  pappus  obtuse,  slightly 
lacerate  at  the  ajjex.  —  Wet  places,  Alabama  to  North  Carolina.  May  -  June. 
—  Stem  1°  -  3°  high.     Heads  large. 

10.  H.  Curtisii,  Gray.  Glabrous;  stem  often  branching;  leaves  lanceo- 
late, entire,  decurrent ;  scales  of  the  pappus  obovate,  nearly  entire ;  achenia 
hairy  on  tlie  angles.  —  Raleigh,  North  Carolina  (  Curtis).  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 
Leaves  3'  -  4'  long. 

72.    DYSODIA,  Cav. 

Heads  many-flowered,  the  rays  pistillate.  Livolucre  bracted,  the  scales 
partly  united  in  a  single  row.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Achenia  4-angled. 
Pappus  of  chaffy  finely  divided  scales. — Branching  odorous  annuals,  with 
pinuately  divided  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers. 

1.  D.  Ohrysanthemoides,  Lag.  Stem  1°  high  ;  leaves  opposite  with 
very  narrow  toothed  lobes;  rays  few  and  short;  pappus  bristly. —  Waste 
ground,  Tennessee,  and  westward. 

73.    PECTIS,  L. 

Heads  several-flowered,  radiate.  Rays  pistillate.  Disk  flowers  somewhat 
2-lipped,  perfect.  Involucre  cylindrical.  Scales  5-8,  in  a  single  row.  Re- 
ceptacle naked. — Branches  of  the  style  short,  obtuse.  Acheiiium  linear. 
Pappus  composed  of  about  five  unequal  bristle-pointed  scales.  —  Chiefly  an- 
nuals. Leaves  opposite,  glandular-dotted,  bristly  on  the  margins.  Flowers 
small,  yellow. 

1.  P.  linifolia,  Less.  Stem  diffusely  branched  (6'- 12' high)  ;  leaves 
linear,  connate  ;  heads  small,  on  long  and  slender  bracted  peduncles  ;  scales 
of  the  involucre  .slightly  produced  at  the  base ;  achenia  hairy.  —  South 
Florida.     Oct. 


2G4  coMrosiT.K.      (coMrosiTi:  ia.mikv.) 

2.  p.  ciliaris,  !•«•  Stom  erect,  smouth  ;  loaves  linear,  liristly-f ringed 
lu'lciw  tlic  iiiidiilf  ;  licails  nearly  sessile ;  rays  3  ;  jiajijiiis  of  tiie  disk  (ii>\vers  of 
5  laiHiulali-  acinninate  seales,  of  the  rays  only  .'i.  —  Iveys  of  Caxinitias  Hay, 
youth  Florida.     Oet.  —  Stem  G'-  1 2'  lii<rli- 

74.    ANTHEMIS,  L.    Maxwlku. 

Heads  many-flowered,  the  rays  pistillate  or  neutral.  Scales  of  the  hemi- 
splierieal  involmre  inii)ricated  in  few  riiws, shorter  tiian  the  disk.  Hecejjtaele 
conie;\l,  chaffy  tiinjughout,  or  only  at  the  suiuniit.  Acheuia  ohovoid,  rihbed, 
smooth.  I'appus  none. —  Branching  annuals.  Leaves  alternate,  thrice  pin- 
nately  divided.     Heads  solitary,  terminal.     Kays  white. 

1.  A.  Cotula,  L.  Stem  1''  high  ;  divisions  of  the  leaves  linear;  scales  of 
the  involucre  with  scarious  margins;  disk  yellow.  —  Waste  places.  Intro- 
duced.    May -June. 

75.    ACHILLEA,  L.    Yaurow. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  rays  pistillate,  few  aud  short.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  imbricated.  Receptacle  flat  or  elongated,  chaffy.  Achenia  ob- 
loug,  compressed,  margined.  Pappus  none.  —  Perennial  herbs.  Leaves 
alternate,  commonly  ])inuately  divided.     Heads  small,  corymbose. 

1.  A.  Millefolium,  L.  Stems  (1°  high)  simple,  pubescent,  tufted; 
leaves  lanceolate,  bipinnatifid,  the  divisions  linear,  .3  -  .5-cleft ;  corymbs  dense, 
compound  ;  rays  4-5,  white.  —  Uld  fields  aud  around  dwellings.  Introduced. 
May  -  Sept. 

76.     CHRYSANTHEMUM,  Tourn.    Ox-ete  D.msy. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  rays  numerous,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre imbricated,  broad,  rounded,  with  scarious  margins.  Recei)tacle  flat  or 
convex,  naked.  Achenia  nearly  terete.  Pappus  none.  —  Perennial  herbs. 
Leaves  alternate,  toothed  or  pinnatifid.  Heads  solitary,  terminating  the 
stem  or  branches.     Pays  white. 

1.  C.  Leucanthemum,  L.  Stem  (6'- 12' high)  simple,  naked  above  ; 
leaves  pinnatifid;  the  lowest  spatulateobovate  ;  the  upper  lanceolate ;  heads 
showy.  —  Fields.     Introduced.     !May  -  June. 

77.    TANACETUM,  L.    Taxsy. 

Heads  many-flowered,  discoid  ;  the  flowers  all  fertile  ;  the  marginal  ones 
chiefly  pistillate,  .3-5-toothed.  Scales  of  the  involucre  iml)ricated,  dry.  Re- 
ceptacle convex,  naked.  Achenia  angled  or  ribbed.  Pappus  a  narrow  border, 
or  none.  —  Herbs  with  alternate  dissected  leaves,  and  solitary  or  corymbose 
heads  of  yellow  flowers. 

1.  T.  VUlgare,  L.  Stem  smooth,  erect ;  leaves  bipinnately  divided,  the 
lobes  serrate  ;  heads  corymbose,  numerous ;  pappus  5-lobed.  —  Common  in 
gardens,  and  sparingly  naturalized  in  North  Carolina.  ^  —  Stem  l°-2*' 
hiffh. 


COMPOSITJE.      (composite    FAMILY.)  265 

78.    ARTEMISIA,  L.    Wormwood. 

Heads  few-  or  many-flowered,  discoid  ;  the  central  flowers  perfect,  5-toothed 
(sometimes  abortive),  tlie  marginal  ones  pistillate,  Stoothed.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  imbricated,  mostly  with  scarious  margins.  Receptacle  convex, 
naked  or  villous.  Achenia  obovoid.  Pappus  none. — Aromatic  herbs  or 
shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  pinnately  divided.  Heads  small,  in  panicled  spikes 
or  racemes. 

1.  A.  caudata,  Michx.  Smooth;  stem  slender,  branching;  lowest 
leaves  2  -  3-pinnately  divided,  the  upper  ones  pinnate,  with  the  divisions  fili- 
form ;  heads  globular,  in  small  racemes,  forming  an  elongated  panicle.  —  Dry 
opeu  woods.  West  Florida,  and  northward.  Sept.  (2) — Stem  2° -6°  high. 
Receptacle  naked.     Disk  flowers  abortive. 

2.  A.  vulgaris,  L.  (Mugwort.)  Stem  branching ;  leaves  white-downy 
beneatli,  pinuatifid,  with  the  lobes  lanceolate  ;  heads  downy,  iu  slender  ter- 
minal spicate  panicles  ;  flowers  all  perfect.  —  Waste  grounds.     Introduced. 

3.  A.  biennis,  Willd.  Biennial,  smooth;  stem  simple  (l°-3°  high); 
leaves  1  -  2-pinnatifid,  the  linear  lobes  sharply  toothed  ;  heads  crowded  in 
terminal  and  axillary  spikes,  wliich  form  a  long  narrow  leafy  panicle  ;  flowers 
all  perfect.  —  West  Tennessee. 

4.  A.  annua,  L.  Annual,  glabrous;  stem  2° -3°  high,  pauiculately 
branched;  leaves  bipinnately  divided,  the  lobes  incised;  panicles  spreading ; 
heads  nodding. — Tennessee.     Introduced. 

79.     SOLIVA,  Ruiz  &  Pavon. 

Heads  many-flowered,  mona'cious  ;  the  fertile  flowers  in  several  rows,  apeta- 
lous  or  nearly  so ;  the  staminate  few  in  the  centre,  with  a  3  -  6-tootlied  corolla. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  5  - 10,  in  a  single  row.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Ache- 
nia compressed,  with  winged  or  thickened  margins,  armed  with  the  persistent 
rigid  style.  Pappus  none.  —  Small  depressed  herbs,  with  petiuled  pinnately 
divided  leaves,  and  small  sessile  or  rarely  pedunculate  heads. 

1.  S.  nasturtiifolia,  DC.  Very  low  and  depressed;  leaves  on  short 
petioles,  pinnately  parted  ;  the  lobes  3  -  4  on  each  side,  obtuse,  entire  ;  heads 
sessile ;  achenia  cuneiform,  villous  at  the  apex ;  the  callous  margin  tubercu- 
late-rugose  throughout.  —  South  Carolina,  around  Charleston.  Introduced. 
Feb.  -  May. 

80.     ARNICA,  L. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  rays  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  campanu- 
late  involucre  lanceolate,  equal,  in  about  two  rows.  Receptacle  flat,  hairy. 
Achenia  terete,  narrowed  downward,  somewhat  ribbed.  Pappus  a  single 
row  of  rough  bristly  hairs.  —  Perennial  herbs.  Leaves  opposite,  undivided. 
Heads  single  or  coryml)ose. 

1.  A.  nudioaulis,  Xutt.  Hirsute;  radical  leaves  spreading,  oval  or 
obovate,  obtuse,  3 -5-ril)bed,  serrate  or  entire;  tiie  others  (2-3  pairs)  dis- 
tant, oblong,  sessile ;  heads  corymbose,  showy ;  achenia  smoothisli.  —  Wet 
pine  barrens,  Florida,  and  northward.  April -May. —  Stem  l°-2^  Jiigh, 
simple,  or  with  few  opposite  branches. 


2G6  COMPOSITE.       (COMPOSITK    FAMILY.) 

81.       SENECIO,    I-       (luoINDSKI.,    ]{l  TTKH-WEED. 

Heads  in.iiiv-tUnveiod  ;  tlie  Howers  iill  luhuliir  iiii<l  jicrfi-ct,  or  with  pistillate 
rays.  Si-ah'S  of  the  involucre  in  a  single  row,  often  hracteil.  lUceptatle 
naked  or  alveolate.  Aeiienia  not  l>eiiked  nor  winged.  Tapjiusof  copious  soft 
hairs.  —  Ilerhs,  with  entire  or  pinnately  divided  leaves.  Heads  corymbose. 
Flowers  jellow.  Pubescence  mostly  webi)y  and  deciduous. 
*  Annual:  heads  radiate. 

1.  S.  lobatus,  I'ers.  Smooth;  stem  furrowed,  liolbnv ;  loaves  tender, 
lyrate-pinnatifid,  with  rounded- toothed  lobes;  the  earliest  orbicular,  loug- 
petioled  ;  rays  aliout  12. —  Hiver  bottoms.  March- April.  —  Stem  \°-3° 
hiij;ii.     Lolling  of  tiie  loaves  variable. 

**  Perennial:    heads   radiate:    loiresl  leaves  petioled,   undivided;    the  others 
jiinnateli/  lohed  or  toothed ;  the  upjiermosl  sessile. 

2.  S.  aureus,  L-  Smooth,  or  more  or  less  woolly  when  young ;  stem  {2° 
hio-h)  sbnib'r;  radical  leaves  longpetiolod,  round-cordate,  crenate  ;  the  others 
lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  jiinuatitid  ;  rays  8- 12;  achenia  smooth. — 
Mountains  of  North  (Carolina.     July. 

Var.  obovatUS,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Sinoothish ;  leaves  chiefly  radical,  thick, 
obovate  or  roundish,  creuate,  ou  short  winged  petioles;  those  of  tiie  stem 
small,  pinnatifid ;  heads  crowded;  rays  9-12;  achenia  smooth. —  Kocky 
places,  West  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  Ajiril-May. —  Stem  1°  high. 
Radical  leaves  2' -3'  wide. 

Var.  Balsamitse,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Radical  leaves  spatulate-lanceolate  or 
obovate;  lower  part  of  the  stem  often  densely  woolly ;  achenia  hairy. — Dry 
open  woods  ill  the  ii|i])or  districts.     May- June. 

3.  S.  tomentOSUS,  Michx.  Woolly  and  hoary  throughout;  the  leaves 
becoming  smoothish  ;  lowest  leaves  oblong,  crenate,  obtuse  ;  stem  leaves  few, 
scattered,  lanceolate,  acute,  serrate  or  toothed  ;  rays  12  -  15  ;  achenia  hairy.  — 
Damp  soil,  Florida  to  North  Cai-olina.  April -May.  —Stems  mostly  simple, 
2°  -  3°  high.     Heads  rather  large. 

*  *  *  Perennial:  heads  radiate :  leaves  all  hipinnateli/  dissected. 

4.  S.  Millefolium,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Woolly  when  young,  at  length 
nearly  SHU )otli  ;  steins  tufted,  corymbose  above;  leaves  lanceolate,  with  the 
divisions  linear  and  toothed,  the  lowe.st  ones  petioled ;  heads  crowded ;  rays 
9-12.  —  M(mntainsof  North  Carolina  [Buckleij).     June.  —  Stems  l°-2°high. 

*  *  *  *  Perenni(d :  heads  large,  discoid :  leai^es  all  entire. 

5.  S.  Rugelia,  Gray.  Minutely  pubescent ;  rhizoma  creeping ;  stem 
simple,  erect ;  loaves  ovate,  acute  at  each  end,  denticulate;  the  lowest  large 
(2' -4'),  crowded,  on  long  margined  petioles,  the  others  small,  scattered,  and 
nearly  sessile ;  heads  on  long  bracted  peduncles.  —  Smoky  Mountains,  Ten- 
nessee (Rufjel,  Buckley).  —  Stem  1^  high. 

82.    ERECHTHITES.  Raf.    Fireweed. 

Heads  many-flowered,  discoid  ;  the  marginal  flowers  pistillate,  very  slender, 
2-3-toothed;    the  others  perfect,  4-5-toothed.     Scales  of  the  cylindrical 


COMPOSIT.E.       (composite    FAMILY.)  267 

involucre  in  a  single  row,  linear,  acute,  bracted.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia 
oblong,  striate.  Pappus  of  copious  soft  hairs.  —  Erect  annual  herbs,  with 
alternate  simple  leaves,  and  corymbose  heads  of  greenish  flowers. 

1.  E.  hieracifolia,  Kaf.  Stem  mostly  branched,  smooth  or  hairy ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  sessile,  sharply  serrate  or  toothed  ;  the  upper  somewhat  clasping; 
bracts  subulate,  minute  ;  pappus  white.  —  Rich  soil,  common.  July-  Sept.  — 
Stem  l°-5°high. 

83.    CACALIA,  L. 

Heads   5  -  many-flowered ;    the   flowers   all    tubular   and   perfect,    5-cleft.  . 
Scales  of  the  involucre  5-30,  in  a  single  row.     Receptacle  flat,  naked,  or  with 
a  tubercular  prominence  in  the  centre.     Achenia  oblong,  smooth.     Pappus 
of  numerous  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial,  mostly  smooth  and  tall  herbs, 
with  alternate  entire  or  lobed  leaves,  and  corymbose  heads  of  white  flowers. 
*  Rereptadejiat :  involucre  about  \2-leaved,  2o -30-Jlowered. 

1.  C.  suaveolens,  L.  Smooth;  leaves  ovate,  hastate,  acute,  toothed- 
serrate,  on  winged  petioles ;  the  uppermost  sessile  ;  bracts  filiform.  —  Low 
ground,  West  Florida,  and  northward.     Sept.  -  Oct.  —  Stem  3°  -  5°  high. 

*  *  Receptacle  tubercular  in  the  centre  :  scales  of  the  involucre  and  flowers  5. 

2.  C.  reniformis,  Muhl.  Stem  angled  ;  leaves  not  glaucous,  angularly 
toothed,  on  slender  jietioles ;  the  lowest  large,  reniform,  the  upper  ones 
roundish;  corymb  compound.  —  Damp  soil  in  the  mountains  of  Nortli  Caro- 
lina and  Tennessee.  July -August. —  Stem  4° -9°  high.  Radical  leaves 
sometimes  2°  in  diameter,  the  teeth  mucronate. 

3.  C.  atriplicifolia,  L.  Stem  terete,  corymbosely  branched  above; 
leaves  glaucous  beneath,  angularly  lobed,  the  lobes  mostly  entire,  mucronate ; 
the  lowest  ones  reniform ;  the  upper  rhomboid  ;  corymbs  compound.  —  Woods 
and  moist  banks,  Florida,  and  nortliward.  August  -  Sept.  —  Stem  4°  -  8° 
high.     Leaves  smaller  and  thicker  than  the  last. 

4.  C.  diversifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  angled ;  leaves  not  glaucous, 
petioled ;  the  lowest  broadly  cordate  or  cordate-ovate,  obtusely  toothed,  the 
upper  3  -  5-lobed.  —  Muddy  banks  of  the  Chipola  River,  Marianua,  West 
Florida.     May  -  August.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 

5.  C.  OVata,  Walt.  Stem  terete  ;  leaves  glaucous  beneath,  3-5-nerved, 
ovate  or  oval,  obtuse,  entire  or  wavy-toothed  ;  the  lowest  long-petioled ;  the 
upper  ones  sessile ;  corymbs  open.  —  Swamps,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward. 
July  -  August.  —  Stem  3°  -  4*  high.     Lowest  leaves  5'  -  8'  long. 

6.  C.  tuberosa,  Nutt.  Stem  angled ;  leaves  not  glaucous,  oval  or 
lanceolate-oblong,  strongly  5  -  7-nerved,  entire  or  slightly  toothed  ;  the  lowest 
long-petioled  ;  corymlts  dense.  —  Swamps,  Alabama,  and  westward.  August  - 
Sept.  —  Stem  3°  -  .5°  high.     Leaves  tliick. 

7.  C.  Floridana,  Gray.  Stem  stout,  furrowed,  2° -4"  high;  leaves 
oval,  strongly  nerved,  dentate-serrate,  the  lower  long-petioled ;  lobes  of  the 
corolla  as  long  as  the  throat.  —  Dry  sandy  barrens,  East  Florida.     Sept. 

8.  C.  lanceolata,  Kutt.  Stem  terete  ;  leaves  rather  fleshy,  lanceolate 
or  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  coarsely  toothed,  3-nerved,  somewhat  glaucous ; 


268  coMPOsiT.E.     (composite  family.) 

the  lowest  taperiiifj  into  a  long  petiole,  the  upjjer  sessilo.  —  Marshos,  Georgia, 
Florida,  and  westward.  Aug.  -  Sept.  —  Stem  3°-5°  liigli.  Lowest  leaves  1° 
or  more  long. 

Tkihe  V.  CYNAKEiE.  Heads  discoid ;  the  jhwcrs  idl  tubular ;  the  exterior 
ones  sonu'times  enktnjed  and  iui/-lik-e :  style  thickened  at  the  summit ;  t/ie 
stigmatic  lines  extending  to  the  summit  nf  the  branches,  without  appendages. 

84.     CNICUS,  'luurn.     Thistle. 

Heads  many-flowered,  diseuid  ;  the  flowers  all  similar  and  ])erfect.  Scales 
of  the  involucre  inil)ricaled  in  many  rows,  all  but  the  innermost  ones  usually 
spinc-iiointed.  Receptacle  bri.stly.  Achenia  oblong,  compressed,  smooth. 
I'ajipus  uf  numerous  plumose  hairs.  —  Herbs,  with  alternate  se.ssile  or  decur- 
rent  mostly  pinnatifid  and  s])in\-  leaves.     Heads  large,  subglobose.     Flowers 

purple  or  whitish. 

*  Leaves  decurrent. 

1.  C.  lanceolatUS,  Iloffm.  Stem  hairy,  branched;  leaves  pinnatifid, 
spiny,  hirsute  above,  woolly  beneath ;  scales  of  the  involucre  webby,  tipped 
with  strong  erect  spines ;  flowers  purple.  —  Waste  ground  in  the  upper 
districts.     Introduced.     Sept.    (2)  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 

*  *  Leaves  sessile, 

■t-   Scales  of  the  involucre  tipped  with  spreading  sjiines. 

2.  C  altissimus,  Willd.  Stem  tall,  pubescent;  the  branches  leafy  to 
the  summit ;  leaves  rougli-pubescent  above,  hoary-tomentose  beneath,  fringed 
witli  fine  prickles ;  the  lowest  petioled,  pinnatifid  ;  the  upper  sessile,  entire  or 
pinnately  lobed;  heads  bracted  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  webl)y  when  young, 
tijjped  with  a  weak  prickle;  flowers  purple.  —  Fields  and  thickets.  August - 
Sept.  —  Stem  3° -10°  high.  Heads  about  1' iu  diameter.  Involucre  some- 
what viscid. 

Var.  discolor,  Gray.  Leaves  nearly  all  deeply  pinnatifid,  tlie  divisions 
narrow,  2  -3-lobed,  spine-pointed,  and  fringed  along  tlie  margins.  —  With  the 
preceding. 

3.  C.  Nuttallii,  Gray.  Stem  angled,  paniculately  branched,  smooth  or 
hairy ;  the  branches  naked  at  the  summit ;  leaves  clasping,  soft-hairy,  becom- 
ing smoothish  above,  pinnatifid ;  the  numerous  spreading  lobes  lanceolate, 
3-toothed,  tipped  with  strong  spines,  and  ciliate  on  the  margins ;  heads  numer- 
ous, small,  bractless ;  scales  of  the  involucre  appi'cssed,  viscid,  tipjiod  with  a 
short,  at  length  s])reading  prickle;  corolla  white  or  pale  purple.  —  Dry  light 
soil,  Florida  to  S(jutli  Carolina.  July- August..  —  Stem  3° -8°  high.  Heads 
8"-  10"  in  diameter. 

4.  C.  Virginianus,  Fursh.  Stem  slender,  simple  or  sparingly  branched, 
hoary-tomentose  ;  leaves  linear,  or  linear-lanceolate,  rigid,  smooth  above,  hoary 
beneath;  the  margins  revolute,  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  and  spiny  ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  viscid,  spiny ;  flowers  purple.  —  I'ine  barren  swamps,  Florida,  and 
northward.     August  -  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.     Heads  ^'  in  diameter. 

■*-  -t-  Scales  of  the  involucre  spineless,  or  the  outer  ones  spine-pointed. 

5.  C.  muticus,  Fursh.  Stem  tall,  brandling,  commoidy  hairy ;  leaves 
with  scattered  hairs  above,  pubescent  or  at  length  nearly  smooth  beneath, 


COMPOSIT.E.       (composite    FAMILY.  J  269 

bristly-ciliate  on  the  margins,  deeply  pinuatificl;  the  lobes  lanceolate,  2-3- 
toothed,  spiny  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  unarmed,  webby,  viscid  ;  flowers  purple. 

—  Swamps  in  the  upper  districts.    August  -  Sept.  —  Stem  3°  -  8°  high.    Heads 
r  in  diameter, 

6.  C.  Lecontei,  Gray.  Stem  simple,  or  with  1 -3  nearly  naked  branches 
hoary-tomentose ;  leaves  lanceolate,  smooth  above,  lioary  beneath,  entire,  the 
margins  fringed  with  bristly  hairs,  and  spiny ;  the  earliest  ones  piuuatifid ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  cuspidate,  viscid,  not  webby  ;  flowers  purple.  —  Pine 
barren  swamps,  Florida,  Georgia,  and  westward.  July- August.  — Stem  2°- 
3°  high,  rigid.     Heads  1'  in  diameter. 

7.  C.  repandus,  Ell.  Webby  throughout  when  young;  stem  simple, 
very  leafy ;  leaves  oblong-linear,  clasping,  the  margins  undulate  and  closely 
fringed  with  bristly  spines ;  heads  mostly  solitary ;  flowers  purple.  —  Dry 
pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     June- July.     Stem  l°-2°  high. 

8.  C.  horridulus,  Pur,sh.  Webby  when  young,  at  length  smootliish ; 
stem  tliick,  branching ;  leaves  cla.sping,  pinnatifid,  armed  with  long  and  stout 
spines ;  heads  large,  surrounded  by  a  whorl  of  linear  pectinate  spiny  bracts ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  liuear-subulate,  spine-pointed ;  flowers  purple  or  yel- 
lowish.—  Sandy  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  April -May.  —  Stem  l°-3'^ 
high,  often  purple. 

85.    ARCTIUM,   L.      Burdock. 

Heads  many-flowered,  discoid ;  the  flowers  all  perfect  and  similar.  Scales 
of  the  globose  involucre  imbricated,  coriaceous,  with  subulate  spreading 
hooked  tips.  Eeceptacle  flat,  bristly.  Achenia  oblong,  compressed,  trans- 
versely rugose.  Pappus  o'f  numerous  .shoi-t  caducous  bristles.  Anthers  cau- 
date at  the  base.  —  Biennial  branching  herbs,  with  large  cordate  petioled 
leaves.     Heads  small.     Flowers  purple  or  white. 

1.  A.  Lappa,  L.  Leaves  undulate  on  the  margins,  pubescent  beneath; 
the  upperniost  ovate  ;  heads  corymbose  ;  involucre  smootii  or  webby. —  Waste 
places,  North  Carolina.     Introduced  from  Europe. 

86.     CENTAUREA,   L.      Star  Thistle. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  marginal  flowers  mostly  large  and  sterile. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated.  Receptacle  bristly.  Achenia  compressed. 
Pappus  of  rough  bristles  in  one  or  more  rows,  sometimes  wanting.  —  Herbs. 
Leaves  alternate.     Heads  solitary. 

1.  C.  Calcitrapa,  L.  Stem  diffusely  branched,  hairy  ;  leaves  pinnately 
lobed  ;  the  lobes  linear,  toothed  ;  heads  .ses.sile  ;  involucre  spiny ;  pappus  none. 

—  North  Carolina.     Naturalized.  —  Flowers  purple. 

2.  C.  SOlstitialis,  L.  Stem  branching,  woolly ;  lowest  leaves  pinnati- 
fid, the  upper  sessile,  entire  ;  heads  small,  ovate,  glabrous ;  involucre  spiny  ; 
pappus  double.  —  Coast  of  North  Carolina.     Introduced. 

3.  C.  Benedicta,  L.  Stem  low,  spreading,  villous ;  leaves  oblong, 
clasping,  toothed,  prickly  ;  heads  ovoid,  sessile,  bracted  ;  spines  of  the  invo- 
lucre pectinate  ;  flowers  yellow ;  achenia  10-toothed  ;  pappus  double.  —  Waste 
ground.     Introduced. 


270  COMPOSITE,     (composite  family.) 

SrHoKDKK  II.     LAinATIFLOK.K. 

Tribe  VI.  MUTISIACI'L^l  JIkhIs  with  the  Jlvwvrs  dissimilar  or  rarely 
diiecioHS  ;  the  iiiiinjiiiiil  imcs  /listillnli  <ir  uiulnil,  liijulute  or  bilabiate :  stifle  as 
in  Tribe  V. 

87.     CHAPTALIA,    Vent. 

Heads  niaiiy-fluwcrcd,  radiate.  Way  (lowers  pistillate,  in  two  rows,  the 
outer  ones  lij^ulate,  the  inner  ones  ligiilate  or  3-5-toothed  and  filiform.  Disk 
flowers  perfect  but  sterile,  hilalnate,  the  outer  lip  3-cleft,  the  inner  2-cleft. 
Anthers  caudate.  Scales  of  the  cylindrical  involucre  lanceolate,  acute,  imbri- 
cated in  few  rows.  Receptacle  naked.  Fertile  achenia  oblong,  smooth,  nar- 
rowed at  each  end.  Pajjpus  of  numerous  bri.stly  hairs.  —  Stemless  perennial 
herbs;  the  simple  scape  bearing  a  single  head  of  white  or  purplish  flowers. 
Leaves  smooth  above,  white  tomeutose  beneath. 

1.  C.  tomentosa,  Vent.  —  Low  ])iue  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
Feb.  -April.  —  Scape  tomeutose,  6'-  12'  high.  Leaves  spatulate-lauceolate  or 
oblong.     Heads  nodding. 

Suborder  III.     LIGULIFLOKvE. 

Tribe  VII.  CICHORACE^'E.  Sti/le  cylindrical  above  and  pubescent,  like 
the  rather  obtuse  branches :  the  stigmutic  lines  terminating  below  or  near  the 
middle  of  the  branches.  —  Plants  with  milky  juice:  leaves  alternate. 

88.    APOGON,   Kll.. 

Heads  10-20-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  mostly  8,  somewhat  in  two 
rows,  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla,  conniveut  iu  fruit.  Receptacle  naked. 
Achenia  ovoid-oblong,  terete,  ribbed  and  transversely  striate,  smooth.  Pap- 
pus none.  —  A  low  smooth  and  branching  annual,  with  lanceolate  entire  or 
toothed  leaves,  and  single  or  umbellate  heads  of  yellow  flowers,  borne  on 
slender  peduncles. 

1.  A.  humilis,  Ell.  —  Fhirida  to  South  Carolina,  April  -  May. — 
Stem  leaves  clasping;  the  uppernio.>t  mostly  opposite.  —  Plant  6'-  12'  high. 

89.     KRIGIA,    Schreb. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  iuA'olucre  6-15.  Achenia  short,  ob- 
long or  top-shaped,  ob.scurely  4-angled,  not  beaked.  Pappus  double  ;  the 
outer  of  very  small  chaffy  scales  ;  the  inner  of  bristles.  —  Perennial  or  annual 
nearly  smooth  herbs,  bearing  single  or  umbellate  heads  of  yellow  flowers  on 
long  peduncles  or  scapes.     Leaves  alternate,  entire  or  pinnatifid. 

§  1.  Annual,  nearly  stemless:  scales  and  bristles  of  the  pappus  5:  achenia 
top-shaped.  —  Krigia  proper. 

1.  K.  Virginica,  Willd.  Proper  stem  short,  simple  or  forking ;  .scapes 
at  length  several,  slightly  pubescent,  elongated  in  fruit ;  leaves  somewhat 
glaucous  ;  the  lowest  rounded,  entire  ;  the  others  spatulate-ol)long,  piimatifid. 
—  Dry  sandy  soil.     March -May.  —  Scapes  at  length  1°  high. 


COMPOSITE.        (composite    FAMILY.)  271 

§  2.     Perennial,  stemless  or  caulescent :   scales  and  bristles  of  the  pappus 
numerous:  achenia  cylindrical. — Cynthia. 

2.  K.  amplexicaulis,  Nutt.  Root  fibrous;  stem  branched  above,  bear- 
ing 3-5  heads  ou  slender  umbellate  peduncles ;  radical  leaves  oval  or  spatulate- 
oblong,  toothed  or  pinnatifid ;  the  upper  clasping  and  entire ;  achenia  oblong. 
—  Sandy  soil  in  the  upper  districts.     May- July.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 

3.  K.  montana,  Nutt.  Stem  short  (2' -5'  high),  from  a  short  root- 
stock;  peduncles  single,  axillary  and  terminal,  6' -8'  long;  leaves  clasping, 
the  lower  pinnatifid,  the  upper  linear,  entire.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina. 
August. 

4.  K.  Dandelion,  Nutt.  Stem  short  or  none ;  root  fibrous,  bearing  one 
or  more  globular  tubers ;  leaves  lanceolate  and  entire,  or  broader  and  pin- 
natifid; peduncles  two  or  more,  6'- 12'  long.  — Damp  rich  soil,  in  the  upper 
districts.     April. 

90.     CICHORIUM,   Touru.    Chiccort. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  double,  the  exterior  spreading.  Achenia 
striate,  compressed.  Pappus  of  numerous  chaffy  scales  in  1  -  2  rows.  —  Herbs. 
Leaves  toothed  or  pinnatifid.     Heads  sessile.     Flowers  blue. 

1.  C.  Intybus,  L.  vStem  rigid,  erect;  leaves  oblong,  toothed,  the  lower 
pinnatifiJ.  —  Waste  ground.     Introduced. 

91.     HIERACIUM,   Tourn. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  or  in  2  rows ; 
the  outer  row  short.  Receptacle  nearly  naked.  Achenia  not  beaked,  com- 
monly terete  or  spindle-shaped,  ribbed.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  persistent 
brownish  white  hairs.  —  Perennial  herbs  with  alternate  entire  or  toothed 
leaves,  and  single,  corymbose,  or  pauicled  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  —  Invo- 
lucre, in  our  species,  in  2  rows,  the  outer  short  and  bract-like. 

1.  H.  scabriim,  Michx.  Stem  stout,  leafy,  hirsute  below,  rough  above ; 
panicle  somewhat  corymbose ;  leaves  oval,  sessile ;  the  lowest  spatulate-oblong, 
hirsute;  peduncles  and  involucre  tomentose  and  glandular-hispid;  achenia 
cylindrical.  —  Open  woods  in  the  upper  districts.  Augu.st-Sept.  —  Stem 
l°-3°high.     Heads  large,  many-flowered.  "^ 

2.  H.  Gronovii,  L.  Stem  leafy  and  hirsute  below,  naked  and  smoother 
above  ;  leaves  entire  or  denticulate,  hirsute  ;  the  lowest  spatulate-oblong  ;  the 
upper  small,  sessile  ;  panicle  narrow,  elongated  ;  achenia  narrowed  upward.  — 
Dry  sandy  soil.  Sept.  -  Oct.  —  Stem  1  o  -  2°  high.  Lowest  leaves  spreading 
ou  the  ground. 

3.  H.  venosum,  L.  Stem  slender,  nearly  leafless,  smooth  ;  lowest  leaves 
oblong-obovate,  smooth,  or  hirsute  on  the  veins  beneath,  often  veined  with 
purple;  the  others  (1-3)  small  and  remote;  heads  small,  in  a  spreading 
corymbose  panicle,  smoothish  ;  achenia  linear.  —  Shady  soil  in  the  upper  dis- 
tricts.    May  -  July.  —  Stem  1  °  -  2°  high . 

4.  H.  paniculatum,  L.  Stem  slender,  leafy,  villous  below ;  leaves  thia 
lanceolate,  denticulate,  acute,  smooth ;  panicle  divaricate  ;  heads  small,  1 2  -  20- 


1'72  (OMroSIT.K.       ((X»MroSlTK    ka.milv.) 

Howi'IvmI  ;  iiiviplucro  siiiootli  ;  aclicnia  sliort,  nul  iiarruwcd  upward.  —  <(|icii 
wooils  alniii^  tlio  inimiilaiiis,  <  Jc(ir;;ia,  ami  iinrlliwanl.  Augti.sl -Sejit.  —  Stem 
2° -3°  liij^li.     reilumlfs  lilifunn. 

:>.  H.  Marianum,  \Vill«l.  stem  k-aiy ,  2^ - :i°  lii^li ;  leaves  oblong,  hir- 
sule  liciieatli,  tlic  luwe.st  layering  iiito  llie  densely  iiirsute  petiole,  llie  njiper 
distant,  sessile  ;  heads  small,  ((irvmbuse  ;  involucre  j^landiilar-liispid  ;  aclieuia 
slender,  cylindrical.  —  Mountains  of  tieor^ia,  and  nortliward.     .July. 

92.  PRENANTHES,  ^'aill. 

Heads  .'3- 2()-Howerc(l.  Involucre  cylindrical.  comi)(jsed  of  5-14  linear 
scales,  and  several  sliort  exterior  ones,  lieceptacle  naked.  Aclieiiia  linear- 
oljliWij^  or  cylindrical,  furroweil,  glabrous,  not  narrowed  ui)ward.  Tapjius  of 
uunieroua  straw-colored  or  brownish  bristly  hairs.  —  I'erennial  herbs,  with 
bitter  tuberous  roots,  entire  or  variously  Inbed  lea\es,  and  nio.stly  nodding 
heads  of  yellowish  wliile  or  ])urplisli  Howers,  in  slior(  racemes  or  clusters. 

1.  P.  crepidinea,  .Michx.  Smootiiish  ;  .stem  tall,  corynibo.sely  panided; 
leaves  (jblon^-o\ate  or  somewhat  hastate,  acute,  une(iually  toothed,  the  lowest 
ou  winged  petioles  ;  involucre  Itrown,  hairy,  of  12-14  scales,  20-35-flowered ; 
pappus  liglit  brown.  — Mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  'J'euue.ssee.  Sept. 
—  8teui  5°  -  8^  high.     Lower  leaves  8'  -  12'  long.     Tlowers  yellowish  white. 

2.  P.  alba,  L.  Smooth  ;  stem  paniculate,  purplish  ;  leaves  acutish,  anj^led, 
toothed,  or  variously  3  -  5-lobed  or  parted;  the  lowest  petioled  ;  the  upper- 
most nearly  sessile;  racemes  short,  spreading;  involucre  purplish,  of  about  8 
scales,  8- 12-Howered  ;  pappus  light  brown;  flowers  wliite  or  cream-color. — 
Open  woods  in  the  upper  districts  of  Georgia,  and  northward.  Sept.  —  Stem 
30  -  4°  high. 

3.  P.  altissima,  L.  Smooth  ;  stem  simple  or  sparingly  branched  above ; 
leaves  thin,  ovate  or  cordate,  petioled,  acuminate,  denticulate,  or  the  lower 
ones  palmately  3-.5-cleft  or  parted;  heads  in  .small  axillary  and  terminal 
clusters,  forming  a  long  panicle  ;  involucre  sleniler,  greenish,  of  about  .5  scales, 
5  -  6-flowered  ;  pappus  dirty  white  or  straw-colored.  —  Varies  with  the  wavy- 
toothed  leaves,  deltoid;  the  lowe.st  hastate -3-angled  or  parted.  —  Woods 
along  the  mountains,  Georgia,  and  northward.  Sept.  —  Stem  3°  -  5°  high. 
Flowers  yellowish,  or  greenish  white. 

4.  P.  serpentaria,  Pursh.  Smooth  or  sliglitly pubescent;  stem  corym- 
bosely  panicled  above;  leaves  deltoid,  mucronate,  pinnately  3-7-lo])ed.  on 
winged  petioles ;  the  upper  lanceolate,  often  entire  ;  clusters  small,  terminal ; 
involucre  greenish,  smooth  or  hairy,  of  about  8  scales,  8  -  12flowered ;  pappus 
straw-color.  —  Varies  Avith  the  lanceolate  or  oblong  leaves  mostly  sessile,  or 
the  uppermost  clasping;  the  12-1.5-flowered  involucre  hirsute  with  long 
purplish  hairs.  —  Dry  .sterile  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  Sept.  —  Stem  1°  - 
4°  high. 

5.  P.  virgata,  Michx.  Smooth  ;  stem  simple,  virgate  ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
acute,  sessile  or  partly  clasping  ;  the  uppermost  small,  entire  ;  the  lowest 
deeply  pinnatifid,  on  margined  petioles;  clusters  of  heads  small,  racemose; 
involucre  smooth,  purplish,  of  about  8  scales,  8-12-flowered;   pappus  straw- 


COMPOSITE.        (composite    FAMILY.)  273 

color. — Damp   soil,   Florida,    and   northward.     Sept. — Stem   2° -4°   liigli. 
Flowers  purplish. 

6.  P.  aspera,  Michx.  Hough-pubescent ;  stem  simple ;  leaves  oval-ot)- 
loug,  sharply  toothed ;  heads  erect,  clustered,  forming  a  compound  villous 
terminal  raceme;  involucre  of  8  or  9  hirsute  scales,  12- 14-flowered  ;  pappus 
straw-color. — Barrens  of  Tennessee,  and  northward.  —  Stem  2^-4°  high. 
Leaves  small.     Flowers  cream-color. 

93.    LYGODESMIA,  Don. 

Heads  5- 10-flowered.  Involucre  elongated,  cylindrical,  of  5-8  linear 
scales,  and  a  few  short  exterior  ones,  lieceptacle  naked.  Achenia  linear, 
elongated,  smooth,  striate,  not  narrowed  upward.  Pappus  of  copious  smooth- 
isli  white  hairs  in  several  rows.  —  Perennial  smooth  herbs,  with  linear  or 
filiform  leases.     Heads  solitary.     Flowers  rose-color. 

1.  Li.  aphylla,  DC.  Stem  simple  or  forking;  lowest  leaves  filiform, 
elongated  ;  the  others  remote,  small,  and  bract  like  ;  heads  showy.  —  Dry 
sandy  pine  barrens,  Georgia  and  Florida.  April- May. —  Stem  I°-2° 
high. 

94.     TARAXACUM,  Haller.     Dandelion. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  double ;  the  exterior  of  small  spreading 
scales  ;  the  interior  erect  in  a  single  row.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  ob- 
long, ribbed  or  angled,  muricate  on  the  ribs ;  the  apex  abruptly  produced 
into  a  long  beak  Pappus  of  copious  white  hairs.  —  Stemless  perennial  herbs. 
Scapes  hollow,  bearing  a  single  head  of  yellow  flowers.  Leaves  all  radical, 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  pinnatifid. 

1.  T.  oflB-Cinale,  Weber.  Leaves  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  acute,  toothed ; 
heads  showy.  —  Damp  .soil,  sj)aringly  naturalized. 

95.  PYRRHOPAPPUS,  DC. 

Heads  manv-flowered.  Involucre  double,  of  numerous  subulate  scales  ;  the 
inner  ones  erect  and  partially  united,  often  with  a  callous  appendage  at  the 
apex.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Achenia  oblong,  nearly  terete,  5-furrowed ; 
the  apex  narrowed  into  a  long  filiform  beak.  Pappus  of  copious  soft  reddish 
or  brownish  hairs.  —  Smootli  annual  herbs.  Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
commonly  toothed  or  pinnatifid.  Heads  solitary,  terminating  the  naked  stem 
or  peduncle-like  branches.     Flowers  yellow. 

1.  P.  Carolinianus,  DC  Stem  branching  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  mostly 
toothed  or  pinnatifid;  achenia  shorter  than  the  filiform  beak.  —  Field.s. 
April  -July.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 

96.  LACTUCA,  L.    Lettuce. 

Heads  few-  or  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  cylindrical  involucre  imbri^ 
cated  ;  the  outer  ones  short.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  compressed,  smooth, 
beaked.  Pappus  of  copious  short  white  hairs.  — Tall  biennial  herbs,  with 
entire  or  pinnatifid  clasping  leaves.  Heads  paniculate.  Flowers  \vhite,  pur- 
ple, blue,  or  yellow. 

18 


1,'74  COMl'OSIT.K.        (('((Ml'MSlTK    1  AMILV.) 

•  Arlii'iiia  iibni]itli/  contracted  into  ajilifnnn  hiak. 

1.  L.  graminifolia,  Miclix.  (ilubrous,  or  nearly  BO,  stem  simple,  or 
paniculate  ;ilii>M-,  2^-:")°  liijiii ;  leaxcs  linear,  acute,  4'- 12' loiij;,  the  lower 
mostly  ]iinnatitiil  in  the  middle,  the  earliest  otiovate  or  uhlong,  entire  ;  Howen* 
mostly  lilue  ;  achenia  ellijitical,  longer  than  the  beak.  —  Dry  sandy  soil  iu  the 
lower  districts.     .May  -  August. 

2.  L.  Canadensis,  L.  (Wild  Lettlck.)  Glabrous;  stem  3° -6°  high, 
paniculate  above  ,  leaves  piunatifid  from  the  base,  acute  or  acuminate,  6' -9' 
long,  the  upper  toothed  or  entire;  Howers  yellow;  achenia  oval-obl<»ng,  rather 
longer  than  the  beak.  —  Margins  of  fields,  and  woods.     July  -  .Sej)t. 

3.  L.  integrifolia,  Higel.  Stem  3° -5°  high,  paniculate  above,  gla- 
brous; leaves  oliloni^-lanceolate,  acuminate,  clasping,  entire,  or  the  lowest 
denticulate,  rarely  lobed,  3'-  6'  long  ;  Howers  dull  yellow ;  achenia  oval,  longer 
than  the  beak.  —  With  the  last,  iu  the  upper  districts.     July-  August. 

4.  L.  hirsuta,  Muhl.  Stem  hirsute  near  the  base,  3° -4°  high  ;  leaves 
deeply  jiinnatitid,  more  or  less  hirsute,  3'- 4' lojig;  Howers  purplish  or  dull 
red  ;  achenia  ol)longoval,  about  the  length  of  the  beak.  —  Upper  districts  of 
North  Carolina  (Curtis). 

♦  #  Achenia  tapering  into  a  short  stout  beak. —  Mulgeuium. 

H-  Pappus  white. 

5.  L.  acuminata,  Gray.  Smooth;  stem  panicled  above;  leaves  ovate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  toothed,  on  winged  petioles,  the  lowest  some- 
times sinuate-lobed  ;  heads  racemed,  on  spreading  peduncles.  —  Margins  of 
fields,  etc.  Sept.  (2)  —  Stem  3° -6°  high.  Leaves  3' - 6' long,  often  hairy 
beneath.     Flowers  blue. 

6.  L,  Floridana,  Ga^rt.  Smooth  ;  stem  panicled  above ;  leaves  all  pin- 
natiful  anil  tontlieil,  with  tiie  terminal  lobe  larger  and  3-angled,  or  the  upper- 
most lanceolate,  sessile  or  clasping  ;   heads  racemose-pauided  ;   flowers  blue. 

—  Rich   soil,  Florida   to   North   Carolina.      August  -  Sept.  —  Stem   3°  -  6*' 
high. 

■1-  •*-  Pappus  tawny. 

7.  L.  leucophaea,  Gray.  Smoothish ;  stem  panicled  above  ;  leaves 
numerous,  irregularly  piunatifid,  with  coarsely  toothed  lobes ;  the  te'-minal 
lobe  .3-angled,  or  in  the  upper  leaves  often  linear  and  entire;  racemes  panicled. 

—  Mountains  of  North  Carolina.     Sept.     (2)  — Stem  3°- 12°  high.     Leaves 
6'-  12'  long.     Flowers  pale  blue. 

97.    SONCHUS,  L. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated.  Receptacle 
naked.  Achenia  compressed,  ribbed,  not  beaked  nor  narrowed  at  the  apex. 
Pappus  of  copious  soft  white  hairs.  —Annuals.  Leaves  entire  or  pinnatifid. 
Heads  somewhat  umbelled.     Flowers  vellow. 

1.  S.  Oleraceus,  L.  Smooth;  stem  branching;  leaves  pinnatifid,  with 
spiny-toothed  lo})es,  clasping ;  the  lowest  petioled  ;  achenia  transversely  rough- 
ened. —  Waste  places.     Introduced.     June  -  August.  —  Stem  1  °  -  2°  high. 


LOBELIACE^       (LOBELIA    FAMILY.)  275 

2.  S.  asper,  Vill.  Smooth,  or  the  upper  part  of  the  stem  and  peduncles 
hispid  ;  leaves  entire,  clasping,  fringed  with  weak  spines ;  the  lowest  oblong- 
obovate,  the  upper  lanceolate  ;  acheuia  smooth.  —  Fields.  Florida,  and  north- 
ward.    June  -  August.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 


Order  76.     LOBELIACE^E.     (Lobelia  Family.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  milky  juice.  Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules. 
Flowers  irregular.  —  Calyx  5-lobed,  the  tube  adhei-ent  to  the  2-celled 
ovary.  Corolla  unequally  5-lobed,  valvate  iu  the  bud ;  the  tube  split 
on  one  side  to  the  base.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  calyx ;  the  anthers, 
and  commonly  the  filaments,  united  into  a  tube.  Style  solitary: 
stigma  2-lobed,  surrounded  with  a  ring  of  hairs.  Fruit  baccate  and 
indehiscent,  or  capsular  and  2-3-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  anat- 
ropous.  Embryo  straight  in  fleshy  albumen.  —  Acrid  poisonous 
plants. 

1.     LOBELIA,   L.      Lobelia. 

Corolla  bilabiate ;  the  upper  lip  small,  erect  or  reflexed,  2-parted,  the  lower 
spreading,  palniately  3-cleft ;  the  tube  straight.  Anthers,  or  a  part  of  them, 
bearded  at  the  apex,  curved.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-valved  at  the  apex,  many- 
seeded.  —  Stems  erect.  Leaves  undivided ;  the  serratures  glandular.  Flow- 
ers in  terminal  racemes  or  spikes.  Calyx  sometimes  with  an  appendage 
between  the  lobes. 

*  Flowers  scarlet. 

L    L.  cardinalis,  L.     (Cardixal-flower.)     Smooth  or  slightly  pubes- 
cent ;  stem  stout,  simple ;   leaves  lanceolate,  denticulate ;    bracts  leafy ;   sta- 
mens and  style  much  longer  than  the  corolla.  —  Muddy  banks.     July  -  Sept. 
11  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.     Raceme  many-flowered.     Flowers  very  showy. 
*  *  Flowers  blue  or  white. 
-i-  Tube  of  the  corolla  A"  or  more  long. 

2.  L.  syphilitica,  L.  Hairy ;  leaves  thin,  lanceolate,  acute  at  each 
end,  coarsely  serrate  ;  racemes  leafy,  many-flowered  ;  calyx  hairy ;  the  lance- 
olate denticulate  lobes  half  as  long  as  tiie  large  (T  long)  light  blue  corolla. 
—  Swamps  along  the  mountains.     August -Sept.     ^  —  Stem  l°-3°  high. 

3.  L.  puberula,  Miclix.  Softly  pubescent  or  villous,  or  sometimes 
nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  thickish,  mostly  obtuse,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  glandular- 
denticulate;  spikes  mostly  1-sided;  calyx  top-shaped,  the  linear  lobes  nearly 
as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  bright  blue  corolla.  —  Swamps  and  low  ground. 
August -Sept.  ::>/?  — Stem  l°-2°  high.  Corolla  half  as  large  as  in  the 
preceding. 

4.  L.  amoena,  Michx.  Smooth  or  rough-pubescent ;  leaves  scattered, 
oblong,  obtuse,  denticulate,  the  lower  ones  tapering  into  a  long  petiole,  the 
uppermost  nearly  sessile;  racemes  1-sided,  mnny-flowered  ;  calyx  lobes  linear- 
subulate,  mostly  glandular  ;  corolla  (1'  long)  bright  blue.  —  Swamps,  Florida 
to  South  Carolina,  and  westward.  Sept. -Oct.  ^  —  Stem  2° -4°  high. 
Lowest  leaves  3'  -  6'  long.     Bracts  small. 


27G  LoniCLIACK.K.        (l.OIUa.IA     FAMILY.) 

5.  L.  glandulOSa,  Wnlt.  SukidUi  nr  imhoscciit ;  stem  mostly  simple, 
uearlv  lealless  aliove  ;  leaves  thirk,  linear  or  linear-laticeolatu,  ^Imidular-ilen- 
ticulate,  sessile,  the  uppermost  seatteretl  ami  hract-like ;  racemes  l-sidcd,  .3- 
9-Ho\vere(l,  tlie  Howers  distant;  ealyx  smooth  or  iiirsute,  witii  linear  Klandnlar 
lobes;  corolla  (8"- 10"  long)  pale  itlue.  —  I'ine  itarren  s\vainj)S.  Oct.  y. — 
Stem  2^-4^  ioiii;.     Lower  leaves  2' -A'  long. 

6.  L.  Floridana,  Ciiapm.  Stem  stout  (;}°-r)''  iiigh);  lowest  leaves 
tliick,  lanceolate  or  stra])-sliaped,  sessile  hy  a  liroad  hase,  denticulate  (6'-9' 
long);  tiie  others  small  and  distant ;  raceme  many-Howered  ;  jiedicels  as  long 
as  the  linear  denticulate  bracts;  calyx  tui)e  obconical,  in  fruit  enclosing  the 
lower  lialf  of  the  ovoid  capsule,  the  ovate  lanceolate  lobes  mostly  denticulate, 
corolla  (8"  -  9"  long)  l)lue,  villous  within,  the  lower  lip  reHexed.  —  Wet  pine 
barrens,  Florida.     June -Sept. 

7.  L.  brevifolia,  Nutt.  stem  tliick,  virgate,  angled,  smootii  or  pul)e8- 
cent;  leaves  siiort  (4" -12"  long),  Hesliy,  oblong-linear,  ol)tuse,  toothed, 
spreading  or  reliexed ;  the  lowest  wedgc-sliaped ;  calyx  hirsute,  the  ovate- 
lanceolate  lobes  strongly  t(jothed,  tiie  5  ai>j)endages  obtuse ;  corolla  pale  blue. 
—  Damp  open  pine  barrens,  Florida,  Alabama,  and  westward.  Oct.  %  — 
Stem  1°-1^°  high.     Leaves  very  numerous. 

-1-  ■*-  Tithe  of  the  corolla  less  than  4"  long. 
■*-*  Stem  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate. 

8.  L.  spicata,  Lam.  Closely  pubescent ;  stem  slender,  simple ;  lowest 
leaves  ol)oviite  or  oblong,  obtuse,  denticulate  ;  the  upper  ones  small,  lanceolate, 
scattered;  tlowers  small,  in  a  long  dense  raceme,  on  short  pedicels,  corolla 
pale  blue. —  Dry  .soil  in  the  middle  and  up])er  districts.  August -Sept. 
(2)  ^  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  iiigh.     Corolla  4"  -  5"  long. 

9.  L.  Nuttallii,  K-  &  S.  Stem  very  ."^lender,  mostly  simple,  rougliish ; 
leaves  small,  entire;  the  low'est  clustered,  spatulate  or  obovate;  the  others 
distant,  linear;  tiowers  small,  scattered  in  a  long  and  slender  raceme,  on  fili- 
form pedicels  which  are  longer  than  the  bracts.  —  Low  ground,  Georgia, 
and  northward.  August -Sept.  —  Stem  1°-U°high.  Corolla  3" -4"  long, 
pale  blue. 

10.  L.  Boykinii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smooth;  stem  slender,  creeping  at 
tlie  base, sparingly  branclied  above;  leaves  small  (6"  long),  sulmlate,  scattered, 
the  lowest  scale  like  ;  racemes  loosely  many-flowered,  the  filiform  pedicels  and 
slender  calyx  lobes  spreading  ;  corolla  (3" -5"  long)  l)right  blue. —Margins 
of  pine  barren  ponds,  Florida  and  Georgia.     July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  high. 

11.  L.  paludosa,  Nutt.  Smooth:  stem  mostly  simple,  nearly  leafless ; 
radical  leaves  s])atulate-lanceolate  or  linear,  obtu.se,  crenulate;  the  others 
small,  linear  and  remote;  racemes  slender,  loose;  bracts  minute;  corolla 
small,  white  or  pale  hlue,  the  lower  lip  straight.  —  Pine  barren  swamps. 
May  -  August.  ^  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high.  Lowest  leaves  3'  -  9'  long.  Corolla 
¥  long. 

12.  L.  leptostachys,  A.  DC.  Closely  pubescent ;  stem  .slender,  .simple ; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  denticulate ;  flowers  small,  crowded  in  an 
elongated  spike  ;  appendages  of  the  calyx  10,  subulate,  as  long  as  the  tube.  — 


GOODEXIACE.E.       (gOODEXIA    FAMILY.)  277 

South  Carolina,  and  northward.     July -August.     %  —  Stem  l°-li°  high. 
Corolla  3"  -  4"  long. 

13.  L.  Canbyi,  Gray.  Stem  simple,  or  branching  above  (\°-2°  high) ; 
leaves  numerous,  linear,  glandular-denticulate  ;  racemes  long,  loosely  flowered ; 
bracts  longer  than  the  pedicels ;  calyx  tube  top-shaped,  half  the  length  of  the 
denticulate  lobes,  in  fruit  oblong,  covering  the  capsule ;  corolla  deep  blue, 
more  or  less  bearded  in  the  throat.  —  Wet  places,  South  Carolina   ( (Jruy). 

August. 

++  ++  Leaves  ovate,  toothed  or  serrate. 

14.  L.  Cliffortiana,  L.  Annual;  stem  branching  (1°-1|°  high); 
leaves  ovate,  petioled,  dentate,  the  upper  ones  narrower  and  sessile;  racemes 
loosely  many-flowered,  tiie  pedicels  longer  than  thebracts  and  flowers;  calyx 
tube  obconical,  enclosing  the  lower  half  of  the  ovoid  capsule,  the  lobes  subu- 
late. —  Southern  States  (  Graij).     Introduced. 

Var.  Xalapensis,  Gray.  Stem  weaker;  leaves  tliiuner;  tube  of  the 
calyx  enclosing  only  the  base  of  the  capsule ;  seeds  smooth.  —  Manatee,  South 
Florida  {Garber),  East  Florida  {Miss  Reynolds). 

15.  L.  Feayana,  Gray.  Annual,  smooth  (4' -8' high)  ;  stem  simple  or 
branched ,  leaves  few,  the  lowest  orbicular,  crenate,  petioled,  the  others  nar- 
rower, nearly  sessile;  racemes  loosely  4- 10-flowered ;  calyx  tube  obconical, 
in  fruit  enclosing  the  lower  half  of  the  capsule,  the  lobes  subulate;  seeds 
rough.  —  Damp  places.  East  Florida. 

16.  L.  Gattingeri,  Gray.  Smooth;  stem  weak,  branching ;  leaves  thin, 
sessile,  oljloug-uvate,  obtuse,  serrate,  the  lowest  obovate ;  racemes  peduucled, 
very  slender,  many-flowered  ;  calyx  tube  ovoid,  longer  than  its  pedicel,  shorter 
than  the  linear-subulate  entire  lobes;  corolla  (4" -5"  long)  deep  blue.  —  Bar- 
rens of  Tennessee.     April.  —  Stem  10' -20'  higli.     Leaves  2'  or  less  long. 

17.  L,  inflata,  L.  Pubescent  or  hairy  ;  stem  leafy,  branching  from  the 
base ;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  toothed,  sessile ;  racemes  leafy  below ;  corolla 
small,  pale  blue;  mature  capsule  ovoid,  inflated. — Dry  sterile  soil  in  the 
upper  districts.  August -Sept.  (T)  or  (2)  —  Stem  1°-1^'^  high.  Corolla 
2" -3"  long. 


Order  77.     GOODENIACE^E.     (Goodexia  Family.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  witli  water}'  jtiice,  alternate  exstipulate  leaves,  and 
irregular  flowers.—  Calyx  tubular,  3-5-lobed  or  entire,  more  or  less 
adherent  to  the  1  -  4-ceIled  ovary.  Corolla  irreg-ular,  unequally  5-lobed, 
induplicate  in  the  bud ;  the  tube  split  on  one  side,  or  5-parted.  Sta- 
mens 5,  free  from  the  corolla,  the  filaments  and  anthers  rarely  united. 
Style  commonly  single :  stigma  thick,  surrounded  with  a  cup-shaped 
mostly  ciliate  membrane.  Fruit  capsular  or  drupaceous.  Embryo 
straight,  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen. 

1.    SC^VOLA.  L. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  villous  witliin,  .5-lobed,  with  the  lobes  nearly  equal 
and  winged;  the  tube  split  on  one  side.     Filaments  and  anthers  free.     Drupe 


278  CAMPAXULACE.K.       (CAMPANULA    FAMILY.) 

1 -4-folletI,  the  rella  1-seeded.  —  Ilorha  or  slirubs.     Leaves  alternate.     Peduu- 
c'le.s  axillarv,  (iirlKjtoinou.s.     Flowt'r.s  blue  or  wliite. 

1.  S.  Plumieri,  V'ahl.  .Slimhbv.tlcsliy.siiiootli;  leaves  oldung-obovatc, 
eutire,  Ijearded  in  the  a.xils;  pedumh-.s  sliurler  than  tiie  leaves ;  cal\x  tul)iilar, 
truncate,  <ili.><rurely  .'i-tootlied  ;  corolla  thick,  split  to  the  base  ;  .stamens  short; 
ovarv  4-ovuled  ;  drupe  2-celled,  1 -seeded.  —  Coast  of  bouth  Florida. 


Okdek  78.     CAMPANULACE^.     (Campanula  Family.) 

Herbs,  with  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  and  regular  mo.stly  blue 
flowers.  —  Calyx  3-5-lobed,  adherent  to  the  ovary.  Corolla  5-lobed, 
valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  free  from  the  corolla,  the  bi'oad  fila- 
ments and  anthers  distinct.  Style  single,  hairy  above.  Stigmas  2  or 
more.  Capsule  li  -  several-celled,  many-seeded,  splitting  at  the  apex, 
or  opening  by  lateral  valves  or  holes.  Embryo  straight  in  fleshy 
albumen. 

1.     CAMPANULA,  L.     Bellflowek. 

Calyx  5-lobed.  Corolla  5  lobed,  mostly  bell-shaped.  Filaments  dilated  at 
the  base.  Stigmas  3,  slender.  Capsule  short,  3-ceIled,  opening  by  lateral 
valves.  —  Flowers  single,  spiked,  or  panicled. 

*  Flowers  single  oi'  panicled,  on  slender  spreading  pedicels :   corolla  small 
(3" -4"),  hell-shaped. 

1.  C.  aparinoides,  Pursh.  Stem  weak,  reclining,  the  angles,  as  also 
the  margins  and  uiidiil)  of  the  linear  nearly  entire  leaves,  hispid  backward; 
paincle  few-fiovvered  ;  calyx  lobes  triangular  ;  corolla  white.  —  Swamps  among 
tlie  mountains,  Georgia,  and  northward.  July  -  August.  —  Stem  1°  -  H^  '"'gli- 
Lowest  leaves  narrowly  obovate. 

2.  C.  divaricata,  Michx.  Smooth  ;  stem  terete,  paniculate  above  ;  the 
branches  somewhat  naked,  spreading  ;  leaves  scattered,  ovate-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate at  each  end,  coarsely  serrate;  calyx  lobes  subulate;  style  slightly  ex- 
serted  ;  corolla  Idue,  nodding.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  and  Carolina.  July  - 
August.  —  Stem  1°  -2°  high. 

3.  C.  Ploridana,  Watson.  Smooth ;  stem  filiform,  angular,  simple  or 
branched  above  (6'- 12'  long);  leaves  lanceolate,  entire  (8'- 12' long),  the 
uj)per  ones  linear;  peduncles  terminal;  calyx  lobes  subulate,  bidentate, 
spreading,  longer  than  the  .5-parted  blue  corolla ;  stigmas  recurved.  —  South 
Florida. 

«  *  Flowers  spiked,  single  or  2-3    together:    corolla    large,  somewhat 
wheel-shaped. 

4.  C.  Americana,  L.  Stem  tall,  smooth  or  hairy,  mostly  simple ;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate  ;  s])ike  elon<ijated,  leafy  ;  corolla  (1'  wide) 
blue.— Dry  rocky  soil.  August- Sept.  — Stem  2<^-4'^  high.  Spike  l°-2° 
long.     Stjle  exserted.     Earliest  leaves  cordate. 


ERICACE^.       (heath    FAMILY.)  279 

2.     SPECULARIA,  Heist. 

Calyx  3 - 5-lobed.  CuroUa  wheel-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  free;  the  fila- 
ments membranaceous,  hairy,  shorter  than  the  anthers.  Stigmas  3.  Capsule 
prismatic,  3-celled,  opening  by  3  lateral  valves.  —  Low  annuals,  riowers  axil- 
lary.    Corolla  blue. 

1.  S.  perf  Oliata,  A.  DC.  Pubescent ;  stem  angled,  simple  or  branched ; 
leaves  round-cordate,  crenate,  clasping ;  the  loAvest  narrowed  at  the  base ; 
flowers  single  or  clustered,  sessile,  the  lower  ones  apetalous.  —  Fields.  May  - 
August.  —  Stem  1°  high. 

2.  S.  biflora,  Gray.  Stem  rough,  simple,  or  branching  at  the  base ;  leaves 
ovate  or  oblong,  sessile,  ci-euate,  the  upper  ones  bract-like  ;  flowers  single  or 
by  pairs,  mostly  apetalous.  —  With  the  preceding,  and  probably  a  form  of  it. 


Order  79.     ERICACE^.     (Heath  Family.) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  rarely  herbs,  with  undivided,  alternate  ex- 
stipulate  leaves,  and  regular  flowers.  —  Calyx  4  -  7-parted.  Corolla 
4  -  5-parted  or  toothed,  or  4  -  7-petalous,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Sta- 
mens free  from  the  corolla,  and  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  its 
divisions :  anthers  2-celled,  often  variously  awned,  opening  commonly 
by  terminal  pores.  Style  1 :  stigma  entire  or  ;3-lobed.  Fruit  3  - 10- 
celled.  Seeds  anatropous,  attached  to  a  central  placenta.  Embryo 
small,  in  fleshy  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder  I.  VACCINIE-^.  Calyx  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary.  Corolla 
superior.  Anther  cells  prolonged  into  a  slender  tube.  Fruit  a  berry. — 
Shrubs.     Corolla  monopetalous. 

1.  GAYLUSSACIA.     Berry  S  -  10-celled  ;   the  cells  1-seeded.     Anthers  awnless. 

2.  VACCINrUM.     Berry  4  -  5-celled,  or  partially  8 -10-celled  by  false  partitions,  many- 

seeded. 

3.  CHIOGENES.     Berry  white,  4-celled.     Flowers  axillary,  solitary. 

Suborder  II.  ERICIXI'LE  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary.  Corolla  hy- 
pogynous.     Fruit  a  capsixle  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees. 

Tribe  I.    ANDROMEDE.53.      Capsule  loculicidally  dehiscent. 

*  Anther  cells  opening  lengthwise.     Corolla  monopetalous. 

4.  EPIG^A.     Corolla  salver-shaped.     Leaves  cordate. 

*  *  Anther  cells  opening  at  the  apex.     Corolla  monopetalous. 

5.  GAULTHERIA.     Calyx  becoming  berry-like  in  fruit.     Anthers  4-awned  at  the  apex. 

6.  LEUCOTHOE.     C:ilyx  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Valves  of  the  capsule  entire. 

7.  CASSANDRA.     Calyx  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Pericarp  separating  into  two  layers  ;  the 

outer  one  5-valved,  the  inner  10-valved. 

8.  ANDROMEDA.     Calyx  valvate  in  tlie  early  bud.    Capsule  globular  or  truncate.    Seeds 

pendulous. 

9.  OXYDENDRUM.     Calyx  valvate  in  the  bud.     Capsule  pyramidal.     Seeds  ascending. 


280  ERICACEAE.        (lIKATH    FAMILY.) 

TiUDE  II.     ItllODOUK^iK.      CapMule  Hepticidally  Ueliiacent. 
*  Curolla  moiioiHitaluus. 

10.  K.VLMIA.     Curolla  wheel-slmped,  with  10  cavities  iii  which  the  anthers  are  lodged. 

11.  MKNZIKSIA.     Corolla  (siiiall)  ovoid,  4-toothcd.     Stamens  8,  included. 

12.  RHODODKNDRON.     Corolla  (large)  funnel  or  bell-shaped,  5-lobed.     Stunieiis  5  or  10, 

exserted. 

*  *  Corolla  of  4  -  7  separate  petals. 

13.  LEIOPHYLLUM.     Corolla  r>-petalou8.     Anthers  o])ening  lengthwise. 

14.  BK.IARIA.     Corolla  T-pctalous.     Anthers  opening  at  the  apex. 

15.  ELLIOTTIA.     Corolla  4-petalous.     Anthers  opening  lengthwise. 

SiHoiiiiKH  III.  rVi;<»l.INi:.K.  Calyx  frt'C  froiii  the  ovarv.  Corolla 
polvpetalous,  hypogynous.  AiitluTs  li-lionieil,  resupiuate  iu  the  Imd.  Cap- 
sule lofuliciilal. 

16.  CLETHRA.     Flowers  racemose.     Capsule  3-celled.     Leaves  deciduous. 

17.  PYROLA.     Flowers  racemose.     Style  filiform.     Leaves  persistent. 

18.  CHIMAPHILA.     Flowers  umbellate.     Style  broadly  turbinate.     Leaves  persistent. 

Suborder  IV.  MONOTROPE^.  Calyx  of  4  -  h  .scale-like  or  l.ract-like 
sepals.  Corolla  5-lobed  or  5-petalous.  Seeds  very  iniuute.  —  Fleshy  scaly 
herbs,  parasitic  on  roots,  and  destitute  of  green  foliage. 

19.  SCHWEINITZIA.     Corolla  monopetalous,  bell-shaped,  5-lol)ed.     Anthers  2-celled. 

20.  MONOTROPA.     Corolla  4  -  5-petalous.     Anthers  kidney-shaped,  opening  across  the 

top. 

Suborder  I.     VACCII^IE^.     The  Whortleberry  Family. 

1.     GAYLUSSACIA,  Kuntli.     Hlcklkkerky. 

Corolla  tubular,  ovoid,  or  bell-shaped,  .'i-cleft.  Stamens  10 :  anthers  awn- 
less.  Fruit  a  berry -like  drupe  containing  10  seed-like  nutlets.  —  Low  branch- 
ing mostly  resinous-(b)tted  slirubs,  with  white  or  reddisii  nodding  Howers,  in 
lateral  bracted  racemes. 

1.  G.  frondosa,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Leaves  entire,  oblong  or  obovatc,  obtuse, 
rugose,  glaucous,  and  like  tlie  spreading  l)ranches  sliglitly  pubescent;  corolla 
small  (2"),  short-bell-shaped,  reddish ;  berry  dejjre.sscd-globose,  blue,  glaucous ; 
bracts  small,  oldong.  —  Low  ground.     April.  —  Shrub  I°- 5°  high. 

2.  G.  dumosa,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Branches  and  racemes  pubescent ;  leaves 
thick,  obloug-obovate,  serrulate,  mucronate,  soon  smooth  and  shining  ;  corolla 
(4"  long)  bell-shaped,  angled,  white  ;  bracts  ovate,  leafy  ;  berry  globose,  smooth> 
black.  —  Var.  iiiktklla.  Stem  taller  (l°-2°  high);  brandies,  leaves,  and 
berries  hirsute  or  hairy. — Low  sandy  pine  barrens  and  swamps.  April - 
May.  —  Shrub  6'-  12'  high.     Berry  4"-  6"  in  diameter. 

3.  G.  resinosa,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  much  branched  ;  leaves  oblong  or 
obovate,  entire,  coated,  like  the  branchlets,  etc.,  with  resinous  vi.scid  globules ; 
racemes  few-flowered  ;  bracts  small,  deciduous  ;  corolla  small,  ovoid  or  cylin- 
drical, reddish;  berry  black,  smooth. —  Sand}' woods  in  the  upper  districts. 
April  -  May.  —  Shrub  2°  -  3°  high. 


EKICACEiE.       (heath    FAMILY.)  281 

4.  G.  ursina,  Gray.  Leaves  large  (2'- 3' long),  thin,  lanceolate-oblong, 
acute,  entire  ;  tlie  veins,  like  the  branches,  rusty-tomentose  ;  racemes  remotely 
few-flowered;  bracts  minute ;  corolla  bell-shaped;  berry  black. — Mountains 
of  North  Carolina.  —  Shrub  2° -3°  high. 

5.  G.  braehycera,  Gray.  Glabrous;  stems  6' -  1 2' high ;  leaves  thick, 
obovate,  crenate,  persistent ;  racemes  short,  closely  few-flowered  ;  corolla  bell- 
shaped,  white  or  reddish  ;  filaments  ciliate.  —  Mountains  of  East  Tennessee. 

2.     VACCINIUM,  L.     Huckleberry,  Blueberry. 

Corolla  cylindrical,  urceolate,  or  campanulate,  4-5-toothed  or  parted.  Sta- 
mens 8-10:  anthers  awnless,  or  2-awued  on  the  back;  the  cells  prolonged 
into  a  tube,  and  opening  at  the  apex.  Berry  4  -  5-celled,  or  by  false  parti- 
tions 8-10-celled,  many-seeded. —  Shrubs.  Flowers  nodding,  solitary,  clus- 
tered, or  racemed,  white  or  reddish.     Pedicels  2-bracted. 

§  1.    OxYCOCCUS.       Ovary  4-ceUed :   corolla  4-parted,  the  narroiv  divisions  re- 
curved: stamens  8  :  anthers  awnless  :  pedicels  axillarij,  solitary. 

1.  V.  macrocarpon,  Ait.  Stems  slender,  creeping;  leaves  evergreen, 
small  (i'  long),  oblong,  obtuse,  pale  or  whitish  beneath  ;  pedicels  longer  than 
the  leaves  ;  corolla  rose-color ;  berry  large,  red.  —  Cold  mossy  swamps,  North 
Carolina,  and  northward.  July.  —  Stems  1°-  2°  long.  Berry  very  sour,  Y  ia 
diameter. 

2.  V.  erythrocarpon,  Michx.  Stem  erect  (2° -4°  high)  ;  leaves  decid- 
uous, oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  serrulate,  hairy  beneath  ;  pedicels  shorter  than 
the  leaves;  flowers  pale  rose-color;  berry  small  red.  —  High  mountains  of 
North  Carolina.     July.  —  Branches  flexuous.     Berry  insipid. 

§2.    Vitis-Id.ea.       Ovary  4 -5-celled :  corolla  cylindrical  or  globose-campanu- 

late,4 toothed:   stamens   10:   anthers  awnless:  flowers   in   short   bracted 

racemes     leaves  persistent. 

3.  V.  Crassifolium,  Andr.  Smooth;  stems  (l°-2°)  filiform,  procum- 
bent ;  leaves  small  (.3"-  7"),  short-petioled,  oval  or  oblong,  thick  and  shining, 
the  revolute  margins  entire  or  slightly  serrulate ;  racemes  short,  cluster-like, 
few-flowered ;  corolla  small,  globose-cam panulate,  5-toothed ;  berry  black. 
(V.  myrtifolium,  Michx.)  —  Sandy  pine  barren  swamps,  Georgia  to  North 
Carolina.     April.  —  Corolla  white  or  rose-color. 

§3.  Batodendrov.  Ovary  more  or  less  lO-celled  by  false  partitions :  corolla 
bell-shaped,  deleft:  stamens  10,  hairy  :  anthers  2-awned  on  the  back  :  flowers 
in  leafy  racemes,  seeminyly  axillary. 

4.  V.  stamineum,  L.  Tomentose  ;  leaves  decidmms,  ovate  or  oblong, 
obtuse  or  .sliglitly  cordate  at  the  base ;  often  whitish  beneath ;  anthers  ex- 
serted  ;  berry  greenish,  globose  or  pear-shaped.  —  Dry  woods.  May -June. 
—  Shrub  3° -10°  high.  Branches  spreading.  Corolla  short,  drying 
purplish. 

5.  V.  arboreum,  Michx.  Arborescent,  smoothish ;  leaves  deciduous, 
oval  or  obovate,  shining  above ;  the  veins  beneath  more  or  less  pubescent ; 


282  ERICACE-E.       (llKATH    FAMILY.) 

corolla  largp,  angled,  white  ;  anthers  included  ;  berry  globose,  black.  —  Open 
wood.x.  May. —  .Stem  S"*- 1;')^  high.  Flowers  very  numerous.  Berry  mealy, 
ripening  in  tlie  winter. 

§4.  CvANOCoccrs.  Ovary  mure  or  less  lO-ceUed  hy  fahe  partitltms  :  corolla 
cylindrical,  urceolatv  or  obovate  ;  stamens  10,  hairy :  anthers  awnless :  Jtowera 
in  short  small-bructed  racemes  or  clusters. 

♦  Leaves  evergreen,  small. 

6.  V.  nitidum,  Andr.  Smooth  and  shining  tlirougliout;  stem  much 
branched;  leaves  obovate  or  obloiig-obovate,  acute,  glandular-serrulate,  ])unc- 
tate  beneath ;  calyx  teeth  obtuse,  and,  like  the  pediceLs  and  broadly  oval  l)racts, 
reddi.-ih  ;  corolla  ovoid  or  obovate,  white  ;  berry  somewiiat  jiear-shajied,  black. 
Low  pine  barrens,  Georgia  and  Florida.  March-  April.  —  Stem  1°-  2°  high. 
Leaves  h'  long. 

7.  V.  myrsinites,  Michx.  Stem  much  branched,  pubescent ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  olilong,  or  obovate,  bristh'-serrulate,  shining  above,  sometimes 
glaucous;  calyx  teeth  acute,  reddish,  like  the  pedicels  and  oblong  bracts; 
corolla  cylindrical  or  obovate,  white ;  berry  globose,  blue.  —  Sandy  pine  bar- 
rens.    Marcli-  April.  —  Shrub  6'  -  18'  high.     Leaves  ^  - 1'  long. 

*  *  Leaves  deciduous. 

8.  V.  tenellum,  Ait.  Stem  much  ])ranched  ;  the  spreading  branches 
pubescent ;  leaves  oblong-obovate  or  oblanceolate,  mucronate,  acute  at  the 
base,  slightly  serrulate  near  the  apex,  pubescent  when  young ;  corolla  oblong, 
white  ;  berry  globose,  black  or  with  a  blue  bloom.  —  Margins  of  pine  barren 
swamps.     April.  —  Shrub  l°-3°  high.     Leaves  ^'-  1'  long. 

9.  v.  Elliottii,  C'hapm.  Stem  tall,  slender,  with  spreading  branches; 
leaves  distichous,  ovate-lanceolate,  very  acute,  bristly  serrulate  from  the  ob- 
tuse or  rounded  base,  pul)escent  on  the  veins;  clusters  sessile,  2 - 4-flowered  ; 
corolla  reddish,  cylindrical,  sliort-pedicellcd ;  calyx  teeth  triangular;  berry 
mostlv  solitary,  small,  glol)0.se,  black,     (V.  myrtilloides,  A'//.,  not  of  Michx.) 

—  Kiver  swamps,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  March.  —  Shrub  4°- 8°  high; 
the  branches  smooth  and  mostly  flexuous.     Leaves  i'-f  long. 

10.  V.  COrymbosum,  L.  Stem  tall  (4°-10°);  leaves  (l'-2'  long) 
varying  from  ovate  lanceolate  to  bi-oadly  oval,  entire  or  nearly  so,  pubescent 
when  young,  becoming  smootliish  especially  above;  racemes  or  clusters 
numerous,  mostly  on  leafless  branches  ;  corolla  cylindrical  or  oblong  ;  berry 
globose,  black  or  blue.  —  Margins  of  ponds  and  swamps.     Feb.  -  April. 

Var.  pallidum,  Gray.  Stem  low  (l°-3°)  ;  leaves  oval,  pale,  glaucous, 
glandular-mucroiiate,  entire  or  obscurely  serrulate,  ciliate ;  racemes  very  short, 
sessile  ;  corolla  short-cylindrical ;  berry  blue.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina 
and  Georgia.     July.  —  Leaves  U'-  2'  long.     Racemes  .5  -  10-flowered. 

Var.  fuscatum,  Gray.  Taller  (4° -8°  high) ;  leaves  acute  at  both  ends, 
entire,  pubescent  beneath  ;  racemes  chiefly  on  naked  branches  ;  berries  black. 

—  Wet  pine  barrens.     March. 

11.  V.  formosum,  Andr.  Stem  smooth  ;  leaves  thickish  (partly  peren- 
nial), ovate  or  oblong,  entire,  smooth,  or  pubescent  beneath ;  racemes  axillary ; 


ERICACEAE.        (heath    FAMILY.)  283 

corolla   cylindrical,   red. — Florida,   in   shallow  ponds. —  Stem  2'^-3°  high. 
Leaves  l'-2'  long. 

12.  V.  virgatum,  Ait.  Stem  smooth,  the  branches  and  young  leaves 
downy ;  leaves  thickish,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  entire ;  racemes 
mostly  on  naked  branches ;  coroUa  cylindrical,  white,  or  red  like  the  bracts  ; 
berry  black.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  March.  —  Stem 
2°  -4°  high.     Leaves  1'  or  less  long. 

13.  V.  vacillans,  Solander.  Stem  smooth,  with  yellowish  shining 
branches  ;  leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  nearly  entire,  pale  and  glaucous  ;  corolla 
oblong-bell-shaped,  white  ;  berry  blue.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  and  North 
Carolina.     April.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.     Leaves  l'-2'  long. 

14.  V.  hirsutum,  Buckley.  Hirsute  throughout;  stem  low  (1°  high), 
much  branched ;  leaves  ovate,  entire,  slightly  mucrouate ;  racemes  short, 
corolla  oblong,  contracted  at  the  apex,  the  teeth  short ;  berry  globose.  — 
Mountains  of  Cherokee  County,  North  Carolina  {Buckleij). 

3.     CHIOGENES,  Salisb.     Creeping  Snowbekry. 

Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  4-cleft.  Stamens  8 :  anther  cells 
unawned,  opening  from  the  tip  to  the  middle.  Berry  white,  globular,  4-celled, 
many-seeded.  —  A  small  creeping  evergreen.  Leaves  ovate,  acute,  the  mar- 
gins revolute,  the  lower  surface,  like  the  margins,  bristly.  Flowers  smaU, 
axillary,  ^\ilite,  nodding. 

1.  C.  hispidula,  Torr.  &  Gray. — Damp  woods,  Mountains  of  North 
Carolina,  and  northward. 

Suborder  II.     ERICINE^.     The  Heath  Family. 
4.     EPIGJEA,  L.     Ground  Laurel. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  colored ;  the  lobes  acuminate.  Corolla  salver- 
shaped,  5-cleft,  Stamens  10:  anthers  oblong,  awnless,  opening  lengthwise. 
Capsule  depressed  globose,  5-celled,  many-seeded.  — A  prostrate  shrubby 
plant,  hispid  with  rust-colored  hairs.  Leaves  evergreen,  cordate-oval,  entire, 
reticulated.     Flowers  in  dense  bracted  racemes,  white,  fragrant. 

1.  E.  repens,  L.     (Mayflower.)     Dry  woods,  Florida,  and  northward.  ■ 
Feb.  -  March.  —  Stem  6'  - 12'  long.     Eacemes  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

5.     GAULTHERIA,  Kalm.    Wintergreen. 

Calyx  5-lobed,  becoming  berry-like  in  fruit.  Corolla  ovate,  5-toothed. 
Stamens  10:  anther  cells  2-awned  at  the  apex,  opening  by  a  terminal  pore. 
Capsule  enclosed  in  the  berry-like  calyx,  depressed-globose,  5-celled.  5-valved, 
many-seeded.  —  Shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  white  or  red  flowers. 

1.  G.  proeumbens,  L.  Smooth;  stem  creeping;  the  short  (3'- 5') 
branches  erect,  naked  below  ;  leaves  oval  or  obovate,  serrulate,  shining ;  pedi- 
cels axillary,  l-flowered,  nodding  ;  fruiting  calyx  briglit  red.  —  Sliady  woods 
and  banks,  especially  among  the  mountains,  North  Carolina,  and  northward. 
June.  —  Whole  plant  aromatic. 


284  ERICACE-E.       (lIKATM    FAMILY.) 

6.  LEUCOTHOE,    Don. 

Calyx  deej>ly  S-partcd,  iiulniiated  in  llic  l»iui,  inulianged  in  fruit.  Corolla 
ovate  or  cylindriral,  .o-tootlicd.  iStaniens  10:  anlliors  awnless,  or  tlie  cells 
1  -2-a\vnt'd  at  the  aj)e.\,  openiiii;  l»y  a  terminal  pore.  Stii^ina  i-apitate.  Cap- 
sule dejiressed-fjlobuse,  not  tiiici^ened  at  the  sutures,  5-eelleil,  .Vvalved,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  pendulous. —  Shrubs,  witli  alternate  leaves,  and  white  Howers 
iu  axillary  or  terminal  one-.sided  racemes. 

♦  Anthers  awnJess orneat li/ so :  racemes  axiUarij,shi)rler  than  the  evergreen  leaves. 

1.  L.  axillaris,  Don.  Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  abruptly  acute,  spinulose- 
serrulate  toward  the  ape.x,  ou  sliort  petioles  ;  racemes  short,  dense-llowered  ; 
calyx  lobes  ovate,  acute  ;  antlier  cells  2-horued.  (Andromeda,  Lam.)  —  Sandy 
swamps  and  banks  of  streams  in  the  lower  districts.  Feb. -March.  —  Stem 
and  branches  curving.     Leaves  2'  -  4'  long. 

2.  L.  Catesbaei,  Gray.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  spinulose- 
serrulate  tbr<->ughout,  on  cou.spicuous  petioles  ;  racemes  dense-Howeix'd  ;  calyx 
lobes  ovate-oblojig ;  anther  cells  not  horned.  —  Banks  of  streams  along  the 
mountains,  Georgia  and  North  Carolina.  March -April.  —  Stem  2° -4° 
high. 

3.  L.  acuminata,  Dunal.  Stem  tall,  with  straiglit  and  hollow  branches; 
leaves  ovatc-lanceulatc,  acuminate,  nearly  entire  ;  corolla  cylindric;il ;  anthers 
gil)bt)us  near  tiie  base.  —  Margins  of  swami)s,  East  Florida  to  South  Carolina. 
April. —  Slirub  3°-  12°  high.     Leaves  reticulated. 

♦  *  Anther  cells  1  -2-aicned  at  the  apex :    racemes  terminal,  lonrjer  than  the  ser- 

rulate puhf'scent  deciduous  leaves:  calyx  bracted. 

4.  L.  racemosa,  Gray.  Branches  and  racemes  straight ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  soon  smooth ;  racemes  long,  single  or  somewhat  paniculate  ; 
corolla  cylindrical-ovate ;  anther  cells  2-awned ;  capsule  not  lobed.  —  Margins 
of  ponds  and  swamps,     April  -  May.  —  Shrub  4°-  10°  high. 

T).  Ij,  recurva,  Gray.  Branches  and  racemes  recurved  ;  leaves  ovate, 
acumiiiato,  j)uhescent  on  tlie  veins  ;  racemes  long,  single  ;  corolla  cylindrical ; 
anther  cells  1-awned  ;  capsule  5-lobed.  (Andromeda,  Buckl.)  —  Mouutaius 
of  North  Carolina  (Buckle if).     April.  —  Shrub  3°- 4°  high. 

7.  CASSANDRA,  Don. 

Calvx  deeplv  .'j-parted,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  2-l)racted.  Corolla  cylindri- 
cal-oblong, .5-toothed.  Stamens  10:  anthers  awnless,  opening  by  terminal 
pores.  Capsule  depressed,  .5-celled,  many-seeded  ;  the  pericarp  separating  at 
maturity  into  2  layers,  the  outer  one  5-valved,  the  inner  10-valved.  —  A 
small  shrub,  with  evergreen  serrulate  leaves,  and  solitary  axillary  nodding 
flowers. 

1.  C.  calyculata,  Don.  Leaves  oblong,  mucronate,  paler  and  scurfy 
beneath,  the  floral  otips  oval;  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  uijjjcr  leaves,  small, 
white  ;  calyx  lobes  ovate,  acute.  —  Swamps  in  the  mountains  of  South  Caro- 
lina, and  northward.     April.  —  Shrub  2°  -  3°  high.     Leaves  1 '  long. 


ERICACEAE.       (heath    FAMILY.)  285 

8.    ANDROMEDA,  L. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  valvate  in  the  early  bud.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Sta- 
mens 10  :  anther  cells  opening  by  a  terminal  pore.  Capsule  5-celled,  Svalved, 
many-seeded.  Seeds  pendulous  or  spreading.  —  Shrubs.  Leaves  alternate. 
Flowers  in  lateral  and  terminal  racemes  or  clusters,  nodding. 

*  Flowers  in  racemes:  corolla  ovoid  or  urn-shaped :  anther  cells  \-awned  on  the 

back:  leaves  coriaceous,  evergreen. 

1.  A.  floribunda,  Pursh.  Young  branches,  leaves,  and  racemes  hir- 
sute ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  bri.stly-serrulate ;  racemes  dense-flowered, 
crowded  in  a  terminal  panicle  ;  calyx  lobes  ovate,  acute.  —  Damp  soil  along 
the  mountains.     April.  —  Shrub  3°-  10°  high.     Flowers  very  numerous. 

2.  A.  phillyresefolia,  Hook.  Smooth;  stem  alternately  leafy  and 
bracted ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate-oblong,  obtuse,  glandular-serrate  near 
the  apex ;  racemes  solitary,  axillar}-,  loosely  4-1 2-flowered ;  calyx  lobes 
lanceolate ;  corolla  ovoid  ;  capsule  depressed-globose.  —  Shallow  ponds  in  the 
pine  barrens,  chiefly  near  the  coast.  West  Florida.  Jan.  -  March.  —  Shrub 
l°-2°  high. 

*  *  Flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters:  capsule  more  or  less  ribbed  at  the  sutures,  the 

ribs  separating  at  maturity. 

■*- Corolla   ovate,    cylindrical,   or   somewhat   bell-shnped ;    anthers   or  filaments 

awned :  capsule  ovate,  truncate:  shrubs  smooth  throughout. 

3.  A.  nitida,  Bartr.  Branches  Sangled  ;  leaves  evergreen,  ovate  or 
oblong,  entire,  shining;  clusters  axillary,  very  numerous,  6- 12-flowered; 
sepals  lanceolate-ovate,  spreading;  corolla  cylindrical-ovate,  gibbous  at  the 
ba.se  ;  filaments  2-awned  at  the  apex.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  common.  March  - 
May.  —  Shrub  2°-6°  high.     Corolla  white,  red,  or  purple,  odorous. 

4.  A.  ^Mariana,  L.  Leaves  deciduous,  oblong,  obtuse  or  acute,  entire; 
flowering  stems  commonly  leafless ;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate,  acute,  half  as  long 
as  the  large  (|^' long)  cylindrical  white  corolla;  filaments  2-awned  near  the 
apex.  —  Damp  soil  near  the  coast,  Florida,  and  northward.  April -May. — 
Stem  2° -4°  high,  often  simple.     Leaves  2' -3'  long. 

5.  A-  speciosa,  Michx.  Leaves  deciduous,  oblong  or  elliptical,  obtuse, 
serrate,  often  whitish  beneath;  flowering  stems  mostly  leafless ;  calyx  lobes 
ovate,  several  times  shorter  than  the  large  bell-shaped  white  corolla;  anther 
cells  2-awned  at  the  apex.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  — 
Shrub  .3°  -  4°  high. 

I-  -4-   Corolla  small,  nearly  globular,  scurfy :    anthers  and  filaments  awnless. 
capsule  globose  :  shrubs  pubescent,  or  scurfy. 

6.  A.  ferruginea,  Walt.  Branches  and  young  leaves  scurfy;  leaves 
evergreen,  obovate  or  lanceolate-obovate,  rigid,  at  length  smooth  above  and 
whitish  beneath;  the  margins  mostly  revolute ;  clu.sters  few-flowered.  (A. 
rigida,  Pursh.)  —  Low  sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and 
westward.  — A  low  shrub  or  small  tree.  Branches  very  leafy,  rigid.  Leaves 
i'-l'long. 

7.  A.  ligustrina,  Muhl.  Leaves  deciduous,  oblong  or  oblong-obovate, 
serrulate,  acute,  pubescent  like  the  branches,  paler  beneath ;    clusters  few- 


28G  KKICACK.t;.       (lIKATH     K.VMII.V.) 

flowered,  disposed  in  compound  more  or  lesH  leufy  j)anieled  raeemes;  fila- 
ments liairy. —  Margins  nf  s\v:unj)s.  May. —  Slirul)  •■}°-4'^  high.  JA-aves  2' 
long.     Flowers  very  small. 

9.     OXYDENDRUM,    DC.      Solu-wood,  Soukki.-tuke. 

Calyx  5-]»iirted.  Corolla  ovale,  5-to()tii«'d.  Stamens  10:  anthers  awnlesB, 
opening  l>y  terminal  chinks;  the  cells  acnminate.  Capsule  conical,  5-angled, 
5-celled,  many-seeded.  Seeds  a.scending.  —  A  small  tree,  with  decidudus  ol)- 
long  .serrulate  acuminate  leaves,  on  sleniler  petioles,  and  white  flowers  in  long 
and  slender  1 -sided  terminal  ])auicled  racemes. 

1.  O.  arboreum,  DC.  —  Rich  woods.  April -May.  —  Tree  15*^-40° 
high.     Leaves  4' -6' long,  sour.     Corolla  puhescent. 

10.     KALMIA,  L.      L.^iREL. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  depressed-campanulate  or  rotate,  5-lol)ed,  with  10 
cavities  at  the  .sides  in  which  the  anthers  are  lodged.  Filaments  elastic. 
Style  single.  Stigma  capitate.  Capsule  glohose,  5-celled,  .5-valved,  many- 
seeded.  —  Shruhs,  with  entire  alternate  opposite  or  whorled  evergreen  leaves, 
and  showy  white  or  rose-colored  flowers. 

*  Flowers  in  corymbs. 

1.  K.  latifolia,  L.  (Calico-bush.)  Branches  smooth;  leaves  mostly 
alternate,  petioled,  elliptical,  acute  at  each  end,  green  on  both  sides ;  corymbs 
terminal,  viscid  ;  corolla  large,  varying  from  white  to  deep  rose-color.  — Shady 
banks.  Florida,  and  northward.  May- June.  —  Shrub  4°-  10°  high.  Leaves 
shining. 

2.  K.  angustifolia,  L.  (Sheep  LAiREr-.)  Branches  smooth ;  leaves 
petioled,  opposite  or  three  in  a  whorl,  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse,  pale  or  glau- 
cous l)eneath ;  corymbs  lateral,  glandular ;  flowers  small,  deep  rose-color. — 
Barren  hills,  chiefly  in  the  upjier  districts.     April-  May.  —  Shrub  2° -3° high. 

3.  K.  cuneata,  Michx.  Branches  pubescent ;  leaves  sessile,  alternate, 
wedge-oblong,  pubescent  beneath,  bristle-pointed ;  corymbs  lateral ;  flowers 
white.  —  Swamps,  South  and  North  Carolina,  not  common.  —  A  small  shrub. 

*  *  Flowers  solitari/,  axillary. 

4.  K.  hirsuta,  Walt.  (Wicky.)  Hirsute;  stems  low,  very  leafy ;  leaves 
small  (.V  long),  oblong  or  oval,  the  margins  revolute  ;  calyx  lobes  leafy  ;  flow- 
ers numerous,  pale  or  deep  rose-color ;  pedicels  slender,  longer  than  the  leaves. 
—  Flat  i)ine  barrens,  Florida  and  Georgia.     June  -  Sept.  —  Shrub  6'  -  1 8'  high. 

11.    MENZIESIA,  Smith. 

Calyx  4toothed.  Corolla  ovoid,  4-toothed.  Stamens  8,  included  :  anthers 
awnless,  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Stigma  obtuse.  Capsule  woody,  4- 
celled,  4-valved,  opening  septicidally,  many-seeded.  —  Shrubs,  with  entire 
alternate  membranaceous  leaves,  and  nodding  greenish  white  flowers  in  ter- 
minal clusters,  appearing  with  the  leaves. 

1.  M.  globularis,  Salisb.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina.  July.  —  A 
straggling  .shrub,  3° -6°  high.  Leaves  deciduous,  oblong,  acute,  hairy,  glau- 
cous beneath,  glandular-pointed. 


EEICACE.^.        (heath    FAMILY.)  287 

12.     RHODODENDRON,   L.      Rose  Bay,  Honetscckle. 

Calyx  mostly  miuute,  5-toothed.  Corolla  bell-shaped  or  fuunel-shaped,  usu- 
ally somewhat  irregular,  5-lobed.  Stameus  5  or  10,  mostly  declined:  anthers 
opening  by  terminal  pores.  Style  single,  elongated  :  stigma  capitate.  Cap- 
sule 5-celled,  5-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  minute,  scale-like.  —  Shrubs  or 
small  trees.  Lea^•es  alternate,  entire.  Flowers  showy,  in  terminal  clusters 
from  large  scaly  buds. 

§  1.     Azalea. — Corolla  fannel-shaped,  mostltj  glandular-viscid  externally :  sta- 
mens 5-7,  the  long  Jilaments  and  style  exserted :  leaves  deciduous, 
*  Flowers  appearing  with  or  before  the  leaves. 

1 .  R.  nudiflorum,  Torr.  Branchlets  hairy ;  leaves  obovate  or  oblong, 
pubescent,  suuu  sniuotliish  above ;  calyx  lobes  minute ;  tube  of  the  corolla 
pubescent,  rather  longer  than  the  lobes;  coroUa  white,  varying  to  deep  rose- 
color,  or  sometimes  yellow. —  Swamps  and  banks  of  streams.     April -May. 

—  Shrub  4° -6°  high.     There  are  many  varieties. 

2.  R.  ealendulaceum,  Torr.  Branchlets  hairy ;  leaves  oblong  or 
obovate,  hairy ;  calyx  lobes  conspicuous ;  tube  of  the  corolla  hairy,  shorter 
than  the  lobes.  —  Woods  on  the  mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward.    May. 

—  Shrub  3°-  10°  high.     Flowers  flame-color,  very  showy. 

3.  R.  Vaseyi,  Gray.  Branchlets  glabrous;  leaves  thin,  oblong  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, acute  at  both  ends,  the  veins  hirsute ;  pedicels  glandular, 
calyx  truncate ;  corolla  glabrous,  rose-color,  the  3  upper  lobes  shorter  and 
reflexed,  all  longer  than  the  tube ;  stameus  5-7,  unequal ;  capsule  glandular. 

—  Mountaius  of  Korth  Carolina.     May. 

*  *  Flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves. 

4.  R.  visCOSUm,  Torr.  Branchlets  bristly  ;  leaves  coriaceous,  obovate, 
with  the  margins  and  veins  beneath  hirsute,  green  on  both  sides  or  glaucous 
beneath ;  corolla  glandular-viscid,  white ;  calyx  teeth  minute,  rounded.  — 
Swamps.     July  -  August.  —  Shrub  4°  -  6°  high.     Capsule  hispid. 

5.  R,  arborescens,  Torr.  Branchlets  smooth ;  leaves  smooth,  obo- 
vate, ciliate  on  the  margins,  pale  beneath ;  corolla  glandular-viscid,  rose-color ; 
calyx  lobes  conspicuous,  acute.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward. 
June.  —  Slirub  3°  - 1 0°  high.     Flowers  fragrant. 

§2.     Rhododendron. —  Corolla  hell-shaped,  smooth:  stamens  10:  leaves 
coriaceous,  evergreen. 

6.  R.  maximura,  L.  Leaves  obovate-oblong,  abruptly  acute,  smooth 
and  green  on  both  sides ;  calyx  lobes  conspicuous,  rounded ;  corolla  white  or 
rose-color,  spotted  within  with  yellow  or  green.  —  Shady  banks  of  streams  on 
the  mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward.  July. —  Stem  6° -20°  high. 
Leaves  4'- 10'  long.     Corolla  1'  in  diameter. 

7.  R.  Catawbiense,  Michx.  Leaves  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse  at  each 
end,  mucronate,  smooth ;  the  young  ones  and  branchlets  tomentose ;  calyx 
lobes  small ;  corolla  purple  ;  pedicels  and  capsule  rusty-pubescent.  —  Highest 
summits  of  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina.  June.  —  Shrub  3° -6°  high. 
Leaves  3'  -  5'  long. 


288  ERlCACK.i:.       (lIKATir    KAMILV.) 

8.  R.  punctatum,  Andr.  Leaves  elliptieal,  iitute  sit  each  Piid.glabnms  ; 
tlie  ImviT  siiilaie,  uml  ileiise  coryiiilis,  tliicklv  dotted  wiili  resinous  globules 
or  scales;  calvx  lulies  small,  roiuided  ;  corolla  small,  somewhat  fumiel-sliaped, 
rose-color,  spotted  within.  —  Along  streams  on  the  mountains.  Also  at  Ku- 
faula,  Alabama,  and  Augusta,  Georgia.  —  Stems  4°-G°  liigh,  with  spreading 
branches.     Leaves  2'  -  3'  long. 

9.  R.  Chapmanii,  Gray.  Stem  2° -4°  high,  with  erect  rigid  branche.s; 
leaves  1'- 1  .\' long,  sliort-petioled,  obovate,  obtuse,  dotted  beneath,  the  sides 
revtilute;  corolla  1'  long,  pale  rose-color,  spotted  within,  the  lolics  a.s  long  as 
the  funnel-shaped  tube.  —  Sandy  pine  liarrens  near  the  coast,  West  Florida. 
—  April. 

13.     LEIOPHYLLUM,  I'er.s. 

Calyx  ."j-parted.  Corolla  of  5  s]jieading  jjetaLs.  Stamens  10,  exserted : 
anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Style  filiform.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  many- 
seeded. —  A  low,  smooth,  much  branched  shrub,  with  very  numerous  thick 
oval  entire  evergreen  leaves,  and  small  white  fiowers  in  terminal  clu.sters. 

1.  L.  buxifolium,  Ell.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  and  on  the  mountains  of 
Carolina.  May.  —  Shrub  6'-  10'  higli.  Leaves  ^'  long,  alternate  or  opposite, 
glossy. 

14.    BEJARIA,  Mutis. 

Calyx  7-lobed  or  7-toothed.  Corolla  of  7  oblong  spreading  petals.  Stamens 
14:  anthers  versatile,  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Style  elongated:  stigma 
depressed.  Capsule  depressed-globose,  7-celled,  7-Yalved,  many-seeded. — 
Shrubs,  with  alternate  entire  coriaceous  leaves,  and  white  or  purple  flowers 
in  racemes  or  corymbs. 

1.  B.  racemosa,  Vent.  (T.\r-Fi.owek.)  Branches  rough  with  scat- 
tered rigid  hairs ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  smooth  ;  racemes  terminal,  elon- 
gated ;  calyx  7-tootlied.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Georgia  and  East  Florida.  Juue- 
Julv.  —  Shrub  3°  -  4°  high.     Flowers  white,  showy,  glutinous. 

15.     ELLIOTTIA,  Muhl. 

Calyx  minute,  4sepalous.  Petals  4,  oblong-linear,  slightly  adhering  at  the 
base.  Stamens  8,  included  :  anthers  sagittate,  thickened  at  the  apex,  open- 
ing lengthwise.  Style  slender,  slightly  exserted  :  stigma  capitate.  Ovary 
4-celled,  the  cells  many-ovuled.  Fruit  unknown.  —  A  smooth  shrub,  4°-  10® 
high.  Leaves  elliptical-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  each  end,  glaucous  beneath. 
Racemes  terminal,  In-actless,  simple  or  compound. 

1.  E  racemosa,  Muhl. —Near  Waynesboro'  and  Augusta,  Georgia 
(Elliott,  0/«ej/),  — June. 

Suborder   III.     PYROLlNEvE.     The  Pyrola  Family. 

16.     CLETHRA,  L. 

Calyx  5-parted,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Corolla  5-petalous.  Stamens  10: 
anthers  obcordate,  inverted  in  the  bud,  opening  by  terminal  pores.     Style 


ERICACEAE.        (heath    FAMILY.)  289 

slender,  3-cleft.  Capsule  S-celled,  S-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Shrubs  or  small 
trees.  Leaves  alternate,  oblong  or  obovate,  serrate,  deciduous.  Flowers 
white,  in  terminal  racemes.     Stamens  and  style  exserted. 

1.  C.  alnifolia,  L.  Shrubby;  branches  and  racemes  tomentose  ;  leaves 
short-petioled,  obovate  or  wedge-oblong,  acute,  smooth  on  both  sides ;  racemes 
simple  or  panicled;  style  and  filaments  smooth;  bracts  partly  persistent.  (C. 
pauiculata,  Pursh.)  —  Varies,  with  the  leaves  hoary  beneath,  rough  above 
(C.  tomentosa.  Lam.),  or  on  both  sides  (C.  scabra,  Pers.) ;  style  hairy. — 
Swamps.  July.  —  Shrub  4°  -  8°  high.  Leaves  2'  -  3'  long.  Flowers 
fragrant. 

2.  C.  acuminata,  Michx.  Arborescent ;  branches  and  racemes  white- 
tomentose ;  leaves  thin,  smooth,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  on 
slender  petioles  ;  racemes  solitary ;  style  smootli ;  filaments  hairy.  —  Moun- 
tains of  North  Carolina.     July  -  August.     Leaves  3'  -  4'  long. 

17.    PYROLA,  L. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  5,  concave,  deciduous.  Stamens  10:  anthers  some- 
what 4-celled,  opening  by  terminal  pores,  inverted  in  the  bud.  Style  long, 
mostly  declined :  stigma  5-lobed  or  5-rayed.  Capsule  globose,  5-celled,  .5- 
valved,  opening  through  the  cells  from  the  base  upward  ;  the  sutures  pubes- 
cent. Seeds  very  minute,  numerous.  —  Smooth  perennial  herbs,  with  creeping 
roots,  and  evergreen  radical  leaves.  Flowers  commonly  white,  nodding,  in  a 
simple  raceme  at  the  summit  of  the  nearly  naked  scape. 

1.  P.  rotundifolia,  L.  Leaves  orbicular,  tliick,  nearly  entire,  shorter 
than  the  petioles  ;  racemes  many-flowered  ;  stigma  5-crenate.  —  Drv  w-oods 
in  the  mountains,  Georgia,  and  northward.     June  -July.  — Scape    1°  high. 

2.  P.  elliptica,  Nutt.  Leaves  oblong-oval,  thin,  denticulate,  longer  than 
their  petiole ;  racemes  few  -  many-flowered  ;  cdlyx.  lobes  ovate,  acute.  —  Moun- 
tains of  Tennessee.     July. 

18.     CHIMAPHILA,  Pursh.    Prince's  Pine. 

Calyx  5  cleft.  Petals  5,  spreading,  deciduous.  Stamens  10,  the  filaments 
dilated  in  the  middle  :  anthers  somewhat  4-celled,  opening  by  terminal  pores, 
inverted  in  the  bud.  Stigma  broad,  ."i-crenate,  nearly  sessile.  Capsule  globose, 
opening  from  the  apex  downward ;  the  sutures  naked.  —  Low  creeping  ever- 
greens, with  erect  branches,  lanceolate  serrate  whorled  leaves,  and  whitish 
umbellate  nodding  flowers  on  a  long  peduncle. 

1.  C.  umbellata,  Xutt.  Leaves  wedge-lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
serrate  above  the  middle,  not  spotted  ;  umbels  4  -  7-flowered ;  filaments  smooth. 
—  Open  woods.  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  June.  —  Branches  6'  -  1 0 
high.     Leaves  glossy. 

2.  C.  maculata,  Pursh.  Leaves  lanceolate,  broad  at  the  base,  toothed- 
serrate  throughuut,  blotched  with  white;  umbels  2 -  .5-flowered  ;  filaments 
villous  below.  —  Dry  open  woods  in  the  middle  and  upper  districts.  June.  — 
Smaller  than  the  preceding. 

19 


L'*.)0  DIAI'EXSIACEiE.       (niAI'KNSIA    FAMILY.) 


Suborder  IV.     MOlMOTKOFE.li:.     Tin.    Indian-Pii'k   Family. 

19.    SCHWEINITZIA,  Kll. 

Calvx  of  5  sepnls,  persistent.  Corolla  piT.si.steut,  Lell-sliaped,  5-lobed.  Sta- 
meus  10:  aiitliens  shorter  thau  tiie  tilaineuts,  fixed  uear  the  apex,  awnless ; 
the  cells  opening  at  the  apex.  IStjle  sliort  and  thick  :  stigma  large,  5-angled. 
Capsule  ovoid,  5-celled  Seeds  very  numerous.  —  Stem  low  (3'-4'),  siiiootii, 
brownisli,  sraly.     S])ike  several-flowered.     Flowers  odorous. 

1.  S.  odorata,  Fll.  stem  3' -4'  liigli,  smooth  ;  scales  ovate,  imbricated ; 
flowers  spiked,  crowded,  nodding ;  sepals  oblong,  nearly  equalling  the  flesh- 
colored  corolla.  —  Shady  woods,  North  Carolina.  April.  —  Flowers  violet- 
scented. 

2.  S,  ReynoldsiaB,  Gray.  Scales  ovate  and  imbricated,  or  narrower 
and  scaticred  ;  llowuis  racemose  ;  sepals  much  shorter  thau  the  white  corolla. 
—  Dry  sandy  thickets,  near  St.  Augustine.     Nov. 

20.     MONOTROPA,  L.     Indian-Pipe. 

Calyx  of  2  -  5  deciduous  .sepals.  Corolla  4  -  5-petalous,  gibbous  at  the  base, 
deciduous.  Stamens  8-10:  anthers  reniform,  opening  across  the  apex. 
Stigma  broad,  4  -  5-rayed.  Capsule  ovoid,  8  -  1 0-furrowed,  4  -  5-celled.  Seeds 
very  numerous,  minute.  —  Stems  low,  fleshy,  white  or  reddish,  scaly.  Flowers 
solitary  or  racemose,  nodding.  Capsules  erect.  Herbs  parasitic  on  roots,  or 
decayed  vegetable  matter. 

§  1.    MoNOTHOi'A,  Xutt.  —  Stem    \-floicered :    srpnis    2-4:    petals  5  :   anthers 
opfiiiiif/  hij  2  chinks:    sltjle  short  and  thick. 

1.  M.  uniflora,  L.  —  Shady  woods.  AiVgust-Sept.  —  Stem  smooth, 
4'- 10'  high,  white,  turning  black  in  drying.     Flower  showy. 

§  2.  IIvpopiTYS,  Dill.  —  Stem  sereraJ-flowered ;  the  upper  flower  commonly  with 
f>  petals  and  \0  stamens  :  the  others  u-ith  4 petals  and  8  stamens :  sepals  as  many 
as  the  petals  :  anthers  openinfj  hi/  2  unequal  valves  ;  the  smaller  one  erect :  style 
longer  than  the  ovary. 

2.  M.  Hypopitys,  L.  —  Shady  -woods.  August.  — Stems  4' -8' high, 
pubescent,  reddish. 


Order  80.     DIAPENSIACEiE.     (Diapensia  Family.) 

Flowers  regitlar,  perfect.  Calyx  and  corolla  pentamerous,  imbri- 
cate, h\T:)ogynous.  Stamens  fertile,  or  those  opposite  the  petals  sterile. 
Ovary  3-celled,  ovules  anatropou.s.  Placentae  central.  Style  single. 
Capsule  3-valved.  Embryo  small,  in  fleshy  albumen.  —  Low  herba- 
ceous or  shrubby  plants,  with  simple  alternate  exstiptilate  leaves,  and 
single  or  racemose  flowers. 


STYRACACE.E.        (STOKAX    FAMILY.)  291 

Synopsis. 

Teibe  I.  DIAPENSI^.  Shrubby.  Leaves  evergreen.  Corolla  5-lobed.  Stamens  5, 
adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Anther  cells  awn-pointed  at  the  base,  opening 
transversely.     Flowers  solitary. 

1.  PYXIDANTHERA.     A  small  creeping  evergreen,  with  white  flowers. 

Teibe  II.  GAL-ACINE^.  Perennial  stemless  herbs,  with  persistent  radical  leaves. 
Stamens  10,  those  opposite  the  petals  sterile.  Anther  cells  opening  lengthwise  or 
transversely. 

2.  GALAX.     Flowers  small,  racemed.     Anthers  opening  transversely. 

3.  SHORTIA.     Flowers  large,  solitary.     Anthers  opening  lengthwise. 

1.    PYXIDANTHERA,  Micbx. 

Calyx  3-bracted,  .5-sepalous.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-lobed ;  the  lobes  rounded, 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  broad,  adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  corolla: 
anther  cells  roundish,  awned  at  the  base,  opening  by  a  transverse  line.  Ovules 
5-8  in  each  cell.  Capsule  few-seeded.  —  A  small  creeping  evergreen,  with 
ascending  very  leafy  branches.  Leaves  linear,  bearded  at  the  base,  the  upper 
ones  alternate.  Flowers  solitary,  terminal.  Sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  ciliate. 
Corolla  small,  white. 

1 .  P.  barbulata,  Michx.  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  North  Carolina,  and  north- 
ward.    April -May.  —  Stems  3' -6'  long.     Leaves  2" -3"  long. 

2.    GALAX,  L. 

Calyx  5-sepalous.  Petals  5,  hypogynous.  Stamens  10,  united  into  a  10- 
toothed  tube,  the  fertile  ones  shorter,  bearing  a  1 -celled  anther.  Stigma  3- 
lobed.  —  A  smooth  perennial  stemle.ss  herb,  erect  from  a  creeping  scaly  rhi- 
zoma.  Leaves  all  radical,  evergreen,  round-cordate,  crenate,  petioled.  Scape 
(l°-2°  high)  simple,  bearing  a  long  spiked  raceme  of  small  white  flowers. 

1.  G.  aphylla,  L.  —  Open  woods  on  the  mountains.  June -July.  —  Khi- 
zoma  deep  red. 

3.     SHORTIA,   Gray. 

Calyx  5-sepalous.  Petals  5,  hypogynous.  Stamens  10,  separate,  the  sterile 
ones  small  and  incurved.  Anthers  2-celled,  opening  lengthwise.  Style  slen- 
der.    Cap.sule  globose. 

L  S.  galacifolia,  Gray.  Leaves  l'- 2' wide,  oval  or  orbicular,  serrate, 
shorter  than  the  petioles;  scape  3' -6'  high;  corolla  9"  wide.  —  Mountains  of 
North  Carolina.     April. 


Order  81.     STYRACACE^.     (Storax  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules.  Flowers  per- 
fect.—  Calyx  4-8-toothed,  or  entire,  free,  or  adherent  to  the  2-5- 
celled  ovary.  Corolla  hypogynous,  or  inserted  on  the  calyx,  4  -  8-lobed 
or  4-8-petalous.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla,  twice 
as  many  as  its  divisions,  or  more  numerous,  separate,  or  monadelphous 
or  polyadelphous  at  the  base.     Style  single.     Fruit  capsular  or  drupa- 


I'DL'  STYUACACE.K.        (STOUAX    FAMILY.) 

ceoiis,  1-5-celled.  Seeds  anatropoiis,  mostly  solitary  in  each  cell. 
Embryo  nearly  as  long  as  the  altnimen.  Cotyledons  Hat.  Kadicle 
slender. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe  I.     STYRACKyE.     Calyx  4-K-tootli<'<l,  or  entire:  staiuenfl  2-4  times  as  many 
as  the  divisions  of  the  corolla :  ovules  partly  erect  or  spreading,  and  partly  pendulous : 
pubescence  stellate. 
1.    STYR.W.     Fruit  capsular,  1-celled.     Ovary  free  from  the  calyx,  or  partly  adherent. 
•2.    H.\LESIA.     Fruit  drupaceous,  2- 4-winged,  2- 4-celled.     Ovary  wholly  united  with  the 
calyx. 
Tribb  II.     SYMPLOCINKiE.     Calyx  5-cleft:  stamens  iudefluite :  ovules  pendulous: 
pubescence  simple. 
3.    SYMPLOCOS.     Flowers  in  sessile  clusters.     Fruit  baccate. 

1.     STYRAX,    louni.      Storax. 

Calyx  5-8  toothed,  free,  or  partly  adherent  to  the  3-eclled  ovary.  Corolla 
deeply  .'S-parted,  witli  sj)readiiig  or  reflexed  lobes,  hypogyuou,s  or  i)erigyuous. 
Stanieus  10,  free  or  aduate  to  tiie  tube  of  the  corolla.  Style  filiform.  (Jvary 
completely  or  partly  3-celled.  Capsule  globose,  3-valved,  1-seeded.  —  Shrubs, 
with  a  downy  or  scurfy  stellate  pubescence.  Leaves  entire  or  toothed.  Flow- 
ers white,  in  leafy  racemes. 

1.  S.  pulverulenta,  Michx.  Leaves  small  (T- 1^' long),  elliptical  or 
obovate,  entire  or  tiwthed,  the  lower  surface  and  branches  scurfy ;  racemes 
lateral,  3  -  7-flowered,  often  by  j)airs,  hoary  ;  calyx  teeth  subulate.  —  IMue 
barren  swamps,  Florida  and  Georgia.  April- ]\Iay.  —  Shrub  2°-12°  high. 
Kacemes  l'-2'  long.     Flowers  fragrant. 

2.  S.  grandifolia,  Ait.  Leaves  large  (2' -4'  long,  oval  or  obovate, 
acute,  mostly  entire ;  the  lower  surface,  like  the  branches  and  man^'-flowered 
racemes,  hoary ;  calyx  furrowed,  with  triangular  acute  teeth.  —  Kich  woods, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  A])ril  -  May.  —  Shrub  4°-  6°  high. 
Racemes  3'  -  5'  long. 

3.  S.  Americana,  Lam.  Leaves  thin,  obovate,  or  oblong-obovate,  acute, 
smur)th ;  racemes  scurfy,  not  hoary,  4-6-flowered,  terminal;  calyx  teeth 
short,  subulate.  (S.  glabrum  and  S.  licve.  Ell.)  —  Banks  of  streams,  in  the 
middle  and  upper  districts.  May.  —  Shrub  4°-8°  high.  Leaves  r-2'  long. 
Racemes  1'  long. 

« 
2.     HALESIA,    Ellis.      Snoworop  Tree. 

Calyx  obconical,  .sliglitly  4-8-toothed,  adnate  to  the  3-4-celled  ovary. 
Corolla  in.«erted  on  the  calyx,  4lobed  or  4-petalous.  Stamens  8-  16,  separate 
or  united  below,  free  from  the  corolla :  anthers  linear.  Ovules  4  in  each  cell, 
2  of  them  erect,  and  2  pendulous.  Drupe  dry,  2-4-wiuged,  1  -3-seeded. 
Seeds  cylindrical.  — Shrubs  or  small  trees.  Leaves  ample.  Flowers  in  short 
lateral  racemes,  ap])earing  with  the  leaves,  white,  drooping. 

*  Ovary  3-rellecI :  corolla  4-petaloiis :  stamens  7noslli/ 8,  distinct :  drupe '2-ivinged. 

1.    H.  diptera,  L.     Leavesoval,  coarsely  serrate,  pubescent,  4'- 5' hmg; 

racemes  2 -4-flowered,  the  flowers  on  long  pedicels ;  corolla  1' long ;  anthers 


EBENACE^.       (ebony    PAMILY.)  293 

spreading;  drupe  comjiressed,  V  long.  —  Rich  woods,  Florida  and  Georgia. 
March  -  April. 

*  *  Ovary  4-celled :  corolla  -i-lobed :  stamens  mostly  12,  united  below  the  middle: 
drupe  i-winged. 

2.  H.  tetraptera,  L.  Leaves  oblong,  finely  serrate,  at  length  smooth- 
ish,  2' -4'  long;  flowers  2-4  in  a  cluster,  8"- 10"  long;  anthers  erect. — 
River  banks.     March -April. 

3.  H.  parviflora,  Michx.  Tomentose,  at  length  smoothish;  leaves 
thin,  obloug-ovaie,  acuminate,  finely  serrate;  flowers  2-4  in  a  cluster-lik£ 
raceme;  calyx  top-shaped,  4-toothed;  corolla  deeply  4-parted;  stamens  12, 
the  pubescent  filaments  united  at  the  base ;  style  glabrous ;  drupe  broadly 
club  shaped,  narrowly  2  -  4-winged.  —  Borders  of  swamps,  East  Florida  [J.  D. 
Smith). 

3,    SYMPLOCOS,  Jacq. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  more  or  less  adherent  to  the  2  -  5-celled  ovary.  Corolla  5  - 
lO-petalous.  Stamens  15  or  more,  monadelphous  or  polyadelphous,  inserted 
at  the  base  of  the  corolla :  anthers  rouudish.  Ovules  2  -  4  in  each  cell,  sus- 
pended, anatropous.  Style  slender :  stigma  entire  or  3  -  5-parted.  Drupe  1  - 
5-seeded.  — Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  serrate.  Flowers  axillary,  in 
racemes  or  clusters. 

1.  S.  tinctoria,  L'Her.  Leaves  smooth,  coriaceous,  oblong,  partly  per- 
sistent;  clusters  sessile,  6- 12-flowered ;  calyx  smooth,  top-shaped,  the  lobes 
obtuse;  corolla  yellow;  stamens  in  5  sets;  stigma  entire;  drupe  baccate,  1- 
seeded.  —  Low  woods  and  banks  of  streams.  March.  —  A  small  tree.  Leaves 
3'  -  4'  long,  sweetish.     Flowers  very  numerous. 

Order  82.     EBENACE^.     (Ebony  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice.  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  with- 
out stipules.  Flowers  polygamous ;  the  sterile  cymose ;  the  fertile 
ones  larger,  solitary.  —  Calyx  free  from  the  3-12-celled  ovary,  per- 
sistent, 3  -  7-lobed.  Corolla  3  -  7-lobed,  convolute  in  the  bud,  decidu- 
ous. Stamens  mostly  16,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla,  often 
united  by  pairs;  the  filaments  short  and  haiiy:  anthers  introrse. 
Ovules  1-2  in  each  cell,  anatropous,  suspended.  Styles  distinct,  or 
united  below.  Fruit  baccate,  roundish,  few-seeded ;  the  seeds  large, 
compressed.    Embryo  in  the  axis  of  hard  albumen.     Radicle  superior. 

1.     DIOSPYROS,  L.     Persimmon. 

Calyx  4  -  6-lobed.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  4  -  6-cleft.  Stamens  in  the  sterile 
flower  mostly  16;  in  the  fertile  8,  with  the  anthers  sterile.  Styles  2  or  4, 
united  below.     Ovules  solitary  in  the  cells.     Berry  4  -  8-seeded. 

1.  D.  Virglniana,  L.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  mostly  smooth,  petioled ; 
calyx  4-parted ;  corolla  4-cleft ;  styles  4,  each  2-lobed  ;  ovary  8-celled.  —  Woods 
and  old  fields.  May -June.  —  A  small  tree.  Flowers  greenish.  Berry  eat- 
able wheu  fuUy  ripe. 


294  SAPOTACK-K.       (SAl'dlJll-LA    lAMlLV.) 


Okdek  S;}.     SAPOTACK^T:.     (Sai'odilla  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  milky  juice,  alternate!  tMitire  exstijjulati'  short- 
petioled  leaves,  and  regular  perfect  (small)  tlowers,  commonly  in 
sessile  axillary  clusters.  —  Calyx  free  from  the  -i-  12-celle(l  ovary,  4- 
8-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  hypogynous,  4  -  8-cleft,  mostly  with  one 
or  two  appendages  between  the  lobes.  Fertile  stamens  as  many  as 
the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  opposite  them,  alternating  with  as  many 
scale-like  or  petal-like  sterile  ones,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla: 
anthers  extrorse.  Ovules  anatropous,  single,  suspended  from  the  cen- 
tral angle  of  each  cell,  or  ascending  from  its  l^ase.  Fi-uit  a  drupe  or 
berry.  Seeds  few.  Albumen  tieshy  or  oily,  or  none.  Embryo 
straight. 

Synopsis. 

*  Calyx  5-parted. 
■<-  Corolla  without  appendages. 

1.  CHRYSOPHYLLTJM.    Sterile  stamens  none.    Fruit  a  berry. 

■t-  -1-  Corolla  with  a  single  appendage  between  the  lobes. 

2.  SIDEROXYLON.     Sterile  stamens  none.     Fruit  a  drupe.     Albumen  copious. 

■I-  ■(-  -I-  Corolla  with  two  appendages  between  the  lobes. 

3.  DIPHOLIS.     Seed  with  copious  albumen.     Sterile  stamens  fimbriate.     Ovary  smooth. 

4.  BUMELIA.     Seed  without  albumen.    Sterile  stamens  entire.    Ovary  hairy. 

*  *  Calyx  G  -  8-parted. 

5.  MIMUSOPS.    Appendages  of  the  corolla  two  between  the  lobes.    Stamens  G  -  8. 

1.     CHRYSOPHYLLUM,  L. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-partecl,  without  appendages.  Stamens  5.  Ovary 
5-10-celled,  the  ovules  ascending.  Berry  mostly  1-celled,  1-seeded.  Albu- 
men scanty.  —  Tropical  trees.  Leaves  thick,  silky  beneath.  Flowers  small, 
in  axillary  clusters. 

I.e.  olivif  orme,  Lam.  Branchlots,  etc.  with  copper-colored  pubescence ; 
leaves  olilong-ovato,  acute,  entire ;  pedicels  .shorter  thau  the  petiole  ;  corolla 
white;  "berry  black,  1-seeded."  —  South  Florida.  —  A  small  tree.  Leaves 
2' -4'  long. 

2.    SIDEROXYLON,  L. 

Calvx  .^-parted.  Corolla  5-cleft,  with  a  single  appendage  between  the  lobes. 
Stamens  5,  the  sterile  ones  none.  Ovary  hairy,  5-ceIled.  Drupe  mostly  1- 
celled,  1  seeded.     Albumen  copious.  —  Tropical  trees.     Flowers  clustered. 

1.  S.  pallidum,  Spreng.  Smooth  ;  leaves  membranaceous,  ellij)tical,  ob- 
tuse, wavy  on  the  margins,  on  slender  petioles;  clu.sters  few-flowered  ;  drupe 
yellowish,  ovoid.  —  South  Florida.  —  Leaves  5'  -  6'  long.     Drupe  9"  long. 


SAPOTACE.E.        (SAPODILLA    FAMILY.)  295 

3.  DIPHOLIS,  A.  DC. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  S-cIeft,  with  two  toothed  appendages  between  the 
lobes.  Stamens  5,  each  alternating  with  an  ovate-lanceolate  fimbriate  sterile 
one.  Ovary  smooth.  Drupe  juiceless,  1-seeded.  Albumen  copious,  fleshy. 
—  A  small  tree,  with  silky  branches.  Leaves  smooth,  oblong-lanceolate,  ob- 
tuse, narrowed  into  a  short  petiole.     Flowers  clustered,  on  short  pedicels. 

1 .  D.  salicifolia,  A.  DC.  —  South  Florida.  — Leaves  2' -3'  long.  Calyx 
silky.     Drupe  small,  oblong. 

4.  BUMELIA,  Swartz. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-cleft,  with  two  appendages  between  the  lobes. 
Stamens  5,  each  alternating  with  a  petal-like  sterile  one.  Ovary  5-celled, 
hairy.  Drupe  ovoid,  1-seeded.  Albumen  none.  —  Spiny  slirubs,  with  hard 
wood.  Leaves  deciduous,  oblong,  narrowed  into  a  petiole.  Flowers  clus- 
tered, white  or  greenish. 

1.  B.  lycioides,  Gwrt.  Leaves  obovate-oblong,  smooth  on  both  sur- 
faces ;  clusters  many-flowered,  smooth ;  pedicels  twice  as  long  as  the  flower, 
rather  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  corolla  nearly  twice  the  length  of  tlie  calyx. 
River  banks.  June -July.  —  A  large  shrub  or  small  tree.  Leaves  2' -4' 
long.     Flowers  greenish.     Drupe  ovoid. 

2.  B.  tenax,  WiUd.  Leaves  oblanceolate  or  obovate-oblong,  thin,  the 
lower  surface,  like  the  brauchlets  and  many-flowered  clusters,  covered  with 
silky  brown  hairs ;  pedicels  three  times  as  long  as  the  flower,  shorter  than 
the  petioles  ;  corolla  white,  barely  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Dry  soil.  South 
Carolina,  and  westward.  —  Leaves  l|-'-2^' long.     Drupe  oval. 

3.  B.  lanuginosa,  Pers.  Leaves  obovate-oblong  or  obovate,  coriaceous, 
the  lower  surface,  like  the  branchlets  and  many-flowered  clusters,  covered 
with  a  dense  rusty  villous  pubescence ;  corolla  white,  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward.  June- 
July.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree.     Leaves  2' -3' long.     Drupe  small,  ovoid. 

4.  B.  retusa,  Swartz.  ?  Pubescence  as  in  the  preceding  ;  leaves  coria- 
ceous, broadly  obovate  or  roundish,  notched  at  the  rounded  apex,  acute  at  the 
base,  short-petioled  ;  "  clusters  densely  many-flowered  ;  corolla  white  ;  appen- 
dages acute  ;  sterile  stamens  ovate  ;  drupe  ovoid."  —  Keys  of  Caximbas  Bay, 
Soutli  Florida.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree.     Leaves  lY  long. 

5.  B.  reelinata,  Vent.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so  throughout,  widely  branched; 
leaves  thin,  obovate-oblong,  attenuate  at  the  base ;  pedicels  few  and  slender, 
or  shorter  and  clustered ;  corolla  white  ;  sterile  stamens  lanceolate  ;  drupe 
globose.  —  Low  ground  along  rivers  and  .streams,  Florida  to  South  Carolina. 
June -Oct.  — A  straggling  shrub,  3° -5°  high.     Leaves  I'-l^'  long,  Y  wide. 

6.  B.  euneata.  Gray.  Smooth  throughout ;  lateral  branches  short  and 
spine-like  ;  leaves  small,  coriaceous,  lanceolate-spatulate  or  oblong  obovate, 
obtuse,  clustered  ;  flowers  few  in  a  cluster,  on  .short  pedicels  ;  calyx  lobes  ovate, 
obtuse,  the  two  outer  ones  smaller ;  corolla  yellowish  white ;  drupe  large, 
oblong.  —  South  Florida.  —  A  small  tree.  Leaves  T  long.  Drupe  3" -4" 
long. 


2%  MYKSINACK-K,       (^MYKSINK    lAMILY.) 

5.    MIMUSOPS,  h. 

Calyx  C-S-partcd  ;  tho  lobes  in  iw"  n>\vs.  ('«irnllii  O-B-cleft,  with  2  appou- 
dages  between  the  lobes.  Stanieas  6-8,  witli  af  many  2-lobed  sterile  oues 
iuter])osed.  Ovary  6-8-celled,  hirsute.  Drupe  globose,  I-2-celled.  Albu- 
men lieshy.  —  Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  coriaceous,  clustered  at  the  summit 
of  the  lirani  lies.     Flowers  axillary,  white. 

1.   M.  Sieberi,  A.  DC.     Branches  short,  thick,  tnliercular ;   leaves  rigid, 
smooth,  oblong,  emarginate  at  the  ape.x,  obtuse  at  the  ba.se,  on  stout  ])etioles; 
])e(licels  as  long  as  the  petiole,  recurved  ;  caly.x  lobes  coriaceous,  ovate-lanceo- 
late, pubescent,  as  long  as  the  corolla.  —  South  Fluriila.  —  Leaves  2' -3'  long 
the  midrib  stout,  the  lateral  veins  obscure. 


OiiDEii  81.     MYKSINACE^.     (Myksine  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  alternate  exstijiulate  often  dotted 
leaves,  and  perfect  or  unisexual  4  -  G-nierous  flowers.  —  Stamens  oi> 
posite  the  lobes  of  the  corolla.  Anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  1-celled,  the 
ovules  borne  on  a  free  globose  central  placenta.  Style  simple.  Fruit 
globose,  drupaceous  or  baccate,  1  -  many-seeded.  Embryo  in  copious 
hard  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Tbibb  I.    MYRSINE.E.    Appendages  of  the  corolla  uoue.     Ovules  embedded  in  cavi- 
ties of  the  placenta.     Fruit  1-seeded. 

1.  MYRSINE.     Flowers  dioecious.     Corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

2.  ARDISIA.     Flowers  perfect.     Corolla  convolute  in  the  bud. 

Tkibe  II.     THEOPHRASTEvE.     Corolla  appendaged  between   the  lobes.     Ovules 
not  embedded  in  the  placenta.     Fruit  few  -  many-seeded. 

3.  JACQUINIA.     Flowers  perfect,  fleshy.     Fruit  a  lO-seeded  berry. 

1.     MYRSINE,  L. 

Flowers  polygamo-dioecious.  Calyx  4-5  parted.  Corolla  4-5-cleft,  im- 
bricated in  the  bud.  Stamens  4-5,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla :  an- 
thers longer  than  the  filaments,  opening  from  the  base  upward.  Style  short : 
stigma  capitate.  Ovules  4-5,  amphitropous.  Drupe  globose,  1-seeded. — 
Leaves  coriaceous.    Flowers  small,  in  axillary  clusters,  on  short  pedicels. 

I.  M.  Rapanea,  R.  &  S.  Smooth;  leaves  obovate-oblong,  entire,  on 
short  ]K'tii)les  ;  clusters  few-flowered  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  an<l  corolla  5  ;  drni)es 
.small,  longer  than  the  pedicels.  —  South  Florida. — Leaves  2' -3'  long. 
Drupes  1"  in  diameter. 

2.    ARDISIA,  Swartz. 

Flowers  perfect.  Cal^'x  5-parted.  Corolla  5-cleft,  convolute  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  5 ;  the  anthers  mostly  longer  than  the  filaments,  opening  from  the 
apex  do^^^lward.  Ovary  1-celled,  many-ovuled.  Style  slender  :  stigma  acute. 
Drupe  globular,  l-seeded.  —  Leaves  coriaceous.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes 
or  panicles. 


PRIMULACE^.       (primrose    FAMILY.)  297 

1.  A.  Pickeringia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smooth;  leaves  oblong-obovate,  ob- 
tuse, entire,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole,  pale  beneath ;  panicles  terminal, 
short;  corolla  dotted  with  minute  black  globules.  —  South  Florida.  July. — 
Leaves  2'  long.     Drupe  1^"  in  diameter,  shorter  than  the  pedicel. 

3.    JACQUINIA,  L. 

Calyx  lobes  obtuse.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  with  ovate  obtuse  appendages. 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla  :  filaments  broad  and  fiat.  Stvle 
cylindrical  from  a  conical  base :  stigma  capitate,  5-angled.  Berry  pointed, 
3-10-seeded.  Albumen  hard.  —  Leaves  entire,  short-petioled.  Flowers  in 
racemes. 

1.  J.  armillaris,  L.  Branches  puberulent ;  leaves  wedge-obovate,  the 
margins  revolute;  racemes  chiefly  terminal,  many-flowered,  rather  longer 
than  the  leaves ;  corolla  bell-shaped,  fiesliy  ;  stamens  short ;  the  filaments  di- 
lated and  connate  at  the  base,  lining  the  base  of  the  corolla ;  fruit  subglobose. 
—  South  Florida.  —  Leaves  I'-l^'  long.    Fruit  5"  in  diameter,  orange-red. 


Order  85.     PRIMULACE^.      (Primrose   Family.) 

Herbs,  with  chiefly  whorled  or  opposite  leaves,  and  regular  flowers. 
—  Calyx  4 -5-lobed,  persistent.  Corolla  4-5-lobed.  Stamens  4-5, 
opposite  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  inserted  on  its  tube.  Ovary 
free,  or  partly  adherent  to  the  calyx,  1-celled,  many-ovuled.  Placenta 
central,  globose.  Style  single.  Capsule  1-celled,  many-seeded,  val- 
vate  or  circuniscissile.  Seeds  anatropous  or  amphitropous.  Embryo 
straight  in  fleshy  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

*  Ovary  free  from  the  calyx. 
•(-  Capsule  opening  by  valves  or  teeth. 

1.  HOTTONIA.     Corolla  salver-shaped.     Leaves  pectinately  dissected. 

2.  LYSIMACHIA.     Corolla  lobes  entire.     Sterile  filaments  none.     Anthers  oval. 

3.  STEIRONEMA.     Corolla  lobes  denticulate.     Sterile  filaments  between  the  fertile.     An- 

thers linear. 

4.  DODECATHEON.     CoroUa  wheel-shaped.     Stemless.     Leaves  radical. 

•I-  -1-  Capsule  opening  transversely. 

5.  ANAGALLIS.     Parts  of  the  flower  5.    Leaves  oppcjsite.     Stamens  bearded. 

6.  CENTUNCULUS.     Parts  of  the  flower  4.     Leaves  alternate.     Stamens  beardless. 

*  *  Ovary  partly  adherent  to  the  calyx. 

7.  SAMOLUS.     Stamens  5,  with  sterile  filaments  interposed.     Capsule  valvate. 

1.    HOTTONIA,  L. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5.  Style  slender. 
Capsule  globose,  at  length  splitting  into  5  valves,  which  cohere  at  the  base 
and  apex.     Seeds  fixed  by  the  base,  anatropous.  —  Aquatic  perennial  herbs, 


298  PRIMULACE^.       (primrose    FAMILY.) 

with  poftiiiately  disst-fted  leaves.     Flowerinj;  stems  mostly  clustered,  ucarly 
leafless,  inflated,  hearing  at  the  joints  wiiorls  of  small  white  flowers. 

I.  H.  inflata,  Kll.  Flowering  stems  3 -several  in  a  terminal  duster, 
niiK-h  inflated  ;  ui>]ier  stem  leaves  erowded,  with  filiform  divisions;  bracts  en- 
tire. —  Ponds  and  ditches  in  the  iipiter  districts.     June. 

2.    LYSIMACHIA,  L.    Loosestuiie. 

Calvx  5-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  convolute,  entire.  Sta- 
mens 5,  monadelphous,  no  sterile  ones.  Anthers  oval.  Style  slender.  Capsule 
globose,  valvate,  few  -  many-seeded.  — Perennial  herbs,  with  entire,  commouly 
dotted  leaves,  and  solitary  or  racemose  yellow  flowers. 

1.  L.  stricta,  Ait.  Stem  smooth,  erect,  branching;  leaves  opposite, 
lanceolate,  or  narrower,  acute  at  each  end  ;  racemes  long,  leafy  at  the  b:i.se ; 
pedicels  slender;  lobes  of  the  corolla  lanceolate-oblong,  marked  with  dark 
lines  ;  filaments  unequal ;  cajjsule  3  -  3-seedeil.  —  Low  ground  in  the  middle 
and  npj)er  districts.  July. —  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Leaves  2'  long.  Flowers 
small. 

2.  L.  Fraseri,  Duby.  Stem  glandular-]>ubescent  at  the  summit,  erect ; 
leaves  opposite,  ovate  or  cordate-ovate,  acuminate,  narrowed  into  a  short  peti- 
ole ;  flowers  in  a  leaHe.ss  panicle ;  calyx  bell-shaped,  the  lobes  fringed  on  the 
margins  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  entire.  —  Mouutaius  of 
Alaliaiiia,  Xurth  Carolina,  and  Teuue.ssee. 

3.  L.  asperulaefolia,  Poir.  Stem  erect,  smooth,  simple ;  leaves  (and 
flowers)  four  in  a  whorl,  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  dotted  ;  flowers  racemose,  on 
snort  pedicels,  the  upper  ones  scattered  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  oldong-lanceolate, 
dotted.  —  Near  Columbia,  South  Carolina  {Elliott),  North  Carolina  (Curtis, 
Croom).  —  Stem  2°  high.     Leaves  faintly  3  -5-nerved. 

4.  L.  quadrifolia,  L.  Stem  pubescent,  simple  ;  leaves  4  -  .5  in  a  whorl, 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  dotted,  sessile  ;  peduncles  axillary,  filiform  ;  lobes  of 
the  corolla  ovate-oblong,  dotted.  —  Shady  woods  in  the  upper  districts.  July. 
—  Stem  2^  high. 

3.     STEIRONEMA,  Kaf. 

Lobes  of  the  corolla  denticulate.  Stamens  separate,  alternating  with  sterile 
filaments.     Anthers  linear.     Flowers  axillary.     Otherwise  like  the  last. 

1.  S.  ciliata,  L.  Stem  mostly  branching,  smooth  ;  leaves  opposite,  lance- 
olate-ovate, acute,  cordate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  on  ciliate  petioles ;  corolla 
longer  than  the  calyx,  with  l)roadly  ovate  or  roundish  denticulate  lobes ; 
peduncles  opposite.  —  Varies  (L.  hybrida,  Michr.)  with  the  leaves  lanceolate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole ;  the  uppermost,  like  the 
peduncles,  often  whorled  ;  or  (L.  heterophylla,  Michx.)  with  the  lowest  leaves 
obovate,  the  others  long,  lanceolate ;  or  (L.  angustifolia.  Lam.)  with  linear 
nearly  sessile  leaves,  and  a  more  slender  stem,  and  smaller  flowers.  —  Woods 
and  thickets,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts.  July-  Aug.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 
Leaves  2' -4'  long. 

2.  S.  radicans,  Hook.  Smooth  throughout ;  stem  long,  prostrate ;  the 
slender  branches  often  rooting  at  the  apex ;   leaves  opposite,  ovate-lanceolate, 


PRIMULACE^.        (primrose    FAMILY.)  299 

acute,  on  long  slender  petioles  ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves ;  corolla  as 
long  as  the  calyx.  —  Swamps  and  marshy  banks  of  streams,  in  the  upper  dis- 
tricts. July.  —  Stem  2° - 3°  long.  Flowers  smaller  tlian  in  any  form  of  the 
preceding. 

4.     DODECATHEON,  L.     American  Cowslip 

Calyx  5  cleft,  the  lobes  reflexed.  Corolla  tube  very  short,  the  5-parted 
limb  reflexed.  Stamens  5,  the  filaments  monadelphous  at  the  base :  anthers 
long  and  linear,  erect.  Capsule  oblong-ovate,  Svalved  at  the  apex,  many- 
seeded.  —  Stemless  herbs.  Leaves  radical,  clustered,  spatulate  or  oblong. 
Flowers  umbellate,  terminating  the  naked  scape,  white  or  purple. 

1.  D.  Meadia,  L.  Smooth;  leaves  entire  or  obscurely  crenate ;  umbel 
bracted,  many-flowered  ;  flowers  showy,  nodding.  —  Woods  in  the  upper  dis- 
tricts.    May  -  June.     11  —  Scape  1°  high.     Leaves  4'  -  6'  long. 

5.    ANAGALLIS,  L.    Pimpernel. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-parted,  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Stamens  five :  filaments  bearded.  Capsule  globose,  opening  transversely, 
many-seeded.  —  Low  herbs,  with  opposite  or  wliorled  leaves,  and  axillary 
peduncled  flowers. 

1.  A.  arvensis,  L.  Stem  branching,  spreading,  4-angled  ;  leaves  ovate, 
sessile  ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  nodding  in  fruit ;  flowers  red.  — 
Fields  and  pastures.     Introduced.    July.     (i\  —  Stem  6'  long. 

6.    CENTUNCULUS,  L. 

Calyx  4 -5-parted.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  4-5-cleft,  shorter  than  the  calyx. 
Stamens  4-5,  beardless.  Capsule  globose,  many-seeded,  opening  trans- 
versely. —  Small  annuals,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  minute  axillary  white 
flowers. 

1.  C.  minimus,  L.  Stem  3-angled,  ascending,  mostly  branched;  leaves 
obovate,  acute ;  flowers  often  clustered.  —  Low  ground  near  the  coast. 
March -April.  —  Stem  l'-6'  long. 

2.  C.  pentandrus,  R.  Br.  Stems  erect,  simple  (4'- 8' high);  leaves 
oval  or  roundish,  mucronate  ;  peduncles  2-3  times  the  length  of  the  pentan- 
drous  flower;  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  corolla  4  or  5.  —  Low  ground  along  the 
Caloosa  River,  South  Florida.     Oct. 

7.    SAMOLUS,  L. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  the  tube  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Corolla  salver- 
shaped,  5-parted,  commonly  with  slender  filaments  interposed.  Stamens  5, 
included.  Capsule  5-valved  at  the  apex,  many-seeded.  —  Smooth  and  some- 
what fleshy  marsh  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  small  white  flowers 
in  terminal  racemes. 

1.  S.  floribundus,  Kunth.  Stem  at  length  much  branched;  leaves 
obovate,  the  lowest  tufted,  spreading,  the  others  scattered;  racemes  many- 


300  I'Li'MRAr.ixACE.E.      (lk.vdwokt   1  A.'MILV.) 

flowered;  pedicels  Iuiijli,  filiform,  niimitely  br.acted  in  tiie  middle;  caj)sulo 
globose,  longer  than  the  calyx;  liowers  minute.  —  Wet  places.  May -July. 
(2) —  I'laiit  tj'-  12'  lii{?li,  pale  greeu. 

2.  S.  ebracteatus,  Kunth.  Stem  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  naked 
above;  leaves  spatulale-obovate ;  racemes  few-Howered ;  jiedicels  bractless; 
capsule  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  Hower.s  consj)icuous.  —  Saline  marshes,  Flor- 
ida, aud  westward.     May- June.  —  Stem  l°-2°  higli. 


OuDKK  80.    PLUMBAGIXACE^.     (Lkadwout  Family.) 

Herbs  01- shrubs,  with  scattered  or  radical  and  clustered  leaves. — 
Calyx  tubular  or  funnel-shaped,  5-toothed,  plaited,  persistent.  Corolla 
salver-shaped,  5-lobed  or  5-petalou8,  with  the  5  stamens  opposite  the 
lobes  or  petals,  and  inserted  on  their  claws  or  on  the  receptacle.  Styles 
5,  distinct  or  united.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  the  solitary  anatropous 
ovule  suspended  from  the  apex  of  the  filiform  cord  which  arises  from 
the  base  of  the  cell.  Fruit  utricular  or  capsular,  variously  dehiscent." 
Embryo  straight  in  mealy-  albumen. 

1.  STATICE,    L.      Marsh  Rosemary. 

Calyx  bracted ;  the  limb  scarious,  .5-lobed.  Petals  5,  distinct,  or  united  by 
their  claws.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  claws  of  the  petals.  Styles  sejjarate 
or  nearly  so :  stigmas  slender.  Utricle  variously  dehiscent.  —  Perennial 
herbs,  growing  in  saline  marshes,  with  fleshy  chiefly  radical  leaves,  and  scape- 
like stems. 

1.  S.  Caroliniana,  Walt.  Leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  tapering  into  a 
long  ])etiole  ;  scai)e  scaly,  widely  l)rancliing ;  flowers  mostly  single,  in  1-sided 
spreading  s])ikes;  calvx  funnel-shaped,  smooth,  the  lobes  of  the  scarious  limb 
alternating  with  5  smaller  ones.  —  Salt  marshes,  Florida,  and  northward. 
August  -  Sept.  —  Scape  i°  -  2°  high.     Leaves  3'  -  6'  long.     Flowers  blue. 

2.  S.  Brasiliensis,  Eoissier.  Leaves  oblong,  rounded  or  emarginate 
at  the  apex,  thin  ;  sca])e  and  spreading  panicle  slender  (l°-2°  high) ;  spikelets 
1  -3-flowered,  more  or  less  distant;  bractlets  very  unequal ;  calyx  smooth,  the 
ovate  lobes  acute ;  corolla  white  —  Coast  of  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 

2.  PLUMBAGO,  Tourn.     Leadwort. 

Calvx  tubular,  5-ribbed,  .5-toothed.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  5-lobed.  Sta- 
mens 5,  inserted  on  the  receptacle.  Styles  united.  Stigmas  linear.  Utricle 
splitting  into  valves  from  the  base  upward.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate 
entire  mostly  clasping  leaves,  and  blue  or  white  flowers  in  terminal  spikes. 

L  P.  scandens,  L.  Shrubby;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  narrowed 
into  a  clasping  petiole ;  calyx  glandular-viscid,  half  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the 
corolla;  lobes  of  the  corolla  ovate,  white;  style  smooth.  —  South  Florida.  — 
Leaves  2'  -  3'  long.     Spike  elongated. 


LENTIBULACE.E.       (bLADDERWORT    FAMILY.)  301 

Order  87.     LENTIBULACE^E.     (Bladderwort  Family.) 

Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  with  entire  or  dissected  leaves,  and  irregu- 
lar flowers.  —  Calyx  2-lipped.  Corolla  2-lipped,  personate,  spurred  at 
the  base.  Stamens  2,  short,  included  :  anthers  1-celled.  Ovary  free, 
ovoid,  1-celled.  Ovules  numerous,  anatropous,  inserted  on  the  free 
central  globose  placenta.  Style  short :  stigma  2-lipped,  the  lower  lip 
larger  and  covering  the  anthers.  Capsule  globose,  many-seeded,  open- 
ing irregularly.     Embryo  straight  and  thick.     Albumen  none. 

1.     UTRICULARIA,   L.      Bladderwort. 

Lips  of  the  calyx  entire.  Throat  of  the  corolla  nearly  closed  by  the  project- 
ing palate  ;  the  lips  entire  or  slightly  lobed,  the  lower  one  with  an  appressed 
or  depending  spur  at  the  base.  —  Herbs,  floating  in  still  water  by  means  of 
small  air-bladders  attached  to  the  finely  dissected  leaves  (or  roots),  or  rooting 
in  damp  earth,  with  entire  leaves,  and  few  or  no  air-bladders.  Scapes  or  pe- 
duncles 1  -  many-flowered. 

*  Stem  floatiiifj :  upper  leaves  lohorled,  on  injiated  petioles  ;  the  others  scattered 
and  Jinelij  dissected :  Jiowers  j/elloiv. 

1.  U.  inflata,  Walt.  Scape  5  -  l  O-flowered ;  corolla  large  (f  wide)  ;  the 
lower  lip  .'3-lobed,  twice  as  long  as  the  appressed  conical  notched  spur,  the  up- 
per concave,  nearly  entire ;  fruit  nodding.  —  Var.  minor.  Every  way  smaller ; 
scape  2-flowered.  —  Ponds  and  ditches,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  west- 
ward.    April- May.  —  Stem  2'^  long.     Scape  6'  -  12'  high. 

*  *  Stem  floating :  leaves  all  scattered  and  finely  dissected  :  flowers  yellow. 

2.  TJ.  vulgaris,  L.  ?  Leaves  decompound  ;  scape  scaly,  5- 12-flowe red; 
throat  of  the  corolla  closed  by  the  prominent  palate  ;  the  lobes  nearly  entire 
with  reflexed  margins,  longer  than  the  conical  obtuse  somewhat  spreading 

spur;  fruit  nodding. — Ponds  and  still  water.      May -July. Stem  2° -3° 

long.     Scapes  6' -12'  high.     Corolla  Y  wide. 

3.  U.  striata,  Leconte.  Leaves  decompound ;  scape  slender,  sparinjjly 
bracted,  .5-6-flowered ;  lips  of  the  long-pedicelled  corolla  nearlv  equal,  3-lobed ; 
the  upper  one  concave,  striate  in  the  middle,  the  lower  with  reflexed  margins, 
as  long  as  the  linear  nearly  appressed  notched  spur ;  palate  dotted  with  brown. 
—  Still  water,  Florida,  and  northward.  Sept.  —  Scapes  10'  high.  Corolla  Y 
wide. 

4.  IT.  biflora,  Lam.  Small:  leaves  short,  sparingly  divided,  root-like; 
scape  1-3-  (mostly  2-)  flowered,  almost  bractless ;  lips  of  the  small  (4" -.5")' 
corolla  equal,  roundish;  the  upper  one  slightly  3  lobed;  the  lower  entire, 
rather  shorter  than  the  subulate  appressed  spur ;  palate  globose,  2-lobed.  — 
Ponds,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  May -June  —Stem  4'- 6'' long,  with 
clustered  branches.     Scape  2' -4' high. 

5.  U.  fibrosa,  Walt.  Scape  filiform,  1-3-flowered;  pedicels  long  and 
slender;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  slightly  3-lobed  ;  the  lower  entire,  as  long  as 
the  conical  obtuse  spur. —  Miry  margins  of  ponds.  Sept.  — Scape  4'- 10' 
high.     Corolla  6"  -  8"  widQ. 


302  LENTIBULACEyE.       (lU.ADDKKWORT    FAMILY.) 

6.  U.  gibba,  L-  Stem  sliort,  with  iliistereil  liranches;  leaves  sparingly 
diviiU'tl ;  scajie  i  -^-tiowered  ;  lips  of  the  ecjrolla  iiearl)'  ecjiial,  longer  tlian  the 
gihhous  ohtuse  appressetl  spur.  —  Siialluw  pouds,  ISoutii  Carolina  (EUiutt),  and 
uortiiward.     June. — 8teni'*i'-3' lung.     IScapo  l'-3' high. 

*  #  *  ^It  III  jiuatiiiij :  leaves  u'horleil,jiueli/  dissected :  /lowers  imr/de. 

7.  U.  purpurea,  Walt.  Stem  long,  filiform;  scape  mostly  1-tiowered; 
upi)er  lip  of  llie  ciirolla  truncated;  tiie  lower  3-lubed,  with  the  lateral  lobes 
sac-like,  longer  than  the  subulate  sj)ur.  —  Shallow  pouds.  June.  —  Stem  1°- 
2'^  long.     Scape  2' -3'  higli.     Corolla  4"  wide. 

«  »  «  «  ^teinless :  scape  routliKj,  scalij  ;  leaves  linear  and  entire,  or  none  : 
air-bladders  Jew  or  none  :  Jiowers  yellow. 

8.  U.  COmuta,  Miciix.  Scape  2-4-flowered;  pedicels  short,  as  long  as 
the  calyx  ;  lips  of  tlie  large  (I'  wide)  corolla  obovate,  une(pial ;  the  lower  one 
larger,  abruptly  pointed,  entire,  as  long  as  tiie  horn-shajted  acute  depending 
spur,  the  margins  strongly  retlexed.  —  Swamps,  Florida,  and  northward. 
July  -  Sept.  —  Scape  1°  high. 

9.  U.  juncea,  Vahl.  Scape  loosely  3  -  1 2flowered  ;  pedicels  shorter 
than  the  calyx  ;  corolla  4" -5"  wide,  the  prominent  palate  closing  the  throat ; 
spur  subulate,  depending,  as  long  as  the  corolla ;  stamens  sliglitly  curved.  — 
Marsliy  margins  of  ponds  and  .streams,  near  the  coast.  Sept. -Oct.  —  Scape 
6' -12'  high. 

10.  U.  longeciliata,  A.  DC.  Scape  3 - 7-flowered  (6' high),  the  pedi- 
cels shorter  than  the  calyx ;  upper  lip  of  the  small  (5"  long)  yellow  corolla 
obovate,  the  lower  one  nearly  entire,  with  reflexed  margin,  as  long  as  the 
horn-shaped  spur ;  leaves  numerous,  linear ;  scales  and  bracts  long-ciliate- 
deiitate.  —  Miami,  South  Florida  (Garber). 

11.  U.  SUbulata,  L.  Scai)e  setaceous,  3  -  9-flowered :  pedicels  much 
longer  than  tlie  calyx  ;  lower  lip  of  the  small  (3" -4")  corolla  3-lohed,  longer 
than  the  appressed  conical  green-pointed  spur;  leaves,  when  present,  linear, 
fugacious.  —  Wet  sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  west- 
ward.    Feb.  -  May.  —  Scape  2'  -  8'  high. 

2.     PINGTJICITLA,  Tourn.      BrxTF.uwf^uT. 

T'^pper  lip  of  the  calyx  3-lobed,  the  lower  2-lohed.     Corolla  somewhat  2- 
lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  2-lobed  :  the  lower  3-lobed,  spurred  at  the  base  ;  palate 
hniry.  —  Stemless  herbs.     Leaves  all  radical,  clustered,  entire,  W'ith  the  mar- 
gins commonly  involute.     Scape  naked,  commonly  viscid. 
*  Floii'prs  ypJIow. 

1.  P.  lutea,  Walt.  Clammy-pubescent;  leaves  oblong-obovate ;  corolla 
large,  with  the  rounded  lobes  2-4-cleft;  spur  subulate.  — Open  flat  pine  bar- 
rens, common.  Feb. -April. — Plant  yellowish.  Scape  6'- 12' high.  Corolla 
V -\V  wide,  nodding. 

*  *  Flowers  purple,  often  rhanqinff  to  vJiite. 

2  P.  elatior,  Michx.  Leaves  clammy-pubescent,  spatulate-ovate;  .scapes 
villous  near  the  base ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  2-cleft,  rounded ;  spur  obtuse.  — 


BIGNONIACE^.       (bKJNONIA    FAMILY.)  303 

Margins  of  ponds,  Florida  to  Xorth  Carolina.     March  -  April.  —  Scapes  8'  - 
12'  high.     Corolla  1'  wide. 

3.  P.  planifolia.  Smoothish;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  flat ;  corolla 
5-parted,  the  wedge-obovate  lobes  2-cleft,  acutish ;  spur  sac-like,  obtuse. 
(F.  australis,  S.  Flora,  not  of  Null.) — Shallow  ponds,  West  Florida,  near  the 
coast.     March.  —  Scapes  1°  high.     CoroUa  1' wide. 

4.  P.  puraila,  Michx.  Clammy-pubescent ;  leaves  roundish  or  obovate ; 
lobes  of  the  corolla  obcordate,  the  spur  short  and  obtuse,  or  subulate,  and  as 
long  as  the  tube.  (P.  Floridensis,  5.  Flora.) — Low  sandv  pine  barrens, 
Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward.  March-  April.  —  Scape  2'-  6'  high.  Corolla 
Y  -  i'  wide. 


Order  88.     BIGNONIACE^.     (Bignonia  Family.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  simple  or  compound  leaves,  and  regu- 
lar or  somewhat  irregular  showy  flowers.  —  Cal;y^  2-lipped,  5-lobed, 
or  truncate  and  entire.  Corolla  tubular  or  bell-shaped,  mostly  2- 
lipped.  Fertile  stamens  2,  or  4  and  didynamous,  inserted  on  the 
corolla :  anther  cells  diverging.  Ovary  2-celled,  many-ovuled ;  the 
base  siuTounded  with  a  glandular  disk.  Style  filiform :  stigma  2- 
lipped.  Capsule  2-valved,  2-  or  4-celled,  many-seeded.  Embryo  flat. 
Albumen  none. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder  I.  BIGNONIE^.  Trees,  shrubs,  or  woody  vines.  Capsule 
2-celled,  the  valves  separating  from  the  partition.  Seeds  flat,  winged.  Coty- 
ledons notched  at  each  end.  —  Leaves  opposite. 

1.  BIGNONIA.     Valves  of  the  capsule  parallel  with  the  partition.     Leaves  compound. 

2.  TECOMA.     Valves  of  the  capsule  contrary  to  the  partition.     Leaves  compound. 

3.  CATALPA.     Valves  of  the  capsule  contrary  to  the  partition.     Leaves  simple. 

Suborder  II.  SESAMES.  Herbs.  Capsule  4-celled.  Seeds  wingless. 
Cotyledons  thick,  entire. 

4.  MARTYNIA.     Capsule  woody,  beaked.     Leaves  simple,  alternate  or  opposite. 

1.     BIGNONIA,  Tourn.     Cross-vine. 

Calyx  cup- shaped,  truncate  or  slightly  5-toothed.  Corolla  tubular-bell- 
shaped,  .5-lobed.  Fertile  stamens  4,  didynamous;  anthers  smooth.  Valves 
of  the  capsule  flattened  parallel  with  the  partition,  and  separating  from  it 
at  maturity.  Seeds  flat,  winged.  —  Climbing  woody  vines.  Leaves  opposite, 
compound. 

1.  B.  capreolata,  L.  Leaves  evergreen;  the  short  petiole  terminated 
by  2  cordate-oblong  entire  stalked  leaflets,  with  a  branched  tendril  between  ; 
pedicels  clustered,  axillary,  elongated. — Woods.  April.  —  Stem  climbing 
high.  Leaflets  3' -6'  long.  Corolla  2'  long,  red  without,  yellow  within. 
Capsule  \°  long. 


304  IlICNDMACK-l-:.        (niCXOMA    KAMII.V.) 

2.     TECOMA,  .Iii>s.     Titi  Mi'KT-i  i.owKu. 

Calvx  Ix-ll-sliaiKMl,  5-t«ji)tlu'il.  Cuiollii  fiinm-l-sliapud,  5-lol)e«l.  Fertile  sta- 
mens 4,  ilidviiainoiis.  \'alvc'8  of  the  eaipsnk-  eoiivux,  contrary  to  the  j)arti- 
tion.  Sei'tls  winged.  —  Siiruhs  or  woody  vines.  I.,eave8  oj)i)o.'<ite,  conijKjiind, 
decidiiiius. 

1.  T.  radicans,  .luss.  —  Stem  diird)!!!!^  by  rootlets  ;  leaves  pinnate,  more 
or  less  jKiheseent ;  leaflets  9  -  II ,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
serrate;  racemes  terminal,  fcw-How.ered. —  Woods  and  margins  of  fields. 
May-June. — Corolla  2'-.'i'  long,  scarlet  without,  yellow  within.  Cajisule 
4'-')'  long. 

2.  T.  stans,  .Tuss  Stem  erect;  leaves  smooth,  jiinnate,  long-petioled ; 
lealiits  7,  lanceolate,  acute,  finely  serrate;  racemes  many-flowered;  calyx 
tuhular;  stamens  5,  the  fifth  hearing  an  abortive  anther.  —  South  Florida. 
March  -  May.  —  Stem  3°  -  4°  high.     Corolla  1 Y  l"Ug>  yellow. 

3.    CATALPA,  Scop. 

Calyx  'i-lipped.  Corolla  bell-.*haped,  somewhat  2-lipped,  ."i-lobed.  FertQe 
stamens  2.  Valves  of  the  cylindrical  capsule  contrary  to  the  partition.  Seeds 
flat,  with  fimbriate  wings.  —  Small  trees.  Leaves  simple,  opposite.  Flowers 
in  terminal  panicles. 

1-   C.  bignonioides,  Walt.     Leaves  large,  cordate,  entire  or  angularly 

lobed,  acuminate,  long-petioled,  pubescent ;  panicle  trichotomous,  many-flow- 
ered; calyx  purple;  corolla  white,  variegated  with  yellow  and  purple  within, 
the  lobes  undulate;  capsule  slender,  elongated,  pendulous.  —  River  banks, 
Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward.  May.  —  Corolla  1'  long.  Capsules  1° 
long. 

2.  C.  speciosa,  Warder.  Leaves  cordate  or  truncate,  downy  beneath, 
inodorous;  panicle  large  and  loo.se;  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  notched,  shorter 
than  the  upper,  the  broadly  obconic  tube  striped  within  with  brown  and  yel- 
low; capsule  terete,  furrowed;  seeds  acute.  — Eiver  banks,  Tennessee,  and 
westward.  May.  — Taller  than  the  preceding,  with  thicker  and  rougher 
bark,  larger  flowers,  and  thicker  capsules. 

4.    MARTYNIA,  L.     Umcorx  Plant. 

Calyx  .5-cleft,  2-3-bracted.  Corolla  irregular,  tubular-hell-shaped,  un- 
equally .-i-lobed.  Fertile  stamens  2  or  4.  Capsule  woodv,  falselv  4-celled, 
ending  in  two  long  recurved  horns,  and  opening  between  them.  Seeds  wing- 
less.—Viscid  branching  annuals.  Leaves  petioled,  entire,  roundi.sh,  the 
upper  ones  alternate.     Flowers  racemed. 

1.  M.  proboscidea,  Glox.  —  Stems  thick,  at  length  prostrate;  leaves 
round-cordate;  corolla  (1^'  long)  whitish,  spotted  with  vellow  and  purple; 
capsule  crested  on  one  side,  shorter  than  the  beaks.  —  Waste  places.  Intro- 
duced.   July  -  August. 


OROBANCHACE.E.       (bROOM-RAPE    FAMILY.)  305 


Order  89.     OROBAIS^CHACE^:.     (Broom-rape  Family.) 

Low,  leafless,  scaly  herbs,  parasitic  on  roots,  with  bilabiate  didyna- 
mous  flowers.  —  Calyx  4  -  5-toothed  or  parted.  Corolla  withering- 
persistent,  tubular,  the  upper  lip  2-cleft  or  entire,  the  lower  3-lobed. 
Stanieus  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  :  anthers  persistent.  Ovary 
free,  1-celled,  with  2-4  parietal  placentae.  Style  simple,  ciu'ved  at 
the  apex :  stigma  thick,  2-lobed.  Capsule  2-valved,  many-seeded. 
Seeds  very  small,  anatropous,  with  the  minute  embryo  at  the  base  of 
transparent  albumen.  —  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  solitary  or 
spiked. 

Synopsis. 

1.  EPIPHEGTJS.     Flowers  polygamous,  spiked  ;  the  lower  ones  fertile,  the  upper  sterile. 

Calyx  '2-bracted,  5-toothed.     Stem  branching. 

2.  CONOPHOLIS.     Flowers  perfect,    spiked.     Calyx  2-bracted,  cleft  on  the  lower  side. 

Stem  simple,  thick  and  fleshy. 

3.  APHYLLON.      Flowers   solitary,   perfect.      Calyx  bractless,   5-cleft.      CoroUa  nearly 

equally  5-lobed. 

1.     EPIPHEGUS,  Nutt.    Beech-drops. 

Flowers  polygamous ;  the  upper  ones  slender  and  sterile,  the  lower  abbrevi- 
ated and  fertile.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Capsule  2-valved  at  the  apex,  with  2 
placentas  on  each  valve.  —  Stem  smooth,  slender,  much  branched,  purplish. 
Flowers  small,  in  loose  slender  spil<es.     Corolla  purplish. 

1.  E.  Virginiana,  Bart  —  Under  beech  trees,  in  deep  shades.  August. 
—  Stems  6'  -  12'  high.  Flowers  scattered.  Corolla  of  the  sterile  flowers  4"- 
6"  long,  4-toothed,  curved. 

2.     CONOPHOLIS,   Wallr.     Squaw-root. 

Flowers  perfect,  densely  spiked.  Calyx  2-bracted,  tubular,  4-toothed,  cleft 
on  the  lower  side.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  arching,  notched ;  the  lower  short, 
3-toothed.  Stamens  exserted.  Capsule  2-valved,  with  2  placenta  on  each 
valve.  —  A  thick  and  fleshy  whitish  simple  herb,  covered  with  imbricated 
scales.     Flowers  yellowish,  spreading. 

1.  C.  Americana,  Wnllr. — Shady  woods.  April.  —  Stems  clu.stered 
from  matted  roots,  4' -6'  high,  V  thick. 

3.    APHYLLON,  ISIitchell. 

Flowers  solitary,  perfect.  Calyx  .5-cleft,  bractless.  Corolla  tubular,  curved, 
nearh-  equally  5-lobed.  Stamens  included.  Capsule  2-valved,  with  4  equi- 
distant placentae.  —  Stemless  or  nearly  so.  Flowers  purplish,  on  a  long  scape 
or  peduncle. 

1 .  A.  uniflorum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  —  Stem  very  short  and  scaly  ;  peduncles 
1- several,  S'-n'  high,  jmbescent ;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate-subulate.  —  Woods, 
Florida,  and  northward. 

20 


.'{OO  S(  l;nl'IHI,Ai:iACi:.K.       (KKavnux    kamilv.) 


Okui-.k  !mi.     SC"1{01»IIILAI{IAC"IL1':.    (KiiiwouT  Family) 

Cliit'lly  licrlis.  Li-avcs  conmidiily  opposite,  without  stipules.  Calyx 
4-5-cleft,  or  j'artctl.  Corolla  I  - .Vlohed,  rejjular,  or  liilaluate  ;  the 
lobes  inil)rical('(l  in  tlie  \nu\.  iM-rliic  stanieus  1  (souietinies  2,  rarely 
')).  mostly  tlidyuainous,  inserted  on  the  tulie  ot  the  corolla  :  auther 
cells  ot'ten  separate,  opeiiiujf  leiiiftliwise.  Ovary  free,  *2-celled,  niany- 
ovuled.  riaeeutiV!  central.  Style  simple  or  '2-cleft.  Capsule  2-celled, 
many- (rarely  1  -  few-)  seeded.  Seeds  anatropous.  End^ryo  small, 
in  coi»ioiis  iiUmmeu. 

.  Syuopsis. 

§  1.    Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  exterior  in  the  bud  (except  MIiuuIub).     Capsule  commonly 

Bepticidally  deliiscent. 

*  Stamens  5,  all  perfect.    Corolla  regular. 

1.  VERBASCUM.    Corolla  wheel-ahaped.     Filaments,  or  a  part  of  them,  bearded.     Leaves 

alternate. 

*  *  Fertile  stamens  4  ;  the  fifth  sterile  or  rudimentary.    Flowers  cymose.    Leaves  opposite. 

2.  SCROPHULARIA.     Fifth  stamen  scale-like.     Corolla  globose  or  oblong ;  four  of  the 

lobes  short  and  erect. 

3.  CHELONE.     Fifth   stamen  sliorter  than  the  others.     Corolla  tubular,  inflated,  con- 

tracted at  the  throat.     Seeds  winged. 

4.  PENTSTEMON.     Fifth  stamen  as  long  as  the  others.     Corolla  dilated  upward.     Seeds 

wingless. 

*  *  #  Fertile  stamens  4:  sterile  ones  none.     Flowers  axillary  or  racemed. 

5.  LIN.\RIA.     Corolla  spurred  at  the  base.     Capsule  toothed  at  the  apex. 
C.    MIMULUS.     Calyx  tubular,  .")-angled,  ."i-toothed.     Corolla  large. 

7.  HERI'ESTIS.     Calyx  .0-parted  ;  the  three  outer  lobes  much  larger.     Corolla  short. 

8.  CONOBEA.     Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  equal.     Leaves  pinnatiftd. 

*  «  *  *  Fertile  stamens  2  :  sterile  ones  2  or  none. 
0.   GR.\TIOLA.     Calyx  5-parted.      Sterile  fihinients  entire,  included.      Capsule  ovate  or 
globose. 

10.  ILYSANTHES.     Calyx  H-parted.     Sterile  filaments  2-cleft,  exserted.     Capsule  oblong. 

11.  MICRANTHEMUM.     Cilyx  4-parted.     A  scale-like  appendage  below  tlie  filaments. 

§  2.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  interior  in  the  bud.    Capsule  commonly  loculicidally  dehiscent. 

«  Corolla  regular  or  slightly  2-lipped  :  the  lobes  nearly  equal. 

1-  Stamens  2,  distant.     Cr.psule  mostly  obcordate. 

12.  AMPHIANTHUS.     Style  2-cleft.     Flowers  solitary,  terminating  the  central  scape  and 

in  the  axils  of  the  tufted  radical  leaves. 

13.  VERONICA.     Style  simple.     Flowers  in  leafy  racemes  or  spikes. 

■>-  ■<--  Stamens  3  -  .">,  equal.     Peduncles  axillary,  2  or  more  together. 

14.  CAPRARIA.     Corolla  bell-shaped,  .'")-cleft.     Capsule  loculicidal.     Leaves  alternate. 

15.  SCOPARIA.     Corolla  wheel-shaped,  4-cleft.     Capsule   septicidal.     Leaves  oppoEite  or 

wliorled. 

16.  HTDRANTHELIUM.     Corolla  3-cleft.     Stamens  3. 

■<-■>-■*-  Stamens  4.     Flowers  racemed  or  spiked. 
++  Anthers  1-celled. 

17.  BUCHNER.'V.     Corolla  salver-shaped.     Stamens  didynamoua.     Flowers  spiked. 

++  ++  Anthers  2-celled.     Stamens  equal. 

18.  SEY\rERIA.     Corolla  bell-shaped,  yellow.     Stamens  included. 

19.  MACRASTHERA.    Corolla  tubular,  orange.    Stamens  long-exserted. 


SCKOPHULAKIACE^.        (fIGWORT    FAMILY.)  307 

++<+++  Anthers  2-celled.     Stamens  didynamous. 

20.  OTOPHYLLA.      Anthers  unequal.      Corolla  bell-shaped.       Upper  leaves  2-eared  at 

the  base. 

21.  DASYSTOMA.     Anthers  equal,  awued  at  the  base.      Corolla  funnel-shaped,  yellow. 

Leaves  mostly  pimiatifid. 

22.  GERARDIA.     Anthers  equal,  pointed  at  the  base.    Corolla  bell-shaped,  purple.    Leaves 

narrow,  entire. 
*  *  CoroUa  tubular,  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  arching  and  enclosing  the  4  didynamous  stamens. 
■i-  Anther  ceUs  unequal. 

23.  CASTILLEIA.     Anther  cells  separate.     Leaves  alternate,  the  floral  ones  colored. 

^-  H-  Anther  cells  equal. 

24.  SCHWALBEA.     Calyx  10-12-ribbed,  the  upper  teeth  smaller.     Capsule  oblong,  many- 

seeded.     Leaves  entire,  alternate. 

25.  PEDICULARIS.     Capsule  sword-shaped,  few-seeded.     Leaves  pinnatifid. 

26.  MELAMPYRUM.     Calyx  4-cleft.      Capsule  flat,   1-4-seeded.      Upper  leaves  bristly- 

toothed  at  the  base. 

1.     VERBASCUM,    L.      Mullein. 

Calyx  5-partecl.  Corolla  rotate,  5-lobed ;  the  lobes  nearly  equal,  roundish. 
Stamens  5,  declined,  all,  or  a  part  of  them,  bearded.  Stigma  simple.  Capsule 
globose,  many-seeded.  —  Tall  biennial  herbs.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  in 
racemes. 

1.  V.  Thapsus,  L.  AVooUy  througliout ;  stem  stout,  simple;  leaves 
sliglitly  crenate,  rugose ;  tlie  lowest  large,  oblong,  petioled,  tlie  others  broadly 
decurrent  on  the  stem ;  raceme  spike-like,  dense,  cylindrical ;  flowers  yellow. 
—  Old  fields  and  waste  ground.  Introduced.  —  Stem  2° -5°  high.  Lowest 
leaves  1°  long.     Haceme  rigid,  l°-2°  long. 

2.  V.  Blattaria,  L.  Stem  smooth  below,  pubescent  above,  sparingly 
branched  or  simple  ;  leaves  smooth,  oblong,  acute,  .serrate  or  pinnately  lobed ; 
the  lowest  petioled;  the  upper  clasping;  racemes  elongated,  glandular,  the 
flowers  scattered ;  corolla  bright  or  pale  yellow ;  filaments  all  bearded  with 
purple  hairs.  —  Waste  ground,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts.  Introduced.  — 
Stem  2° -.3'"  high. 

3.  V.  Lychnitis,  L.  Plant  mealy-white;  stem  branching  and  angled 
above ;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  sessile ;  the  lowest  narrowed  into  a  petiole,  gi-een- 
ish  above;  flowers  in  a  pyramidal  panicle,  yellow;  filaments  bearded  with 
white  hairs.  —  In  Carolina,  Muhlenberg.     Introduced. 

2.     SCROPHULAIIIA,   L.    Figwort. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  globose  or  oblong,  5-cleft ;  the  4  upper  lobes  erect, 
•with  the  two  uppermo.st  longer;  the  lowest  spreading.  Stamens  4,  declined; 
the  fifth  sterile  and  scale-like,  placed  near  the  orifice  of  the  tube  of  tlie  corolla : 
anther  cells  transverse  and  confluent  into  one.  Capsule  many-seeded.  —  Tall 
herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  greenish  purple  flowers  in  loose  cymes,  form- 
ing a  narrow  panicle. 

1.  S.  nodosa,  L.  Smooth;  stem  4-sided;  branches  elongated,  spread- 
ing; leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  or  the  uppermost  lanceolate,  acute,  serrate, 
rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base;  flowers  small.  —  Shady  banks  and  thickets. 
Sept.  —  Stem  2°-  5°  high. 


308  SCKoIMU'LAItlACK.K.        (kKJWOKT    KA.MIl.Y.) 

3.    CHELONE,    rumn.     Snaki;-iikai>. 

C'alvx  .■j-iiiirtrd  or  r)-.s(|ialuu>,  luiuiiil.  ("omlla  iiiHateil-tiiltular,  contriuted 
at  tlie  tliroal,  liilulnalu ;  tlic  upiM-r  lip  coiuavi-,  emargiiiatc ;  tlie  lower  ob- 
tusely .J-lohetl,  woolly  ill  the  throat.  .Staiueus  4,  wiiii  the  lilaiiieiitM  and  cor- 
date anthers  woolh ,  and  a  fifth  sterile  one  shorter  than  the  otiiers.  Seeds 
inihrieated,  liroadly  wingeil.  —  .Sniootli  |ierenni:il  herl)s,  with  opposite  serrate 
leaves,  and  large  wiiite  or  jmrple  (lowers  in  short  dense  hraeted  spikes. 

1.  C.  obliqua,  L.  stem  ni<j.stly  sini])le,  2^  high;  leaves  large  (2'- 5' 
long),  thin,  oldong-uvate,  eoar.sely  serrate,  tapering  intoa  short  petiole  ;  corolla 
1^'  long,  bright  rose-color.  —  Wet  i)anks,  chictly  in  the  upper  di.«itrict8.     Sept. 

2.  C.  glabra,  I^-  stem  simple  or  branched;  leaves  lanceolate,  finely 
serrate,  acute  or  acuminate,  on  very  short  petioles;  spike  terminal,  simple  or 
branched ;  corolla  white.  —  Wet  banks  of  streams,  rare  in  the  htwer  districts. 
Sept. — Stem  2°  high.  Leaves  2' -4'  long,  sometimes  j)ubescent  beneath. 
Corolla  1'  long. 

3.  C.  Lyoni,  I'ursh.  stem  simple  or  l)ranched ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate- 
oblong,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  ba.se,  acuminate,  serrate,  conspicuously  j)eti- 
oled,  mostly  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath  ;  flowers  purple.  —  Mountains  of 
North  Carolina.  Sept.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.  Leaves  4'-  6'  loug,  thinner,  and 
the  flowers  smaller  than  in  the  ])receding. 

4.     PENTSTEMON,   L'ller, 

Calyx  5-))artcd.  Corolla  inilated-tubular,  or  somewhat  bell-shaped,  open  at 
the  throat,  bilabiate ;  the  upper  lij)  rounded,  concave,  emarginate  or  2-lobed ; 
the  lower  3-lobed.  Stamens  4,  declined  at  the  base,  and  a  fifth  sterile  one  as 
long  as  the  other."*,  and  commonly  bearded  above.  Cap.oule  2-valved,  many- 
seeded.  Seeils  wingless.  —  Erect  perennial  herl)s,  with  opposite  leaves,  and 
white  or  purpl<>  flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  cymes,  forming  a  close  or  open 
narrow  terminal  jtaiiicle. 

*  Leaven  pinnateli/  divided. 

1.  P.  dissectus,  Ell.  Smooth  or  minutely  pube.scent ;  divisions  of  the 
leaves  linear,  obtuse,  entire  or  sparingly  lobed ;  cymes  few-flowered,  long- 
pednncled ;  corolla  somewhat  bell-shaped,  with  rounded  and  nearly  equal 
lobes ;  anther  cells  smooth,  spreading ;  sterile  stamen  bearded  at  the  apex.  — 
Dry  soil  in  the  middle  districts  of  Georgia.  —  Stem  2°  high,  slender.  Calyx 
lobes  small,  acnte.     Corolla  9"- 10"  long,  purple. 

*  *  Lenrex  undivided. 

2.  P,  pvibescens,  Solander.  Pubescent  or  smooth;  leaves  lanceolate, 
acute,  serrate  or  entire,  sessile  or  clasping;  the  lowest  ovate  or  oblong,  taper- 
ing into  a  slender  petiole;  cymes  spreading,  few-flowered  ;  tube  of  the  corolla 
gradually  dilated  above  the  middle ;  lower  lip  longer  than  the  upper ;  anthers 
smooth.  —  Dry  open  woods  and  fence-rows.  June -July.  —  Stem  2°  high. 
Lowest  leaves  .T-."/  long.     Corolla  1'  long,  pale  purple. 

3.  P.  Igevigatus,  Soland.  Smooth  or  nearly  so ;  stem  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  serrate  or  entire,  clasping ;  the  lowest  oblong,  narrowed  into  a 
petiole ;  cymes  few-flowered,  spreading,  forming  a  narrow  panicle ;  tube  of 


SCKOPHULARIACE.E.       (fiGWORT    FAMILY.)  309 

the  corolla  abruptly  dilated  near  the  base;  the  lips  nearly  equal.  —  Dry  soil, 
Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward.  July. — Stem  2°  high.  Corolla  9"- 12" 
long,  white  or  pale  purple. 

Var.  multiflorus,  Benth.  Larger  (3°-4°)  high;  leaves  thicker ;  cymes 
mauy-lloweretl,  forming  a  large  spreading  panicle  ;  corolla  smaller.  —  Pine 
barrens,  Floriila. 

5.  LINARIA,  Juss.  Toad-Flax. 
Calyx  deeply  5-parted.  Corolla  personate,  spurred  at  the  base ;  the  upper 
lip  emarginate  or  2-lobed;  the  lower  3-lobed;  the  throat  commonly  closed  by 
the  prominent  palate.  Stamens  4,  didynamous.  Capsule  globose  or  ovoid, 
opening  at  the  apex,  with  few  or  several  tooth-like  valves,  many-seeded.  — 
Herbs,  witli  alternate  or  (on  the  radical  branches)  opposite  or  whorled  leaves, 
and  axillary  or  racemose  flowers. 

*  Stems  with  prostrate  brunches    at  the  base,  which  bear  broader  opjioske   or 

ichorled  leaves. 

1.  L.  Canadensis,  Spreng.  Smooth;  stem  erect,  slender,  mostly  .sim- 
ple ;  leaves  liiicar,  Hat ;  those  on  the  radical  branches  oblong ;  racemes  straight ; 
pedicels  erect,  as  long  as  the  calyx;  lobes  of  the  small  (3" -4")  blue  and 
white  corolla  rounded  ;  spur  filiform,  curved,  as  long  as  the  pedicels.  —  Culti- 
vated ground,  common.     April -May.     (2)  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 

2.  L,  Floridana,  Chapm.  Stem  smooth,  ascending,  paniculately  much 
branched ;  leaves  fleshy,  terete,  linear  or  club-shaped ;  those  on  the  radical 
branches  obovate  ;  racemes  flcxuous,  glandular  hairy ;  pedicels  spreading,  3  - 
4  times  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  lobes  of  the  small  (2")  blue  corolla  truncate  or 
emarginate;  spur  very  short.  —  Sandy  coast,  Florida.  April -May.  @  — 
Stem  3'- 12'  high. 

*  *  Prostrate  branches  none. 

3.  L.  vulgaris,  Miller.  Smooth ;  stem  erect,  simple  or  branched ; 
leaves  alternate,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  crowded ;  raceme  dense;  flowers 
large  (T  long),  yellow;  spur  subulate;  seeds  flattened,  margined.  —  Waste 
places.     Naturalized.     [^  —  Stem  l°-3°  high. 

4.  L.  Elatine,  IMiller.  Hairy;  stem  prostrate,  slender,  branching; 
leaves  small,  ovate  and  hastate  ;  the  lowest  sometimes  opposite  and  toothed  ; 
pedicels  axillarj%  filiform,  commonly  longer  than  the  leaves ;  flowers  snnill, 
yellow  and  purplish ;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate,  acute.  —  Waste  places.  Natural- 
ized.    0  —  Stem  4'  - 1 2'  long. 

6,     MIMTJLUS,   L.     Moxket-flower. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-angled,  sharply  .5-toothed.  Corolla  bilabiate ;  the  upper 
lip  2-lobed,  erect  or  reflexed  ;  the  lower  3-lobed,  spreading.  Stamens  4, 
didynamous :  anther  cells .  somewhat  confluent.  Stigma  ovate,  2-lipped. 
Capsule  loculicidally  2-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Erect  smooth  perennial  herbs, 
with  oppo.iite  leaves,  and  axillary  purple  flowers. 

1.  M.  ringens,  L.  Stem  compressed,  4-angled,  the  angles  wingless; 
leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  denticulate,  cordate  and  clasping  at  the  base; 


;;10  SCUdl'liri.AKlACK.l!:.       (KKiWOUT    ka:\iii.y.) 

podumles  longer  tliaii  tin-  flowers.  — Swamps  in  tlif  uppf-r  ilistricU*.  August. 
—  Stini  l°-i!^  li'gli-  Leiives  thin,  2' -4'  long.  ('on.ll:i  sliowv.ilir  palate 
grconi.-^li  and  pubestcnt. 

2.  M.  alatUS,  Ait.  stum  sipiari',  with  wingi'ti  angles;  luavt-s  oldong- 
ovatc,  ;i(  iiininale,  .serrate,  taporing  at  the  luLxe  into  a  petiole;  jjeduniies 
shorter  than  tiie  Howers  —  Swanij.s.  -Julv  -  August.  —  Stem  2'  iiigh.  l.eaves 
2'-  5'  long.     Calyx  teeth  small. 

7.     HERPESTIS,  (iartu. 

Calvx  .")  ]>artiMl  ;  tlie  :i  outer  loins,  espeeially  the  ui)per  one,  hroader. 
Corolla  hell-shaped,  :)-lul)eil  or  liilabiate,  with  the  upper  lip  2lohed  or  emar- 
ginate,  the  lower  3  lohed.  Stamens  4,  didynamous:  antiier  cells  contiguous 
or  (livarieate.  Style  dilated  and  flattened  at  the  apex.  Capsule  2-valved, 
nianv-seeded.  — Low  herl)s.  with  t)pposite  leaves.  Flowers  opjw.site,  axillary, 
or  in  leafy  terminal  raeemes. 

*  Siciiis  A-(tu<jltd:  leaves  serrate:  jiediincles  2-brarted  at  the  base:  exterior  cali/x 

lobes  oblomj :  corolla  white. 

1.  H.  nigrescens,  Bentli.  Smooth;  stem  erect,  simple  or  brauched ; 
]ea\es  oblong  or  ol)long-obovate,  rather  obtuse,  serrate  above  the  middle; 
lower  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves,  the  upper  much  longer ;  tube  of  the 
corolla  striped  with  blue;  the  upper  lip  rounded.  —  Low  grouud.  August - 
Sept.  —  Stem  1°-  U°  high.     Leaves  1'- 2'  long. 

2.  H.  ehamaedryoides,  II BK.,  var.  peduncularis,  Gray.   Smooth; 

stem  (leiunilient,  ililTuse.  (  reejjing  ne.ar  the  base  ;  lea\cs  small,  obovate-obloug, 
entire  near  the  base  ;  peduncles  filiform,  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  leaves. — 
Key  West.  —  Stems  6' -12'  long.  Leaves  4"- 6"  long.  Flowers  smaller 
tlian  in  Xo.  1. 

*  *  Stems  terete,  succulent,  creeping  :    leaves  ovate  or  roundish,  entire :   exterior 

cali/x  lobes  cordate  or  ovale :  peduncles  2-bracted  at  the  apex. 

3.  H.  Monniera,  Kunth.  Smooth ;  stems  creeping ;  leaves  fleshy, 
wedgc-obovate ;  corolla  bell-shaped,  with  the  rounded  lobes  nearly  e<pial ; 
peduncles  as  long  as  the  flowers  ;  exterior  calyx  lobes  ovate.  —  Ditches  and 
muddy  banks  along  the  coast.  June -Sept.  ^  —  Stem  1°- 2°  long.  Leaves 
r  long.     Corolla  white  or  pale  blue. 

4.  H.  amplexicaulis,  Pursh.  Stem  villous,  ascending  from  a  creeping 
base;  leaves  sninothisb,  ovate,  cordate  and  clasping,  olituse ;  peduncles 
sliorter  than  the  flowers  ;  exterior  calyx  lobes  cordate  ;  base  of  the  ovary  sur- 
roundeil  by  a  12-toothed  disk.  —  Pine  barren  ponds  in  the  lower  districts. 
■July -Sept.  Jl  —  Flowering  stems  6' -8'  high.  Leaves  ^'  long,  crowded. 
Flowers  blue.     Plant  odorous. 

5.  H.  repens,  Cham.  &  Schlect.  Smooth,  or  the  summit  of  the  creeping 
stems  pubescent;  leaves  oval,  clasping  ;  peduncle  about  as  long  as  the  flower; 
exterior  calyx  lobes  oval  or  slightly  cordate,  reticulate-veiny,  nearly  as  long 
as  the  white  corolla.  (II.  miirantha,  Ell.)  —  Banks  of  the  Ogeechee  River, 
Georgia  {F.llintt). 


SCKOi'HLTLAKlACE.E.       (fIGWOKT    FAMILY.)  311 

6.  H.  rotundif olia,  Pursh.  Stem  smoothish,  creeping ;  leaves  round- 
obovate,  i-hispiug  (V- 1' loug) ;  peduncle  longer  than  the  tiower;  exterior 
calyx  lubes  ovate. —  Tennessee  [UaUiwjer). 

8.     CONOBEA,  Aublet. 

Calyx  .5-parted.  Corolla  obscurely  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  2-lobed,  the 
lower  one  3-parted.  iStanieus  4,  all  fertile ;  anthers  approximate  in  pairs,  the 
cells  parallel.  Style  2-lobed.  Capsule  ovoid  or  globular,  many-seeded.  — 
Low  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  small  axillary  flowers. 

1.  C.  multiflda,  Beuth.  Annual,  much  branched,  jjubescent,  3' -8' 
high;  leaves  piunately  divided  into  linear  toothed  lobes;  corolla  pale  purple, 
barely  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  capsule  ovoid.  —  Upper  Georgia,  and  westward. 
July. 

9.     GRATIOLA,  L.     Hedge  Hyssop. 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  nearly  equal,  narrow.  Corolla  bilabiate,  with 
the  upper  lip  entire  or  emargiuate,  the  lower  3-cleft.  Fertile  stamens  2,  in- 
cluded, the  anterior  ones  sterile  or  wanting.  Stigma  2-lipped.  Capsule 
4-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Low  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  soli- 
tary axillary  wiiite  or  yellww  tiovvers.     Calyx  mostly  2-bracted. 

*  Cuunectlce  of  the  anthers  dilated,  the  cells  transverse  :  stems  tender :  Jiowers 

peduncled. 
■1-  Sterile  stamens  minute  or  none. 

\.  G.  Virginiana,  L.  Stem  brandling,  glandular-pubescent  above; 
leaves  lanceolate,  sparingly  serrate,  sessile  ;  peduncles  sleuder,  the  upper  ones 
longer  than  the  leaves ;  corolla  white,  with  the  yellowish  tube  twice  as  long 
as  the  calyx ;  capsule  ovate,  acute.  —  Muddy  banks  and  ditches.     April-  May. 

—  Stem  6'- 12'  high.     Leaves  1'  long.     Corolla  5"-  6"  long,  hairy  within. 

2.  G.  Floridana,  Xutt.  Stem  simple  or  branched,  smooth  ;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  oldong,  entire  or  nearly  so,  sessile,  the  lowest  slightly  petioled ; 
peduncles  filiform,  longer  than  the  leaves;  lobes  of  the  corolla  emarginate, 
Avhite  ;  the  slender  yellowish  tube  three  times  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  capsule 
globose. — Muddy  banks,  Florida  to  Tennessee.  April.  —  Stem  1°  hio-h. 
Leaves  1'  long.     Corolla  8"  long. 

3.  G.  sphserocarpa,  I''ll.  Smooth ;  stem  thick,  ascending,  branching  at 
the  base  ;  leaves  ol)long,  serrate  above,  sessile  ;  peduncles  thick,  shorter  than 
the  leaves  ;  corolla  white,  the  tube  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  capsule  globose. 

—  Springs  and  branches,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward.     March  - 
May.  —  Stem  4'- 12' high.     Leaves  1' long.     Corolla  4' long. 

-1-  -I-  Sterile  stamens  manifest. 

4.  G.  macrantha,  n.  sp.  Glabrous  ;  stem  ascending  from  a  creeping 
base,  branching,  5'- 10'  high,  few-flowered  :  leaves  membranaceous,  obovate- 
oblong,  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  entire,  .sessile  or  .short-petioled,  l'-l|'long, 
mostly  shorter  than  the  filiform  peduncles  ;  calyx  lobes  linear,  obtu.se,  shorter 
than  the  spatulate  bracts;  corolla  white,  6"- 9"  long;  sterile  .stamens  con- 
spicuous. —  Cool  springs  near  Quincy,  Middle  Florida.     May  -  June. 


31-  s<  i:<>iiiLLAKiAci:.E.     (rnavoKT  family.) 

5.  Q.  viscosa,  Sclnvciii.  Viscifl-pubcHceiit ;  ntcin  nscciuliny ;  leaved 
ovate  laiuiiilaic,  .sciiiiio,  il;is]»iii<;,  3-iit'r\tMi ;  peiluiiclfH  as  loiij^  i\n  tlie  leaves  ; 
cori>ll;i  wliiti',  lii-iirdt'd  within  ;  ralyx  lubes  laiufohue,  miuli  ioii}j;tT  tliaii  the 
siiiail  <;li>b(>se  lapsnle.  —  Ditches  ami  iiimblv  plares  in  tlie  ii]i|ier  districts. 
June- Ani^ust. —  Stem  6'- la'  liigli.  Leaves  4  1""K-  Corolla  5"-6"loiig. 
Bracts  wiiler  than  tlit'  calv.\  L>bis.         • 

0.  G.  Drummoildi,  IJenth.    \'is(id  |)nliernknt ;  stem  decumbent  at  the 
base,  asii-nili:!ii  ;  Inncs  lanceolate,  acute,  s]i:irin;il\  serrate,  3-ner\ed,  clasping 
bracts  and  calyx  lij'oej  subulate,  nmcli  brnj^er  tiian  the  cajisule. —  W'hh  the 
precoding. 

7.  G.  ramosa,  Walt.  I'ubcscent  aud  somewhat  viscid  ;  stem  simple  or 
branched  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  4-tootlied  ;  ))eduucles  mostly  bjiiger  than 
the  leaves  ;  corolla  yellowish  white  ;  cnp.sule  small,  globose,  much  shorter  than 
the  linear  unequal  calyx  loiies;  bracts  minute.  —  Mar^'ius  of  j»ine  barren 
ponds,  riorida  to  South  Carolina,  aud  westward.  June -August.  —  Stem 
4'-  6'  hi;^li.     Leaves  Y  long.     Corolla  .5"  long. 

8.  G.  aurea,  Muhl.  Sm<ioth  ;  stem  decumbent,  creeping,  tlie  flowering 
brancli?s  ascending,  4-augled ;  leaves  se.«sile,  oblong-lanceolate,  slightly  ser- 
rate; itedundes  as  long  as  the  leaves,  or  the  upper  ones  longer;  Itracts  as 
long  as  the  calyx;  corolla  bright  yellow.  —  Wet  ]iinc  barrens  in  the  lower 
districts  of  Georgia  aud  South  Carolina.  April -June.  —  Stem  I°-2°]oiig 
Leaves  i'  - 1'  long.     Corolla  6"  long. 

9.  G.  oflB.cinalis,  L.  Smooth  ;  stem  erect,  4-angled  above  ;  leaves  lance- 
olate, serrulate  or  entire,  slightly  clasping ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves  • 
corolla  whiti.sli,  striped  with  red,  bearded  with  yellow  hairs  within;  cajjsule 
acute,  Jis  long  as  the  calyx.  —  Southern  States  (Z.ecwj/<-),  probably  introduced. 
—  Stem  l°-2'^  high.     Corolla  8"-  10"  long. 

*  «  Coiiui'ctire  iifthe  anthers  not  dilated ;  the  cells  rertlcal :  stemn  ritjid,  hairy  : 
Jioivers  sessile  :  sterile  stamens  maniji  si. 

10.  G.  pilosa,  Michx.  Hirsute;  stem  erect,  simple  or  branching  at  the 
base  ;  leaves  ovate  or  roundish,  sparingly  toothed,  sessile  or  slightly  cla.sping; 
corolla  tubular,  white,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Low  ground.  June  - 
August.  —  Stem  8'-  IG'  high.     Leaves  i'  long.     Corolla  4"  long. 

11.  G.  SUbulata,  Baldwin.  Shrubby,  hii<])id  ;  stem  much  branched; 
leaves  linear,  entire,  the  margins  revoluto ;  calyx  lobes  subulate,  unetiual ; 
corolla  salver-shaped ;  the  slender  curved  tube  three  times  as  long  as  the 
calyx,  liairy  within  ;  capsule  acute.  —  Low  sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida,  near 
the  c(jast.  July -Sept. —  Stem  .3' -6'  long.  Leaves  3" -6"  long.  Corolla 
6''  long. 

10.    ILYSANTHES,  Baf. 

Calyx  .5-parted,  bractless.  Corolla  bihvbiate;  the  upper  lip  short,  erect, 
2-cleft ;  the  lower  larger,  spreading,  3-cleft.  Fertile  stamens  2,  included; 
tlic  two  anterior  ones  sterile,  2-lobed,  with  one  of  the  lolies  ti])ped  with  a 
gland,  the  other  smooth,  acute.  Capsule  ovate  or  oblong,  as  long  as  the 
calyx.  —  Smooth  annuals,  growing  in  wet  or  muddy  ]daces.  Stems  4-angled. 
Leaves  opposite,  reduncles  axillary,  often  reflexed  in  fruit.  Flowers  small, 
purplish. 


SCROPHULARIACE.E.       (fIGWORT    FAMILY.)  313 

1.  I.  grandiflora,  Beuth.  Stem  simple,  ascending  from  the  creeping 
base,  very  leafy  ;  leaves  roundish,  entire,  nerveless,  partly  clasping ;  peduncles 
2-3  times  as  long  as  tlie  leaves ;  sterile  stamens  lobed  at  the  middle.  — 
Margins  of  pine  barren  ponds,  Georgia  and  Florida.  —  Leaves  3" -4"  long. 
Corolla  3"  -  4"  long. 

2.  I.  gratioloid.es,  Beuth.  Stem  erect,  at  length  diffusely  branched  ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  oblong,  or  ovate;  the  lowest  narrowed  iuto  a  petiole,  the 
upper  sessile,  acute,  obscurely  toothed  or  entire ;  lower  peduncles  mostly- 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  the  upper  much  longer,  spreading ;  corolla  pale  blue  ; 
capsule  oblong,  acute,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Springs  and  rivulets, 
common.  May -Sept. —  Stem  6'- 12'  long.  Leaves  i'-l'  long.  Corolla 
3" -4"  long. 

3.  I.  refraeta,  Benth.  Stem  erect,  very  slender,  forking ;  radical  leaves 
tufted,  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  narrowed  at  the  base ;  the  others  remote,  small, 
lanceolate,  sessile  ;  peduncles  filiform,  many  times  longer  tlian  the  leaves,  re- 
flexed  in  fruit ;  corolla  pale  l)lue  variegated  with  purple ;  capsule  oblong-linear, 
twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  —  Springs  and  muibly  banks  of  rivulets  in  the 
middle  and  upper  districts.  July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  6'  -  1 2'  higii.  lladical  leaves 
r  long.     Corolla  3"  -4"  long. 

4.  I.  saxicola,  Chapm.  Stems .  clustered,  leafy,  simple  or  sparingly 
branched  ;  leaves  oblong,  sessile ;  the  radical  ones  narrowed  into  a  petiole ; 
peduncles  rather  stout,  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  capsule  ovoid,  ratlier 
longer  than  the  calyx.  (Lindernia,  J/.  ^.  Curtis.)  —  On  rocks  at  Tolula 
Falls,  Georgia,  and  Cherokee,  North  Carolina  (Curtis).  xVug.  11 "?  — Stems 
3' -5' high.     Stem  leaves  2" -4"  long.     Corolla  4"  long. 

n.     MICRANTHEMUM,  Miehx. 

Calyx  4-parted,  or  4-cleft.  Corolla  somewhat  bilabiate  ;  the  upper  lip 
shorter,  entire  ;  the  lower  3-lobed,  with  the  middle  lobe  longer.  Stamens  2, 
included ;  the  filaments  witli  a  gland-like  appendage  at  the  base  :  anther  cells 
diverging.  Style  short :  stigma  capitate.  Capsule  2-valved,  few-seeded  ;  the 
delicate  partition  vanishing  at  maturity.  Seeds  oblong,  reticulate.  —  Small 
smooth  perenni.'il  herbs  witli  creeping  or  floating  stems,  opposite  entire  leaves, 
and  minute  axillary  white  flowers. 

1.  M.  orbiculatum,  Michx.  Stems  creeping  or  floating,  freely 
branched,  3'  -  12'  long  ;  leaves  yellowish,  orbicular,  nearly  sessile,  2"  -  4"  wide ; 
flowers  opposite  or  alternate,  nearly  sessile ;  corolla  equally  4-lobed,  or  the 
upper  lip  short  or  rudimentary.  —  Ponds  and  muddy  banks  in  the  lower  dis- 
tricts.    June  -  August. 

2.  M,  Nuttallii,  Gray.  Stems  creeping  or  erect,  1'- 2' high  ;  leaves  obo- 
vate,  2"  -  3"  long  ;  flowers  alternate,  the  calyx  as  long  as  its  ])edicel ;  tipper 
lip  of  the  corolla  oi)Solete,  tiie  middle  lobe  of  the  lower  linear.  —  Muddy 
banks  near  the  coast.     August- Oct. 

Var.  ?  glomeratum.  Stems  erect  and  tufted,  r-3'  higli,  or  long  (6'- 
12')  and  floating;  leaves  opposite,  or  3-4  in  a  whorl,  olJong-linear  ;  flowers 
mostly  in  a  terminal  cluster,  tlie  top-shaped  calyx  longer  than  its  pedicel. — 
Rivers  aud  wet  banks,  South  Florida. 


;Jil  S(  Kol'llll.AKIACK.K.        (IHJWOIJT    FAMII.Y.) 

12.     AMPHIANTHUS,   lurr. 

Ciilvx  5-partP(l.  Corolla  soiiicwliai  futuitl  sliaiieil,  4-(left ;  the  ii)i]i(r  and 
lower  lohi's  ratliir  loii;;cr.  Stamens  2:  anther  iiils  distinct.  Stvlt-  minutely 
2  cleft  at  tlie  ajiex,  acute.  Cajjsule  olicordate,  ciini|ire.s.>icd,  lot  iilicidal.  Seeds 
oblon<;,  rn^ulose.  —  A  very  Hinail  annual,  with  the  linear  ohtu.se  leaves  clus- 
tered at  the  summit  <<f  the  short  stem,  and  minute  white  Howers,  some  of 
which  are  borne  on  short  naked  recurved  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  the 
leave.>i,  and  otliers  on  a  .^lender  (T  long)  termiual  2-bracted  .scape. 

1.  A.  pusillus, 'I'orr.  —  In  shallow  excavations  of  Hat  rocks,  Newtou 
County,  (.icori^ia  (Dr.  Ltdvcuwurlli).     Marcii- i\|ii'il. 

13.     VERONICA,   L.     8iki;i.wki,l. 

Calyx  4-5-parted.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  or  salver-shaped,  4-.5-lobed. 
Stamens  2,  one  each  siile  the  upper  loiie  of  the  corolla.  Sti<;;ma  caj)itate. 
Ca])sule  compressed  and  ol)cordate,  or  olilong  and  obtuse,  septicidal  or  locu- 
licidal.  Seeds  few  or  many,  flattened  or  concave  on  the  inner  face.  —  (Chiefly 
herbs,  with  the  stem  leaves  ojjposite  or  whorled,  the  floral  ones  alternate. 
Flowers  small,  axillary,  racemed  or  spiked,  blue  or  white. 

*  Liarea  icliorled  :    corolla  tubular :    capsule  oblong. 

1.  V.  Virginica,  L.  Perennial,  smooth  or  pubescent ;  stem  tall,  erect; 
leaves  4-7  in  a  whorl,  lanceolate,  serrate,  short-petioled ;  flowers  very  nu- 
merous, crowded  in  axillary  (whorled)  and  terminal  spikes;  stamens  long- 
exsertcd  ;  corolla  white  or  purj)le.  —  Mountain  meadows,  Georgia,  and  north- 
ward.    June  -  August.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high.     Leaves  2'  -  4'  long. 

*  *  St  f- 111  leaves  opposite:    corolla  wheel -shaped  :   capsule  nhntnlate. 

-t-  Flowers  hi  urillarij  racemes. 

2.  V.  officinalis,  L.  Perennial,  pubescent ;  stem  prostrate,  rooting  at 
the  base;  leaves  obovate-elliptical,  or  wedge-oblong,  obtuse,  serrate,  short- 
petioled;  racemes  alternate,  densely  many  flowered  ;  corolla  blue.  —  Moun- 
tains of  North  Carolina.     July.  —  Stem  C-  12'  long.     Racemes  2' -4'  long. 

3.  V.  Anagallis,  L.  Stem  erect  from  a  creeping  base;  leaves  sessile, 
fiblong-lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  slightly  serrate;  racemes  loosely  many- 
flowered  ;  capsule  orbicular.  —  Tn  springs  and  branches,  Tennessee.  June. — 
Stem  1^  -  li°  high.     Flowers  blue. 

■*-■*-   Flowers  srnttered,  in  lenfn  terminal  racemes,  or  a.rillari/. 

4.  V.  serpyllifolia,  L.  Perennial,  smoothish;  stem  ascending,  diffusely 
branched  ;  leaves  oval  or  roundish,  crenate,  short-jjetioled,  the  floral  ones 
lanceolate  and  entire  ;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  corolla  lilne.  —  T.ow 
pastures  in  the  ui)per  districts.  May -Sept.  —  Stem  4' -6'  long.  Leaves 
4" -6"  long. 

5.  v.  peregrina,  L.  Annual,  smooth  ;  stem  erect,  simple  or  branched  ; 
leaves  .sessile,  (ibbmLc,  toothed  ;  the  lowest  narrowed  into  a  petiole  ;  the  floral 
ones  entire  :  ])eiluncles  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  corolla  white,  minute.  — Cul- 
tivated ground,  very  common.  April- June.  —  Stem  2'- 12'  high.  Leaves 
i'-l'long. 


SCROPHULARIACE^.       (fIGWORT    FAMILY.)  315 

6.  V.  arvensis,  L.  Annual,  hairy ;  stems  ascending,  branched  at  the 
base  ;  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  creuate,  petioled ;  the  floral  ones  lanceolate,  entire, 
sessile ;  flowers  nearly  sessile ;  corolla  pale  blue.  —  Cultivated  ground.  In- 
troduced.    May -June.  —  Stems  6'- 12' high.     Leaves  4" -6"  long. 

7.  V.  agrestis,  L.  Anuual,  pubescent ;  stems  prostrate,  diffusely 
branched  ;  leaves  all  petioled,  ovate,  coarsely  serrate ;  peduncles  much  longer 
than  the  calyx,  recurved  in  fruit ;  corolla  blue,  striate.  —  Cultivated  ground. 
Introduced.  Feb.  -  May.  —  Stem  6'  -  1 2'  long.  Leaves  6"  -  9"  long.  Fruit- 
ing calyx  much  enlarged. 

14.     CAPRARIA,  L. 

Calyx  5-parted,  equal.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  equally  5-lobed  smooth  within. 
Stamens  4-5:  anthers  sagittate.  St3'le  slender:  stigma  thick,  ovate,  at 
length  2-lobed.  Capsule  coriaceous,  ovate,  septicidally  2-valved,  the  valves 
2-cleft  at  the  apex.  Seeds  numerous,  reticulate.  —  Perennial  herbs,  or  f?hrubby 
plants.  Leaves  alternate,  serrate.  Peduncles  axillary,  single  or  Ifj'  pairs, 
mostly  1 -flowered. 

1.  C.  biflora,  L.  Slirubby,  smooth  or  jiubescent ;  stem  erect,  branching; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  sharply  serrate,  narrowed  aud  entire  below  the 
middle ;  peduncles  filiform,  mostly  by  pairs,  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  calyx 
lobes  linear;  corolla  deeply  5-cleft;  stamens  5,  included.  —  South  Florida. 
Nov.  —  Stem  2° - 3°  high.     Leaves-  V-lV  long.     Flowers  white  ? 

15.     SCOPARIA,  L. 

Calvx  4  -  5-parted.  Corolla  wheel-form,  4-cleft,  hairy  in  the  tliroat.  Star 
mens  4.  Style  club-shaped  at  the  apex.  Capsule  septicidally  2-valved,  the 
valves  membi'anaceous,  entire.  Seeds  numerous,  reticulate.  —  Herbaceous  or 
shrubby  plants,  with  ojiposite  or  whorled  leaves.  Peduncles  axillary,  com- 
monly by  pairs,  1 -flowered. 

1.  S.  dulcis,  L.  Annual,  smooth ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  toothed, 
mostly  three  in  a  whorl,  much  longer  than  the  peduncles;  calyx  lobes  oblong; 
flowers  small,  white.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  l°-3°higli.  Leaves  i' -li' 
long. 

16.     HYDRANTHELIUM,  HBK. 

Calvx  4-parted.  Corolla  short-funnel-shaped,  3-cleft.  Stamens  3,  inserted 
on  the  throat  of  tlie  corolla.  Style  2-lobed.  Capsule  many-seeded. — 
Aquatic  herbs,  with  tlie  habit  of  Callitriche.  Leaves  opposite.  Peduncles 
axillary,  1-flowered. 

1.  H.  Egense,  Poepp.  Floating;  stem  filiform,  brandling;  lower 
leaves  small  (2"  or  3"  long),  distant,  oblong,  the  upper  ones  crowded,  obo- 
vate  ;  calyx  lobes  ovate-lanceolate.  —  New  Orleans  (Dr.  Hale).     Introduced ? 

17.    BUCHNERA,  L. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  wedge- 
obovate.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included  :  antliers  1 -celled.  Style  simple, 
club-shaped  at  the  apex.     Capsule  coriaceous,  straight,  loculicidally  2-valved, 


olO  tJCKUl'llLLAUlACK.E.       (KKiWOliT    I  A.MIl.V,) 

the  valves  ciitirp.  Seed.s  miitieroiiH,  rcticnlatc.  —  Uougli  licrlis,  turning  blaik 
in  witlnrini^.  Leaves  opposite,  ItKitlicd  or  entire;  llie  uppermost  small,  and 
passini,'  into  the  liraets  uf  tiie  nian\ -(lowered  spike.     Flowers  blue. 

1.  B.  elongata,  Swartz.  liougii,  with  siiort  rigiil  hairs;  stem  mostlv 
simple;  leaves  entire  or  slifjlitly  toothed,  l-nerve<l,  or  oli.xcurelv  ."J-nerved  ;  the 
lowest  otiovate  or  ohovate-ol)lon'j,  ol)tii.se ;  the  uppermost  ilistant,  acute  ;  »]tike.i 
interrupted,  lonf^-peduneled;  Howers  ojiposite  or  alternate.  —  Low  j)ine  bar- 
rens, Florida,  Geor>;ia,  and  westward.  July- August.  —  8tem  l°-2Miigli. 
Corolla  4"- 5"  long. 

2.  B.  Americana,  L.  Very  rougii,  with  bristly  hairs;  stem  often 
brani'liing  ahove ;  haves  liruminently  .3-nerved,  mo.stly  toothed;  the  lower 
oblong,  obtuse,  the  others  lanceolate,  acute;  ealy.\  teetii  acuminate.  —  Low 
woods  in  the  upper  districts.  July- August.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.  Corolla 
6" -7"  long. 

18.    SEYMERIA,  I'uish. 

Calvx  5-parted.  Corolla  l)ell-sliaped,  5-lobed,  the  loI)CS  oblong.  Stamens  4, 
equal,  the  filaments  woolly ;  anthers  oblong,  opening  at  the  ajiex,  awnless. 
Style  simple,  ol)tu.se.  Capsule  ovate,  flattened  above,  loculicidally  2-valved. 
Seeds  numerous,  covered  by  the  loose  hyaline  testa.  —  Chietly  annuals.  Stems 
erect,  branching.  Leaves  opposite,  piunately  divided.  Flowers  yellow,  iu 
terminal  leafy-bracted  racemes. 

1.  S.  tenuifolia,  Pursh.  Smooth  or  nearly  so;  stem  with  elongated 
erect-spreading  branches;  leaves  pinnate,  tiie  divisions  filiform;  capsule 
smooth,  acute  at  the  base,  shorter  than  the  pedicel. — Low  ]»ine  barrens. 
August- Sept.  —  Stem  2° -4°  high. 

2.  S.  pectinata,  Pursh.  Viscid-])uliescent ;  stem  with  a.scending 
branches;  leaves  ])iiinatitid,  the  divisions  oidong-linear ;  capsule  hairy,  obtu.se 
at  the  base,  as  long  as  tiie  pedicel.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  South  Caro- 
lina, and  westward.     July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  6'  -  18'  high. 

3.  S.  macrophylla,  Nutt.  Tall  and  stout  (4° -5°  high),  more  or  less 
pubescent,  brandling;  leaves  large  (6' -8'  long),  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  ovate 
or  lanceolate  lobes  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  the  floral  ones  entire ;  raceiues  short, 
dense  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  longer  than  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  woolly  within. 
—  Mountains  of  Georgia,  leune.ssee,  and  northward. 

19.     MACRANTHERA,   Torr. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  the  lobes  elongated.  Corolla  cylindrical,  5-toothed ;  the  teeth 
reflexed.  Stamens  4,  equal,  long-exserted,  woolly :  authers  large,  oblong, 
approximate.  Style  simple,  filiform,  elongated  :  stigma  minute,  flat.  Cajisule 
ovate,  loculicidally  2-valved,  many-seeded.  —  A  tall  biennial,  with  pinnatifid 
opposite  leaves,  and  showy  orange-colored  flowers,  in  terminal  leafy  racenie.s. 

1.  M.  fuchsioides,  Torr.  Smoothish ;  stem  branching,  4-sided;  ear- 
liest leaves  ovatenlilong,  entire;  those  of  tlic  stem  lyrate-pinnatifid  ;  the  up- 
permost toothefl-serrate ;  pedicels  recurved,  the  flowers  erect;  calyx  lobes 
lanceolate,  denticulate,  rather  shorter  than  the  corolla.  — Var.  Liccoxtei  has 
the  shorter  and  narrower  lobes  of  the  calyx  entire.     (M.  Lecontei,  Torr.)  — 


SCKOPHULAKIACE^.        (FIGWOKT    FAMILY.)  317 

Marshy  banks  of  piue  barren  streams,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward.  Sept.- 
Oct.  —  Stem  3° -5°  high.  Earliest  leaves  6' -8'  long;  those  of  the  stem  2'- 
4'  long.     Corolla.  9"-  12"  long.  —  The  plant  turns  black  in  drying. 

20.     OTOPHYLLA,   Beuth. 

Calyx  deeply  5-clef t ;  the  lobes  leafy,  unequal.  Tube  of  the  corolla  dilated 
upward,  sparse-hairy  witiiin,  the  lobes  broad  and  entire.  Stamens  4,  didyna- 
mous,  included :  anthers  oblong,  awnless ;  those  of  the  shorter  stamens  much 
smaller.  Style  elongated,  dilated  and  flattened  at  the  apex,  entire.  Capsule 
sub-globose,  loculicidally  2-valved,  many-seeded. 

1.  O.  Michauxii,  Benth.  Hairy;  stem  erect,  simple ;  leaves  opposite, 
lanceolate,  entire,  sessile ;  the  upper  ones  mostly  2-eared  at  the  base ;  flowers 
opposite,  in  a  leafy  spike.  —  Low  ground,  Tennessee,  North  Carolina,  and 
northward.  August.  (T)  ? — Stem  rigid,  2°  high.  Leaves  1'- 2' long.  Co- 
rolla 9"-  12"  long,  purple. 

21.     DASYSTOMA,   Eaf.    False  Foxglove. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  the  lobes  often  toothed.  Corolla  tubular-bell- 
shaped,  woolly  within,  S-lobed,  the  lobes  rounded.  Stamens  4,  didynamous : 
anthers  oblong;  the  cells  parallel  and  awned  at  the  base.  Style  filiform, 
thickened  and  slightly  2-lobed  at  the  apex.  Capsule  ovate,  acute,  loculicidally 
2-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Tall  herbs,  with  opposite  ovate  or  oblong  mostly 
pinnately  divided  or  lobed  leaves,  and  large  yellow  flowers  in  a  leafy  raceme. 
Filaments  woolly. 

1.  D.  pubescens,  Benth.  Pubescent;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  or 
the  lowest  pinnatifid  ;  calyx  longer  than  the  pedicel,  with  oblong  obtuse  lobes. 
(Gerardia  flava,  L.)  — Dry  woods  in  the  upper  districts.  July -Sept.  2/  — 
Stem  2° -4°  high,  mostly  simple.  Leaves  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole.  Co- 
rolla 1 V  long. 

2.  D.  quercifolia,  Benth.  Smooth  and  glaucous;  stem  simple  or 
branched  ;  lowest  leaves  twice-pinnatifid  ;  the  others  pinnatifid,  or  the  upper- 
most lanceolate  and  entire;  calyx  shorter  than  the  pedicel,  with  lanceolate  or 
subulate  acute  lobes.  (Gerardia,  Pursh.)  —  Eich  woods  and  river  banks. 
July -Sept.  'i^ —Stem  3° -6°  high.  Lobes  of  the  leaves  toothed.  Corolla 
2'  long. 

3.  D.  Drummondii,  Benth.  Closely  pubescent;  stem  branching; 
lower  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  pinnatifid,  the  upper  ones  dentate  or  serrate; 
calyx  mostly  longer  than  the  pedicel,  the  broadly  lanceolate  lobes  as  long  as 
the  top-shaped  tube.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia,  Tennessee,  and  westward.  — 
Stem  2''-.3''  high.     Corolla  \V  long. 

4.  D.  laevigata,  Kaf.  Smooth,  or  nearly  so,  slender,  sparingly  branched  ; 
lowest  leaves  mostly  pinnately  lobed  and  toothed,  the  others  lanceolate,  en- 
tire ;  calyx  longer  than  the  pedicel,  the  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube ;  corolla 
funnel-shaped  (1'  long).  —  Mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward. 

5.  D.  patula,  Chapm.  Stem  tall  (3°  -  4°)  and  slender,  widely  branched ; 
lower  leaves  pinnately  lobed  and  toothed,  the  upper  ones  oblong,  entire;  ped- 


.')1S  srKoniri.AKiAc'K.v,.     (i-i(;\V(>i;  i-   ia.mii. v.) 

ii'cls  limjj  (!'-  1  i).  s|iri"a(liii/;  or  reiurvcil ;  calvx  1o1k<  rallior  longer  than  the 
tulte,  iMitire  ;  torulla  1  i'  lung.  —  Mountains  ((fCk-orgia  anil  'renncssee.    August. 

0.  D.  pedicularia,  IJenth.  Smootli  or  somewlnU  i)ul)esi'eut ;  leaves 
ovatt'-huuciplatf,  pinnatitiil ;  the  lolios  finely  tootlied  ;  flowers  opposite;  calyx 
shorter  tlian  tlie  pedicel ;  tiie  toothed  lobes  as  long  as  tlie  tube.  —  Dry  sandy 
soil,  chiefly  in  tlie  upper  districts.  July- Augu.-^t.  —  Stem  2°  high,  much 
branched.  Leaves  about  2'  long,  tlie  lobes  numerous  and  short.  Corolla 
12"-  15"  long,  with  a  ratlier  slender  tube  and  short  1<j1)CS. 

7.  D.  pectinata,  Uentli.  Pubescent  or  somewhat  villous;  leaves  lance- 
olate or  ovate-lanceolate,  finely  ])innatifid  and  toothed,  the  earliest  ones  en- 
tire;  flowers  alternate;  calyx  longer  tliaii  the  pedicel;  the  piniiatifid  lobes 
longer  than  tiietube.  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  August - 
Sept.  (2)  —  Stem  2° -4°  high,  widely  branched.  Corolla  1^'  long,  with  a 
wider  tube  and  larger  lobes  than  the  lust. 

22.     GERARDIA,  L. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-tootlied ;  the  teeth  short,  acute,  entire.  Corolla  tubu- 
lar-bell siiaped,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  rounded,  spreading;  the  throat  oblique. 
Stamens  4,  didyuainous,  the  longer  ones  commonly  woolly :  anthers  woolly, 
couuiveut  in  pairs ;  the  cells  diverging  and  pointed  at  the  base.  Style  slender, 
dilated,  and  flattened  upward.  Capsule  ovoid  or  globose,  smooth,  loculicidal. 
Seeds  numerou.s,  angled,  reticulated.  —  Chiefly  slender  branching  annuals. 
Leaves  opposite,  or  rarely  alternate,  narrow,  entire.  Flowers  in  the  axils  of 
the  upper  leaves,  showy,  jiurple ;  the  tube  of  the  corolla  mostly  dotted  with 
red  and  yellow,  often  woolly  at  the  throat. 

*  Perennial. 

1 .  G.  linifolia,  Nutt.  Smooth  ;  branches  elongated,  erect ;  leaves  erect, 
linear;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves,  or  the  uppermost  longer;  calyx  trun- 
cate, with  minute  teeth ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  nearly  equal ;  capsule  large 
(3"  wide),  globose.  — Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  west- 
ward.    Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.     Leaves  1 '  long.    Corolla  1'  long,  pubescent. 

*  *  Annuals. 

■<-  Corolla  small,  the  2  upper  lobes  short,  truncate  and  erect. 

2.  G.  divaricata,  Chapm.  Stem  6'- 12' high,  smooth,  widely  branched 
from  the  base  ;  leaves  all  opposite,  spreading  or  reflexed,  filiform,  roughish  on 
the  margins,  f  long,  the  uppermost  minute ;  pedicels  setaceous,  spreading, 
the  upper  ones  4-5  times  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  calyx  teeth  subulate  ;  corolla 
i'  long ;  capsule  ovoid.  —  Low  sandy  pine  barrens,  West  Florida.     Sept. 

3.  Q.  filicaulis,  Chapm.  Stem  6'- 12' long,  filiform,  reclining,  smooth 
And  glaucous;  branches  alternate,  setaceous;  leaves  minute,  1"  long,  subu- 
late; flowers  few,  terminal;  calyx  teeth  triangular;  corolla  4" -3"  long, 
compressed ;  capsule  globose.  —  Low  grassy  pine  barrens,  West  Florida.    Sept. 

f-  -1-  Lobes  of  the  corolla  nearli/  equal,  spreading. 

*^  Pedicels  as  long,  or  twice  as  long,  as  the  calyx,  shorter  than  the  leaves 

(except  No.  4). 

4.  G.  aphylla,  Xutt.  Stem  2° -3°  high,  smooth,  4-aDgled,  sparingly 
branched  near  the  summit;  leaves  minute,  \"  long,  subulate,  appressed  ;  flowers 


SCKOPHULARIACE^,       (fIGWORT    FAMILY.)  319 

mostly  alternate,  on  one  side  of  the  spreading  branches ;  pedicel  as  long  as  the 
calyx;  calyx  teeth  minute,  obtuse;  corolla  ^'  long,  hairy  within,  the  upper 
lobes  reflexed ;  capsule  globose,  1"  long.  —  Low  sandy  piue  barrens,  Florida 
to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.     Sept. 

5.  G.  purpurea,  L.  Stem  l°-3°  high,  smooth,  the  branches  elongated; 
leaves  opposite,  broadly  or  narrowly  linear,  rougli  above,  1'  -  \\'  long ;  flowers 
opposite  or  nearly  so,  the  stout  pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  calyx  teeth  con- 
spicuous, triangular,  spreading;  corolla  8"- 10"  long;  capsule  globose. — 
Low  ground.     Sept. 

Var.  fasoiculata,  Chapm.  Stem  taller  (3° -.5°),  much  branched  above, 
rough  ;  leaves  rough  on  both  sides,  clustered,  the  uppermost,  like  the  flowers, 
alternate;  calyx  teeth  more  pointed  ;  corolla  larger.  (G.  fasciciilata,  Ell.)  — 
Low  ground  along  the  coast,  Florida  to  South  Carolina. 

6.  G.  maritima,  Kaf.  Smogth  ;  stem  8'-  16'  high,  with  numerous  short 
leafy  branches  near  the  base  ;  leaves  fleshy,  linear,  obtuse,  opposite,  the  upper 
ones  small  and  remote ;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx  and  the  floral  leaves ; 
calyx  teeth  short,  obtuse  ;  corolla  6"  -  8"  long,  slightly  oblique  at  the  throat ; 
capsule  globose.  —  Salt  marshes,  Florida,  and  northward.     June  -  August. 

Var.  major.  Stem  2°  high,  much  branched;  leaves  flat,  acute;  floral 
leaves  longer  than  the  pedicels  ;  calyx  teeth  triangular,  acute  ;  corolla  and 
capsule  larger.  — Brackish  marshes,  coast  of  Florida.  —  Corolla  1'  long. 

7.  G.  setaeea,  Walt.  Very  smooth  ;  stem  l°-2°  high,  much  branched, 
slender;  leaves  V  long, setaceous,  opposite;  pedicels  stout,  club-shaped,  three 
times  as  long  as  the  calyx,  mostly  alternate,  or  terminating  the  setaceous 
peduncle-like  branchlets;  calyx  teeth  short,  suljulate  ;  corolla  1'  long,  woolly 
within,  the  rounded  lobes  thickly  fringed ;  capsule  ovoid,  barely  exceeding  the 
calyx.  (G.  Plukenetii,  Ell.  ?)  —  Dry  sandy  piue  barrens,  Florida  to  South 
Carolina.     Sept. 

++  -w  Pedicels  much  loncjer  than  the  calyx,  commonly  lonrjer  than  the  leaves. 

8.  G.  tenuifolia,  Vahl.  Stem  smooth,  1°-!^°  high,  much  branched; 
leaves  linear,  smooth,  or  rough  on  the  margins,  V  -  \V  long  ;  pedicels  filiform, 
about  as  long  as  the  leaves,  opposite ;  calyx  teeth  broadly  subulate,  one  fourth 
as  long  as  the  tube ;  corolla  \'  long  ;  capsule  globose,  as  long  as  the  calyx.  — 
Var.  FiLiFOKMis.  Stem  and  pedicels  rough;  leaves  filiform,  clustered;  co- 
rolla larger  (f  long).  — Light  soil.     Sept. 

9.  G.  filifolia,  Nutt.  Stem  l°-2°  high,  much  branched,  smooth  ;  leaves 
very  numerous,  all  alternate  and  clustered,  smooth,  fleshy  and  somewhat 
club-shaped  ;  pedicels  alternate,  twice  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  calyx  teeth  subu- 
late, one  fourth  the  length  of  the  Sangled  tulje  ;  corolla  f '  long ;  capsule 
ovoid,  as  long  as  the  calyx.  —  Low  sandy  pine  barrens,  Georgia  and  Florida. 
Sept. 

10.  G.  Skinneriana,  Wood.  Stem  rough,  striate,  12'- 18'  high,  the 
slender  branches  erect ;  leaves  4"-  6"  long,  opposite  or  alternate,  linear,  very 
rough,  rather  obtuse  ;  pedicels  filiform,  2-4  times  as  long  as  the  minute  floral 
leaves  ;  calyx  teeth  minute,  obtuse ;  corolla  \'  long,  pale  purple  or  white.  — 
Grassy  margins  of  ponds,  Florida,  and  westward.  Sept.  —  Unlike  the  other 
species,  the  color  of  this  remains  unchanged  in  drying. 


320  S(  l:OIIIlLAKlACE.E.       (I'KJWOUT    KAIillLV.) 

23.     CASTILLEIA,   L. 

Calvx  tubular,  cimi|iiosse(l,  deft  at  tlio  siiiimiit;  t)ip  lohoH  entire  or  2  cleft. 
Tube  ijf  tlif  lorolla  inchnleil  in  the  tulvx  ;  tbe  upiicr  lip  long,  narrow,  curved, 
laterally  conipresseil.  and  enclosing  llie  four  didvnainourt  stamens;  the  lower 
lip  short,  3-lobed  :  anther  cells  oblong-linear,  une(iual ;  tiie  outer  one  fixed  by 
the  niiilille,  the  inner  pendulous.  Capsule  loculicidal,  many-seeded. —  Herbs, 
with  alternate  entire  or  iiici«ely-lobed  leaves,  the  ujjpcrmo.'^t  colored.  I'lowcrs 
in  leafy  .spiices  or  racemes. 

1.  C.  COCCinea,  Sprciig.  Stem  hairy;  radical  leaves  clustered,  nearly 
entire;  tiiose  of  the  .stem  jdnnatifid,  with  the  lobes  linear ;  tlie  tlonil  ones  3- 
lobed,  brigjit  scarlet  at  the  summit ;  corolla  greenish  yellow. —  Damp  soil  iu 
the  upper  districts.    Juno  -  August.    (2)  —  Stem  1°  -  1  ^'^  high. 

24.    SCHWALBEA,  L. 

Calyx  tu1)ular,  oblique,  10- 12-ribbed,4-toothed,  the  uj)per  tooth  very  small, 
the  lowest  elongated,  2-cleft.  Corolla  bilabiate  ;  tiie  u])per  lip  oblong,  arched, 
enclosing  the  four  didynamous  stamens;  the  lower  ratiier  shorter,  obtusely 
3-lobed  :  anther  cells  parallel,  equal.  Capsule  oblong,  acute,  loculicidally 
2-valved,  many-seeded. 

1.  S.  Americana,  L.  —  Saudy  pine  barrens.  May- June.  %  —  Stem 
simple,  \°-  \^°  liigh,  pubescent.  Leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  eutire,  sessile; 
the  lower  ones  oblong,  the  uppermost  linear,  small.  Flowers  in  a  spiked 
raceme.     Corolla  1'  long,  yellow  and  purple. 

25.     PEDICULARIS,  L. 

Calyx  tubular,  more  or  less  cleft  at  the  apex,  variously  2-5-toothed. 
Corolla  bilabiate ;  the  upper  lip  compressed,  curved  and  bearded  at  the  apex, 
enclosing  the  4  didynamous  stamens ;  the  lower  lip  2-crested  above,  3-lobed, 
with  the  lateral  lobes  larger  and  rounded:  anthers  transverse.  Capsule 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  compressed,  the  upper  portion  empty.  —  Herbs,  with 
finely  and  pinnately  divided  leaves.     Flowers  in  leafy  racemes' or  spikes. 

1.  P.  Canadensis,  L.  Stem  simple,  hairy  (6' -9'  high);  leaves  alter- 
nate, smuotli,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  pinnatifid;  the  lobes  oblong,  simply  or 
doubly  crenate  ;  spike  dense,  cajiitate,  elongated  in  fruit ;  corolla  pale  yellow 
and  purple  ;  the  upper  lip  hooked,  2-awued  under  the  apex  ;  capsule  lanceo- 
late, exscrted.  —  Shady  woods  and  banks.  —  March  -  A  pril.  ^  —  Stem  bear- 
ing slender  leafy  rooting  runners.     Fruiting  spike  3'-  f>'  long. 

2.  P.  lanceolata,  Michx.  Stem  tall  (l°-3°),  smooth,  simple  or  spar- 
ingly branched  ;  leaves  nearly  opposite,  lanceolate,  pinnately  toothed,  the 
teeth  crenate;  spike  dense  ;  corolla  pale  yellow,  the  up])er  lip  curved,  awnless, 
the  lower  erect ;  capsule  ovate,  scarcely  exserted.  —  Swamps  on  the  moun- 
tains of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     August -Sept. 

26.     MELAMPYRUM,  Tourn. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  with  4  subulate  teeth.  Corolla  bilabiate ;  the  tube 
dilated  above ;   the  upper  lip  short,  compressed,  obtuse,  straight ;   the  lower 


SOLANACE^.       (nightshade    FAMILY.)  321 

rather  longer,  spreading,  biconvex,  with  three  short  lobes.  Stamens  4,  didyna- 
mous,  under  the  upper  lip :  anthers  approximate,  oblong,  hairy ;  the  cells 
nearly  equal,  slightly  pointed  at  the  base.  Ovary  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell. 
Capsule  compressed,  oblique,  loculicidally  2-valved,  1-4-seeded.  —  Annual 
herbs,  with  opposite  lanceolate  or  linear  leaves,  and  solitary  axillary  flowers. 

1 .  M.  Americanum,  Michx.  Stem  naked  below,  leafy  and  commonly 
branched  above  the  middle  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  short-petioled  ;  the  upper 
ones  broader  and  sharply  toothed  at  the  base  ;  flowers  greenish  yellow.  — 
Dry  woods  along  the  mountains,  Georgia,  and  northward.  August.  —  Stem 
6'-  12'  high.     Leaves  2'  long.     Flowers  4" -3"  Ions:. 


Order  91.     SOLANACE^.     (Nightshade  Family.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  colorless  juice,  alternate  leaves,  and  regular 
axillary  or  supra-axillary  flowers.  —  Calyx  4  -  7-cleft,  or  4  -  7-toothed, 
persistent,  often  inflated  in  fruit.  Corolla  5  -  10-lobed,  plaited  and 
valvate,  convolute,  or  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4-7,  inserted 
on  the  tube  of  the  corolla :  anthers  2-cened,  opening  lengthwise  or  by 
terminal  pores.  Style  and  stigma  single.  Fruit  a  2-cened  (rarely  3  - 
5-celled)  many-seeded  capsule  or  berrjr.  Placentae  adnate  to  the  par- 
tition and  projecting  into  the  cells.  Seeds  campylotropous  or  amphi- 
tropous.  Embryo  mostly  slender  and  curved  in  fleshy  albumen.  — 
Chiefly  narcotic  poisons. 

Synopsis. 

§  1.    Fruit  a  berry. 

*  Corolla  wheel-shaped  or  short  bell-shaped. 

■t-  Anthers  comiiveut.     Calyx  unchanged  in  fruit. 

1.  SOLANUM.     Anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores.     Berry  juicy. 

2.  CAPSICUM.     Anthers  opening  lengthwise.     Berry  juiceless,  or  fleshy. 

■*-  -t-  Anthers  separate,  opening  lengthwise.    Fruiting  calyx  inflated. 

3.  PHYSALIS.     Berry  juicy.     Calyx  entire  at  the  base. 

4.  NICANDRA.     Berry  dry.     Calyx  10-toothed  at  the  base. 

*  *  Corolla  funnel-shaped. 

5.  LYCIUM.     Anthers  opening  lengthwise.     Berry  juicy.     Shrubs. 

§  2.    Fruit  a  capsule. 

6.  DATURA.     Calyx  prismatic  or  terete,  circumscissile.     Capsule  spiny. 

7.  PETUNIA.     Calyx  terete,  persistent.     Capsule  smooth. 

1.     SOLANUM,  L.    Nightshade. 

Calyx  5-toothed  or  o-cleft.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-lobed,  valvate,  with  the 
margins  turned  inward.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  ex- 
serted;  the  filaments  very  short :  anthers  opening  by  2  terminal  pores,  con- 
nivent.  Stigma  obtuse.  Berry  juicy,  2-celled,  many-seeded.  —  Herbs  or 
shrubs,  often  armed  with  prickles.  Leaves  alternate  or  in  pairs.  Flowers 
opposite  the  axils,  or  above  them. 

21 


322  SOLAN ACK-'i:.        (XKillTSUADK    FAMILY.) 

•  Cmiimeil:  cymes  or  rarnnes  cori/mhed :  corolla  5-parted. 
1.  S.  nigrum,  I-  llerliaccous,  mostly  j)ul)esccut  with  simjilc  hairs; 
stem  erect,  liram-hiiig  ;  the  Itrauclilets  wing-angled,  and  often  more  or  less 
toothed  ;  leaves  petioled,  ohlong-ovate,  tootlied  or  entire  ;  flowers  somewhat 
umbelled,droo])ing,  small,  white  ;  berry  black. — Around  homesteads.  .luly- 
Sept. —  Stem  l°-3'^  high,  diffuse.  Leaves  2'-4'  long,  when  in  pair.s,  un- 
equal.    Corolla  4"- 6"  wide.     Herry  2"-3"  in  diameter. 

•2.  S.  Bahamense,  L.  Shrubby,  and  very  rough  throughout  with  short 
rigid  rusty  stellate  hair.s ;  leaves  oblong,  entire,  acute,  tapering  into  a  short 
petiole  ;  cvmes  slender,  long-pedunded,  once  or  twice  forking,  many-flowered, 
longer  than  the  leaves  ;  flowers  small,  linear  in  the  bud  ;  corolla  white,  lieeply 
parteii,  the  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse  ;  anthers  hairy.  —  South  Florida.  — . 
Leaves  2'  -  .3'  long.     Cymes  3'  -  4'  long.     Corolla  5"  wide. 

3.  S.  verbascifolium,  L.  Shrubby,  and  hoary  throughout  with  dense 
soft  stellate  hairs  ;  leave.-;  large,  ovate-oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  entire  ;  cymes 
on  long  and  very  stout  peduncles,  forking,  compactly  many -flowered  ;  flowers 
globose-obovate  in  the  bud  ;  calyx  lobes  ovate,  acute  ;  corolla  lobes  oblong, 
obtuse ;  anthers  oblong,  twice  as  long  as  the  slender  filaments ;  ovary  woolly. 
—  South  Florida.  Oct.  -  Dec.  —  Shrub  4°  -  .5°  high.  Leaves  6'  -  9'  long.  Co- 
rolla ^'  wide. 

4.  S,  Blodgettii,  Chapm.  Stem  shrubby  1  smooth,  the  branches,  like 
the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves,  roughened  with  a  close  stellate  (greenish) 
pubescence;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  short-petioled,  hoary -tomento.'ie  be- 
neath, like  the  many-flowered  forking  cymes ;  calyx  small,  obconical,  with 
short  rounded  teeth ;  corolla  purple  ?  deeply  parted,  3-4  times  as  long  as  the 
calyx,  with  lanceolate  acute  lobes  ;  anthers  nearly  sessile,  linear,  narrowed  at 
the  apex,  shorter  than  the  style.  —  South  Florida.  —  Leaves  3' -4'  long. 
Flowers  ^'  in  diameter. 

*  *  Prickly :  flowers  racemed :  corolla  mostly  imrjnlarly  lohed. 

5.  S.  Carolinense,  L.  Hirsute  with  stellate  hairs;  stems  erect;  leaves 
ovate-obbnig,  angularly  lobed  or  pinnatifid,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short 
petiole ;  the  veins  and  petiole,  like  the  stem,  armed  with  straight  yellow 
prickles ;  racemes  simple,  slender,  3  -  several-flowered  ;  calyx  lobes  acumi- 
nate.—  Dry  waste  places.  June -Sept.  [^  —  Stem  l°-l^°high.  Leaves 
3'-  5'  long.     Corolla  9"  -  12"  wide,  blue  or  white.     Berry  yellow. 

6.  S.  aculeatissimum,  Jacq.  Plant  beset  throughout  with  bristly  hairs 
and  stout  prickles  ;  stem  diffusely  branched  ;  leaves  ov.ate  or  oval,  membrana- 
ceous, acutely  lobed  or  toothed;  racemes  lateral,  slender,  2-5-flowered;  co- 
rolla lobes  lanceolate,  white  ;  berry  globose,  yellow.  —  Waste  places.  June  - 
Sept.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Leaves  3'-6'  long.  Corolla  6"- 9"  wide,  the 
lobes  recurved. 

7.  S.  Sisymbriifolium,  Lam.  Glandnlar-villous  and  prickly;  leaves 
large,  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  oblong  divisions  lobed  and  toothed;  racemes 
man^'-flowered ;  corolla  5-lobed,  jjale  blue;  berry  globose,  partly  included 
in  the  hispid  calyx.  —  Waste  places,  Georgia  and  Florida.  Introduced.  — 
Stem  3°  -  5°  high.     Leaves  4'  -  9'  long. 


SOLANACE.li;.       (nightshade    FAMILY.)  323 

*  *  *  Fruit  included  in  the  calyx:  stamens  and  style  declined:  anthers  tapering 
upwards,  the  lowest  longer  and  incurved. 
8.  S.  rostratum,  Dunal.  Stellate-pubescent  aud  prickly ;  leaves  1-2- 
pimiatifid,  the  lobes  obtuse ;  corolla  yellow,  its  lobes  short,  ovate ;  calyx 
prickly. — Georgia,  Tennessee,  aud  westward.  —  Stem  l°-2^  high.  Corolla 
I'  in  diameter. 

2.  CAPSICUM,  Tourn.    Red  Pepper. 

Calyx  cup-shaped,  5-7-toothed.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-7-cleft,  plaited. 
Stamens  5-7,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  coroUa,  exserted :  anthers  conni- 
vent,  opening  lengthwise.  Stigma  obtuse.  Berry  juiceless,  partly  2  -  3-celled, 
many-seeded.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  acrid  juice,  solitary  flowers,  and  red 
berries. 

1.  C.  frutescens,  L.  Shrubby,  smooth;  stem  branching;  leaves  ob- 
long-ovate, obtuse,  entire ;  calyx  obscurely  toothed,  long-peduucled,  erect ; 
berry  oblong,  shorter  than  the  peduncle.  —  South  Florida.  — Stem  l°-2°  high. 
Leaves  1'  long.     Flowers  in  the  forks  of  the  branches.    Berry  4" -6"  long. 

3.  PHYSALIS,  L.    Ground  Cherry. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  inflated  in  fruit,  and  enclosing  the  juicy  berry.  Corolla 
short-bell-shaped,  plaited,  5-lobed  or  5-angled.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the 
tube  of  the  corolla :  anthers  separate,  opening  lengthwise.  Stigma  obtuse. 
Seeds  flat,  kidney-sliaped.  —  Diffusely  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  peti- 
oled  leaves,  which  are  often  by  pairs,  and  solitary  nodding  flowers  in  their 
axils,  or  in  the  forks  of  the  branches.     Corolla  (in  ours)  yellow,  with  mostly 

a  dark  brown  centre. 

*  Annual. 

■^  Corolla  pale  yellow,  4"  -  6"  broad :  anthers  purple. 

1  ■  P.  angulata,  L.  Smooth  throughout ;  stem  sharply  4-angled,  erect 
or  at  lengtli  diffusely  branched;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  sharply 
toothed ;  calyx  lobes  triangular,  as  long  as  the  tube  ;  corolla  green  in  the 
throat;  filaments  smooth;  fruiting  calyx  globose-ovate,  equally  10-angled, 
reticulated  with  purple  veins,  depressed  at  the  base.  —  Fields  and  waste 
ground. — July-Oct. —  Stem  l°-4°  long.  Leaves  2'-3'  long.  Fruiting 
calyx  1'  long. 

2.  P.  pubescens,  L.  Tomentose  or  villous  with  soft  often  viscid  hairs ; 
stem  diffnsely  branched,  terete ;  leaves  obtusely  toothed,  or  entire,  ovate,  and 
mostly  slightly  coi-date  and  unequal  at  the  base ;  calyx  teeth  subulate,  twice 
as  long  as  the  tiibe ;  corolla  brown  in  the  throat ;  filaments  hairy ;  fruiting 
calyx  oblong-ovate,  5-angled,  hollowed  at  the  base.  —  Fields  and  waste 
grounds,  common.  July-Oct.  —  Stem  l°-2°  long.  Leaves  V-2'  long. 
Berry  red. 

3.  P.  obscura,  Michx.  Smooth  or  nearly  so  ;  stem  sharply  angled,  di- 
viding at  the  base  into  numerous  long  (l°-3°)  procumbent  branches;  leaves 
broadly  ovate  or  cordate,  acnminate,  obtusely  toothed  ;  calyx  teeth  subulate ; 
corolla  brown  in  the  throat ;  filaments  smooth ;  fruiting  calyx  large,  ronnd- 
ovate,  abruptly  acuminate,  5-winged,  smooth,  truncate  at  the  base;   berry 


324  SOLANACK.K.       (n  I(;HTSIIAI>K    FAMILY.) 

ovoid,  ptirpli'.  —  Wiuite  grouml  arniuici   homesteads.      May -Oct.  —  Leaves 
I'-'J'  long.     Fruiting  calyx  I'-lij'  long. 

■t-  ■*-  Corolla  i/ellow,  7"- 10"  broad. 

4.  P.  Philadelphica,  Lam.  Smoothish;  stem  2° -3°  high,  the  branches 
sliaijily  angled ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lauceolate,  acuminate,  wavy  or  toothed 
on  tlif  margins,  tapering  and  very  uneijual  at  the  base  ;  pedicels  iis  long  as  the 
petioles;  calyx  lubes  acuminate;  fruiting  calyx  open,  globular,  1'  thick. — 
Cultivated  ground,  Georgia,  'Jennessce,  and  northward.     July -Sept. 

•  *  Perennial, 

■»-  Flowers  solitary. 

**  Pubescence,  ifanij,  stellate  or  branching. 

5.  P.  angUStifolia,  Nutt.  Smooth  or  uearlyso;  stem  low,  erect  or 
at  k'ugtli  dillii.-^c ;  leaves  linear  to  oblong,  obtuse,  entire;  calyx  lobes  short, 
triangular-ovate,  obtuse,  tomeutose  on  the  margins;  corolla  browuish  purple 
iu  the  throat ;  fruiting  calyx  round-ovate,  depressed  at  the  base.  —  Low  sandy 
places  along  the  coast,  Florida,  and  westward.  July -Sept.  —  Stem  6'- 12' 
high.  Leaves  2' - 5' long,  somewhat  fleshy.  Corolla  9"- 12"  broad.  Fruit- 
ing calyx  9"  -  12"  long.    Anthers  yellow. 

6.  P.  visCOSa,  L.  Closely  pul)escent,  with  short  white  stellate  or  branch- 
ing hairs  ;  stem  a.scending  from  a  slender  subterranean  base ;  leaves  from  ovate 
to  spatnlate-obloug,  entire,  or  wavy  on  the  margins ;  corolla  greenish  yellow, 
brownish  iu  the  throat ;  fruiting  calyx  globose-ovate ;  berry  yellow,  viscid.  — 
Sandy  coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  July -Sept.  —  Leaves  1  J'-3'  long. 
Corolla  8"  -  9"  broad. 

*+  *+  Pubescence  simple. 

7.  P.  lanceolata,  Michx.  I'ubescent;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  ob- 
long, obtuse,  entire,  or  coarsely  toothed,  acute  and  commonly  very  unequal  at 
the  base ;  calvx  pubescent,  the  lobes  long-acuminate  from  an  ovate  base ;  co- 
rolla vellow  in  the  throat ;  fruiting  calyx  conical -ovate,  5-angled.  —  Dry  sandy 
soil.  Julv-Oct.  —  Stem  1°  high,  erect  or  diffuse.  Leaves  T  -  2' long.  Fruit- 
ing calyx  I'-H'  long,  smooth  or  hairy. 

8.  P.  arenicola,  Kearney.  Pubescent  or  hairy;  root  slender,  elon- 
gated :  stem  erect,  at  length  diffusely  branched  ;  leaves  ovate,  entire  or  angu- 
larlv  toothed,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base;  calyx  hairy;  corolla  pubescent, 
brown  in  the  throat;  style  and  filaments  purple;  anthers  yellow;  fruiting 
calyx  oblong-ovate,  sharply  5-angled,  concave  at  the  base;  berry  globose.  — 
Dry  sandy  coast,  Florida.  July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  1°  high.  Fruiting  calyx 
1'  long. 

9.  P.  heterophylla,  Nees.  Densely  villous  with  viscid  pointed  hairs ; 
stem  stout,  at  length  diffusely  branched ;  leaves  broadly  cordate,  acute,  an- 
gularly toothed  ;  calyx  teeth  shorter  than  the  tube ;  corolla  brownish  in  the 
throat;  anthers  yellow;  fruiting  calyx  ovate,  5-angled,  hirsute.  —  Dry  soil, 
chiefly  in  the  upper  districts.  June -Sept.  — Stem  1°-U°  high.  Leaves 
2' -4'  long.     Corolla  6" -8"  broad.     Fruiting  calyx  V-lY  long. 

Var.  nyctaginia,  Rydberg.  Leaves  oftener  entire,  acute  at  the  base, 
acuminate.  —  With  the  type. 


SOLANACE^.       (nightshade   FAMILY.)  325 

■•-  -•-  Flowers  clustered. 

10.    P.  Carpenteri,  Riddell.     Stem  erect,  branching,  closely  pubescent ; 

leaves  thin,  obliquely  cordate-oblong,  or  oval,  acuminate,  entire,  or  obscurely 

wavy,  slender  petioled  ;  flowers  small,  3  -  6  in  a  cluster ;  berry  small ;  fruiting 

calyx  globose;  flowers  yellow.  —  East  Feliciana,  Louisiana  {Prof.  Carpenter). 

4.     NICANDRA,  Adans. 

Calyx  5-parted,  inflated,  10-toothed  at  the  base.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  plaited, 
obscurely  5-lobed.  Stamens  5  :  a,nthers  separate,  opening  lengthwise.  Berry 
juiceless.  —  A  smooth  erect  branching  annual,  with  ovate-oblong  toothed  or 
lobed  petioled  leaves,  and  solitary  axillary  nodding  purple  flowers. 

1.  N.  physaloides,  Gart.  —  (Atropa  physaloides,  L.) — Waste  and 
cultivated  ground.  Introduced.  July-Sept. —  Stem  l°-3°  high,  with  an- 
gled branches.  Leaves  2'  -  b'  long,  decurrent  on  the  petiole.  Corolla  white  in 
the  throat.     EruitLug  calyx  5-angled,  enclosing  the  globose  berry. 

5.    LYCIUM,  L. 

Calyx  4 - 5-cleft.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  5-lOcleft  or  toothed.  Stamens 
4  -  5 :  anthers  opening  lengthwise,  separate.  Stigma  capitate.  Berry  not 
enclosed  in  the  calyx.  —  Erect  or  twining  often  spiny  shrubs,  with  entire 
alternate  or  clustered  leaves,  and  axillary  or  terminal  flowers. 

1.  L.  Carolinianum,  Michx.  Stem  erect,  spiny,  or  unarmed,  much 
branched ;  leaves  small,  clustered,  club-shaped,  fleshy ;  flowers  solitary,  axil- 
lary, purple  ;  calyx  and  corolla  4-cleft ;  stamens  4,  exserted.  —  Salt  marshes. 
July -Sept.  —  Shrub  3° -5^  high.  Leaves  1|'  long.  Corolla  small,  hairy 
within.     Berry  red. 

6.     DATURA,  L.    Jamestown  Weed,  Thor\  Apple. 

Calyx  tubular,  terete  or  angled,  5-cleft,  separating  near  the  base,  the  upper 
portion  deciduous.  Corolla  funnel-shaped;  the  limb  plaited,  5-lobed,  convo- 
lute in  the  bud.  Stamens  5 :  anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Capsule  spiny, 
imperfectly  4-celled,  4-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Strong-scented  poisonous  herbs, 
with  petioled  oblong  or  ovate  mostly  toothed  leaves,  and  large  solitary  flowers 
in  the  forks  of  the  branches. 

1.  D.  Stramonium,  L.  Smooth;  stem  stout,  forking;  leaves  ovate 
or  obloug-ovate,  acute,  sinuate-toothed ;  corolla  sharply  5-toothed,  white,  twice 
as  long  as  the  5-angled  calyx ;  capsule  erect.  —  Var.  Tatula.  Larger:  leaves 
often  cordate ;  stem  and  corolla  purplish.  —  Waste  ground,  very  common. 
June  -  Oct.  —  Stem  1°  -  3°  high.     Leaves  4'  -  8'  long.     Corolla  3'  -  4'  long. 

2.  D.  Metel,  L.  Pubescent ;  stem  stout,  branching  ;  leaves  ovate,  entire 
or  slightly  toothed ;  corolla  white,  10-toothed ;  calyx  loose,  terete ;  capsule 
nodding.  —  Waste  ground.  Introduced.  —  Stems  3°  -  4°  high.  Leaves  6'  -  8' 
long.     Corolla  6'  long. 


326  CONVOLVULACE.E.       (CONVOLVULUS    FAMILY. ) 

7.     PETUNIA,  Juss. 

Calyx  S-parted.  Corolla  fuiinelshaped,  plicate.  Stamens  5,  unecjual; 
aiitlier  cells  separate.  Stigma  cai)itatc.  Capsule  2-valved,  many-seeded. — 
Clammy  pubescent  herbs. 

1.  P.  parviflora,  .luss.  Ammal,  diffuse,  leaves  oldong-linear  or  spatu- 
late ;  corolla  small,  pale  bluish  purple.  —  l-lorida,  and  westward.     Introduced. 


Order  92.     CONVOLVULACEiE.     (Convolvulus  Family.) 

Chiefly  twining  or  prostrate  herbs,  with  alternate  exstipulate  leaves, 
and  regular  mostly  showy  and  fugacious  flowers.  —  Calyx  5-.sepaloys, 
imbricated.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  funnel-shaped,  or  salver-form,  5- 
plaited  or  o-lobed,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the 
tube  of  the  corolla :  anthers  2-celled,  sagittate.  Ovary  free,  single  or 
double,  1-4-celled,  with  1-2  erect  anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell. 
Styles  1  or  2,  entire  or  2-cleft.  Stigmas  capitate,  ovate,  or  acute. 
Capside  2  -  6-seeded.  Embryo  large,  coiled  or  curved  in  mucilagi- 
nous albumen. 

Synopsis. 

TwBE  I.     CONVOLiVULE.E.      Ovary  single.    Embryo  with  leafy  cotyledons.    Cap- 
sule opening  by  valves.  — Flowers  axillary,  single  or  cymose. 

*  Style  single.    Stigmas  globose. 

1.  IPOMCEA.    Capsule  2-celled,  the  cells  2-seeded.    Corolla  bell-  or  funnel-shaped.    Sta- 

mens mostly  included. 

*  *  Style  single.     Stigmas  ovate  or  cylindrical. 

2.  JACQUEMONTIA.     Capsule  2-celled,  4-seeded.     Stigmas  ovate,  flattened. 

3.  CONVOLVULUS.     Capsule  imperfectly  2-celled,  4-seeded.     Stigmas  cylindrical. 

*  *  *  Styles  2,  separate  or  partly  united.     Ovary  2-celled. 

4.  EVOLVULUS.     Styles  separate,  2-parted  or  2-cleft. 

5.  BREWERIA.     Styles  separate  or  partly  united,  entire. 

Tbibe  n.    DICHONDRE.^.      Ovary  double.    Embryo  with  cotyledons.    Capsule 
utricular,  1-seeded.  —  Stems  creeping. 

C.    DICHONDRA.     Corolla  bell-shaped.     Stigmas  thick.     Peduncle  I-flowered. 

Tribe  III.     CUSCUTE^.      Ovary  single.     Embryo  destitute  of  cotyledons.     Capsule 
closed. 

7.    CUSCUTA.     Twining  parasites,  with  scale-like  leaves.     Styles  2. 

1.     IPOMCEA,  L.     Morning  Glory. 

Sepals  5.  Corolla  entire,  or  5-angled,  or  5-lobed.  Stamens  dilated  at  the 
base.  Ovary  2-celled,  rarely  imperfectly  4-celled.  Style  simple :  stigma 
capitate,  2-lol)ed.  Capsule  2 -4-celled,  2-4-valved,  4-seeded,  or,  by  abortion, 
1  -3-seeded.  Seeds  smooth  or  hairy.  —  Twining  or  trailing  rarely  erect 
herbs,  with  cordate  or  sagittate  entire  or  variously  lobed  leaves,  and  showy 
flowers  on  axillary  peduncles. 


CONVOLVULACE^.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.)      327 

*  Corolla  salver-form  :  stamens  exserted. 

1.  I.  COCpineE,  L.  Leaves  petioled,  cordate,  acuminate,  angled  at  the 
base ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  petioles,  3  -  5-flowered  ;  sepals  awued  ;  corolla 
slightly  lobed,  scarlet.  —  Cultivated  ground.  July -August.  —  Corolla  1' 
long,  sometimes  yellowish. 

2.  I.  Quamoclit,  L.  Leaves  pinnatifid,  with  long  and  linear  segments ; 
peduncles  1  -  3-flowered,  the  pedicels  much  thickened  upward ;  sepals  ovate 
or  oblong,  awuless.  —  Spontaneous  near  gardens.     July  -  Oct. 

3.  I.  Bona-Nox,  L.  Smooth ;  leaves  membranaceous,  cordate,  acumi- 
nate, entire,  long-petioled ;  peduncles  very  stout,  5  -  7-flowered,  longer  than 
the  leaves  ;  sepals  ovate,  obtuse  ;  the  2  outer  ones  appendaged  ;  corolla  white, 
almost  salver-form;  capsule  ovate,  pointed  with  the  conical  persistent  base  of 
the  style.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  sometimes  prickly.  Leaves  2' -3' long. 
Tube  of  the  corolla  3'  -  4'  long. 

**  Corolla  funnel-  or  bell-shaped :   stamens  included. 
■i-  Capsule  3-celled. 

4.  I.  purpurea,  Lam.  Annual ;  stem  glandular-roughened  and  hairy  ; 
leaves  entire,  round-cordate,  acuminate ;  peduncles  mostly  longer  than  the 
leaves,  3  -  5-tlowered ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  mostly  hairy ;  corolla 
showy,  blue,  purple,  or  variegated.  —  Around  dwellings.  Introduced.  June  - 
Sept. 

5.  I.  hedGracea,  Jacq.  Annual,  hairy  ;  leaves  membranaceous,  broadly 
cordate,  3-lobed,  the  lobes  acuminate  ;  peduncles  sliorter  than  the  leaves,  2-3- 
flowered  ;  sepals  densely  hispid,  ending  in  a  long  subulate  point ;  bracts  linear ; 
corolla  purple.  —  Cultivated  ground.     July  -  Sept.  —  Corolla  1^'  long. 

6.  I.  cathartica,  Poir.  Smooth;  leaves  cordate,  3-lobed,  with  the  lobes 
acuminate  ;  peduncles  about  as  long  as  the  petioles,  3  -  several-flowered,  with 
leafy  lanceolate  bracts ;  sepals  lanceolate,  terminating  in  a  long  subulate 
point ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  bracts  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  greenish,  the  ex- 
panding acutely  lobed  border  purple.  —  South  Florida.  — Leaves  \^' -2'  long. 
Corolla  3'  long. 

4-  -t-  Capsule  2-celled,  or  imperfectly  4-celled. 

-M-  Stem  procumbent,  rooting  at  the  nodes :   leaves  succident. 

7.  I.  Pes-Caprse,  Sweet.  Smooth  and  fleshy;  leaves  petioled, orbicular, 
or  slightly  notched  at  the  apex,  parallel-veined  ;  peduncles  1  -  3-flowered,  the 
ovate  bracts  minute ;  sepals  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate ;  tube  of  the 
corolla  very  short.  Sandy  coast,  Florida  and  Georgia.  August -Oct.  2/  — 
Leaves  2'  long.     Corolla  2'  long,  purple. 

8.  I.  aeetOSSefolia,  R.  &  S.  Smooth  and  fleshy  ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong, 
cordate,  notched  at  the  apex,  entire  or  hastate-lobed,  the  lateral  lobes  entire 
or  2-cleft ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  petioles,  1-flowered;  bracts  subulate; 
sepals  oblong,  mucronate  ;  corolla  obscurely  lobed,  white,  the  tube  yellowish. 
—  Sandy  coast,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  May-  Sept.  ^  —  Leaves  l'-2' 
long.     Corolla  2'  long. 

I.  Batatas,  Lam.,  includes  the  different  kinds  of  the  cultivated  Sweet 
Potato. 


328     coxvoLVULACE,^.  (convolvulus  family.) 

*♦  *-►  Stem  Iwininij :   leaves  mostli/  S-lohid. 
=  Cupsiilc  hair  I/:   seeds  naked. 

9.  I.  commutata,  H.  &  S.  Annual;  stem  piil)esocnt;  leaves  cordate, 
aruniiiiate,  entire,  an<;led,  or  S-lohei! ;  peduncles  ahnut  as  long  as  the  i)etioles, 
1  -  5-tio\vered  ;  eoroUa  purjde,  4-5  times  as  long  as  tlie  eiliate  sepals ;  capsule 
glol)ose,  4-v:ilved,  siiorter  than  the  calyx. —  Margins  of  s\vanii)s,  and  culti- 
vated grounds.     August  -  Oct.  —  Leaves  1'  -  1  ^'  long.     Corolla  1  i'  -  2'  long. 

10.  I.  triflda,  Don,  var.  Torreyana,  (iray.  I'creunial,  smoothish  ; 
pcduiK'les  longer  than  the  3-lol)ed  leaves,  3- 10-H<jwered  ;  sepals  glabrous; 
capsules  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  otherwise  like  the  preceding.  —  Cultivated 
ground.     Intioduccd. 

11.  I.  triloba,  L.  Stem  slender,  hairy  ;  leaves  cordate,  al)ruptly  atten- 
uated, but  obtuse  at  the  apex,  entire  or  hastate-lobed,  smooth  below ;  pedun- 
cles 3-flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves;  corolla  small,  purple,  twice  as  long 
as  the  hairy  sepals;  capsule  globose  ;  seeds  slightly  pubescent  ou  the  angles. 
—  South  Florida.  —  Leaves  1'- 1^'  long.     Corolla  i'  long. 

!2.  I.  lacunosa,  L.  Stem  aud  leaves  smoothish;  leaves  cordate,  obtuse 
or  acuminate,  entire  or  3-lobed ;  peduncles  I -3-flowered,  shorter  tlian  the 
leaves  ;  corolla  small,  wliite,  twice  as  long  as  the  eiliate  sepals  ;  capsule  glo- 
bose, slightly  hairy.  —  Low  grounds.     August  -  Oct. 

=  :=  Cajisule  smooth :   seeds  woollij :  flowers  large. 

13.  I.  pandurata,  Meyer.  Stem  twining,  or  prostrate,  smoothish ;  leaves 
cordate,  acuminate,  entire  or  fiddle-shaped;  peduncles  commonly  longer  than 
the  petioles,  1  - 6-flowered ;  bracts  minute;  sepals  smooth,  oblong-ovate,  ob- 
tuse, mucronate,  the  two  outer  ones  siiorter  ;  corolla  white,  with  pointed  lobes, 
the  tube  purple  within.  —  Hiver  banks  aud  margins  of  swamps,  rarely  in 
sandy  pine  barrens.  August -Oct.  %  —  Root  tuberous,  very  large.  Corolla 
3'  long.     Capsule  globose.     Seeds  woolly  ou  the  angles. 

14.  I.  Jalapa,  Pursh.  Stem  pubescent,  stout;  leaves  membranaceous, 
deltoid,  cordate,  plaited  by  the  strong  impressed  veins,  hoary-pubescent  be- 
neath ;  peduncles  1  -  5-flowered ;  sepals  oblong,  tomentose ;  corolla  white 
tinged  with  purple,  notched  at  the  angles,  bright  purple  on  the  tube  within  ; 
capsule  ovate,  pointed,  2-valved ;  seeds  very  silky.  —  Light  sandy  soil,  Florida 
to  South  Carolina,  along  the  coast.  July -Sept.  ^  —  Root  very  large. 
Leaves  3' -5'  long,  occasionally  3-lobed.  Corolla  3' -4' long,  opening  at 
uight.     Ovary  imperfectly  4-celled. 

15.  I.  sagittata,  Cav.  Smooth  and  .somewhat  fleshy;  stem  slender; 
leaves  sagittate,  lanceolate  or  linear  ;  the  lateral  lol)es  long,  spreading,  acute ; 
peduncles  1 -3-flowered,  clul)-shaped,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  minutely 
bracted ;  sepals  oval,  shorter  tlian  the  ovate  4-valved  pointed  capsule ;  seeds 
silky  on  the  angles  ;  corolla  bright  pur])le.  —  Marshes  along  the  coast.  July  - 
Sept.     %  —  Stem  commonly  2° -3°  long.     Corolla  3' long. 

-M.  *+  ++  Stems  twining :   leaves  pedately  7-parted. 

16.  I.  sinuata,  Ort.  Stem  very  long,  woody  at  the  base,  the  branches 
muricate,  hairy  ;  leaves  smooth,  with  the  divisions  lanceolate,  sinuate-toothed  ; 
peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  1  -  2-flowered ;  pedicels  flattened,  dilated 


COXVOLVULACE^.   (COKVOLVULUS  FAMILY.)      329 

upward,  noddiug  ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acutish,  smooth,  half  as  long  as  the 
corolla,  widely  spreading  in  fruit ;  corolla  white,  purple  in  the  throat ;  cap- 
sule globose  ;  seeds  smooth.  —  South  Florida.  July -Oct.  2/  —  Leaves  4'- 
6'  wide.     Corolla  1|'  long. 

2.    JACQUEMONTIA,  Chois. 

Sepals  5,  unequal.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-plated.  Style  single  :  stigmas  2, 
ovate  or  oblong,  flattened.  Ovary  2-celled,  4-ovuled.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-4- 
valved,  4  seeded.  —  Habit  of  Ipomoea. 

1.  J.  violacea,  Chois.  Stem  smoothish,  twining;  leaves  petioled,  ob- 
long-ovate or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  pubescent,  the  lower  ones  slightly 
cordate ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  cymosely  many-flowered ;  sepals 
ovate,  acuminate,  the  2  outer  ones  larger  ;  corolla  small,  purple ;  stigmas  ob- 
long, diverging ;  capsule  smooth,  4-valved,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  South 
Florida.  —  Stem  l°-3°  long.  Leaves  1'- 2' long.  Corolla  ^'  long.  Seeds 
roughish. 

2.  J.  tamnif  olia,  Griseb.  Hairy ;  stem  erect  or  twining ;  leaves  cordate- 
ovate,  acuminate ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles  ;  flowers  in  a  leafy- 
bracted  head ;  sepals  subulate,  bristly,  nearly  as  long  as  the  blue  corolla ; 
stigmas  distinct ;  capsule  depressed.  —  Cultivated  ground.  July  -  Oct.  (T)  — 
Stem  1°  -  4°  long.     Corolla  Y  ^ong. 

3.    CONVOLVULUS,  L. 

Sepals,  corolla,  ovary,  etc.  of  Ipomcea.  Style  single ;  stigmas  2,  filiform 
or  subulate,  or  broader  and  flat.    Capsule  2  -  9-valved. 

*  Cali/x  bractless  :   stigmas  oblong  or  Jiliform. 

1.  C.  Havanensis,  Jacq.  Stems  very  long,  woody,  prostrate,  canescent- 
tomentose ;  leaves  small,  oblong,  obtuse,  short-petioled ;  peduncles  stout, 
single  or  by  pairs,  1-3-flowered  ;  outer  sepals  obovate,  twice  as  long  as  the 
roundish  inner  ones;  corolla  white,  sharply  5-lobed  ;  valves  of  the  capsule 
6-9.  —  Sandy  coast  of  South  Florida  ( Garber).  —  Stem  15°  -  20°  or  more  long. 
Leaves  6"-  10"  long.     Corolla  9"  long. 

2.  C.  nodiflorus,  Desr.  Stem  twining,  woody,  pubescent ;  leaves  cor- 
date-ovate, tomentose,  short-petioled  ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  petioles,  mostly 
many-flowered ;  sepals  ovate,  obtuse,  equal ;  corolla  small ;  capsule  8-valved. 
—  Bahia  Honda  Key,  South  Florida  (Cwrt/ss).  —  Stems  climbing  over  low 
bushes.    Leaves  1'  long.     Corolla  b"  long. 

3.  C.  arvensis,  L.  Stems  prostrate  or  climbing,  pubescent ;  leaves  ob- 
long-ovate, broadly  sagittate  ;  peduncles  1-flowered  ;  corolla  white ;  stigmas 
filiform.  —  Waste  ground.     Introduced. 

*  *  Calyx  included  in  a  pair  of  large  bracts. 

4.  C.  sepium,  L.  Smooth;  stem  twining;  leaves  broadly  sagittate, 
acute,  the  wide  lateral  lobes  obliquely  truncated  and  often  toothed  ;  peduncles 
as  long  as  the  petioles  ;  bracts  cordate-ovate  or  oblong ;  sepals  acute  ;  corolla 
white  or  rose-color.  —  Varies  with  the  stem  and  shorter  peduncles  pubescent ; 
leaves  smaller  and  narrower.  —  Rich  soil,  Florida  (the  var.),  and  northward. 


3o0  CONVOLVL'LACEiE.        (cOX  VULVULLS    FAMILY.) 

August -Sept.      21  —  Leaves   2'-4'  l«>iig.     Corolla   IA'-2'loiig.      Stigmas 
olilong-ovate.     Staiiicii.s  dilated  and  Hatteiii'il  beli^w. 

;■>.  C.  spithamaeus,  L.  Tuliesceiit;  stem  erect,  rarely  Iwiiiing  at  the 
suuiinit ;  k'a\  e.s  ovale  or  oblung-ovate,  cordate,  tiie  ujjper  ones  acute ;  jicdundes 
longer  than  the  leaves;  bracts  ovate  lanceolate  ;  corolla  white.  —  Dry  soil, 
Florida,  and  northward.  May-Sept.  ^  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Leaves  l'- 2' 
long.     Corolla  1  J' -2' long. 

4.    EVOLVULUS,  L. 

Sepals  5.  Corolla  hell-shaped  or  somewiiat  wheel-shaped,  mostly  hairy. 
Stamens  included.  Styles  2,  di.-Jtinct,  2-cleft  or  2-parted :  stigma  obtuse. 
Capsule  2-celled,  4-seeded.  —  Small  ])ereiinial  herbs,  with  chiefly  silky  or  hairy 
prostrate  stems,  entire  leaves,  and  small  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles.  Cap- 
sules Dodding. 

*  Common  peduncle  venj  short  or  none  ;  the  pedicels  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

1.  E.  sericeus,  Swartz.  Stem  dividing  at  the  base  into  numerous  pros- 
trate or  a.-iceiiding  simple  filiform  branches;  leaves  sessile,  linear  to  oblong, 
acute  at  each  end  ;  peduncle  I  -3-flowered  ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
half  as  long  as  the  white  wheel-shaped  corolla.  —  Damp  soil,  Florida,  Georgia, 
and  westward.  June-Oct.  —  Stems  6'- 12' long.  Leaves  6" -9"  long.  Co- 
rolla 4" -5"  in  diameter. 

2.  E.  argenteus,  Pursh.  Silky-villous  throughout ;  stem  rigid  (6' high), 
very  leafy ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  spatulate ;  sepals  lauce-subulate ; 
corolla  blue  or  purple.  —  Pine  Key,  South  Florida  {Biodgett,  ex  Gray), 
Tennessee,  and  westward. 

*  *  Peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves. 

3.  E.  mucronatus,  Swartz.  Stem  creeping,  simple,  sprinkled  with  ap- 
pressed  hairs ;  lea\es  rigid,  elliptical-obovate,  mucronate,  nearly  sessile,  smooth 
above,  pubescent  on  the  veius  beneath ;  peduncles  bristle-like,  rather  longer 
than  the  leaves,  1  -  3-flowered  ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  hairy,  as  long  as 
the  pedicel ;  corolla  very  small.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  1°  long.  Leaves 
4" -6"  lonir.     Corolla  2"  wide. 

4.  E.  alsinoides,  L.  Silky  with  long  spreading  hairs;  stems  very  nu- 
merous, filiform,  diffu.se  ;  lea>-es  obovate  or  oblong,  mucronate,  short-petioled ; 
peduncles  bristle-like,  often  by  pair.s,  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  leaves,  1-3- 
flowered;  sepals  ov.itelanceolate,  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  pedicels;  corolla 
wheel-shaped  ;  styles  parted  nearly  to  the  base.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stems  1°- 
2°  long.     Leaves  4"  -  6"  long.     Corolla  2"  wide. 

5.    BREWERIA,  R.  Br.     (Sttlisma,  1st  edit.) 

Sepals  .5.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  hairy.  Stamens  included.  Styles  2,  distinct 
or  united  below,  entire  :  stigmas  peltate.  Ovary  2-celled,  4-ovuled.  Capsule 
I -4-seeded.  —  I'erennial  prostrate  jjiihescent  herbs,  with  entire  leaves,  and 
mostly  small  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles  which  are  longer  than  the  leaves. 

1.  B.  humistrata,  Gray.  Hairy;  leaves  oblong,  slightly  cordate  vary- 
ing to  narrow-linear ;  peduncles  filiform,  1-7-flowered;   sepals  ovate,  acute; 


CONVOLVULACE^.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.)      331 

capsule  smooth,  nodding ;  bracts  minute ;  corolla  wiiite  ;  filaments  hairy ; 
styles  united  below.  —  Dry  soil,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  westward. 
July -Sept.  — Stems  2° -3°  long.     Leaves  I'-S'  long.     Corolla  10"  long. 

2.  B.  aquatica,  Gray.  Silkj^-pubescent  and  somewhat  hoary ;  leaves 
liuear-oblong,  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  short-petioled  ;  pedun- 
cles 1-7-  (mostly  3-)  flowered  ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate ;  capsule 
erect,  pubescent ;  bracts  subulate,  as  long  as  the  pedicels ;  corolla  purple  ;  fila- 
ments smooth ;  styles  distinct.  —  Margins  of  ponds  in  the  lower  districts. 
July  -  Sept.  —  Stems  2°  -  3°  long.     Leaves  |'  -  T  long.     Corolla  5"  long. 

3.  B.  Pickeringii,  Gray.  Soft-pubescent  or  villous ;  leaves  linear ; 
peduncles  1  - 3-fiowered  ;  bracts  linear,  as  long  as  the  flower;  sepals  ovate- 
lanceolate,  very  hairy,  longer  than  the  pedicel ;  corolla  small,  white  ;  styles 
united  nearly  to  the  apex  ;  stamens  slightly  exserted.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens. 
North  Carolina,  and  northward.  July -Sept.  —  Stems  2° -3°  long.  Leaves 
12"-  15"  long.     Corolla  5"  long. 

4.  B.  grandiflora,  Gray.  Stem  prostrate,  toraentose  (2°  or  more  long) ; 
leaves  oval,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  short-petioled  (1^'  long) ;  peduncle  mostly 
shorter  than  the  leaf,  l-flowered  ;  calyx  large,  the  sepals  acute  ;  corolla  very 
large  (2^' -3'  long),  purple  ;  capsule  4-seeded.  —  Sandy  coast  at  Sarasota  Bay, 
South  Florida  {Garher), 

6.    DICHONDRA,  Forst. 

Calyx  5-parted,  with  the  lobes  obovate.  Corolla  somewhat  wheel-shaped, 
5-parted,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  Stamens  included.  Ovaries  2,  distinct, 
2-ovuled.  Styles  2  :  stigmas  capitate.  Utricles  2,  one-seeded.  —  Low  pubes- 
cent creeping  herbs,  with  broadly  cordate  petioled  leaves,  and  solitary  bract- 
less  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles. 

1.  D.  repens,  Forst. —  Low  grounds.  March -Oct.  :^  —  Stems  fili- 
form, 6' -12'  long.  Leaves  i'-lj'  in  diameter,  on  petioles  r-4'  long. 
Peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles.  Calyx  silky.  Corolla  minute,  greenish 
white. 

7.     CUSCUTA,  Tourn.     Dodder. 

Calyx  4  -  5-cleft,  or  4  -  5-sepalous.  Corolla  globular-urn-shaped,  bell-shaped, 
or  somewhat  tubular,  4  -  .'j-cleft.  Stamens  4-5,  with  fimbriate  mostly  con- 
fluent scales  at  the  base.  Ovary  2-celled,  4-ovuled.  Styles  2  :  stigmas  capi- 
tate (in  our  species).  Capsule  4-seeded.  Embryo  filiform,  coiled  around 
fleshy  albumen.  Cotyledons  none. — Twining  parasites,  germinating  in  the 
ground,  but  early  decaying  at  the  root.  Stems  filiform,  yellow  or  reddish, 
■without  leaves,  or  with  minute  scales  in  their  place.  Flowers  white,  small, 
variously  clustered. 

*  Calyx  4  -  b-cleft :  floivers  pedicellate. 
-t-  Lobes  of  the  corolla  acute. 
1.    C.  arvensis,  Beyrich.    Low;   flowers  small,  5-parted,  in  cluster-like 
cymes  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  broad  and  obtuse,  of  the  corolla  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, spreading,  inflexed  at  the  point,  longer  than  the  tube ;  scales  ovate,  often 


332      CONVOLVLLACE.E.   (CONVOLVULl'S  FAMILY.) 

partly  exserted  ;    rapsule  globose,  thin,  yellowish,  indeliiseeiit.  —  Fields  and 
sterile  soil,  on  .-mail  lierl)S.     Juue-July. 

2.  C.  umbellata,  IIBK.  stems  low,  capillary. s]»i(adiiig:  cymes  loosely 
umbellate,  few-Howered  ;  Howers  sniiJl ;  lobes  of  the  ealyx  acute,  of  tlie  corolla 
uarrowly  lanceolate,  longer  than  the  tube,  sprea^liug;  scjiles  oval,  iucurved ; 
capsule  depressed,  circumscissile,  covered  by  the  corolla.  —  South  Florida 
(Giiiber),  on  low  herbs. 

3.  C.  decora,  Choi.sy,  var.  pulcherrima,  Eugelm.  Stem  branch- 
ing; flowers  rather  large,  5-parted,  in  smootli  umbel  like  cymes;  lobes  of  the 
calyx  ovate-lanceolate,  acute;  lobes  of  the  corolla  ovate,  acumiuate, crenulate, 
1-uerved,  spreading,  as  long  as  the  tube  ;  scales  ovate,  iucurved,  as  long  aa  the 
tube.  —  Damp  soil,  Florida,  and  westward.     May. 

4.  C.  inflexa,  Engelm.      Flowers   iu   umbellate  cymes ;    sepals  acute, 

keeled ;  corolla  fleshy,  cylindrical,  mostly  4-cIeft,  the  ovate  acute  lobes  as  long 

as  the  tube ;  scales  miuute,  slightly  toothed ;  caj)sule  depressed,  enclo.ied  or 

crowned   with  the  withered  corolla.  —  Georgia,  aud  northward,  mostly  ou 

shrubs. 

■*-  ■•-  Lobes  of  the  corolla  obtuse. 

5.  C.  obtusiflora,  IIBK.,  var.  glandulosa,  Engelm.  Stems  widely 
spreading,  briglit  orange;  flowers  slH)rt-])cdicelled,  glaudular;  lobes  of  the 
calyx  and  corolla  obtuse ;  scales  iucurved,  deeply  fringed ;  capsule  large, 
depressed;  styles  short  and  thick. — Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward,  ou 
Polygonum. 

6.  C.  Gronovii,  Willd.  Stem  climbing  high  ;  flowers  mostly  5-cleft,  in 
loose  paniculate  cymes ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  ovate,  obtuse,  spreading,  mostly 
shorter  than  the  tube ;  scales  large,  confluent  at  the  base ;  capsule  globose, 
brown.  —  Low  shady  places,  on  coarse  herbs,  Florida,  and  northward.  Au- 
gust -  Oct. 

7.  C.  rostrata,  Shuttl.  Stem  twining  high;  flowers  large,  5-parted,  in 
umbel-like  cymes  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  ovate,  obtn.se ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  ovate, 
obtuse,  spreading  and  at  length  reflexed,  half  as  long  as  the  tube;  scales  con- 
nate at  the  base  ;  capsule  large,  acute.  —  Shaded  moist  places  on  tall  herbs, 
on  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward. 

*  *  Flowers  sessile,  in  compact  clusters :  calyx  of  5  separate  sepals,  surrounded 
by  several  similar  bracts:  corolla  persistent  at  the  apex  of  the  capsule. 

8.  C.  COmpacta,  .Tuss.  Stems  climbing  high ;  bracts  and  sepals  orbicu- 
lar, concave,  denticulate,  imbricated ;  tube  of  the  corolla  ecjualling  or  longer 
than  the  calyx,  the  oblong  obtuse  lobes  spreading ;  scales  confluent  at  the 
base ;  capsule  globose-ovate.  —  Damp  shady  places,  Florida,  and  northward. 
July  -  Oct.  —  Clusters  often  continuous,  and  spirally  coiled  around  herbs  and 
shrubs. 

9.  C.  glomerata,  Choisy.  Stems  coar.se,  the  dense  clusters  of  flowers 
forming  rope-like  mas.scs;  bracts  and  sepals  recurved-spreading ;  lobes  of  the 
corolla  oblong,  obtuse,  much  shorter  than  the  tube ;  styles  longer  than  the 
ovary.  —  Tennessee,  and  westward,  mostly  on  tall  Compositae. 


POLEMONIACE^.       (POLEMONIUM    FAMILY.)  333 

Order  93.     POLEMONIACE^E.    (Polemoxium  Family). 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  opposite  or  alternate  leaves,  and  regular  solitary 
or  cymose  flowers.  —  Calyx  .5-cleft  or  .5-parted,  with  menibranaceous- 
margined  lobes,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Corolla  5-lobed,  convolute  in 
the  bud.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  3- 
celled,  with  3  to  many  amphitropous  ovules  attached  to  the  central  pla- 
centa. Style  3-cleft.  Capsule  3-celled,  loculicidally  3-valved.  Seeds 
angular.  Embryo  straight  iu  the  axis  of  copious  albumen.  Cotyle- 
dons leafy.     Radicle  inferior. 

Synopsis. 

1.  PHLOX.    Corolla  salver-form.    Filaments  unequally  inserted  on  the  tube.    Leaves  entire. 

2.  GILIA.     CoroUa  tubular-funnel-shaped.     Filaments  equally  inserted  near  the  throat  of 

the  corolla.     Leaves  pinnately  divided. 

3.  POLEMONIUM.    Corolla  short-bell-shaped.      Filaments  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the 

corolla.     Leaves  pinnate. 

1..    PHLOX,  L. 

Calyx  cylindrical  or  bell-shaped,  5-cleft.  Corolla  salver-form,  with  a  long 
and  slender  tube,  and  obovate  or  roundish  lobes.  Stamens  5,  included,  un- 
equally inserted  on  the  tube.  Style  filiform.  Ovules  solitary  in  the  cells. 
Capsule  ovoid,  1  -  3-seeded ;  the  valves  at  length  separating  from  the  central 
placenta.  Seeds  erect.  —  Mostly  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  or  (the  upper) 
alternate  entire  leaves,  and  showy  purple  or  white  flowers  in  terminal  pani- 
cled  cymes. 

§  1.     Stems  herbaceous,  erect  or  ascending. 

*  Style  long,  JiUform  :  cnhjx  teeth  lanceolate-subulate,  not  awn-pointed  (except  in 
No.  1)  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  entire. 

1.  P.  paniculata,  L.  Smooth;  stem  tall,  branched  above ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  ujiper  often  cordate ;  cymes  numerous, 
close-fiowered,  forming  a  corymbose  or  pyramidal  panicle ;  calyx  teeth  long, 
bristle-pointed ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  round-obovate.  — Var.  acuminata.  Leaves 
acuminate  at  each  end,  the  lower  surface,  like  the  stem,  pubescent ;  calyx 
lobes  shorter.  —  Rich  woods  in  the  upper  districts.  June -July.  —  Stem 
2° -4°  high.     Leaves  2' -4' long.     Corolla  purple  or  white. 

2.  P.  maculata,  L.  Stem  erect,  pubescent  and  roughish,  especially 
above,  rarely  branched,  often  spotted  with  purple  ;  leaves  rather  rigid,  lanceo- 
late, acute ;  the  lowest  often  linear  and  elongated,  the  upper  broader  and 
rounded  at  the  base ;  cymes  closely  many-flowered,  lateral  and  terminal, 
forming  an  oblong  or  pyramidal  panicle ;  calyx  lobes  straight,  acute ;  tube  of 
the  corolla  slender,  curved  ;  the  lobes  obovate.  —  Low  woods.  June  -  July.  — 
Stem  2° -3°  high.     Leaves  2' -4'  long.     Corolla  purple  or  occasionally  white. 

3.  P.  OVata,  L.  Smooth;  stem  (1°  high)  erect  or  ascending,  sparingly 
branched ;  leaves  varying  from  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  the 
upper  often  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base  ;  panicle  corymbose,  few- 
flowered  ;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate,  short-acuminate.  —  Open  woods  in  the  upper 
districts. 


3.'i4  POLEMOXIACE-E.       (POLEMOXIUM    lAMII.Y.) 

•J.  P.  glaborrima,  L.  Smuotli  (ir  nearly  so  tlirmij^lioiit ;  stem  erect, 
mostly  siiiipli';  leaves  thin,  the  lowest  mostly  linear,  the  u|)j)erinost  uvate- 
lauceolate :  calyx  lobes  lanceolatc-suliulate,  very  a<  iiie ;  corolla  j)ale  purple. 

—  Dry  ojjcn  woods,  chieHy  in  the  up])er  districts.  .July.  —  Stem  2*^-4^  I'igh. 
Leaves  2' -4'  lon^.     Corolla  1'  lonij;. 

Var.  suflfruticosa,  (Jray.  Stem  scahrous,  especially  above,  with  short 
ri2;id  hairs;  haves  narrower  and  more  rigid;  corolla  lolies  round-obovate. — 
With  the  type. 

.5.  P.  reptans,  Michx.  Tubcscent  or  smoothish ;  stem  low,  simple, 
stoloniferoiis ;  leaves  few,  distant,  lanceolate;  the  radicle  and  those  on  the 
stolons  larger,  si)atulate  or  obovato;  cyme  terminal,  few-flowered  ;  calyx  lobes 
linear-sul)iilate,  much  shorter  than  the  spreading  or  recurved  pedicels;  corwlla 
lobes  obovate,  shorter  than  the  slender  straight  tube  ;  anthers  slightly  exserted. 

—  Damp  shady  woods  in  the  upper  districts.  May-June.  —  Stem  6'- 10' 
high.  Leaves  6" -8"  long,  the  radical  onea  I'-.l'  long.  Corolla  1'  long, 
])urple. 

6.  P.  Stellaria,  fJr.ay.  Minutely  pubescent;  stem  slender,  branching ; 
leaves  linear,  spreading  or  recurved ,  cymes  mostly  3-fluwered,  the  pedicels 
erect;  flowers  small ;  calyx  lobes  subulate ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  wedge-shaped, 
cleft  to  the  middle,  nearly  e(inalling  the  tube.  —  Cedar  glades,  Tennessee  ( Gat- 
tinger).     May.  —  Stem  6'  — 8'  high.     Leaves  1'-  H'  '""g- 

*  *  Stijh  short,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ovarii :  cahjx  teeth  linear-suhulate,  tapering 
into  an  awn-like  point :  lobes  of  the  corolla  often  notched :  steins  pubescent. 

7.  P.  divaricata,  L.  Softly  pubescent  and  more  or  less  glandular; 
stems  ascending,  simple ;  leaves  distant,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate;  cymes 
corymbose,  loosely-flowered ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  obovate,  notched  or  entire, 
as  I'jng  as  the  tube,  and  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  —  Woods  and  banks. 
April-May.  —  Stem  1°  high.  Leaves  I'-lJ'  long.  Corolla  6"-9"  long, 
])alc  bluish  purple. 

8.  P.  amoena,  Sims.  Softly  pubescent  or  villous ;  stem  low,  ascending, 
simple  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sessile ;  the  lower  ones  approximate,  the  n})per 
distant  and  often  alternate ;  cymes  terminal,  compact,  ]eafy-])racted ;  corolla 
tube  longer  than  the  obovate  lobes,  and  twice  as  long  as  the  straight  barely 
awued  ciliate  calyx  teeth.  —  Dry  gravelly  hills  and  pine  barrens.    April  -  May. 

—  Stem  6'- 12'  high.  Leaves  1'  long.  Corolla  bright  purple,  sometimes 
white,  the  tube  6"- 8"  long. 

9.  P.  pilosa,  L.  Pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous;  stem  erect,  mostly 
branching ;  leaves  linear,  or  linear-lanceolate,  distant,  acute ;  cymes  corym- 
bose ;  calyx  teeth  jirolonged  into  a  long  and  spreading  bristle-like  point, 
hairy.  —  Dry  woods.  Aj.ril  -  May.  —  Stem  rather  slender,  1°-U°  high. 
Leaves  2' -4'  long.     Corolla  V  long,  purple. 

10.  P.  Floridana,  Benth.  Stem  erect,  simple,  closely  pubescent; 
leaves  uniform,  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  spreading  or  recurved ;  cymes  crowded 
or  corymbose;  calyx  teeth  spreading,  somewhat  bristle-pointed,  glandular- 
pubescent,  a  third  to  half  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  large  corolla.  —  Dry  open 
woods.  Middle  Florida.  May.  —  Stem  U°-2°  high.  Leaves  2'-3'  long. 
Corolla  1'  broad,  pale  purple,  the  lobes  round-obovate  and  entire. 


GEXTIANACE^.       (GENTIAN    FAMILY.)  335 

§  2.    Stems  shnihbi/,  tujled,  creeping :   leaves  subulate,  rigid,  leafy  in  the  axils: 

style  short. 

11.  P.  SUbulata,  L.  Pubescent ;  flowering  stems  erect ;  leaves  very  nu- 
merous, the  upper  ones  linear  and  mostly  alternate ;  calyx  teeth  subulate, 
erect,  spine-pointed;  lobes  of  the  corolla  notched  or  entire.  (P.  setacea, 
L.I)  —  Sandy  pine  barrens.  April -May.  —  Stems  4'- 12'  long.  Leaves 
4" -6"  long.     Corolla  i'-l'  broad,  purple  or  white. 

P.  Drummondii,  Hook.,  is  an  annual  species,  common  in  gardens. 

2.  GILIA,  Ruiz  &  Pavon. 

Calyx  tubular  or  bell-shaped,  5-cleft.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  5-lobed.  Sta- 
mens inserted  equally  near  the  mouth  of  the  corolla.  Ovules  commonly 
numerous  in  the  cells.  Capsule  oblong  or  obovoid.  Seeds  angled  or  com- 
pressed. —  Herbs,  with  finely  divided  leaves  and  showy  flowers. 

1.  G.  COronopifolia,  Pers.  Stem  tall,  simple,  pubescent;  leaves  pin- 
nately  divided  into  many  filiform  segments;  flowers  scarlet,  racemose  or 
panicled;  corolla  tubular-funnel-shaped;  stamens  exserted.  —  Dry  sandy 
soil,  South  Carolina,  and  westward.  July.  (2)  —  Stem  2° -  4°  high.  Corolla 
1'  long,  yellow  and  spotted  with  red  within. 

3.  POLEMONIUM,  L. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-cleft.  Corolla  short-bell-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5, 
declined,  inserted  equally  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  with  a  hairy  appendage 
at  the  base  of  the  filaments.  Ovules  numerous  in  the  cells.  Capsule  ovoid. 
Seeds  angled.  —  Herbs,  with  alternate  pinnately  divided  leaves,  and  blue  or 
white  flowers  in  a  nearly  bractless  corymb. 

1.  P.  reptans,  L.  Smooth  ;  stem  weak,  diffusely  branched  ;  leaves  peti- 
oled,  pinnate,  with  5-13  lanceolate  or  elliptical  entire  leaflets ;  corymbs  pedun- 
cled,  few-flowered ;  flowers  nodding ;  calyx  lobes  ovate,  acute  ;  corolla  blue ; 
anthers  white.  —  Shady  woods  in  the  upper  districts.  April  -  May.  2/  — 
Stem  V^-  1°  high.     Leaflets  -J'-  1-J'  long.     Calyx  enlarged  in  fruit. 


Order  9L     GENTIANACE^.    (Gentian  Family.) 

Chiefly  smooth  and  bitter  herbs,  with  colorless  juice,  opposite  en- 
tire partly  sheathing  exstipulate  leaves,  and  regular  often  showy 
flowers.  —  Calyx  4-12-parted,  or  4-12-cleft.  Corolla  4-12-lobed, 
convolute,  rarely  valvate  or  imbricated  in  the  bud,  hypogynous. 
Stamens  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  inserted  on  its 
tube :  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  single,  with  numerous  anatropous 
ovules.  Stigmas  1-2.  Capsule  1-celled,  or  imperfectly  2-4-celled 
by  the  introversion  of  the  margins  of  the  valves,  septicidally  2-valved. 
Placentae  parietal.  Seeds  numerous.  Embryo  minute,  in  the  axis  of 
fleshy  albumen. 


33G  GENTIAXACK.'E.       (OENTIAN     KAMILY.) 

Synopsis. 

•  Corolla  convolute,  or   (in  Obolaria)  imbriciitcJ  in   the  bud.     Testa  membranaceous.— 

LeavoH  8es8ilu. 

1.  SABBATIA.     Style  conspicuous,  deciduous.     Sti^nias   linear,   twisted.     Corolla  wheel- 

shaped,  5  -  I'J-parted. 

2.  EUSTOMA.     Style  conBpicuous,  persistent.     Stigiuas  roundisli,  flat.     Corolla   tubular, 

4  -  ."(-parted. 

3.  GENTIANA.      StiRuias   sessile,  flat,  persistent.      Corolla  bell-shaped   or   funnel-form, 

4  -  "vlobed,  mostly  with  plaited  appendages  between  the  lobes. 

4.  B.\RTONIA.     Calyx  and  corolla  4-lobed.     Stigmas  sessile.     Leaves  scale-like. 
.'>.   VOYRIA.     Stigma  capitate.     Corolla  salver-shaped.     Stem  white,  scaly. 

{'•.    OUOLAUI.\.     Calyx  V!-leaved.     Corolla  4-lobed,  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

7.  FK.\SER.\.     Corolla  wheel-shaped,  4-parted,  the  lobes  with  a  large  depressed  glaud  in 

the  middle. 

*  *  Corolla  folded  in  the  bud.     Testa  woody.     Petioles  elongated. 

8.  LIMNANTHEMUM.     Leaves  floating,  cordate.     Flowers  clustered  on  the  petiole. 

1.     SABBATIA,  Adans.     Amkhican  Centaury. 

Cahx  .">-  12-parte(l.  Corolla  wheel-sliapeil,  5-  12-parted,  witliering-persist- 
ent.  Stamens  5-12,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla:  anthers  sagittate, 
mostly  recurved.  Style  conspicuous :  stigmas  linear  or  o1)long,  twisted. 
Capsule  globose,  1-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Annual  or  l)ieniiial  branch- 
ing herbs,  with  cymose  or  panicled  white  or  purple  showy  flowers. 
*  Cdlyx  and  corolla  mostli/  b-pnrted. 

t-  Floirers  in  cori/mbose  ci/7nes,  ickite,  turninrj  yellorrish  :   branches  opposite. 

1.  S.  lanceolata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  tall,  terete  below,  4-angled  and 
corvmbosflv  braiuhed  above;  leaves  ovate  or  roundi.sh,  3  -  5-uerved,  clasping, 
the  upper  lanceolate ;  cymes  many-flowered  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  (often  6) 
oljovate-oblong,  twice  as  long  a.s  the  filiform  calvx  lobes.  (S.  corymbosa, 
Bahlw.)  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  July.  —  Stem  2° - 
S^  high.     Leaves  1'-  H'  long  ;  the  lowest  small.     Corolla  10"  wide. 

2.  S.  paniculata,  I'ursh.  Stem  virgate,  wing-angled  throughout,  com- 
monly much  branched  from  the  base  ;  leaves  clasping,  lanceolate,  3-nerved, 
the  upper  and  floral  ones  linear,  the  lowest  tufted,  oblong-obovate ;  cymes 
dens^elv  few-flowered,  leafy  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  obovate,  one  third  longer 
than  the  linear  calyx  lobes.  —  Low  grassy  meadows,  Florida  to  North  Caro- 
lina.    August.  —  Stem  9'-  18'  high.     Leaves  V -V  long.     Corolla  ^'  wide. 

3.  S.  macrophylla,  Hook.  Glaucous ;  stem  terete,  corymbosely 
branched  above ;  leaves  thick,  erect,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  clasping,  3-5- 
nerved  ;  cymes  large,  flat-topped  ;  corolla  small,  the  lobes  thrice  as  long  as 
the  very  short  bristle-like  calyx  lobes.  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  Florida,  and  west- 
ward. July -August.  —  Stem  rigid,  hollow,  2°-2J°  high.  Leaves  l|'-3' 
long.     Corolla  5" -6"  wide. 

-t---  Flowers  in  panicled  cymes,  purple:    branches  opposite. 

4.  S.  angularis,  Pursh.  Stem  square,  wing-angled,  erect,  paniculately 
much  branched  ;  leaves  numerous,  ovate,  clasping,  3  -  5-nerved,  often  as  long 
as  the  joints,  the  upper  acute  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  oblong,  about  twice  as  long 


GEXTIANACE.E.        (geXTIAN    FAMILY.)  337 

as  the  linear  calyx  lobes.  —  Low  rich  grounds.     August.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 
Leaves  1'-  U-'  loug.     Corolla  T  wide. 

5.  S.  braehiata,  EH-  Stem  erect,  terete,  paniculately  branched  near 
the  suniniit ;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  the  upper  linear,  acute,  the  lowest 
clustered  ;  flowers  in  small  loose  peduncled  cymes,  terminating  the  branches, 
and  forming  an  oblong  or  pyramidal  panicle ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  narrowly 
oblong,  twice  as  loug  as  the  linear  calyx  lobes.  — Low  grounds  in  the  middle 
and  upper  districts.  July -August.  —  Stem  2°  high.  Leaves  1'  loug.  Co- 
rolla 1'  wide. 

4-  -f-  -)-  Flowers  scattered,  on  long  peduncles,  ichite  or  purple  :    branches 
alternate. 

6.  S.  Elliottii,  Steud.  Stem  low,  terete,  paniculately  much  branched 
from  near  the  base,  the  branches  diffuse ;  leaves  small,  sessile ;  the  lowest 
obovate,  the  upper  linear;  lobes  of  the  corolla  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  short 
filiform  calyx  lobes.  (S.  paniculata.  Ell.) — Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to 
South  Carolina.  August -Sept.  —  Stems  |°-li°  high.  Leaves  3" -6" 
long.     Corolla  8"- 10"  wide,  white. 

7.  S.  gracilis,  Pursh.  Stem  slightly  4-angled,  erect  or  reclining,  diffuse, 
the  branches  1-3-flowered;  leaves  linear  or  oblong-linear,  the  uppermost 
almost  filiform  ;  flowers  terminating  the  short  branchlets ;  lobes  of  the  corolla 
obovate-oblong,  rather  longer  than  the  filiform  calyx  lobes.  —  Low  grassy 
pine  barrens  and  meadows.  July -August.  —  Stem  slender,  l°-li°long. 
Leaves  I'-l^'  long.     Corolla  12" -15"  wide,  purple. 

8.  S.  stellaris,  Pursh.  Stem  obscurely  4-angled,  slender,  paniculately 
long-branched ;  leaves  somewhat  fleshy,  the  lowest  lanceolate  or  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, the  upper  linear,  acute ;  flowers  on  very  long  peduncles ;  lobes  of  the 
corolla  oblong,  longer  than  the  filiform  calyx  lobes.  —  Salt  marshes.  Au- 
gust-Sept.—  Stem  l°-3°  high.  Leaves  r-2'  long.  Peduncles  r-4' 
long.     Corolla  1^'  wide,  purple. 

9.  S.  calyeosa,  Pursh.  Stem  low,  terete ;  leaves  thin,  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long, obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  lowest  petioled  ;  flowers  few ;  corolla 
white,  5  -  7-lobed,  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  leafy  calyx  lobes.  —  River 
swamps.  July -August. — Stem  6'- 12'  high,  rigid.  Leaves  I'-l^'  long. 
Corolla  8"- 10"  wide. 

*  *  Ciili/x  and  corolla  7  -  \2-parted :  floicers  purple. 

10.  S.  chloroides,  Pursh.  Stem  erect,  terete,  simple,  or  1  -  2-iorlving, 
1  -  5-flowered ;  lea\  es  lanceolate,  sessile,  uniform,  or  the  lowest  spatulate- 
oblong  and  the  upper  linear,  acute;  corolla  large,  8-12-  (mostly  lO-i  parted, 
commonly  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  linear  or  subulate  calyx  lobes.  — 
Margins  of  pine  barren  ponds  and  swamps.  July  -  August.  —  Stem  l°-2° 
high.     Leaves  V  long.     Corolla  l|'-3'  wide. 

11.  S.  Boykinii,  Gray.  Stem  mostly  simple,  somewhat  angled  ;  leaves 
lanceolate  oljlong,  or  tlie  lowest  elliptical ;  flowers  single  or  3  -  7  in  a  terminal 
capitate  cluster,  sessile  and  2-bracted;  corolla  8-9-parted,  much  longer  than 
the  oblong-lanceolate  calyx  lobes. — Middle  Georgia  {Dr.  Boykin).  —  Stem 
V  high.    Leaves  \'-2'  long.     Corolla  1  \°  wide. 

22 


338  f:KNTIANACE.E.       ((iKNTIAN    FAMILY.) 

\2.  S.  gentianoides,  KU.  stem  erect,  Himple,  slender;  lowest  leaves 
luiui'olaie  nr  oliluiig,  ii:irru\M.'(l  at  the  hase  ;  the  otliers  loug,  linear,  sesHile  ; 
flowers  larj^c,  in  axillary  and  terminal  elnsters,  or  terminal  and  Holilary  ; 
corolla  8-  lO-jiarted,  '2-:^  times  as  Ion;;  ius  llie  snl)nlate  calyx  lobes;  anthers 
straight.  —  how  pine  barrens,  Georgia,  J-'lurida,  and  westward.  Jiily-Au- 
gnst.  —  Stem  I*^- 2'^  high.     Leaves  U'-.T  long.     Corolla  2' wide. 

2.     EUSTOMA,  Don. 

C.ilyx  bfll-sliaiK'd,  4 -r)-|iart(Mi,  sharidy  4-5-anglcd;  the  lol)es  snlmlate, 
keeled.  Corolla  tulmlar,  4- .'i-lolied.  the  lobes  erect,  acute.  Stamens  4-5: 
antliers  sagittate.  Style  consj)icuous,  erect,  persistent :  stigmas  ronnd-ovate. 
Cajisule  oblong,  obtuse.  I'laccntic  s|)ongy,  sutural.  Seeds  minute,  globo.se, 
sessile. —  Herbs,  with  oblong  glaucous  clas])ing  leaves,  and  ))anicled  slii)wy 
purj)le  or  blue  flt)wers. 

1.  E.  exaltatum,  Griseb.  Stem  (2°-3°  high)  terete,  glaucous,  panicu- 
lately  forking  aliuve  ;  leaves  mucronate,  decurrent,  the  u])])er  lauceolate ; 
flowers  long-peduncled,  terminal,  blue  ;  calyx  lobes  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the 
corolla,  dilated  and  membranaceous  at  the  base.  —  South  Florida.  (T)  — 
Corolla  12"- 15"  long. 

3..    GENTIANA,  Tourn.    Genti.vn. 

Calyx  4  -  5-parted.  Corolla  bell-shaped  or  f uunel-shaped,  4  -  5-lobed,  mostly 
with  ])laited  toothed  appendages  between  the  lobes.  Stamens  4  -  5.  Stigmas 
2,  sessile,  compressed,  persistent.  Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved,  many-.seeded ; 
the  seeds  sutural,  or  covering  the  inner  face  of  the  valves.  —  Flowers  showy, 
solitary  or  clustered,  axillary  and  terminal. 

*  Anriiial :    corolla  funnel-shiped,   destitute  of  appendages :    anthers  versatile: 

cajisule  sessile :  seeds  wincjless. 

1.  Gr.  quinqueflora,  Lam.  Stem  4-angled,  slender,  branching;  leaves 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceulatc,  slightly  clasping  at  the  base,  3  -  5-nerved  ;  flowers 
3-5,  terminatiug  the  short  l>ranches  ;  corolla  blue,  rather  slender,  with  ovate 
bristle-pointed  entire  lobes,  much  longer  than  the  subulate  calyx  lobes.  —  Dry 
soil  along  the  mountains.  August-  Sept.  —  Stem  l°-2'^  high.  Leaves  V  long. 
Corolla  1'  long. 

2.  G.  crinita,  Fral.  Stemteretebeh)w,  the  .upper  iwrtion  and  branches 
4-angled  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  closely  .sessile,  the  lowest  narrowed  into  a 
petiole ;  flowers  terminal,  on  long  angular  peduncles ;  calyx  lobes  4,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla;  lobes  of  the  corolla  4, 
fimbriate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube.  —  Damp  soil  along  the  nionntains. 
Oct  -Nov. —  Stem  l°-2°  high,  often  much  branched.  Leaves  \'-2'  long. 
Corolla  blue,  li'-2'  long. 

*  *  Perennial:  corolla  hell-shaped,  vith  jilaited  toothed  appendages  between  the 

lobes:  anthers  erect,  mostly  connivent :   capsule  stipitate :   seeds  commonli/ 
winged. 

3.  G.  OChroleuca,  Fra?l.  Stem  low,  smoothifsh ;  leaves  oblong  or 
obovate-oblong,  the  upper  narrower  and  acute;  flowers  single  or  clustered; 


GENTIANACE^,       (gEXTIAN    FAMILY.)  339 

corolla  open,  yellowish  white,  a  third  to  half  longer  than  the  erect  linear 
lanceolate  calyx  lobes  ;  appendages  nearly  entire  ;  seeds  wingless.  —  Open 
woods.  Sept. -Oct.  —  Stem  6' -12'  high.  Corolla  1|'  long,  striped  witiiin 
with  green  and  purple  veins.     Anthers  separate. 

4.  G.  Elliottii,  Chapm.  Stem  rough  and  slightly  puhescent;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate ;  flowers  single  or  clustered ;  calyx  lobes  linear- 
lanceolate,  twice  as  long  as  the  tube  ;  corolla  large,  open,  blue,  striped  within 
with  yellow  and  deeper  blue ;  appendages  2-cleft ;  seeds  lanceolate,  narrowly 
winged,  covering  the  entire  inner  face  of  the  valves.  (G.  Catesbsei,  EU.)  — 
Banks  of  streams  aiid  ditches  in  the  lower  and  middle  districts.  Oct.  — Stem 
1°  -  U°  high.     Corolla  Ij'  long. 

Var.  parvifolia,  Chapm.  Stem  tall  (2°  liigh),  slender;  leaves  short  (|' - 
1'  long,  sessile,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  rigid; 
calyx  lobes  erect,  lanceolate;  appendages  of  the  corolla  broa<l,  unecjnally 
2-cleft,  fimbriate.  —  Swamps,  near  the  coast,  Georgia  and  Florida. —  Corolla 
2'  long. 

Var.?  latifolia,  Chapm.  Stem  low  (6'- 12'  high),  rigid;  leaves  (2'- 3' 
long)  membranaceous,  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  acute  at  each  end ;  calyx  lobes 
linear,  shorter  than  the  tube,  spreading ;  appendages  of  the  corolla  equally 
divided  into  two  slender  bristle  pointed  nearly  entire  lobes.  —  River  banks, 
Middle  Florida.  —  Corolla  V  -\\'  long. 

5.  G.  Saponaria,  L.  Stem  smooth  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the 
base ;  calyx  lobes  linear  or  spatulate,  about  as  long  as  the  tube ;  corolla  light 
blue;  the  lobes  short  and  broad,  obtuse,  erect,  or  converging,  barely  longer 
than  the  2cleft  minutely-toothed  appendages ;  seeds  acute,  narrowly  winged, 
covering  the  valves.  (G.  Catesbaji,  Walt.) — Moist  woods  in  the  upper  dis- 
tricts.    Sept.  -  Oct.  —  Flowers  clustered. 

6.  G.  Andrewsii,  Griseb.  Stem  smooth  (l°-2°  high);  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  narrowed  at  the  base ;  flowers  clustered,  axillary  and  termi- 
nal; calyx  lobes  ovate,  spreading,  shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla  (1'  long) 
club-shapeil,  inflated,  closed  ;  the  broad  rounded  lobes  shorter  than  the  slightly 
toothed  appendages ;  capsule  at  length  ])art]y  exserted  ;  seeds  broadly  winged. 

—  Mountains  of  North  Carolina.     Sept.  -  Oct. 

7.  G.  angUStifolia,  Michx.  Stem  low,  smooth,  l-flowered ;  leaves  lin- 
ear, fleshy  ;  calyx  kibes  linear,  erect,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla ;  corolla  large, 
bright  blue,  the  lobes  ovate,  twice  as  long  as  the  broad  toothed  appendages. 

—  Varies  with  the  corolla  green  without  and  white  within. — Low  pine  bar- 
rens, Florida  to  North  Car<jlina.  Nov. -Dec.  —  Stem  4'- 10'  high.  Corolla 
2'  long.     Capsule  long-exserted. 

4.    BARTONIA,  Muhl. 

Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  4-parteJ.  Stamens  4 :  anthers  small.  Stigmas 
sessile.  Capsule  1 -celled,  2-valved,  septicidal.  Seeds  covering  the  inner  sur- 
face of  the  valves.  —  Small  annual  herbs,  with  erect  filiform  stems,  scale-like 
subulate  leaves,  and  white  flowers. 

1.  B.  verna,  Muhl.  Stem  (2'- 6'  high)  simple  or  sparingly  branched, 
succulent,  few-flowered ;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate-subulate,  one  third  as  long  as 


C40  GEXTIAXACE.B.       ((JENTI.W    KAMII-Y.) 

the  oliloiig  <ir  olKiViite  ohtuse  8])rc'a<liiig  white  Inhcs  of  the  corolhi;  Aiit'sors 
oblong  ;  i-apsuh'  roumlish.  —  I)am|i  jtiiic  hairciis  near  the coiu*t.  Feb.  -  Ajtril. 
2.  B.  tenella,  Muhl.  Stem  (f/- lU' liigh)  branched;  tlie  I)ranclie8,  like 
the  leaves,  oj)|iosite  or  alternate,  inany-tiowered  ;  calyx  lol)es  subulate,  as  long 
as  the  tube  of  tlie  greenish  white  corolla;  loi)es  of  the  corolla  erect,  acute; 
antliers  glotiose  ;  ca]isule  oblong-lanceolate.  —  Swamps.  Sept. -Oct.  —  Flow- 
ers much  smaller  than  iu  No.  1. 

5.  VOYRIA,   Anbl. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  .«alver-form.  Stamens  included:  anthers  erect. 
Style  persistent:  stigma  capitate.  Capsule  2-celle(l.  Seeds  on  the  margin 
of  the  introflexed  valves,  usually  tailed  at  each  end.  —  Colorless  herbs,  grow- 
ing on  rotten  wood.     Leaves  scale-like.     Flowers  terminal. 

1.  V.  Mexicana,  (iriseb.  Stem  simple;  scales  opposite;  cymes  few- 
flowered;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate,  acute;  corolla  small,  tlie  lobes  shorter  than 
the  tube;  seeds  tailed.  —  Keys  of  South  Florida  (Curtiss).  —  Stem  4' -6' 
high.     Corolla  3" -4"  long. 

6.  OBOLARIA,  L. 

Calvx  of  2  spatulate  bract-like  sepals.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  4-cleft,  imbri- 
cated in  the  bud.  Stamens  4 :  anthers  ronnd-cordate.  Style  short :  stigma 
2lipped.  Capsule  ovoid,  1-celled.  Seeds  numerous,  covering  the  valves. — A 
low  .sparingly  branched  perennial  herb,  with  oi)posite  wedgo-obovate  leaves, 
and  single  or  clustered  axillary  and  terminal  purplish  flowers. 

1.  O.  Virginica,  L  — Kich  shady -woods  in  the  upper  di.stricts.  March - 
April.  —  riant  sniootli,  pnrjdish,  3' -8'  high.     Branches  generally  3-flowered. 

7.    FRASERA,  Walt.    American  Colimbo. 

Calvx  4-parted.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  4-parted,  the  lobes  each  with  a  de- 
pressed fringed  gland  on  the  upper  face.  Stamens  4 :  anthers  nodding. 
Style  persistent :  stigmas  spreading.  Capsule  compressed.  Seeds  few,  large, 
winged,  Vwrne  on  the  margins  of  the  valves. — Tall  smooth  perennial  herbs, 
with  whorled  or  opposite  sessile  leaves  and  branches,  and  cymes  of  greenish 
yellow  flowers,  disposed  in  a  large  terminal  panicle. 

1.  F.  Carolinensis,  xValt.  Stem  (.3°- 8°  high)  erect;  leaves  and 
branches  mostly  four  in  a  whorl,  lance-oblong,  the  lowest  spatulate:  panicle 
pyramidal ;  corolla  lolies  oI)long,  mucronate,  dotted  with  purple,  —  Kich  soil 
in  the  upper  di.stricts.  July.  —  Lowest  leaves  1°  long.  Corolla  1'  wide. 
Koot  large. 

8.     LIMNANTHEMUM,   Gmcl. 

Calyx  .5-parted.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  .^-jiarted,  the  lobes  infolded  in  the 
bud,  ciliate,  and  glandular-crested  at  the  base.  Stamens  5.  Style  short  or 
none:  stigma  2-lobed.  persistent.  Capsule  l-celled,  opening  irregularly. 
Seeds  few  or  many.  Testa  woody.  —  Perennial  aquatic  herbs,  with  floating 
circular  or  cordate  spongy  leaves,  and  white  peduncled  flowers  clustered  near 
the  summit  of  the  long  petiole. 


APOCYNACE^.       (dOGBAXE    FAMILY.)  341 

1.  L.  lacunOSUm,  Griseb.  Leaves  (!'- 2' wide)  cordate,  entire, smooth; 
petioles  (6' -12' long)  filiform;  seeds  smooth.  —  Shallow  pouds,  Florida,  and 
northward .     June  -  July. 

2.  L.  trachyspermum,  Gray.  Leaves  (3' -5' wide)  circular,  crenate, 
rough  and  pitted  beneath;  petioles  stout,  dotted,  elongated;  seeds  glandular- 
roughened.  —  Touds  in  deep  water.    April- June. 


Order  95.     APOCYNACE.^.     (Dogbane  Family.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  acrid  milky  juice,  mostly  opposite  entire  ex- 
stipulate  leaves,  and  regular  cymose  or  panicled  flowers.  —  Calyx  free, 
5-parted,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  jiersistent.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  fun- 
nel-shaped, or  salver-form,  o-lobed,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  o, 
distinct,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla:  anthei's  mostly  sagittate, 
erect,  introrse.  Pollen  granular.  Ovaries  2,  di-stinct,  their  styles 
united.  Fmit  few -many-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous  or  amphitropous, 
naked,  or  bearing  a  tuft  of  down  at  the  aj)ex  (comose).  Embryo 
straight  in  scarce  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

*  Fruit  a  many-seeded  follicle. 
•I-  Seeds  comose.     Leaves  opposite. 

1.  APOCTNUM.     Corolla  bell-shaped,  with  scale-like  appendages  at  the  base  of  the  lobes. 

Herbs. 

2.  ECHITES.     Corolla  funnel-  or  salver-shaped.     Stamens  inserted  above  the  base  of  the 

corolla. 

■4-  4-  Seeds  naked.     Leaves  opposite  or  alternate. 

3.  AMSONIA.     Corolla  funnel-shaped.     Flowers  panicled.     Leaves  alternate. 

4.  VINCA.     Corolla  salver-shaped.     Flowers  axillary.     Leaves  opposite. 

*  *  Fruit  a  few-seeded  drupe. 

5.  VALLESIA.     Corolla  salver-shaped.     Leaves  alternate.     Flowers  in  cymes. 

1.     APOCYNUM,  Tourn.     Indian  Hemp. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-lobed,  with  scale-like  appendages  at 
the  base  of  the  lobes.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla :  anthers 
sagittate.  Stigma  sessile,  2-lobed.  Follicles  long  and  slender.  Seeds  nu- 
merous, obovoid,  comose.  —  Perennial  erect  branching  herbs,  with  oppo.^ite 
oval  or  oblong  mucronate  petioled  leaves,  and  small  wliite  flowers  in  lateral 
and  terminal  cymes. 

1.  A.  cannabinum,  L.  Stem  smooth,  with  erect  branches;  leaves  ovnl 
or  oldong,  mucronate,  pubescent  beneath  ;  cymes  terminal,  close-flowered, 
.shorter  than  the  leaves ;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate :  lobes  of  the  greenish  wliite 
corolla  erect.  —  Var.  glaberrimum.  Smooth  throughout ;  leaves  narrower, 
often  acute  at  each  end.  —  Dry  or  damp  soil.  July  -  Augu,st.  —  Stem  2*^  -  3° 
high.     Leaves  2' -3'  long.     Corolla  2"  long. 

2.  A.  androsaemifolium,  L.  Stem  smooth,  witlispro.iding  branches; 
leaves  oval  or  ovate,  smooth,  or  pubescent  beneath  ;  cymes  axillary  and  termi- 


342  APOCYNACn.lC.       (docham;    KAMILV.) 

» 
iml,  l()ng-|ioilmicl('(i,  cotniii'Hily  i-xcci-ilinf^  tlic  leaves,  lixisetlnwerc'd  ;   calvx 
lolii's  ovate  ;   lolies  of  llic  wliite  or  pale  rose-eoloreij  eomlla  s|irea(liiif^  or  revo- 
lute.  —  Hicii  soil,  North  Carolina, and  northward.    June-July.  —  Sleiu  2°-3° 
hif^h.     Corolla  twiee  as  largo  as  in  No.  1. 

2.     ECHITES,    1'.    Hrowne. 

Calvx  5-])arted,  with  3-5  glands  at  the  base  within.  Corolla  salver- or 
funnel  sliajted,  5-lolied ;  the  tulie  dilated  al)ovo  the  in.scrtion  of  the  stamens. 
Filaments  very  short:  anthers  sagittate,  hearing  the  pollen,  and  adhering  to 
the  stigma  in  the  middle.  Nectary  of  5  distinct  or  partly  tuiited  glands. 
Style  simple  :  stigma  thick,  with  a  spreading  membranous  ajipeudage  at  the 
base.  Follicles  long  and  slender.  Seeds  linear-oblong,  comose  or  jdumose. 
—  Mostly  woody  vines,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  cymose  axillary  and  ter- 
minal flowers. 

1.  £j.  umbellata,  Jacij.  Smooth;  stem  twining;  leaves  distant,  oval, 
mucrouate,  slightly  cordate;  [)eduncles  3-7-flowered;  caly.x  lobes  ovate, 
acuminate;  corolla  cylindrical,  ))ube.scent  within;  anthers  awnle.ss;  stamens 
inserted  near  the  middle  of  the  tube  ;  follicles  divaricate.  —  Sonth  Florida.  — 
Leaves  li'  -  2'  long,  recurved  and  folded.     Flowers  white,  2'  long. 

2.  E.  Andrewsii,  Chapm.  Smooth;  stem  low,  erect  or  twining;  leaves 
apjiroximate,  oval  or  oblong,  the  margins  revolute;  peduncles  3  -  5-tlowered  ; 
calyx  lobes  lanceolate-subulate  ;  corolla  bell-sliaped  ;  anthers  awned  ;  glands 
of  the  nectary  5,  rounded,  as  long  as  the  ovaries  ;  follicles  incurved.  (E.  sub- 
erecta,  ^1h</c.)  —  Sandy  shores,  South  Florida. — Stem  l°-2°  high.  Leaves 
IV -  2'  long.     Corolla  2'  long,  yellow. 

3.  E.  paludosa,  ^'alll.  Smooth,  twining  or  floating,  leaves  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  thick,  short-petioled  ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves,  1  -3-flowered  ; 
calyx  lobes  oblong,  acute  ;  corolla  2'  long,  funnel-shaped,  white  ;  follicles  fusi- 
form ;  seeds  linear,  plumose.  —  Muddy  islets  of  the  Caloosa  River,  South 
Florida.     Oct.  —  Stem  long.     Leaves  3' -  4' long. 

4.  E.  Sagraei,  A. DC.  Smooth,  erect,  very  leafy  ;  leaves  from  oval  to 
linear-lanceolate,  acute,  rigid,  the  margins  revolute;  peduncles  much  longer 
than  the  leaves,  racemosely  several-flowered,  the  long  ]jedicels  single  or  by 
])airs ;  calyx  lobes  acuminate ;  corolla  yellow,  l)ell-shai)ed,  with  spreading 
lobes  ;  anthers  (obtuse  ;  seeds  plumose.  —  Rocky  jdaces,  Miami,  South  Florida 
(Garher).  —  Stem  1°  high.     Leaves  and  corolla  1'  long. 

5.  E.  difformis,  Walt.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  linear,  acuminate, 
narrowed  itito  a  petiole,  smooth,  or,  like  the  branchlets,  pubescent  when 
young;  cymes  spreading,  as  long  as  the  leaves;  flowers  greenish.  (Tra- 
chelospermum,  Grnfi.  For.^teronia,  A. DC  ]  —  River  banks,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina.  May  -  August.  —  Stem  twining,  10°  -  15°  high.  Leaves  2'-3'  long. 
Corolla  4"  long.     Follicles  linear,  6'-  9'  long. 

3.     AMSOISTIA,  Walt. 

Calyx  small,  .'i-parted.  Corolla  fnnnel-form,  5-lobed,  boarded  within.  Sta- 
mens inserted  above  the  middle  of  tlie  tube  :  anthers  oblong,  obtuse.     Stigma 


ASCLEPIADACE^E.        (MILKWEED    FAMILY.)  343 

globose,  surrounded  by  a  cup-shaped  membrane.     Follicles  slender.     Seeds 
iu  a  single  row,  terete,  truncated   at  each  end,  naked. — Erect   branching 

!  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  small  pale  blue  flowers  in  a  ter- 

I  minal  panicle. 

1.  A.  Tabernsemontana,  Walt.  Stem  smooth,  branching  above; 
leaves  ovate,  ovate  lanceolate,  or  lanceolate,  glaucous  beneath,  short-petioled ; 
tube  of  the  corolla  slender,  smooth,  or  woolly  above ;  follicles  spreading.  — 
Swamps  and  wet  banks.  May -June.  —  Stem  2^  high.  Leaves  1'- 4' long, 
often  slightly  pubescent  beneath.  Panicle  open  or  contracted.  Follicles 
4' -6'  long. 

2.  A.  ciliata,  Walt.  Stem  liairy,  at  lengtli  much  branched  al)Ovc  ;  leaves 
very  numerous,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  fringed  on  the  margins ;  corolla 
smooth.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  Nortli  Carolina.  April- May.  —  Stem 
at  length  2° -3°  high.     Leaves  r-2'  long.     Corolla  pale  blue  or  white. 

4.     VINCA,  L.     Periwinkle. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  salver-form,  5-lobed,  thickened  or  angular  at  the 
throat,  the  narrow  tube  hairy  within.  Anthers  oblong,  longer  than  the  fila- 
ments. Glands  2,  alternating  with  the  ovaries.  Style  slender :  stigma  thick, 
with  an  inverted  cup-shaped  membrane  at  the  base.  Follicles  2,  linear,  erect. 
Seeds  oblong,  rough,  naked.  —  Herbs  or  shrubby  plants,  with  opposite  short- 
petioled  leaves,  and  axillary  mostly  solitary  showy  flowers. 

1.  V.  rosea,  L.  Shrubby,  pubescent;  stem  erect,  brandling;  leaves 
oblong ;  flowers  solitary  or  in  pairs ;  corolla  white  or  pale  rose-color.  — 
Waste  ground.     Introduced. 

5.     VALLESIA,   Ruiz  &  Pavon. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  inserted  on  the 
throat  of  the  corolla :  anthers  cordate-ovate,  longer  than  the  slender  filaments. 
Nectary  none.  Ovaries  4-ovuled.  Stigma  club-shaped.  Drupe  mostly  soli- 
tary, obovoid,  1  -  2-seeded.  Seeds  naked,  club-sliaped,  furrowed.  Radicle 
thick,  inferior.  —  Shrubs.  Leaves  alternate.  Cymes  long-peduucled,  oppo- 
site, the  leaves. 

1.  V.  glabra, Cdv.  Smooth;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong, acute  at  each  end, 
short-petioled  ;  cymes  as  long  as  the  leaves,  many-flowered ;  lobes  of  the 
corolla  linear,  shorter  than  the  tube,  hairy  within  ;  style  slender  ;  stigma  2- 
lobed,  globose  below  the  apex.  —  South  Florida.  —  Leaves  H'-2'  long. 
Corolla  3"  long.     Drupe  4"  long,  1 -seeded. 


Order  96.     ASCLEPIADACE^.     (Milkweed  Family.) 

Erect  or  twining  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  milky  juice,  entire  commonly 
opposite  leaves  without  stipules,  and  umbellate  or  cymose  flowers.  — 
Calyx  5-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  5-parted,  mostly  valvate  in  the 
bud,  hypogynous,  deciduous.     Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the 


344  ASCLEPIADACE^.       (mILKWKKI)    IAMILY.) 

corolla,  tlif  filaiiieiits  united  in  a  lulic  (gi/nnstcgium)  which  encloses 
the  ovarii's.  and  bttars  ai»i>endaj:;es  of  various  I'orius,  which  are  collect- 
ively termed  the  sUnnineal  crown.  Anthers  erect,  'J-  1-celled,  expand- 
inj^  above  into  a  thin  membrane.  roUen  united  in  llattened  waxy 
pear-shaiH'd  masses,  which  are  eiinai  in  number  to  the  cells  of  the 
anthers,  and  fixed  to  the  five"  angular  processes  of  the  stigma  by  a 
slender  stalk,  pendulous  or  horizontal.  Styles  2,  the  thick  and  fleshy 
stigma  common  to  both.  Fiiiit  a  follicle.  Seeds  anatropous,  imbri- 
cated on  the  thick  at  length  free  placenta,  and  comnuuily  bearing  at 
the  hilum  a  tuft  of  hairs  (coma).  Embryo  straight  in  thin  albumen. 
Cotyledons  leafy. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe  I.     ASCLKFIADE^.      Pollen-masses  10,  fixed  by  pairs  to  the  cleft  processes 
of  the  flat  or  couical  stigiua,  peudulous. 

*  Stamiueal  Crowii  single,  5-leaved. 

■t-  Lobes  of  the  corolla  reflexed. 

1.  ASCLEPI.\S.    Leaves  of  the  crown  enclosing  a  horn-like  appendage. 

2.  AC  EK AXES.    Leaves  of  the  crown  without  appendages. 

■1-1-  Lobes  of  the  corolla  erect  or  spreading. 
++  Stem  erect. 

3.  PODOSTIGMA.     Lobes  of  tlie  corolla  erect.     Stigma  loug-pedicelled. 

4.  AN'ANTHERIX.     Lobes  of  the  corolla  spreading.     Crown  arching  over  the  stigma. 

5.  ASCLEPIODORA.     Lobes  of  the  corolla  spreading.     Crown  ascending. 

++  ++  Stem  twining. 
=  Herbaceous. 
C.   ENSLENIA.     Leaves  of  the  crown  deeply  cleft. 

7.  METASTELMA.     Leaves  of  the  crown  entire. 

=  =  Woody  or  fruticose. 

8.  SEUTERA.     Stem  fruticose.     Stigma  conical. 

9.  AMPHISTELMA.     Stems  woody.    Stigma  flat. 

*  *  Stamineal  crown  double. 

10.  PHILIHERTI.\.     Exterior  crown  annular  ;   the  interior  .Weaved. 

Tribe  H.     GOXOLOIJK^.      Pollen-masses  10,  fixed  by  pairs  at  the  angles  of  the 
depre.ssed  stigma,  horizontal. 

11.  GONOLOBUS.     Crown  simple,  annular.     Stems  twining.     Leaves  cordate. 

1.  ASCLEPIAS,  L.  Milkweed,  Sh-kweed. 
Calyx  ."j-parted.  Corolla  wlieel-.sliaped,  deeply  5-parted,  reflexed.  Crown 
composed  of  5  hooded  leaves,  each  containing  an  incurved  horn-like  appendage. 
Pollen-in a.<sep  10,  by  pairs,  each  pair  occupying  the  contiguous  cells  of  ad- 
jacent anthers,  and  .suspended  by  a  slender  stalk  from  the  projecting  angles 
of  tlie  stigma.  Follicle  many-seeded.  Seeds  obotate,  flat,  usually  comose.— 
Perennial  herbs,  with  mostly  simple  (not  twining)  sterns,  and  opjiosite  alter- 
nate or  whorled  leaves.  Flowers  iu  lateral  (between  tlie  leaves)  and  terminal 
umbels. 


ASCLEPIADACE^.       (mILKWEED    FAMILY.)  345 

*  Leaves  opposite. 
•1-  Cordate. 

1.  A.  Cornuti,  Decaisne.  Softly  pubescent;  stem  stout,  erect;  leaves 
oval-obloug  ;  uuibek  numerous,  many-tlowei-ecl,  loug-peduncled ;  corolla  green- 
ish purple ;  leaves  of  the  crown  pale  purple,  ovate,  obtuse,  longer  than  the 
incurved  horn  ;  follicle  ovate-oblong,  woolly,  armed  with  soft  spines.  — Fields 
and  roadsides.  North  Carolina  ( Croom ) ,  and  northward.  June  -  July.  —  Stem 
3°  -  4°  high.     Leaves  4'  -  8'  long.     Corolla  ^'  wide. 

2.  A.  rubra,  L.  Smooth;  stem  naked  at  the  summit;  leaves  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate ;  umbels  single,  or  1  -  3  in  a  terminal  cluster,  few- 
flowered  ;  corolla  reddish  purple ;  leaves  of  the  crown  oblong,  acute,  purplish, 
barely  longer  than  the  subulate  incurved  horn,  twice  as  long  as  the  short- 
stalked  gynostegium ;  follicle  smooth.  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  Georgia,  and 
northward.     June  -  July.  —  Stem  2° - 4°  high.     Leaves  2'  -  4'  long. 

3.  A.  obtusifolia,  Michx.  Smooth  and  somewhat  glaucous;  stem 
erect;  leaves  oblong,  undulate,  partly  clasping;  umbels  1-3,  loug-peduncled, 
many -flowered ;  corolla  greenish  purple ;  leaves  of  the  crown  truncated  and 
somewhat  tootbed  at  the  apex,  rather  longer  than  the  gynostegium,  much 
shorter  than  the  sul)ulate  incurved  horn ;  follicle  smooth.  —  Sandv  soil. 
June  -  July.  —  Stem  2'^  -  3"  high.     Leaves  2'  -  3'  long.     Corolla  lobes  3"  long. 

4.  A.  amplexieaulis,  Michx.  Smooth  and  glaucous ;  stem  decumbent, 
very  leafy ;  leaves  large,  fleshy,  ovate,  clasping,  white-veined ;  umbels  3-6, 
many-flowered ;  corolla  ash-color ;  leaves  of  the  crown  oval,  obtuse,  white, 
longer  than  the  gynostegium,  and  the  nearly  straight  horn.  —  Dry  sandy  pine 
barrens  in  the  lower  districts.  April -May.  —  Stems  several,  l°-2°  long. 
Leaves  4'  -  5'  long. 

-i-  -1-  Leaves  contracted  into  a  petiole. 

■tH-  Oval,  oblong,  or  obovate. 

^.  A.  phytolaccoid.es,  Pursh.  Stem  tall,  smooth ;  leaves  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end,  paler  beneath,  membranaceous ;  um- 
bels 2-4,  long-peduncled,  many-flowered;  pedicels  drooping;  corolla  pale 
greenish ;  leaves  of  the  crown  white,  truncated,  2-toothed,  shorter  than  the 
subulate  incurved  horn.  —  Low  grounds  along  the  mountains.  June  -  July.  — 
Stem  .3°-  5°  high.     Leaves  6' -9'  long.     Pedicels  2' -3'  long. 

6.  A.  purpurascens,  L.  Stem  smooth;  leaves  ovate-oWong,  acute, 
short-petioled,  paler  and  pu])escent  beneath ;  umbels  1-2,  many-flowered ; 
corolla  dark  purple ;  leaves  of  the  crown  oblong,  abruptly  contracted  above, 
twice  as  long  as  the  incurved  horn  and  nearly  sessile  gynostegium.  —  Thickets 
and  borders  of  woods,  Tennessee,  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  Juue- 
July.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.  Leaves  4' -7'  long.  Pedicels  9"- 15"  long, 
pubescent. 

7.  A.  variegata,  L.  Stem  stout,  leafless  below,  pubescent  in  lines ; 
leaves  oval,  oblong,  or  obovate,  smooth;  umbels  3-5,  pubescent,  closely  flow- 
ered, the  upper  ones  corymbose  ;  corolla  white ;  leaves  of  the  crown  roundish, 
longer  than  the  ])urpli.«h  gynostegium,  equalling  the  thick  awl-pointed  incurved 
horn.  —  Dry  open  woods  and  borders  of  fields.  May -June.  —  Stem  2° -3° 
high,  purplish.     Leaves  rather  thick,  2'-3'  long.     Peduncies  9"-  12"  long. 


.■>4()  ASCLEl'lADACK.E.        (MILKNVKKD    FAMILY.) 

8.  A  incarnata,  L-,  var.  pulchra,  I'l-is-  Ihiin;  stem  erect,  hranch- 
iiig ;  leaves  ohlnii-^  or  oljloiig-lancenlati',  acute,  iiearlv  sessile;  uiiiliels  miiiier- 
oHs,  suiiiewiiat  eorvmbose,  loiig-jieduncled,  often  coinpoiiini ;  corolla  Hiiiall, 
reddish  purple;  leaves  of  the  crown  tiesli-color,  ovate,  jxs  long  as  the  slender 
incurved  horns,  and  twice  a^J  long  iis  the  short-stalked  gvnoslegiuin.  —  Swamps 
in  the  ujtper  districts.     June -July.  —  fSteiu  3^-4^  high.     Leaves  4'-0'  long. 

9.  A.  tomentosa,  Kll.  rul)escent  or  villous;  stem  stout,  very  leafy; 
lea\cs  oliluii;;  or  olilong-laiiceolalc,  undulate,  alirujjlly  short-petioled  ;  umbels 
4-10,  alternate,  nearly  sessile,  many-liowered  ;  pedicels  tliree  times  as  long  as 
the  larj^e  grcenisli  corolla :  leaves  of  the  crown  oljovate,  truncated,  shorter 
tlian  the  gynostegium  and  the  broad  abruptly  pointed  erect  horn.  —  Dry  sandy 
l)ine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  June- July.  —  Stem  I°-4°  high. 
Leaves  2' -3' long.  Tedicels  1' long.  Corolla  ^' wide.  Follicles  lanceolate, 
tomentose,  4'-<»'  long. 

10.  A.  obovata,  Fll.  Tomentose;  .stem  stout,  very  leafy  ;  leaves  nearly 
sessile,  thic-k,  oblong-oval  or  obovate,  undulate;  umbels  nearly  sessile,  closely 
10-  14-flowereil ;  corolla  yellowish  green;  leaves  of  the  crown  purplish,  twice 
as  long  as  the  gynostegium,  and  eipialling  the  incurved  horn  ;  follicle  tomen- 
tose.—  Dry  gravelly  or  sandy  soil,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward.  June- 
July.  — .Stem  l°-2'^  high. 

11.  A.  Curtissii,  Gray.  Stem  pul)erulous  (1°-. 3°  high) ;  leaves  smooth, 
oval,  14'  long;  umbel  solitary,  terminal,  shcjrt-pedunded,  loosely  few-floweretl ; 
flowers  yellowish  green ;  leaves  of  the  crown  .somewhat  hastate-lanceolate, 
erect,  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  gynostegium  and  the  incurved  horn; 
anther  wings  very  broad.  —  Eastern  part  of  South  F'lorida  {Curliss). 

•>-*■  ++  Lnarex  lauceolnie  or  linfur. 

12.  A.  Simpsoni,  Chapm.  Stem  pubescent ;  leaves  filiform  ;  umbels  2, 
few  flowered,  the  pt-ilunrles  longer  than  the  leaves;  corolla  \"  long,  whitish; 
leaves  of  the  crown  obli(juely  truncate,  as  long  as  the  .sleiider-stiped  gyno- 
stegium, and  half  as  long  as  the  filiform  incurved  horns ;  anthers  membrana- 
ceous. —  Low  pine  barrens.  Manatee,  South  Florida. 

13.  A.  cinerea,  Walt.  Stems  erect,  slender,  pubescent  in  lines ;  leaves 
narrowly  linear;  umbels  3-6,  .5-7-flo\vered,  the  drooi)ing  ])edicels  longer 
than  the  peduncle ;  flowers  ash-color ;  leaves  of  the  crown  obliquely  truncated, 
2-tootlied  at  the  inner  angle,  shorter  tlian  the  gynostegium,  longer  tliau  the 
tiiick  horn ;  follicle  smooth,  linear.  —  Flat  i)ine  l)arrens,  Florida  to  South 
Cartdina.  June-Sept.  —  Stem  \°-'2°  high.  Leaves  2' -3'  long.  Corolla 
3" -4"  wide.      Follicle  3' -4'  long. 

14.  A.  viridula,  Chapm.  Stem  slender,  pubescent  in  lines;  leaves  lin- 
ear, erect ;  umliels  shorter  than  the  leaves,  6  -  12-flowered,  the  erect  or  spread- 
ing pedicels  a.s  long  as  the  peduncle;  corolla  yellowish  green;  leaves  of  the 
crown  oblong,  spreading  at  the  ape.K,  rather  longer  than  the  erect  subulate 
horn,  and  twice  as  long  as  the  gyno.stegium ;  follicle  smooth,  linear.  —  Pine 
barren  swamps.  West  Florida.  June- July.  —  Stem  10'  -15'  high.  Leaves 
2'  long.     Corolla  3"  wide.     Follicle  3'  long.     Juice  not  milky. 

15.  A.  paupercula,  Mich.x.  Stem  smooth,  tall ;  leaves  elongated,  lin- 
ear or  linear-lanceolate,  the  upper  small  and  remote ;  umbels  2-5,  corymbose, 


ASCLEPIADACE^       (MILKWEED    FAMILY.)  347 

6-  10-flowered;  corolla  red;  leaves  of  the  crown  oblong,  erect,  bright  orange, 
more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  subulate  incurved  horn,  and  tlie  short-stalked 
gynostegiuni ;  follicle  lanceolate,  minutely  pubescent.  —  Marshes,  Florida,  and 
northward.  June  -  July.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high.  Leaves  6'  - 1 2'  long.  Corolla 
3" -4"  long. 

16.  A.  Curassavica,  L.  Stem  somewhat  shrubby,  liranching,  slightly 
pubescent ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  smooth ;  umbels  corymbose,  long- 
peduncled,  8— 10-flowered,  pubescent;  corolla  scarlet;  leaves  of  the  crown 
bright  orange,  oblong,  erect,  longer  than  the  stalked  gyuostegium,  shorter 
than  the  thick  incurved  horn ;  follicle  ovate-lanceolate,  velvety.  —  South 
Florida.  April -Nov.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Leaves  3' -4'  long.  Corolla 
3"  long. 

17.  A.  perennis,  Walt.  Stem  branched,  pubescent  in  lines,  shrubby  at 
the  base;  leaves  thin,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end; 
umbels  5-7,  loug-peduncled,  pubescent,  the  upper  corymbose;  corolla  small, 
white;  leaves  of  the  crown  spreading,  half  as  long  as  the  needle-shaped,  erect 
horn;  follicle  ovate-lanceolate,  smooth.  —  Muddy  banks  of  rivers,  Florida  to 
South  Carolina.     June-  August.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.     Leaves  2'— 4'  long. 

4-  -t-  -i-  -1-  Ljijier  and  lower  leaves  mostly  opposite,  the  middle  ones  whorled. 

18.  A.  quadrifolia,  Jacq.  Somewhat  pubescent ;  stem  slender,  simple ; 
leaves  thin,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate;  umbels  2  —  5,  many-flowered;  corolla 
pale  pink  ;  leaves  of  the  crown  white,  oblong,  obtuse,  twice  as  long  as  the 
gyuostegium  and  stent  horn.  —  Mountains  of  Carolina  and  Georgia.  June- 
August.  —  Stem  1°-  H°  high.     Leaves  2'-3'  long. 

19.  A.  verticillata,  L.  Stem  slender,  branching,  pubescent;  leaves 
narrowly  linear,  witii  tiie  margins  revolute,  4-5  in  a  whorl;  umbels  several; 
corolla  greenish ;  leaves  of  the  crown  white,  roundish,  half  as  long  as  the 
slender  incurved  horn.  —  Open  woods  and  fence-rows.  July- Sept.  —  Stem 
2°-3°high.     Leaves  1'- 2' long.     Follicle  smooth. 

-1-  -1-  -f-  -I-  -K-  Leaves  alternate,  or  the  lowest  opjwslte. 

20.  A.  tuberosa,  L.  Hirsute;  stem  erect  or  declining, widely  branched 
above,  very  leafy ;  leaves  from  linear  to  oblong,  short-petioled ;  umliels  nu- 
merous, corymbose ;  corolla  yellowish  orange ;  leaves  of  the  crown  bright 
orange,  erect,  oblong-lanceolate,  twice  as  long  as  the  gyuostegium,  and  rather 
longer  than  the  slender  incurved  horn.  —  Light  dry  soil,  common.  June- 
July.  —  Stem  l°-2°long. 

21.  A.  angustifolia,  Ell.  Pubescent;  stems  several,  prostrate  ;  leaves 
linear,  erect,  tlie  lower  ones  mo.stly  opposite ;  umbels  1-3,  terminal ;  flowei's 
gray  and  purjde  ;  leaves  of  the  crown  ovate,  spreading,  as  long  as  the  subu- 
late horn,  and  longer  than  the  gyuostegium ;  follicle  long,  linear-lanceolate, 
tomentose.  —  Low  sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  April - 
May.  —  Stems  6'  -  12'  long.  Leaves  3'  -  4'  long.  Follicle  4'  -  5'  long.  Flow- 
ers fragrant. 

2.     ACERATES,  EU. 

Leaves  of  the  crown  destitute  of  a  horn-like  appendage.  Otherwise  like 
Asclepias. 


348  ASCLKPIADACE.E.       (MILKWEKI)    lA.MILV.) 

1.  A.  viridiflora,  1-11.  I'ubescont :  sU-m  stout,  simiili-;  li-aves  from  oval 
or  ol>ov;itu  to  lami'iilatL',  midulate ;  umlicls  latiral  and  leniiiiial,  iicarlv  sesi- 
sile,  deiisc'lv  iaaiiy-llo\verf<i ;  Huwi-rs!  siiiall,  {^ret'iii^li  ;  leaves  of  tiie  crown 
oblong,  eri'ut,  jus  long  ns  the  sessile  gviiosti-giiinj. —  Drv  sterile  soil.  Juue- 
July.  —  Stem  1°  -  1  i°  high.     Leaves  If  -  2i'  long. 

2.  A.  longifolia,  Kll.  I'ulicsi-ent;  stem  terete;  leaves  linear  and  linear- 
laueeolate ;  luuhels  slenderpcduneled,  many-Howered  ;  flowers  snuili,  pale 
purple;  leaves  of  the  erown  deep  purple,  oval,  shorter  tlian  the  gynostegium, 
aud  adnate  to  its  stalls  ;  foUiile  lanceolate,  tonientose.  —  Low  \)'me  barrens. 
July. —  ytem  1"^- 1^°  liigh.     Leaves  3' -  C  long.     Corolla  4"  wide. 

3.    PODOSTIGMA,   KU 

Calyx  3-])arted.  Corolla  S-jiarted,  witii  the  lobes  erect.  Leaves  of  the 
crown  d<;stitute  of  a  horn,  ascending,  incurved-beaked  at  tlie  ajjex,  united 
witli  the  biise  of  tiie  long  and  slender  gyncjstegium.  Stigma  small,  depre.s.sed. 
Seeds  comose.  —  A  low  pubescent  simple-stemmed  perennial  herb,  with  op- 
posite lanceolate  sessile  leaves,  aud  few-Howercd  umbels  on  lateral  peduncles. 

1.  P.  pubescens,  Kll.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
Juue-Oct. —  Knot  tuberous.  Stem  6'-12'high.  Leaves  erect,  r-2'long. 
Umbels  of  4  -  6  orange-colored  flowers.  Corolla  4" -5"  long,  the  oblong  lobes 
wavy  ou  the  margins.  Follicles  linear-lanceolate,  tomentose,  4'  -  6'  long.  Seeds 
oval,  winged. 

4.    ANANTHERIX,  Nutt. 

Leaves  of  the  crowu  longer  than  the  corolla,  obloug-clavate,  obtuse,  arching 
over  the  sessile  gynostegium,  slightly  crested.  Anther-wings  not  thickened. 
Pollen-mass  oblong,  half  tlie  length  of  the  very  slender  stalk.  Otherwise 
like  Asclepias. 

L  A.  COnnivens,  Gray.  Stem  stout,  simple,  pube.scent  above;  leaves 
oblong  or  ol)long-obovate,  the  upper  smaller  and  lanceolate;  umbels  3-6, 
6-9-flowered,  pul)escent ;  flowers  large,  greenish  ;  leaves  of  the  crown  twice 
as  long  as  tlie  gynostegium.  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  Florida  and  Georgia.  June  - 
July.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.     Leaves  r-2'  long.     Corolla  8"-  10"  wide. 

5.     ASCLEPIODORA,  Gray. 

Calyx  .'j-parted.  Corolla  rotate.  Leaves  of  the  crown  s])reading,  longi- 
tudinally crested  within.  Anthers  with  thickened  margins,  menil)ranous  at 
the  summit.  Gynostegium  sessile,  rolleu-grains  pear-shaped,  longer  than 
the  .stalk. 

*  Crown  leaves  (vciuite-xpreadinf/,  crested  above  the  middle,  incurved  at  the  point  : 
(tutliers  rounded  at  the  base,  as  long  as  the  (fi/noste</ium. 
1 .  A.  viridis,  Gray.  Closely  pubescent ;  stem  angular,  often  branching ; 
leaves  alternate,  oblong,  short-petioled  ;  umbels  corymltose,  often  compound; 
corolla  large,  greenish ;  leaves  of  the  crown  oldong,  shorter  than  tlie  nearly 
sessile  gynostegium.  —  Dry  soil,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  July.  —  Stem 
1°-  1^^  li'gli.  leafy  to  the  summit.     Leaves  3'  -4'  long.     Corolla  1'  wide. 


ASCLEPIADACE.E.       (mILKWEED    FAMILY.)  349 

*  *  Crown  leaves  spreading,  open  above,  crested  heloiu  the  middle,  obtuse :  anthers 
sagittate,  membranous  above,  curving  over  the  gijnostegium. 
2.  A.  Feayi.  Stem  sleuder,  6'-  18'  high  ;  leaves  opposite,  almost  filiform, 
2' -3'  long;  umbels  2-3,  approximate,  few-flowered,  the  pedicels  louger  thau 
the  peduncle;  flowers  white, 3" - 4"  long  ;  crown  as  long  as  the  sessile  gyno- 
stegium.     (Asclepias,  Gray.)  —  South  Florida,  near  the  coast. 

6.    ENSLENIA,  Nutt. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-parted :  crown  inserted  on  the 
base  of  the  gynostegium,  5-leaved,  each  leaf  deeply  cleft,  with  tlie  lobes  pro- 
longed into  a  slender  flexuous  point.  Stigma  subcouical.  Follicle  fusiform. 
Seeds  comose,  flat.  —  A  perennial  twining  vine,  with  opposite  cordate-ovate 
acuminate  leaves,  and  small  white  fragrant  flowers  in  axillary  umbels  or 
coryml)s. 

1.  E.  albida,  Nutt.  —  River  banks,  Georgia,  Alabama,  and  northward. 
July. 

7.     METASTELMA,  R.Brown. 

Calyx  .5-parted.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  the  lobes  mostly  lioary-pnbescent 
within.  Crown  5-leaved,  inserted  on  the  base  or  on  the  summit  of  the  gynoste- 
gium. Stigma  flat.  Follicles  slender,  sniooth.  Seeds  comose. — Twining 
shrubs,  with  smooth  leaves.     Umbels  few-flowered.     Flowers  small,  white. 

1.  M.  Bahamense,  Oriseb.  Branches  pubescent;  leaves  oblong  or 
obovate,  cuspidate,  on  slender  petioles  ;  peduncles  3  -  6-flowered,  as  long  as  the 
petiole,  shorter  tlian  the  pedicels ;  sepals  obtuse,  ciliate ;  lobes  of  the  corolla 
ovate-lanceolate,  incurved  ;  leaves  of  the  crown  oblong,  inserted  on  the  sum- 
mit of  the  slender  gynostegium,  as  long  as  the  stigma.  —  Soutli  Florida.  — 
Leaves  ^'- 1|' long,  the  margins  revolute.  Corolla  2"  long.  Gynostegium 
5-winged  at  tlie  base. 

2.  M.  Blodgettii,  Gray.  Herbaceous  ?  stem  very  slender,  pul)escent 
in  lines  ;  leaves  smooth,  linear-lanceolate,  falcate,  acuminate,  short-petioled, 
drooping;  umbels  sessile  or  short-peduncled,  4 -6-flowered;  sepals  smooth, 
acute;  lobes  of  the  corolla  linear,  incurved  at  the  apex;  leaves  of  the  crown 
inserted  on  the  base  of  the  sessile  gynostegium,  linear,  erect,  exceeding  tlie 
stigma.  —  South  Florida.  —  Leaves  6" -8"  long.     Corolla  \"  long. 

8.     SEUTERA,  Reich. 

Calyx  .'i-parted.  Corolla  someAvhat  wheel-shaped,  5-parted,  with  narrow 
acute  smooth  lobes.  Crown  siniple,  deeply  5-parted,  inserted  on  the  base  of 
the  sessile  conical  gynostegium ;  the  lobes  ovate.  Follicles  smooth.  Seeds 
comose.  —  A  slender  partly  sbrul)by  twining  vine,  with  flesliy  linear  drooping 
leaves,  and  long-peduncled  umljels  of  greenisli  flowers. 

I.  S.  maritima,  Decaisne.  —  Salt  marshes.  July- August. —  Stem 
shrubby  at  the  Itase  ;  the  branches  twining  around  ruslies  and  saline  grasses. 
Leaves  2'  long.  Peduncles  commonly  longer  than  the  leaves,  many-flowered. 
Lobes  of  tiie  corolla  lanceolate,  of  the  crown  obtuse. 


350  ASCLKriADACK.K.        (mII.KNVKKD    KAMII.V.) 

9.    AMPHISTELMA,  (.liMl.. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Cori)lla  niiiuite,  rotate;  crown  olittiscly  ri-parteil.  I'olleu- 
massus  ovoiil.  Gynostegiuiii  sessile,  shorter  tliaii  ili<^  rmwu,  tlai.  Follicles 
divaricate,  liucar.     Seeds  comose.  —  A  woody  vine. 

1.  A.  filiforme,  Griseb.  Stems  niuch-braniliicl,  piihcsicnt  in  lines; 
leaves  thin,  linear,  sniootiii.sli ;  uinliels  nearly  sessile,  few-llowered ;  calyx 
lohes  ovate ;  corolla  smooth,  the  spreading  lobes  lanceolate,  oi)tuse ;  crown 
shorter  than  the  gynostegium ;  follicles  very  slender  ;  seeds  linear,  wingless. 
—  Dry  ricii  soil  near  the  coast,  Florida.  —  Leaves  }/-l'  long.  Flowers  green, 
less  than  a  line  long.     Follicles  1'  long. 

10.     PHILIBERTIA,  HBK. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  wlieel-sliajied,  o-parted.  Crown  double  ;  the  ex- 
terior forming  a  ring  at  the  base  of  the  corolla ;  the  interior  longer,  5-leaved. 
Stigma  j)ointe<l,  notched.  Follicles  .slender,  smooth.  Seeds  como.se.  —  Erect 
or  twining  herbs.  Leaves  often  cordate.  F'lowers  yellow  or  white,  in  lateral 
umliels. 

1.  P.  viminalis,  Gray.  Stem  smooth  and  twining;  leaves  nearly  ses- 
sile, oblong,  mucronate,  rounded  at  the  base;  peduncles  stout,  8 -  1 2-flowered, 
2-3  times  as  long  as  the  leaves  and  pedicels  ;  lobes  of  the  corf)lla  ovate,  ob- 
tuse, spreading ;  the  outer  surface,  like  the  calyx  and  pedicels,  pubescent ; 
leaves  of  the  inner  crown  oval,  rather  exceeding  the  stigma  and  anthers. — 
South  Florida.  —  Leaves  somewhat  fleshy,  9" -12"  long.  Corolla  3"  wide. 
Ovary  villous. 

11.     GONOLOBUS,  Michx. 

Calyx  .5-parted,  spreading.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  .5-parted,  the  lobes  spread- 
ing, twisted  in  the  bud.  Crown  a  wavy-lobed  ring  at  the  throat  of  the  corolla. 
Gynostegium  flattened,  depres.sed.  Anthers  opening  transversely.  Pollen- 
masses  horizontal.  F'ollicles  inflated,  angled,  and  often  armed  with  soft 
spines.  Seeds  comose.  —  Twining  herbs,  w'ith  opposite  jietiolate  cordate 
leaves,  and  yellowish  or  purplish  flowers,  in  lateral  corynibs  or  umbels. 

»  Follicles  spineless,  ribbed. 

1.  G.  macrophyllus,  Michx.  Hairy;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  cordate, 
abruptly  acuminate  ;  umbels  peduncled,  several-flowered  ;  pedicels  spreading, 
unei]ual,  shorter  than  the  petioles;  corolla  dull  purj^ish,  conical  in  the  bud  ; 
the  lanceolate  obtuse  lobes  more  or  less  pubescent  witliin,  green  at  the  apex ; 
follicle  strongly  ribbed.  —  Low  thickets.  July -August.  —  Leaves  2' -6' 
long. 

2.  G.  suberosus,  R.  Br.  Leaves  cordate,  acuminate,  minutely  pubes- 
cent or  smootliish  ;  umbels  3  -  9-flowered,  much  shorter  than  the  petiole; 
corolla  broadly  conical  in  the  bud,  twisted,  the  lobes  triangular-lanceolate, 
dusky,  miimtely  pubescent  within,  but  sometimes  smooth,  hardly  double  the 
length  of  the  calyx  lobes;  crown  10-crenate  (Gray).  —  Near  the  coast,  Vir- 
ginia to  Florida. 


OLEACE^.        (olive    FAMILY.)  351 

*  *    Follicles  spinij. 

3.  G.  Shortii,  Gray.  Hirsute  and  downy  ;  leaves  ])roadly  cordate,  4' -6' 
long;  umbels  niutstly  compound  and  mauy-fiowered  long-peduncled ;  corolla 
r  wide,  dull  purplish  brown,  the  oblong-linear  lobes  obtuse;  crown  nearly 
equally  10-lobed;  follicle  fusiform,  spiny,  4' -  5'  long. — Low  woodlands  North 
Georgia  and  Tennessee.     June.  —  Odor  of  decaying  fish. 

4.  G.  hirsutus,  Michx.  Pubescent  and  hirsute  ;  leaves  ovate,  cordate, 
acuminate;  peduncle  of  the  6-8-ttowered  umbel  equalling  or  shorter  than 
the  petiole  ;  corolla  dark  purple,  ovate  in  the  bud,  the  oval  or  oblong  lobes 
smooth  within;  margins  of  the  crown  10-crenate ;  "follicle  muricate."  — 
Woods,  riorida,  and  northward. 

5.  G.  Obliquus,  R.  Br.  Leaves  broadly  cordate,  short-acuminate,  or 
mucronate-pointed ;  umbel  simple  or  compound,  long-peduncled ;  corolla 
crimson-purple,  long-conical  in  the  bud,  the  linear  lobes  smoothish  within; 
margins  of  the  crown  10-crenate;  follicle  terete,  muricate. — Kocky  woods. 
North  Georgia,  and  northward.     July. 

6.  G.  Carolinensis,  K.  Br.  Leaves  cordate,  acuminate;  peduncle 
rather  longer  than  the  petiole ;  corolla  brownish  purple,  oblong  in  the  bud, 
the  oblong  lobes  smooth  within;  crown  obtusely  5-lobed,  and  with  a  longer 
bifid  process  in  the  sinuses.  —  South  Carolina,  and  westward. 

7.  G.  Baldwinianus,  Sweet.  Stem  and  cordate  leaves  pubescent  and 
hairy  ;  peduncles  mostly  longer  than  the  petioles  ;  umbel  simple  or  compound  ; 
flowers  oblong-oval  in  the  bud,  white,  the  lobes  somewhat  spatulate ;  crown 
5-crenate,  with  a  pair  of  subulate  processes  in  the  sinuses.  —  Calcareous  soil, 
Florida  <and  Alabama.     July. 

8.  G.  flavidulus,  Chapm.  Hirsute  ;  leaves  round-ovate,  cordate,  abruptly 
acute ;  umbels  about  as  long  as  the  petioles;  corolla  vellowish  green,  ovate  in 
the  bud,  the  ovate  obtuse  lobes  pubescent  without ;  follicles  armed  with  soft 
spines.  — Light  rich  soil,  Middle  Florida.  —  Leaves  4' -6'  long. 

9.  G.  pubiflorus,  Engelm.  Stem  dividing  at  the  base  into  many  divari- 
cate branches,  6'- 12'  long,  hairy;  lower  leaves  round-cordate,  the  upper 
acute,  all  slightly  hairy  on  both  sides,  and  ciliate;  umbels  axillary,  3-5- 
flowered  ;  corolla  small,  purplish,  villous  within,  the  lobes  ovate,  obtuse ; 
follicles  oval,  spiny.  —  Sand-hills  near  the  Altamaha  River,  Georgia.  Orange 
County,  Florida  (Fred-  L.  Lewton). 


Order  97.     OLEACE^.     (Olive  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  entire  or  pinnate  exstipulate  leaves, 
and  perfect  polygamous  or  dioecious  flowers.  —  Calyx  4-toothed. 
Corolla  4-lobed  or  4-petalous,  valvate  or  imbricate  in  the  bud,  some- 
times wanting.  Stamens  2-4.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  2  suspended 
anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell.  Style  single  or  none.  Fruit  1-2- 
seeded.     Embryo  straight,  in  hard  albumen. 


352  OI.EACK.B.       (OLIVK    FAMILY.) 

Synopsis. 

Tribe  I.     OLKINK.T:.     Fruit  adrupo  or  berry.     Flowers  witli  botli  calyx  find  corolla. 
Loaves  Kiiiipli-,  entire. 

1.  OSM.\NTHUS.     Flowers  polyRainous.     Corolla  salver-sliaped,  with  short  lobes. 

2.  CHU)N.\NTHU8.     Flowers  perfect.     Corolla  wheel-shapeil,  with  elongated  lobes. 

Tribe  II.     FKAXINK.^*     Fruit   a   samara.     Flowers  diuecious,   apetalous.     Leaves 
piiMiate. 

3.  FR.\XINUS.     Flowers  in  lateral  and  terminal  panicles.     Calyx  minute  or  rarely  want- 

ing.   Trees. 

Tribe  III.     FORKSTIEKEiE.    Fruit  a  drupe.     Flowers  diftcious  or  perfect,  apeta- 
lous.    Leaves  simple. 

4.  FORESTIERA.     Flowers  mostly  dioecious,  from  scaly  axillary  buds.     Shrubs. 

1.     OSMANTHUS,   Loureiro. 

Calyx  4-t()otlieil.  Corolla  sliort-saher-form,  4-lobed.  Stamens  2.  Style 
short.  Stigma  globose  or  2-lobed.  Drupe  mostly  l-seeded,  oily.  —  Trees  or 
shrulis,  witli  opposite  coriaceous  entire  leaves,  and  small  white  fragrant 
flowers,  in  axillary  racemes  or  panicles. 

1.  O.  Amerieanus,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Smooth;  leaves  oblong  or  obo- 
vate-oblong,  narrowed  into  a  petiole;  racemes  compound,  shorter  than  the 
leaves;  flowers  polygamo-dicecious,  liracted ;  drupe  ovoid,  dark  purple. — 
Light  soil,  near  tlie  coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  March- April.  —  A 
shrub  or  small  tree,  with  whitish  bark  and  evergreen  leaves.  Drupe  as  large 
as  a  pea,  bitter  and  astringent. 

2,  O.  Ploridanus,  Chapm.  Inflorescence  more  or  less  pubescent ;  style 
sigmoid;  stigma  nearly  as  broad  as  the  ovary;  drupe  ovoid,  yellowish-green, 
8" -9"  long.  Otherwise  like  the  preceding.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  Manatee, 
South  Florida  (./.  //.  Simpson).  —  A  low  slirub. 

2.    CHIONANTHUS,  L.    Fringe  Tree. 

Calyx  small,  4-cleft.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  4-parted,  with  long  and  linear 
lobes.  Stamens  2-4,  included.  Style  very  short:  .stigma  notched.  Drupe 
fleshly,  1-seeded.  —  A  shrub,  with  oblong  entire  deciduous  leaves,  and  deli- 
cate white  Howers  in  slender  axillary  panicles,  appearing  with  the  leaves. 

1.  C.  Virginica,  L.  —  Light  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  April -May. 
—  Shrub  6°-  1(1^  high.  Leaves  smooth  or  pubescent,  narrowed  into  a  petiole. 
Panicles  longer  tiian  the  leaves,  leafy-bracted.  Flowers  on  slender  drooping 
pedicels.     Corolla  lobes  I' long.     Drupe  ovoid,  purple. 

3.    FHAXINUS,  Tourn.    Ash. 

Flowers  dioecious  and  (in  ours)  apetalous.  Calyx  4-lobed  or  toothed, 
minute,  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  2-4:  filaments  shorter  than  the 
large  anthers.  Stigma  2cleft,  Fruit  (samara)  dry,  winged  above,  1-2- 
seeded.  Cotyledons  elliptical.  Radicle  slender.  —  Trees.  Leaves  petioled, 
odd-pinnate,  deciduous. 


OLEACE.E.       (olive    FAMILY.)  353 

*  Fruit  naked  and  terete  or  harelij  margined  and  2-edged  at  the  base,  winged 

above :   leaflets  7-9,  stalked. 

1.  F.  Americana,  L.  (White  Ash.)  Branches  and  petioles  smooth  ; 
leaflets  ovate-obloug  or  lanceolate  ohlonnj,  acuminate,  entire,  or  slightly  serrate 
above,  smooth  on  the  upper  surface,  pubescent  or  glaucous  beneath ;  fruit 
terete,  striate,  dilated  at  the  apex  into  a  cuneate  linear  or  lanceolate  obtuse 
or  notched  wing.  —  Low  woods.  April.  —  A  large  tree.  Leaflets  2' -4'  long. 
Fruit  1 },'  long. 

2.  P.  pubescens,  Lam.  (Red  Ash.)  Branchlets  and  petioles  velvety- 
pubescent  ;  leaflets  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  gradually  acumiuate, 
briglit  green  above,  pale  and  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath ;  fruit  acute  at 
tlie  base,  flattish,  and  somewhat  2-edged,  gradually  dilated  upwards  into  a 
long  lanceolate  often  notched  wing.  —  Swamps,  Florida,  and  northward. 
March  -  April.  —  A  small  or  middle-sized  tree. 

3.  F.  viridis,  Michx.  (Green  Ash.)  Glabrous  throughout;  leaflets 
ovate  or  oblong  ovate,  nnu-e  or  less  toothed,  smooth  and  green  both  sides ; 
fruit  as  in  No.  2,  of  which  it  may  be  a  variety.  —  Swamps.  March- April. — 
A  large  tree. 

*  *  Fruit  winged  all  round  the  seed-bearing  portion :   leaflets  5-9,  sliort-stalked. 

4.  F.  quadrangulata,  Michx.  (Blue  Ash.)  Branclilets  square, 
smooth  ;  leaflets  oblong-ovate  or  oblong,  acuminate,  .sharply  serrate,  when 
young  pubescent  beneath;  fruit  linear-oblong,  obtuse  at  botli  ends.  —  Ten- 
nessee, and  northward.     May. 

5.  F.  platycarpa,  Miclix.  (Water  Ash.)  Branchlets  terete,  smooth 
or  pubescent ;  leaflets  ovate  or  elliptical,  serrate  or  almost  entire,  often 
pubescent  beneath ;  fruit  broadly  winged,  oblong-obovate  or  oblong  with  a 
tapering  acute  base,  sometimes  3-winged.  —  Deep  river  swamps  in  the  lower 
districts.     March  -  April.  — A  small  tree. 

6.  F.  pauciflora,  Xutt.  Branches  terete,  glabrous  ;  leaflets  5-7,  oblong, 
acuminate  at  buth  ends,  .sharply  serrulate,  l'-2'  long,  the  slender  petioles 
long  and  spreading;  racemes  few-flowered;  fruit  \V  long,  oblong-obovate, 
acute,  broadly  winged. —  Miry  river  banks,  Georgia  and  Florida.  —  A  shrub 
or  small  tree. 

4.     FORESTIERA,  Poir.     (Ai.et.t.^,  Michx.) 

Flowers  diiccious  or  polygamous,  irom  axillary  scaly  buds.  Corolla  none. 
Calyx  minute,  4-lobed.  Sterile  flowers  single  or  3  together  in  the  axils  of 
imbrirated  scalj- bracts.  Stamens  3-7.  Fertile  flowers  peduncled.  Styles 
slender.  Stigma  capitate.  Ovary  2-celled.  Drupe  ovoid,  1-seeded,  black  or 
blue.  —  Shrubs.  Leaves  opposite,  petioled,  serrulate.  Flowers  minute,  green- 
ish, preceding  the  leaves. 

1.  F.  porulosa,  Poir.  Leaves  coriaceous,  smooth  at  maturity,  nearly 
sessile,  ovate  lanceolate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  ])unctate  underneath,  the 
margins  revolute;  drupe  short  ovoid.  —  Coast  of  East  Florida. 

2.  F.  ligUStrina,  Poir.  INfore  or  less  pubescent ;  the  branchlets  rough- 
ened with  fine  tubercles  ;   leaves  rather  membranaceous,  obovate  or  obovate- 

23 


;).")4  iivDKoriivi.i.Af  i;.i:.      (w  \ti:i;m:ak  famii.v.) 

oMkmjj.  in.isllv  ohtiiso,  sirnilatf  ( 1 '  lonjr).  ((.utractod  at  the  base  into  a  distinct 
jK'linle  ;  tlriiiK-  i.val-olilonjr. —  Kockv  hanks,  Florida,  (u-orgia,  and  westward. 

.'J.  F.  pubescens,  Nult.  Differs  from  the  i;i.sl  onl)  in  its  ilensoriiiil)Os- 
cenre,  lonj:;er  pedictlh-d  drupe,  and  striate  nut.  —  Witli  tlie  preceding. 

4.  F.  acuminata,  I'oir.  tJhilirous  or  sligiitU-  iiulu'stent  wlien  vouiig ; 
bnmclilets  .sometimes  sjiinescent ;  leaves  (2'-3'  long)  ovate-lanceolate  or  ovate 
and  tai)ering-acuminate  at  l>otli  ends,  somnwliat  serrulate,  8lendcr-])etioled ; 
drupe  elongated-oldong,  n>osti\  pointed  when  young. —  Wet  grounds,  Georgia 
to  Tennessee,  and  norliiweslward. 


Okdkk  Its.     llYDKOPIIVI.LACKyT:.     (Watkhlkak 
Family.) 

llerlis,  with  altoniate  or  (the  lowest)  opposite  leaves,  and  regular 
flower.s,  either  .solitary  in  the  axils,  or  in  l-sidecl  recurved  spikes  or 
racemes.  —  Calyx  5-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  o-lohed,  convolute  or 
imbricate  in  tlie  hud.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  ba.se  of  the  corolla, 
and  alternate  with  its  lol)es.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  2  parietal  i)lacent8e, 
or  'J-celled  by  the  introversion  of  the  placentcB,  each  bearing  2  or  more 
o\'ules.  Styles  2,  separate  or  nuire  or  less  united.  Capsule  2-valved. 
Seed  reticulat*!d.     Kmbryo  small,  in  hard  or  fle.shy  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe  I.     HYDKOPII YLLEvE.    Capsule  1-celled.     Styles  partly  united.     Albumen 
cartilaginous.     Leaves  pinnately  or  palmately  lobed. 

»  Lobea  of  the  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud. 

1.  HYDUOPHYLLUM.     Calyx  without  appendages.     Stamens  exsertcd.     Stems  erect. 

2.  NEMOPHILA.     Calyx  appendaged  at  the  sinuses.     Stamens  included.     Stems  prostrate. 

«  *  Lobes  of  the  corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

3.  PHACELTA.     CaljTC  without  appendages.     Capsule  4  -  many-seeded. 

TiiiBC   II.     HTDROLiKiE.      Capsule    2-celled.      Styles    separate.      Albumen  fleshy. 
L"aves  entire. 

4.  HYDKOLEA.     Corolla  rotate.     Capsule  globose. 

5.  NAMA.     Corolla  funnel-  or  salver-sliaped.     Capsule  oblong. 

1.    HYDROPHYLLUM,  L.    Waterleaf. 

Calvx  ."j-jmrted,  tlie  lohrs  siilmhite;  without  appendages.  Corolla  hroadly 
tnhular,  .deleft,  with  5  linear  appendages  ojiposite  the  lohes.  Stamen.s  and 
style  exserted:  anthers  linear.  Ovary  hispid.  Placenta;  thick  and  fle.shy, 
connected  with  the  pericarp  at  the  base  and  apex ;  each  2-ovuled.  Style  fili- 
form, 2-cleft.  Capsule  globose,  2-valved,  1 -4-seeded.  —  Erect  perennial 
mostly  hairy  herbs,  with  long-potioled  piiniately  or  palmately  divided  leaves, 
and  white  or  blue  flowers  in  pedunded  cymes,  without  bracts. 

1.  H.  Virginicum,  L.  Stem  leafless  below,  sprinkled,  like  tlie  leaves, 
with  rigid  hairs;  leaves  pinnately  divided  into  .5-7  ovate  cleft  or  toothed 
lohes,  paler  beneath ;   peduncles  forking,  longer  than  the  petioles ;   cymes 


HYDKOPHYLLACE^.        (WATERLEAF    FAMILY.)  355 

dense ;    calyx  lobes  linear,  hispid  ;    filaments  slightly  hair\-.  —  Low  woods 
along  the  mountains,  Georgia,  and   nortliward.     June.  —  Stem  l°-2°high. 

2.  H.  Canadense,  L.  Smoothish ;  leaves  orbicular-cordate,  palmately 
5  -  7-lobed,  sJiarply  toothed ;  cymes  dense,  on  forking  peduncles  which  are 
shorter  than  the  petioles ;  calyx  lobes  sparingly  hispid ;  filaments  densely 
bearded.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward.  June.  —  Stem  1°  high. 
Leaves  3'- 5'  in  diameter.     Corolla  white. 

3.  H.  macrophyllum,  Nntt.  Hirsute;  stem  stout  (l°-2°high); 
leaves  long  (6' - 10'),  piunatifid,  with  distinct  oval  toothed  lobes,  the  upper 
lobes  confluent;  peduncle  shorter  than  the  petiole;  cyme  compact;  calyx 
lobes  lanceolate-subulate ;  corolla  whiie.  —  Rich  woods,  Northern  Alabama 
and  Mississippi,  and  northward. 

4.  H.  appendiculatum,  Michx.  Hirsute,  erect,  branching  (1°  high), 
lowest  leaves  ])iunately  divided,  with  toothed  lobes,  the  others  palmately  5- 
lobed ;  peduncles  longer  tlian  the  leaves,  the  cyme  loosely  flowered ;  calyx 
with  short  reflexed  appendages  between  the  subulate  lobes ;  corolla  blue.  — 
Damp  woods,  mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee.     May. 

2.    NEMOPHILA,  Nutt. 

Calyx  5-parted,  with  reflexed  appendages  in  the  sinuses.  Corolla  tubular 
or  short  bell-shaped,  with  10  scale-like  appendages  at  the  base  of  tiie  filaments. 
Stamens  included:  anthers  ovoid.  Ovary  hispid,  2-12-ovuled.  PlacentiE 
large,  lining  the  walls  of  the  pericarp.  Style  2-parted.  Ca])sule  globose,  1  - 
2-seeded.  —  Tender  prostrate  annual  herbs,  with  divided  leaves,  and  solitary 
long-peduncled  flowers  opposite  the  leaves. 

1.  N.  microcalyx,  Fisch.  &  Meyer.  Pubescent,  or  at  length  smoothish ; 
stem  filiform,  diffuse ;  leaves  thin,  long-petioled,  3-lobed ;  the  lowest  mostly 
opposite,  and  3-5-lobed;  flowers  minute,  white;  ovary  4-ovuled ;  capsule  l- 
2  seeded.  —  Shady  woods,  Florida,  Georgia,  and  westward.  April -June. — 
Stem  3-  1°  long.     Leaves  i'-  I'long.     Corolla  1"  long.     Seeds  bony. 

3.     PHACELIA,   Juss. 

Calyx  5-parted,  not  appendaged  in  the  sinuses.  Corolla  bell-.shaped,  5-lobed, 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  included  or  exserted :  anthers  ovoid  or  ob- 
long. Ovary  2  -  many-ovuled ;  the  2  narrow  placentas  often  projecting  inwards, 
and  forming  an  imperfect  partition  in  fruit.  Style  2-cleft.  Capstile  2-valved, 
4  -  many-seeded.  —  Low  chiefly  annual  herbs,  with  alternate  mostly  pinnately 
divided  leaves,  and  white  or  blue  flowers  in  one-sided  racemes. 

§  1.     Phacelia. —  Ocules  and  seeds  4:  corolla  variousli/  appendaged  ivitkin, 
the  lobes  entire. 

1.  P.  bipinnatifida,  Michx.  Hairy;  stem  erect,  much  branched ;  leaves 
long-petioled,  3  -  .5-lobed,  with  the  lobes  oblong-ovate,  acutely  toothed ;  the 
lower  ones  short-stalked,  the  upper  confluent ;  racemes  loosely  man\--floAvered, 
glandular;  pedicels  slender,  recurved  in  fruit;  calyx  lobes  linear,  hispid;  sta- 
mens bearded  below,  longer  than  the  corolla.  —  Shaded  banks  in  the  upper 
districts.     May- June.  —  Stem  6'-  12'  high.     Corolla  blue,  Y  wide. 


.■i,~)(»  IIS  liKollI  VI.l.ArK.K.        (W  AII:I!I.I:AK     I'A.MIl.V.) 

V;ir.  brevistylis,  (imy.     FlDworssinallor;  stamens  ami  sUle  not  longer     ^ 
tiiaii  till-  corolla.  —  Alaliama  (JJitckliy). 

5^2.      ("os.MANTiil'S. —  Orulis  iiiiil  srids  4  :  vornlln  not  ii/i/n  ml<i;/eil  within,   the 
lolii  s  jiiiiliriiitf  :  jihiiiuiits  hairi/  hcloir. 

2.  P.  Purshii,  Hucklov.  Stems  erect  or  ascending,  clusterecl,  smooth 
or  liairv,  liraiiclieil ;  leaves  iiirsnte ;  the  lower  ones  j)eti(»leil,  almost  pinnate, 
the  upper  clasping,  pinnatifid,  with  the  loiies  acute  ;  racemes  manv-Howered  ; 
calvx  lobes  lanceolaiu-linear,  hristly  ciliate ;  corolla  IjIik;.  (1'.  fimbriata, 
J'ltrsh.)  —  SU:\dy  hanks  in  the  upper  districts.  .May -June.  —  .Stem  8'- 12' 
higii.     Conjlla  A'  wide. 

3.  P.  fimbriata,  .Michx.  Smoothish  or  sligiitly  hairy;  stems  spreading 
or  asctiidiiig;  lca\es  lew,  ihe  lowest  ])etiole(l,  with  3-5  roundisii  leallcts;  the 
upper  ones  pinnately  .">  -  Tluhed,  with  the  lolies  obtuse;  racemes  3-lOHow- 
ered :  calyx  lol)es  linear-oblong,  obtuse;  corolla  white.  —  iligh  mountains  of 
Nin-th  I'arnlina.     May.  —  .Stems  5' -8'  long. 

\'ar.  ^  Boykini,  tiray.     "More  rol)Ust;  racemes  rather  many-llowered, 
at  length  strict,  with  fruiting  pedicels  erect  and  not  longer  than  the  calyx; 
corolla  far  le.ss  timbriate,  bluish."  —  Upper  Georgia  (Boi/k-in). 
§  3.     Co.M.vNTiioiDKS.  —  Ovules  conimonly   more  than   4  :  corolla  usually  with 
minute  appendaijes  within,  the  lobes  entire. 

4.  P.  parviflora,  I'ursh.  Pube.scent;  stems  .several,  spreading,  branch- 
ing; leaves  pctioled ;  the  lowest  3-7-lobed.  the  upper  3-parted;  racemes 
loosely  5- l.")flowered;  pedicels  slender,  much  longer  than  the  calyx;  calyx 
loi)es  linear-obhnlg,  bri.stly-ciliate  ;  corolla  small,  pale  blue  or  white.  —  .Shady 
banks,  Georgia,  and  norilnvard.  April -May.  —  Stems  3' -8' high.  Corolla 
3"-4"  wide.     Capsule  few-seedeil. 

Var.  hirsuta,  (Jray.  Morn  hirsute,  with  stouter  stems,  and  larger  (5"- 
7"  wide)  corolla.  —  Stone  Mountaiti,  Georgia. 

4.    HYDROLEA,  L. 

Calyx  .5-parted.  Corolla  short,  bell-shaped,  5-cleft;  the  lobes  spreading. 
.Stamens  somewhat  exserted.  with  the  filaments  dilated  at  the  base :  anthers 
sagittate.  Styles  2  (rarely  3),  separate.  Capsule  globo.se,  2-celled,  or  imper- 
fectly 4-celled  by  the  introversion  of  the  placentic,  2-valved.  —  Herbs,  growing 
in  water  or  muddy  places,  with  entire  leaves,  often  with  sj)ines  in  their  axils, 
and  blue  axillary  or  corymbose  flowers. 

1.  H.  COrymbosa,  Ell.  Spineless;  stem  erect,  hirsute  and  branching 
above ;  leaves  ovatc-laiifeoiate,  sessile ;  flowers  in  a  close  terminal  corymb ; 
calyx  lobes  lanceolate,  one  third  as  long  as  the  corolla.  —  Pine  barren  ponds, 
Florida  to  South  Carolina.  July- Augu.st.  —  .Stem  l°-2°  high.  Leaves  V - 
1  \'  long.    Corolla  "  azure,  with  yellowish  veiits  and  5  white  spots  near  the  ba.se." 

2.  H.  quadrivalvis,  Walt.  Spiny;  stem  ascending  from  a  creeping 
hase,  iiispid,  mostly  sim].]e  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  into  a  petiole;  flowers 
axillary,  the  lower  ones  du.stered,  short-peduiicled  ;  calyx  lobes  linear,  nearly 
as  long  as  the  corolla;  stamens  induiled ;  capsule  almost  4-celled  by  the  in- 
troversion of  the  placenta;. — Pools  and  muddy  banks.  July -August. — 
Stem  1^-3°  long.     Leaves  3'  -  4'  long. 


BORRAGINACE.E.       (BORAGE    FAMILY.)  357 

3.  H.  afQ.nis,  Gray.  Stem  glabrous ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  ovate.  Other- 
wise like  the  last,  and  growing  in  similar  situations.  —  Mississippi,  and 
westward. 

4.  H.  ovata,  Nutt.  Spiny,  closely  pubescent ;  stem  branching  near  the 
summit;  leaves  short  (I'-l^'  long), ovate  ;  flowers  crowded  at  the  end  of  the 
branches ;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate,  villous,  sliorter  than  the  corolla ;  stamens 
exserted.  —  Central  Georgia,  and  westward.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Corolla  1' 
wide. 

5.    NAM  A,  L. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  tubular-funnel-shaped,  5-cIeft.  Stamens  included, 
the  filaments  equal :  anthers  reniform.  Ovules  numerous,  pendulous.  Styles 
2,  distinct.  Capsule  oblong,  many-seeded,  seemingly  2  celled  by  the  meeting 
of  the  placentte  at  the  axis,  2-  or  at  length  4-valved.  Seeds  pitted.  —  Diffuse 
hairy  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  axillary  and  terminal  single, 
clustered,  or  cymose  purple  or  white  flowers. 

1.  N.  Jamaicensis,  L.  Pubescent ;  stems  prostrate,  diffusely  branched, 
angled  or  slightly  winged ;  leaves  spatulate-obovate,  tapering  into  a  petiole  ; 
flowers  solitary  or  2-3  together,  short  peduncled ;  calyx  lobes  linear,  ciliate, 
as  long  as  the  corolla;  capsule  oblong.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  12'- 18' 
long.     Leaves  I' -  r  long.     Corolla  small,  jnirple. 


Order  99.    BOJFtRAGIKACE^.     (Borage  Family.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  "with  terete  or  irregularly  angled  stems,  and  alter- 
nate entire  exstipulate  mostly  rough-hairy  leaves.  Flowers  usually  in 
1-sided  spikes  or  racemes,  which  are  coiled  in  the  bud.  —  Calyx  free, 
5-cleft  or  5-parted,  valvate  in  the  bud,  persistent.  Corolla  regular 
(except  No.  6),  hypogynous,  5-lobed,  imbricated  or  (in  Myosotis)  con- 
volute in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  equal,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the 
corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Ovary  4-celled,  witn  a  single 
ovule  in  each  cell.  Style  single.  Fruit  various.  Albu.men  scarce  or 
none.     Cotyledons  flat  or  folded.     Radicle  superior. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe  I.  CORDIE^.  Ovary  undivided.  Style  terminal,  twice  2-lobed  at  the  apex. 
Fruit  a  4-celled  drupe.  Cotyledons  folded.  Albumen  none.  —  Shrubs.  Flowers  in 
heads  or  cymes. 

i.   CORDIA.     Calyx  opening  regularly,  not  circumscissile. 

Tribe  II.  EHRETIE^.  Ovary  undivided.  Style  terminal,  2-lobed  at  the  apex. 
Fruit  a  4-seeded  berry.     Cotyledons  flat.     Albumen  scanty.  —  Shrubs. 

2.  BOURRERIA.     Style  slender.     Flowers  corymbose. 

3.  TOURNEFORTIA.     Style  short.     Flowers  cymose  or  spiked. 

Tribe  III.  HELIOTROPES.  Ovary  undivided.  Style  terminal,  simple.  Fruit 
separating  into  2  or  4  nutlets.  —  Chiefly  herbs. 

4.  HELIOTROPIUM.     Fruit  separating  into  four  l-seeded,  or  into  two  2-seeded  nutlets. 


SoS  lK>K;tA(JIXACE<E.        (HOItAfiK    FAMILY.) 

TitiBK.   IV.     I(I>I<KA<>K.K.    Ovary  deeply  l-piirted,  CMicIoHiiiK  the  b:uo  of  tlie  himple 
Btyle.     Kruit  of  1  -4  ouo-.ieoded  iiutluto.  —  Herbs. 

*  Throat  of  the  corolla  naked.     NutletH  uot  hidjiid. 

■•-  CoroUa  irregular. 

5.    ECHll'M.     Corolla  lunnel-sliaiMjd,  unequally  lobed. 

--  -^  Corolla  regular. 
('..   ONOSMOIUI'M.     L'jbea  of  the  corolla  erect,  acute.     Nutlets  smooth  and  stony. 

7.  LITIlnsrEKMUM.     Lobes  of  the  coroll.'i  rounded.     Nutlets  smooth  or  rugose. 

8.  MERTKXSL\.     Lobes  of  the  corolla  roun<'ed.     Nutlets  somewhat  fleshy. 

9.  MYOSOTIS.     L3be8  of  the  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud.     Nutlets  smooth. 

*  *  Throat  of  the  corolla  closed  with  scales.     Nutlets  hispid. 

10.  CYXOGLOSSUM.     Corolla  funnel-shaped.     Nutlets  depressed,  spreading. 

11.  ECHINOSPERMUM.     Nutlets  erect,  hispid  on  the  back  or  margins. 

1.     CORDIA,  J'lmn. 

Calvx  ovate  or  bell-.^iliapeil,  4  -  .i-tootlied,  not  circumscissile.  Corolla  funnel- 
<ir  salver-form,  4-r)-lol)ed.  .Stamens  4-5.  Ovary  eutire,  4-celleil.  Style  ter- 
minal, twice  2-rleft,  mostly  exserted.  Drupe  ovate  or  globose,  pulpy,  1  -4- 
seeded,  commonly  enclosed  in  the  enlarged  calyx.  —  Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves 
toothed  or  entire.     Flowers  cymose  or  capitate. 

1.  C.  bullata,  L.  Rough  throughout  with  white  bristly  hairs ;  leaves 
oldoiig-oviiie,  serrate-toothed,  rugose,  abruptly  petioled ;  flowers  capitate,  on 
peduncles  which  are  shorter  than  the  leaves,  and  nearly  terminal,  but  elon- 
gated and  lateral  in  fruit ;  calyx  ovoid,  the  subulate  bristly  teeth  si)rea(ling ; 
corolla  short,  hairy  in  the  throat;  stigmas  club-shaped;  drupe  1-seeded. — 
South  Florida.  —  Leaves  i' -\i  long.     Heads  4" - 5"  iu  diameter. 

2.  C.  Sebestena,  L.  (Geiger  Trek.)  Rough-pubescent ;  leaves  large 
(4' -8'  long),  ovate;  cyme  loose,  mauy -flowered ;  calyx  cyliudrical,  2-.'i- 
toothed,  half  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  large  red  corolla;  stameus  5-8. — 
Keys  of  South  Florida.  —  A  large  shrub. 

2.     BOTJilREEIA,  P.  Brwvue. 

Calyx  ovoid  or  globular,  2-5-toothed.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  4-5-lobed. 
Fruit  drupaceous,  composed  of  four  more  or  less  separable  1-seeded  nutlets.  — 
Tropical  shrubs,  with  entire  leaves,  aud  corymbose  white  flowers. 

1.  B.  Havanensis,  Miers.  Smooth;  leaves  obovate  or  oblong-obovate ; 
corymb  niany-flowcrt'il,  divaricate  ;  calyx  leathery,  the  teeth  acute,  pubescent 
on  the  uuirgius  ;  stigmas  depressed;  nutlets  4,  1-seeded,  finely  furrowed  on 
the  back. —  South  Florida.  —  A  small  tree.  Leaves  l^'-5'  long.  Flowers 
fragrant. 

2.  B.  Radula,  Don.  Stem  smooth;  leaves  obovate,  very  rough,  and  at 
length  tubcriu]ar-his[)id  above;  corymb  few-flowered;  calyx  4-5-toothed; 
lobes  of  the  corolla  rounded,  wavy  ;  drupe  ovate,  separable  into  four  1-seeded 
I'utlets.  —  South  Florida  —  Leaves  1'  -  1  h'  long.     Corolla  G"  long. 


BORKAGINACE^.        (bOEAGE    FAMILY.)  359 

3.    TOURNEFORTIA,  L. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  salverfonn  or  wheel-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stameus  5, 
included.  Style  short,  terminal;  stigma  couical.  Drupe  composed  of  two 
^seeded  nutlets,  which  are  either  united  or  separable,  or  by  abortion  1  -2- 
seeded.  —  Erect  or  twining  shrubs,  with  entire  leaves,  and  white  or  yellowish 
flowers,  in  1-sided  bractless  often  cymose  spikes. 

*  Fruit  orate,  sejiarable  into  two  2-seeded  mitlets:  corolla  lobes  ovale,  plicate. 

1 .  T.  gnaphalodes,  R.  Br.  Wiiite-silky  throughout ;  stem  tliick,  erect ; 
leaves  very  numerous  and  imbricated,  linear,  obtuse,  fleshy,  tapering  to  the 
base ;  peduncles  axillary  ;  spikes  2  -  4-parted,  dense,  recurved  ;  caly.x.  lobes 
obloLg,  obtuse  ;  corolla  fleshy  ;  anthers  ovate  ;  drupe  deeply  excavated  at  the 
base.  —  Seashore,  South  Florida. — Siirub  2° -4°  high.  Leaves  3'  long. 
Corolla  small,  white. 

*  *  Fruit  globose,  more  or  less  lobecl,  composed  of  I  -4  nutlets,  each  \ -seeded : 
corolla  lobes  narrow,  acute. 

2.  T.  volubilis,  L.  Stem  twining,  and,  like  tlie  lower  surface  of  the 
leaves  and  .-spikes,  tomentose  ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  petioied,  rougliisli 
above,  paler  beneath  ;  spikes  lateral  and  terminal,  very  slender,  cymose,  short- 
peduucled,  spreading  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  contracted  in  the  middle,  tlie  lobes 
liuear-subulate;  anthers  coiiniveut;  drupe  sn)all,  1  -3-seeded.  —  South  Florida. 
—  Leaves  V -\h'  long.     Corolla  2"  lung. 

4.    HELIOTROPIUM,  Touru. 

Calyx  5-parte(l,  persistent.     Corolla  s-alver-furm,  folded  between  the  5  lobes. 
Filaments  and  .style  very  short.     Stigma  somewhat  conica'.     Fruit  separable 
into  four  1 -seeded,  or  into  two  2-seeiled  nutlets.  —  Herbs  or  shrubby  plants. 
Leaves  rarely  opposite.     Spikes  1-sided.     Flowers  white  or  blue. 
*  Throat  of  the  corolla  ope.n.     Nullrts  4,  each  1-seeded. 

1.  H.  polyphyllum,  Lehm.  Rough,  wiUi  short  appres.sed  white  hairs; 
stems  (1°  long)  spreading  from  a  woo<ly  root,  very  leafy;  leaves  nearly 
sessile,  lanceolate  ;  spikes  leafy  ;  nutlets  4,  hairy  ;  corolla  wliite,  or,  in  var. 
Leavenworthii,  Gray,  l)right  yellow.  —  South  Florida,  tlie  variety  near  Miami 
(  Garber). 

2.  H.  tenellum,  Torr.  Annual,  rough-hairy;  stem  erect  (6'- 12' high), 
slender,  branching;  leaves  linear;  rneemes  leafy  or  naked,  remotely  few- 
flowered,  calyx  If  >hes  linear,  une<jual ;  corolla  white. — xMabama,  West  Ten- 
nessee, and  westward. 

3.  H.  Curassavicum,  L.  Annual,  smooth,  fleshy;  stems  at  length 
prostrate  and  diffuse  ;  leaves  alternate  or  ojiposite,  lanceolate  or  linear,  ob- 
tuse, narrowed  at  the  base;  spikes  peduncled,  simple  or  2-parted,  coiled  in  the 
bud  ;  flowers  small,  sessile,  white,  bractless  ;  nutlets  smooth. —  Saline  marshes, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina.  June -August.  —  Stem  6'- 18' long.  Leaves 
l'-2'  long.  —  Plant  dries  black. 

4.  H.  phyllostachyum,  Torr.  Annual ;  stem  erect,  branched,  rough 
with  rigid  white  appressed  hairs ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  obtuse,  hispid. 


3C0  ItOItUAniXACEwK.        (HOK.VfiK    FAMILY.) 

the  lower  opjiosite  ;  sjiikcs  filiform,  1  si.led  ,  flowers  sliort-pedioollcil,  some  of 
tlHin  leafv-hrarteil,  others  lir:u-lles» ;  eorollii  (J"  long),  wiiitc;  mitii-ts  united, 
hisjtid  at  the  a(iex,  with  the  sides  coiIXave.  —  Suutli  Fhaida.  —  Stem  4'- 6' 
high.     I,(  aMs  r  long.     Condhi  slightl\  hispid. 

5.  H.  Europseum,  L.  rulie.>iicnl ;  leaves  old. in;;  oval,  ulduse,  long- 
pet  ioled  ;  spikes  liraclless,  hitenil  and  tirmiiial,  single  or  in  pairs;  flowers 
white.  —  Waste  groimil.     Introdiiied. 

»  »   'J'liioal  oj'tlw  corolla  closid  or  hearihtl.     NitlUls  2,  carh  2-seeded. 

6.  H.  Indicum,  L.  Annual;  stem  erect,  rough-hairy ;  leaves  olilong- 
ovatp,  often  (ordatf,  tnoijiod  or  wavy  on  tlie  margins,  rugose,  dernrreut  into 
a  long  ]ictiolu  ;  spikes  hairv,  coiled,  at  length  elongated;  corolla  hlne  ;  nut- 
lets spreading.  —  Waste  jdaciis.  June -Oct.  —  .Stem  l°-2''  higli.  Leaves 
2' -4'  I'lJig.     I'rniling  s])ike  G'-9'  lf>ng. 

7.  H.  parviflorum,  L.  I'erennial,  liir.snte;  .stem  erect,  hranching; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oldong,  obtuse,  entire,  tapering  into  a  slender  jjctiole,  the 
lower  ones  mostly  opposite;  spikes  slender;  corolla  wliite,  lieanled  in  the 
throat ;  nutlets  uneven,  united.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  6'-  18'  high.  J^eaves 
l'-2'lcing.     Corolla  1"  long.     Spikes  2' -4' long. 

H.    H.  auchusSBfoliuni,  I'oir.     Stem  villous,  simjile  ;  leaves  lanceolate; 

cyme  compact,  at    lengtli  spreading;   flowers  violel-hlue.  —  W'aste  ground. 

Introduceil. 

5.     ECHIUM,  Tourn. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  fiinnel-forni,  unequally  5-lol>ed,  naked  at  the 
throat.  Stamens  5,  unerjual,  mostly  exserted.  Style  filiform.  Nutlets  4, 
closed  at  the  hase,  uueven  or  rough.  —  Uerhs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  blue 
or  purple  fiowers  in  spiked  ofteu  panicled  racemes. 

1.  E.  vulgare,  L.  Hispid;  stem  simple,  erect  (l°-2°  high);  leaves 
linear-laiueolate,  sessile;  flowers  large,  in  short  axillary  racemose  sjjikes; 
corolla  jiurple,  pubescent,  twice  a-s  long  as  tlie  lanceolate  calyx  teeth,  shorter 
than  the  stamens  and  style. —  Fields,  N(jrt]i  Carolina.  Introduced.  June- 
Aug,     d). 

6.    ONOSMODIUM,  .Mid.x. 

Calyx  .^-parted,  the  lobes  linear  and  acute.  Corolla  ovate-tnbiilar,  naked  in 
the  throat,  with  five  acute,  comiivent  lobes.  Anthers  nearly  sessile,  sagittate, 
included.  Ovary  4-parted.  Style  smooth,  exserted.  Nutlets  1-4,  ovoid, 
shiniIl}.^  —  Erect  liisjiid  herbs,  with  entire  somewhat  ribbed  sessile  leaves,  and 
greenish  (lowers  in  a  terminal  bracted  raceme  or  sj)ike. 

1.  O.  Carolinianum,  DC.  Rough  with  spreading  wliite  rigid  hairs; 
stem  stout,  branched  ;  leaves  oblong-ovatc ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  ovate,  hairy; 
calyx  lol)es  .scarcel}'  twice  as  long  as  the  dull  white  nutlets.  —  Dry  soil  in  the 
upi)er  di.stricts.     June.     %  —  Stem  3°  -  4°  high.     Leaves  2'-3' lonj;. 

2.  O.  Virginianum,  DC.  Rough  with  appressed  bristly  hairs  ;  stem 
slender,  sparingly  branched;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate;  lol)es  of 
the  corolla  lanceolate-subulate,  bristly  ;  calyx  lobes  3-4  times  as  long  as  the 
white  jxdished  nutlets.  —  Dry  pine  barrens.  May -June.  3^ — Stem  l°-2° 
high.     Leaves  2'  long.     Corolla  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 


BOEBAGINACEiE.       (bOKAGE    FAMILY.)  361 

7.    LITHOSPERMUM,  L.    Gromwell. 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  equal.  Corolla  funnel-  or  salver-form,  obtusely 
5-lobed,  smooth,  gibbous  or  hairy  in  the  throat.  Anthers  obloug,  nearly  ses- 
sile, included.  Stigma  capitate,  somewhat  2-lobed.  Nutlets  1-4,  ovate,  stony, 
truncate  at  the  base.  —  Chiefly  rough-hairy  herbs,  with  red  roots,  alternate 
entire   leaves,   and   variously   colored   flowers    in   leafy-bracted  racemes  or 

spikes. 

*  Annual :    nutlets  rougJiened . 

1 .  L.  arvense,  L.  Hough  with  appressed  hairs ;  stem  branching  from 
the  base ;  leaves  lanceolate  ;  flowers  scattered ;  corolla  yellowisli  white,  about 
as  long  as  the  linear-subulate  lobes  of  the  calyx  ;  nutlets  4.  —  Waste  places. 
March  -  April.     Introduced.  —  Stem  6'  -  1 8'  high.     Leaves  V  -2'-  long. 

*  *  Perennials :    nutlets  smooth,  white. 

2.  L.  tuberosum,  Rugel.  Hispid  with  scattered  rigid  hairs  ;  stem  erect, 
branching  above;  leaves  somewhat 3-nerved ;  radical  ones  large  (4' -6'  long), 
obovate-oblong,  narrowed  into  a  petiole  tubercular-hispid  above ;  the  otliers 
oblong,  sessile ;  calyx  lobes  linear,  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  small  yellowish 
white  corolla,  and  twice  as  long  as  the  mostly  solitary  polished  nutlet.  — 
Rocky  woods,  West  Florida.  April -May.  —  Plant  6' -10'  high,  increasing 
in  fruit  to  2°  or  more.     Roots  bearing  oblong  tubers. 

3.  L,  latifolium,  Michx.  Softly  pubescent ;  leaves  broadly  lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuiuiuate  ;  root  fibrous  ;  otherwise  like  the  preceding.  —  Tennessee, 
and  northward.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 

4.  L.  hirtum,  Lehm.  Hispid  with  rigid  glossy  hairs  ;  stem  mostly  sim- 
ple, erect ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  sessile  ;  the  lowest  scale-like  ;  the 
floral  ones  ovate-lanceolate ;  corolla  large,  yellow  ;  the  tube  rather  longer  than 
tiie  linear  calyx  lobes  ;  nutlets  ovate,  polished.  —  Dry  pine  barrens.  April - 
May.  —  Stem  \°-  1  }f  high.  Leaves  1'  -  2'  long.  Corolla  6"  -  8"  long.  Root 
very  long. 

5.  L.  canescens,  Lehm.  Stem  villous,  erect,  nearly  simple ;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, se-sile.  obtuse,  somewliat  silky  with  appressed  glossy  hairs;  the  lowest 
small  and  scale-like  ;  corolla  large,  yellow ;  the  tube  2-3  times  as  long  as  the 
calyx.  —  Dry  soil  in  the  upper  districts.  April -May.  —  Stem  6' -12' high. 
Corolla  smaller  than  in  the  preceding. 

6.  L.  angustifolium,  Michx.  Strigose;  stems  6'- 12' high,  single  or 
clustered;  leaves  l'-2'  long,  linear;  flowei-s  dimorphous,  one  form  with 
bright  yellow  corollas,  1'  long,  salver-form,  with  round  denticulate  lobes,  and 
a  5-toothed  crest  at  the  throat,  2-3  times  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  other 
small  and  pale,  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  and  crestless ;  seed  pitted.  —  Tennessee, 
and  westward.     June.  * 

8.     MERTENSIA,  Roth.     Lungwort. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  5-lobpd,  naked,  or  with  .5  folds  in 
the  throat.  Stamens  partly  exserted.  Style  filiform.  Nutlets  somewhat 
fleshy,  not  flattened  at  the  base.  —  Smooth  or  soft  hairy  perennial  herbs,  with 


302  HOKKAGIXACEiE.       (OOHAtiK    FAMILY.) 

eiitiro  h-avts.  ami  sliou  \  j)Uiiili>li  blue  flowers  in  ((nyinbod  or  pauicled  racemes, 
llie  ii|i|iir  olio  liiaclless. 

I.  M.  Virginica,  !>('.  Smooth;  Mtciii  iTCil,  siiii|il(' ;  loaves  nieiiiliraua- 
oeoiis,  <lii|»ti<al  or  obovale-ol)loiig,  the  lower  oiie.s  narrowed  into  a  petiole; 
raeeiiics  eorymliose  ;  eorolla  large,  naked  and  e.\|)auding  at  the  throat, 
jdightlv  lobed  ;  lilauients  longer  than  tlie  anthers.  —  Kivcr  banks  and  along 
streams  in  tiie  upper  districts.  May.  —  Stem  l°-2°higli.  Leaves  2' -3', 
or  the  lowest  4'-0'  long.     Corolla  1'  long. 

9.     MYOSOTIS,  L.     Fokget-.mk-not. 

Calvx  .')-cleft.  Corolla  salver-form,  r)-lolied,  cnnvuhitc  in  the  bud  ;  the  tube 
a."*  loiig  as  tile  calyx,  witii  ")  obtu.se  apj)endages  in  the  throat.  Stamens  very 
short,  included.  Nutlets  4,  ellii)tical,  compressed,  smooth,  with  a  minute  scar 
at  the  base. —  Low  hairy  herbs,  with  entire  alternate  leaves,  and  small  white 
or  blue  flowers  in  tta-minal  bractless  racemes. 

1.  M.  palustris,  With.  Smooth,  or  slightly  roughened  with  apprcssed 
scattered  hairs  ;  stem  weak,  slender,  creeping  at  the  base,  branching;  leaves 
lanceolate,  obtu.se,  the  lowest  sj)atulate  ;  racemes  elongated  in  fruit;  flowers 
distant,  *m  widely  spreading  pedicels ;  calyx  hispid,  the  teeth  eijual  and  ob- 
tuse; corolla  i)ale  blue.  —  Low  grounds.  Introduced.  May.  M  —  Stem  1° 
high.     Leaves  1'- lA' long. 

2.  M.  verna,  Xutt.  Ilir.sute  ;  stem  erect  (4' -8'  high),  liranching  above  ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  sessile  ;  the  lower  ones  s])atulate,  obtuse  ;  calyx  longer  than 
the  appressed  pedicel,  hispid,  with  the  hairs  near  the  ))ase  hooked  ;  the  teeth 
une(pial,  acute.  —  Var.  MACifosPKRM.v  is  every  way  larger  (l°-li°  high) ; 
calyx  with  all  the  hairs  hooked,  the  lower  teeth  twice  as  long  as  the  upper 
ones.  —  Dry  places  in  the  u])per  districts;  the  variety,  Florida, and  westward. 
March  -  April.     (^  —  Corolla  white  or  pale  l)lue. 

10.     CYNOGLOSSUM,  Tourn.     HofNn's-TONGUE. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  funnel-form,  witli  tlie  throat  closed  with  5  ohtuse 
scales.  Stamens  inelu<led.  Nutlets  4,  spreading,  fixed  near  the  ai)ex  to  the 
base  of  the  central  column,  covered  all  over  with  barl)ed  or  hooked  bristles. 
—  Racemes  with  the  lower  flowers  commonly  bracted,  the  upper  bractless. 

1.  C.  officinale,  L.  Villous;  stem  leafy,  branched  above  ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late or  obli>ng,  acute  ;  the  upper  sessile,  the  lowest  tapering  into  a  long  peti- 
ole;  racemes  hoary,  nearly  bractless;  nutlets  flattened  anteriorly  and  sligiitly 
margined;  corolla  reddish  violet.  —  Waste  grounds.  Introduced.  —  Stem 
1^°- 2' high. 

2.  C.  Virginicum,  L.  Hispid;  stem  .simple,  stout,  naked  above  ;  leaves 
oval  or  oblong;  the  lowest  petioled,  the  upper  auriculate ' and  clasjiing; 
racemes  single  or  corymbo.se,  bractless  ;  pedicels  slender,  recurved  in  fruit ; 
nutlets  rounded  anteriorly  :  corolla  pale  blue.  —  Dry  soil,  chiefly  in  the  upper 
districts.  May -June.  —  Stem  2'^-. 3' high.  Lowest  leaves  6' -9' long.  Nut- 
lets 1  -  4. 


ACANTHACE.^.       (ACANTHUS    FAMILY.)  363 

11,    ECHINOSPERMUM,  Swartz.    Stickseed. 

Calyx,  corolla,  etc.  of  the  preceding-.  Nutlets  fixed  to  the  side  of  the  cen- 
tral column,  the  back  or  margins  only  armed  with  barbed  bristles. 

1.  E.  Virginieum,  Lehm.  Hairy;  stem  erect,  rather  slender,  widely 
branched  ;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  acute  ;  the  lowest  tapering  into  a  petiole ; 
racemes  numerous,  slender,  villous,  bracted;  pedicels  short,  recurved  in  fruit; 
corolla  small,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx,  white  or  pale  blue.  —  Drv  woods  in 
the  upper  districts.     June  -July.  —  Stem  2°-  3°  high. 

2.  E.  Lappula,  L.  Stem  erect,  branched  above,  l°-2°  high,  hirsute ; 
leaves  lanceolate;  racemes  bracted ;  pedicels  of  the  (blue)  flowers  erect; 
margins  of  the  nutlets  bristly.  —  Waste  ground,  Tennessee.      Introduced. 

Order  100.     ACANTHACE^:.     (Acanthus  Family.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  opposite  (rarely  alternate  or  clustered)  undivided 
exstipulate  leaves,  and  bracted,  often  showy  flowers.  —  Calyx  5-parted. 
Corolla  more  or  less  bilabiate,  5-lobed,  twisted  in  the  bud.  Fertile 
stamens  2  or  4,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla :  anthers  2-celled. 
Ovary  free.  Style  single :  stigma  entire  or  2-lobed.  Capsule  loculi- 
cidally  2-valved,  2-celled,  4  -  several-seeded,  opening  elastically.  Seeds 
anatropous,  flat,  rounded,  without  albumen  (except  Elj^traria),  mostly 
supported  by  curved  appendages  of  the  placentse.  Radicle  inferior. 
—  Stems  commonly  swollen  between  the  joints. 

Synopsis. 

#  Capsule  oblong,  bearing  the  seeds  at  the  base.     Appendages  of  the  placentae  none. 

1.  ELYTRARIA.     Spike  borne  on  a  closely-bracted  scape.     Leaves  radical. 

2.  HTGROPHILA.     Stem  leafy.     Flowers  axillary.     Corolla  2-lipped. 

*  *  Capsule  club-shaped.     Seeds  supported  by  an  appendage. 
■(-  Corolla  convolute  in  the  bud. 

3.  RUELLIA.     Corolla  regular.     Anther  cells  pointless.     Capsule  several-seeded. 

4.  CALOPHANES.     Corolla  slightly  2-lipped.     Anther  cells  pointed  at  the  base.     Capsule 

2-4-seeded. 

■1-  -I-  Corolla  imbricate  in  the  bud. 

++  Stamens  4. 

5    STENANDRIUM.     Corolla  regular.     Anthers  1-celled.     Stem  scape-Uke. 

++  1+  Stamens  2. 

G.    GATESIA.     Corolla  regular.     Anther  cells  oblong,  one  lower  than  the  other. 

7.  DIANTHERA.     Corolla  bilabiate.     Stamens  2.     Cells  of  the  anthers  placed  one  lower 

than  the  other.     Flowers  in  long-peduncled  axillary  spikes. 

8.  DICLIPTERA.     Corolla  bilabiate,  resupinate.     Stamens  2.     Cells  of  the  anthers  placed 

one  behind  the  other.     Flowers  in  leafy-bracted  heads  or  clusters. 

1.     ELYTRARIA,  Vahl. 

Calyx  4 -.5-parted,  the  Lateral  lobes  narrower.  Corolla  salver-shaped  or  bi- 
labiate, 5-lobed.  Fertile  stamens  2,  tiie  2  anterior  .'sterile  :  anther  cells  parallel. 
Stigma  2-cleft.    Capsule  sessile,  about  8-seeded ;  the  seeds  fixed  near  the  base  of 


3G4  ACAXTHACK.E.       (A(JA  NTH  IS    FA.MILV.) 

the  lajisulo,  w  itlnnit  appciKiagos.  —  Lnw  licrlts.     Lc;v\ cs  all  railical,  c-lustered. 
Sca|)e  lovcTcil  with  Jilleniale  iiubriculcd  hnicts.     Flowers  «j)ikeii,  2-brai'ted. 

1.  E.  virgata,  Michx.  Leaves  oval  t»r  oblong,  narrowed  downward; 
bracts  rii,'id,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  cla.«'i)ing;  corolla  white,  salver-shaped,  the 
hibes  nearly  ei|iial ;  caj)8ule  cvlindrical.  —  Low  ground,  Florida  to  South  Car- 
olina. August.  ^ — Scapes  6' -12'  high.  Leaves  2' -4'  long.  Spikes 
rarely  clustered. 

2.    HYGROPHILA,   H.  15r. 

Calyx  cijnally  4-cleft.  Corolla  I'-lipped,  the  lower  lij)  .Mobed.  Stamens  4, 
diilynamous:  anther  cells  itarallel,  s])reading  at  the  base.  Stigma  simple. 
Capsule  narrow,  nearly  terete,  bearing  the  numerous  orbicular  seeds  at  its 
base.  —  A(iuatic  herbs.     Flowers  axillary,  in  cymose  clusters. 

I.  H.  lacustris,  S'ees.  stem  long  (2° -4°),  erect  from  a  procumbent 
base,  4-aiiiilcil ;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  ;  cymes  ojjposite,  few-Howered  ;  calyx 
smooth  ;  Howers  white.  —  .Muddy  l)aiiks  of  rivers,  Florida,  and  westward. 

3.     RUELLIA,    J'luMi. 

Calyx  2-bracted,  5-parted,  with  linear  or  bristle-like  lobes.  Corolla  funuel- 
shaped,  5-lobed ;  the  lol)es  c<nial,  rounded.  Stamens  4,  didyuamous,  included  : 
anthers  sagittate.  Style  simjde,  or  2-cleft  at  the  apex.  Cap.sule  narrowed 
below  the  middle,  flattened  contrary  to  the  partition,  8-12-seeded.  Seeds 
borne  above  the  middle,  supported  by  curved  apj)endages  of  the  placentae.  — 
Perennial  herbs,  with  tumid  joints,  entire  opposite  leaves,  and  axillary  soli- 
tary or  clustered  nearly  sessile  flowers.  Corolla  white,  blue,  or  purple, 
uocturnal. 

1.  R.  Ciliosa,  I'ursh.  Stem  simple  or  branched,  jmbcscent,  1°- 2°  high; 
leaves  sessile  or  short-petioled,  ovate,  oblong,  or  wedge-shajied,  denticulate  or 
entire,  I'-S'  long,  long-ciliate ;  flowers  single  or  clu.stered ;  calyx  lobes  fili- 
form or  setaceous,  ciliate,  mostly  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  —  Dry 
soil.  March-Sept. —  Corolla  blue,  l'-2'  long.  —  Very  varialde  ;  the  ex- 
tremes are  a  low  (1'-  12'  iiigh)  villous  form  of  the  lower  districts,  with  obovate 
or  wedge-sha])ed  obtuse  sessile  leaves,  and  a  taller  and  smoother  mountain 
form,  with  larger  (3'- 5'  long)  ovate-oblong  short-petioled  leaves,  resembling 
the  next. 

2.  R.  Strepens,  L.  Stem  smooth  or  paberulent,  I'-S"  high,  leaves  ob- 
long or  ovate-oldong,  short-petioled,  .3'- G' long  ;  earliest  flowers  single,  with 
a  large  (2'  long)  blue  corolla,  the  later  cleistogamous,  clustered;  calyx  lobes 
linear-lanceolate,  mostly  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  —  Dry  soil  chiefly 
in  the  upper  districts.     May -Sept. 

3.  R.  noctiflora,  Oray.  Closely  pubescent ;  stem  simjile.  rigid  ;  leaves 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  sessile,  entire  or  slightly  toothed  ;  Howlers  solitary,  ])cdnn- 
cled  ;  corolla  large  ;  the  elongated  tube  twice  as  long  as  the  linear  hairy  calyx 
lobes  ;  capsule  pubescent.  —  Low  grassy  pine  barrens,  Florida,  Georgia,  and 
westward.     Jnlv  -  Ancjnst.  —  Stem  1°  high.     Corolla  2' -4'  long,  white. 


ACANTHACE.E,       (ACAXTHUS    FAMILY.)  365 

4.     CALOPHANES,   (Don.) 

Calyx  lobes  setaceous.  Corolla  funDel-shaped,  regular,  or  2-lipped.  Autlier 
cells  mucronate  at  the  base.  Capsule  2-4-seecled.  Otherwise  like  the  pre- 
cediug.  —  Fereiiuial  erect  herbs  from  a  creeping  base. 

1.  C.  oblongifolia,  Don.  Pubescent  and  somewhat  hoary;  stem  4- 
angled,  simple  ov  s])aringly  branched;  leaves  nearly  sessile,  oval  or  obovate, 
obtuse,  the  upper  narrower  and  often  acute;  flowers  solitary  or  2-3  in  a 
cluster  ;  calyx  lobes  subulate-setaceous,  as  long  as  the  oblong  bracts  and  tube 
of  the  spotted  purple  corolla. — Dry  sandy  pine  barrens.  June -August. — 
Stem  6'-  12'  high.     Leaves  i' -I'  long.     Corolla  T  long. 

Var.  angUSta,  Gray.  Smaller  (6'  high),  rough-pubescent,  diffuse,  very 
leafy;  leaves  obloug-linear,  4" -6"  long;  flowers  smaller.  —  South  Florida. 

2.  C.  humistrata,  Nees.  Stem  minutely  pubescent,  simple ;  leaves 
smooth,  membranaceous,  oblong,  obtuse,  slightly  crenate,  tapering  into  a  slen- 
der petiole ;  flowers  clustered,  sessile ;  calyx  lobes  subulate-setaceous,  shorter 
than  tlie  spatulate-oblong  bracts ;  corolla  white.  —  Shady  banks,  Georgia  and 
Florida.  June -July. —  Stems  ^°-li°  high.  Leaves  |' -  1-J' long.  Corolla 
¥  long. 

5.     STENANDRIUM,    Nees. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  salver-form,  equally  5-lobed.  Stamens  4  :  anthers 
1-celled.  Stigma  truncate.  Cells  of  the  ovary  2ovuled.  —  Low  perennial 
herbs,  with  a  scape-like  stem,  clustered  radical  leaves,  and  purplish  flowers  in 
a  terminal  spike. 

1.  S.  dulce,  Nees.  Smooth  or  hirsute ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  long-peti- 
oled ;  spike  capitate,  few-flowered,  the  bracts  ciliate ;  tube  of  the  corolla  longer 
than  the  calyx  ;  capsule  club-shaped.  —  South  Florida.  —  Scape  6'  high. 
Leaves  l'-3'  long.     Corolla  |'  wide. 

6.     GATESIA,   Gray. 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  subulate.  Corolla^  salver-shaped,  5-lobed.  Sta- 
mens 2.  Anther  cells  alike,  one  lower  and  oblique.  Stigma  capitate.  Cap- 
sule 2-4-seeded. 

1.  G.  Isetevirens,  Gray.  Stem  tomento.se,  mostly  simjde ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  tapering  into  a  petiole;  the  lower  smaller  and  obtuse; 
spikes  axillary  and  terminal,  short-peduncled,  leafy  at  the  base,  compact,  few- 
flowered  ;  bracts  oblong,  ciliate ;  capsule  oval,  4-seeded.  —  Shady  banks,  Geor- 
gia, Florida,  and  westward.  June-  Sept.  —  Stem  5° -2°  high.  Leaves  2' -4' 
long.     Corolla  4" -5"  long,  white. 

7.    DIANTHERA,  Gronov. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  bilabiate;  the  upper  lip  emarginate;  the  lower 
3-lobed,  rugo.se  or  veiny  in  the  middle,  spreading.  Stamens  2 :  anther  cells 
separated,  one  lower  than  the  other.  Stigma  simple,  acute.  Capsule  flat- 
tened, narrowed  downward,  bearing  the  seeds  above  the  middle.  Seeds 
mostly  4,  supported  by  the  appendages  of  the  placentae.  —  Perennial  smooth 


3C6  A (•  A N T n A (•  i:,i:.     ( a (  a n  r i n ■  s   f a m  i  i- n  . ) 

]i<'rl)s,  wiili  i)iii)nsite  entire  leaves,  anil  sliorlliractiMl  mostly  alternate  flowers 
iu  hin^-puiluiK'lcd  axillary  s]iike8. 

1.  D.  Americana,  L.  stem  tali,  angled  ;  leaves  long,  linear-lanceolate; 
spikes  olilong,  dense  or  somewhat  »a|)itate,  on  peduncles  as  long  an  the  leaves. 

—  In   slow-llowing  streams.      July- August.  —  Slem  2^  hiyli.      Leaves  am! 
peduncles  4'-G'  long.     Spike  .V  long.     Flowers  pale  purple. 

2.  D.  ovata,  Walt.  Stem  low  (4'-8' high),4-angled  ;  leaves  ovate-lance- 
olate, rather  acute,  narrowed  into  a  slxjrt  petiole  ;  the  lowest  small,  lanceolate  ; 
spikes  3- -l-Howered,  on  simple  pe<luncles  shorter  than  the  leaves;  corolla 
small,  pale  purple,  the  lower  lij)  striped  with  deeper  lines.  (.lusticia  huniilis, 
Mn:lis.) — Muddy  banks  of  stream.s,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  —  Leaves 
2' -4'  long,  1'-  U'  wide. 

Var  lanceolata,  Chapm.  Stem  taller  (1°- 1^^)  ;  leaves  smaller,  lance- 
olate, acuminate,  nearly  sessile;  jieduncles  longer  than  the  loaves;  sjjikes 
many-lluwered,  1-sided,  often  hranehing.  —  River  lianks,  Florida.     July. 

Var.  '.  angUSta,  Chupm.  Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  reflexed,  the 
lower  ones  \ery  remote;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves;  spikes  several- 
flowered,  the  lower  flowers  often  opposite. —  I'ine  barren  ponds,  Florida. 
May.  —  Stem  1°  high.     Leaves  r-2'  long.     Corolla  4" -5"  long. 

3.  D.  crassifolia,  Chapm.  Stem  rigid,  angled  ;  leaves  fle.'^hy,  linear, 
channelled  ;  the  lower  distant,  small  and  oljtuse  ;  ])eduncles  stout,  erect,  longer 
than  tiie  leaves,  exceeding  the  stem  ;  spike  few-flowered  ;  corolla  large,  bright 
purple  ;  the  lower  lip  striped  with  deeper  lines  ;  capsule  2-seeded  ;  seeds  cir- 
cular, smooth.  —  AVet  pine  barrens,  Florida.  April -May.  —  Stem  6'- 12' 
high.  Leaves  4'- 6'  long.  Peduncles  4'- 9' long.  Corolla  and  capsule  1' 
long. 

8.    DICLIPTERA,  Juss. 

Cah'x  ."i-parted,  mostly  leafybracted.  Corolla  bilabiate,  mostly  reversed  ; 
the  lower  lip  3-lobed  ;  the  upper  2  cleft  or  entire.  Stamens  2:  anther  cells 
equal,  one  placed  behind  the  other.  Capsule  oblong  or  oval,  bearing  2  cr  4 
seeds  below  the  middle  ;  tlie  partitions  at  length  free  from  the  valves.  —  Herbs, 
with  branching  stem,  and  purjjle,  scarlet,  or  white  floAvers  in  axillary  and  ter- 
minal heads  or  spike-like  cymes. 

1.  D,  brachiata,  Spreng.  Smooth  or  nearly  so  ;  stem  6-angled  ;  leaves 
thin,  olilong  ovate,  acuminate,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  long  and  slender 
petitjle  ;  spikes  solitary  or  2  -3  togetlier,  interrupted,  unequal ;  bracts  oblong, 
mucronate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  at  length  inflated  ;  corolla  small,  purple.  — 

—  l?iver  banks,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     July -August. — Stem   l°-2° 
high. 

2.  D.  assurgens,  Juss.  Smooth  or  minutely  pubescent ;  stem  angled  ; 
leaves  elliptical,  acute,  on  slender  petioles;  flowers  mostly  single,  scattered  in 
1 -sided  spike-like  cymes;  bracts  small;  calyx  lobes  subulate,  unequal ;  corolla 
(scarlet)  curved,  nearly  equally  2-lipped ;  anthers  slightly  exserted  ;  style 
elongated.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Leaves  r-2' long.  Co- 
rolla 9" -12"  long. 


VERBENACE.F..       (VEKVAIN    FAMILY.)  367 


Order  101.     VERBENACE^E.     (Vervain  Family.) 

Chiefly  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  J-angied  mostly  rough  stems, 
aud  opposite  and  exstipulate  leaves.  Flowers  spiked,  capitate,  or 
cymose.  —  Calyx  4-5-cleft  or  parted,  free.  Corolla  regular  and 
salver-shaped,  or  more  or  less  bilabiate,  4-5-lobed.  Stamens  4-5, 
inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla :  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  entire, 
1-8-celled,  with  1  or  (in  Avicennia)  2  ovules  in  each  cell.  Style 
simple,  terminal.  Fruit  dry  or  baccate,  1-8-celled,  commonly  sep- 
arable into  as  many  1-seeded  indehiscent  nutlets.  Albumen  scarce 
or  none.     Embryo  straight. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe  I.  VEKBENE^.  Oviile  solitary,  erect  from  the  base  of  the  cell,  anatropous. 
Radicle  pointing  downward.     Flowers  in  spikes  or  heads. 

*  Herbs.     Fruit  dry. 

1.  PRIVA.     Stamens  4.     Fruit  of  two  nutlets,  enclosed  in  the  inflated  calyx. 

2.  VERBENA.     Stamens  4.     Fruit  of  four  nutlets.     Fruiting  calyx  not  inflated. 

3.  STACHYTARPHA.     Stamens  2.     Fruit  of  two  nutlets,  embedded  in  excavations  of 

the  thickened  rachis. 

4.  LIPPIA.     Stamens  4.     Fruit  of  two  nutlets.     Flowers  capitate. 

*  *  Shrubs.     Fruit  fleshy  or  pulpy. 

5.  LANTANA.     Fruit  of  two  nutlets.     Flowers  capitate. 

6.  CITHAREXYLUM.     Fruit  of  two  nutlets  surrounded  by  the  cup-shaped  calyx.     Flow- 

ers spiked. 

7.  DURANTA.     Fruit  of  four  nutlets  enclosed  in  the  beaked  calyx. 

Teibb  II.  VITE.<E.  Ovule  solitary,  suspended  from  the  inner  angle  of  the  cell, 
amphitropous.     Radical  pointing  downward.     Flowers  in  cymes.     Fruit  baccate. 

8.  CALLICARPA.     Fruit  of  four  nutlets.     Shrubs. 

Tribe  HI.  AVICENNIiE.  Ovules  by  pairs,  suspended  from  the  apex  of  the  cell, 
amphitropous.  Radicle  pointing  downward.  Flowers  in  imbricated  spikes  or  heads. 
Fruit  capsular. 

9.  AVICENNIA.     Embryo  large,  germinating  within  the  capsule.     Trees. 

Tribe  IV.  PHKYME^.  Ovule  solitary,  erect  from  the  base  of  the  1-celled  ovary, 
orthotropous.  Radicle  pointing  upward.  Cotyledons  convolute  around  their  axis. 
Flowers  in  elongated  slender  spikes.     Fruit  a  caryopsis. 

10.   PHRYMA.     Corolla  bilabiate.     Stamens  4,  didynamous.     Fruit  reflexed. 

1.     PRIVA,  Adans. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  5-cleft.  Stamens  4,  di- 
dynamous, included.  Ovary  4-celled.  Style  persistent.  Fruit  dry,  separating 
into  two  2-celled  spiny-angled  nutlets,  and  inclnded  in  the  inflated  niemhrana- 
ceous  calyx.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  serrate  petioled  undivided  leaves,  aud 
minute  flowers  in  a  loose  slender  spike. 

1.  P.  echinata,  Jn.ss.  Smooth  or  hispid  ;  stem  branching;  leaves  cor- 
date-ovate, acute,  coarsely  serrate  ;   flowers  alternate  ;   fruiting  calyx  bristly 


3G8  VKintKNACK.K.       (VIUVAIN     KA.MIl.V.) 

Willi  liuMkcil  liairs,  dvuid  ;  fruit  oviitc,  4-aiiglc«i|,  tlie  angles  arnu<l  with  tuber- 
riilar  s|iiii(s,  iiuintL'd  by  tbi-  jK>raii»ti'nt  bent  style.  —  Smith  Floriila.  —  Leaves 
r    L*   I'liij,'.     >'j)ikrs  6'-  9'  long,  toniiiiial  ami  in  tlie  forks  of  the  stem. 

2.     VERBENA,  L.     Vkkvaix. 

Calyx  tnbnlar,  r>  ril>l>til,  ."i-tcMitiicd.     Corolla  sah er-shajjed,  bearded  in  the 
throat;   the  liinl)  somewhat  bilabiate,  5-lobed.     Stamens  4,  didynamous,  in- , 
iluded.      Slignia   2-lobod.     Ovary  4-celled.     Fruit  of  four  separate  l-soedod 
nutli'ts.  —  Herbs,  witii  serrate  or  jiinnately  divided  leave.s,  and  mostly  small 
Howers  in  k'nglhening  slender  spikes. 
«  Aiillifig  of' l/u-  loiii/ir  slamvns  tipped  with  (t  (/Imid-like  appenddije  :  Jlowcrs 

s/i(iiri/.  * 

1.  V.  Aubletia,  L.  Hairy;  stem  creeping  at  the  l)ase,  a.scending,  fork- 
ing ;  leaves  o\ ate-oblong,  3-ileft,  with  the  lobes  toothed,  narrowed  into  a 
slender  petiole  ;  spikes  terminal  and  in  the  forks  of  the  stem,  loug-peduncled, 
closely  Howered  ;  calyx  slender,  the  uuetpial  teeth  subulate ;  corolla  showy, 
purple.  —  Dry  light  soil,  Florida  to  Soutli  Carolina,  and  westward.  May- 
Auyust.  —  Stem  6'-  12'  high.     Corolla  i'  long. 

♦  *  Anthers  without  appendages  :  flowers  small. 
•*-  Leaves  undivided. 

2.  V.  urticifolia,  L.  Hough-hairy;  stem  tall,  brandling  ;  leaves  ovate- 
oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  mucronate-serrate,  contracted  at  the  base  into  a 
long  petiqle ;  spikes  very  long,  filiform,  axillary  and  terminal ;  flowers  minute, 
white  or  pale  blue.  —  Low  ground.  August -Oct.  —  Stem  2° -5°  high. 
Leaves  very  rough,  2' -6'  long. 

3.  V.  hastata,  L.  Rough-hairy  ;  stem  branching;  leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  coarsely  and  sliarply  serrate,  tapering  into  a  long  petiole  ;  the 
lowest  liroader,  and  sometimes  hastate-lobed  at  the  base  ;  spikes  linear,  short, 
close-tiowered  ;  flowers  violet.  —  Low  ground,  in  the  upper  districts.  July- 
Sept.  —  Stem  2°-3°  high.     Flowers  larger  than  in  No.  2. 

4.  v.  Stricta,  Vent.  Softly  pubescent ;  .stem  mostly  simple  ;  leaves  ses- 
sile. oMmig,  ficrrate  ;  spikes  thick,  den.«ely  flowered  ;  flowers  rather  large,  Idue. 

—  Barrens  of  Tennessee,  and  westward.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 

5.  V.  BonariensiS,  L.  Pubescent  and  scabrous  ;  stem  much  branched 
(2°-3°high):  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  auriculate-clasping  ;  panicle  dense, 
cymose.  the  spikes  short ;  tube  of  the  purple  corolla  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

—  Roadsides  near  Charle.«ton  ( Cnrtiss).     Introduced. 

6.  V.  angustifolia,  Michx.  Hough-hairy ;  stem  simple,  or  branched 
above  :  leaves  lamcolate  or  linenr  lanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  coarsely  serrate, 
tapering  from  near  the  apex  to  the  sessile  base  ;  spil;es  linear,  terminal,  close- 
flowered  ;  flowers  purple.  —  Dry  woods.  July- Sept.  —  Stem  6'- 12'  high. 
Flowering  spikes  2' -6'  long. 

7.  V.  Caroliniana,  Michx.  Hough  with  short  rigid  hairs;  stem  ascend- 
ing; leaves  olilong,  or  the  lowest  oblong-obovate,  sharply  and  doubly  ser- 
rate, entire   toward   the    narrowel   b.ase,  sessile;    spikes   1-3,   elongated; 


VKRBENACE.E.       (VEBVAIN    FAMILY.)  369 

flowers  flesh-color.  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and  west 
ward.  August  —  Stem  4' -6'  high,  shorter  than  the  spikes.  Leaves  l'-2' 
long.     Nutlets  tardily  separating. 

•1-  -1-  Leaves  pinnatijid. 

8.  V.  oflBcinalis,  L.  Stem  smoothish,  erect,  branching  ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late or  oblong,  pinuately  lobed  or  toothed,  narrowed  and  entire  near  the  base, 
sessile,  pubescent  beneath  ;  spikes  linear  or  filiform,  pauicled  ;  bracts  shorter 
than  the  calyx  ;  flowers  purple.  —  Waste  ground,  chiefly  in  the  upper  dis- 
tricts.    Introduced.     July- August.  —  Stem  1°- 3°  high. 

9.  V.  bracteosa,  ]Michx.  Hirsute  and  hoary ;  stems  numerous,  pros- 
trate, diffuse  ;  leaves  small,  pinnately  toothed  or  lobed,  oblong,  narrowed  into 
a  petiole  ;  spikes  terminal,  dense ;  bracts  linear,  entii-e,  spreading,  much  longer 
thau  the  flowers,  the  lower  ones  recurved  ;  flowers  purple.  —  Waste  ground, 
and  along  roads.  August.  —  Stems  4'  -  6'  long.  Spikes  3'  -  6'  long.  Leaves 
6" -9"  long. 

10.  V.  XUtha,  Lehm.  Hirsute;  stem  l<=-2°  high  ;  leaves  oblong-ovate, 
coarsely  toothed,  or  some  3-parted ;  spikes  long,  filiform,  densely  flowered,  the 
subulate  bracts  little  exceeding  the  calyx ;  corolla  blue.  —  Roadsides,  Georgia, 
and  westward. 

3.    STACHYTARPHA,  Vahl. 

Calyx  tubular,  compressed,  5-toothed.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  5-cleft,  hairy 
in  the  throat.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  the  upper  pair  sterile.  Ovary  2-celled. 
Stigma  capitate.  Fruit  of  two  1-celled  1-seeded  nutlets.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with 
4-angled  forking  stems,  and  opposite  imdivided  leaves.  Flowers  in  straight 
and  rigid  spikes,  sunk  in  excavations  of  the  thickened  rachis,  and  covered  by 
the  imbricated  bracts. 

1.  S.  Jamaicensis,  Vahl.  Herbaceous,  smoothish;  stems  ascending; 
leaves  oblong,  coarsely  serrate,  tapering  into  a  slender  margined  petiole ; 
spikes  linear,  terete,  elongated ;  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  appressed,  with 
scarious  rough  margins;  flowers  small,  blue.  —  South  Florida.  —  Leaves  2' -4' 
long.     Spikes  8'-  12'  long. 

4.    LIPPIA,  L. 

Calyx  tubular,  membranaceous,  2-4-toothed.  Corolla  tubular- funnel- 
shaped,  somewliat  bilabiate,  5-cleft.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included.  "Ovary 
2-celled,  2-ovuled.  Style  short:  stigma  obliquely  capitate.  Fruit  of  two  1- 
seeded  separable  nutlets.  —  Herbs,  with  4-angled  stems,  opposite  or  whorled 
simple  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  dense  spikes  or  heads. 

1.  L.  nodiflora,  Michx.  Stem  creeping,  finely  pubescent,  the  flowering 
branches  erect ;  leaves  obovate,  oblong,  or  lanceolate,  rough,  tapering  and 
entire  below  the  middle,  serrate  above  ;  heads  dense,  globose  in  flower,  oblong 
or  cylindrical  in  fruit,  on  axillary  peduncles  which  are  2-3  times  as  long  as 
the  leaves;  flowers  white  or  purple.  —  Damp  soil,  chiefly  near  the  coast. 
May  -  Sept.  —  Flowering  stems  6'  -  1 2'  high.     Leaves  1'  -  2'  long. 

24 


o7U  VKKUKNACK.K.       (VKKVAIV     lA.-MILY.) 

5.     LANTANA,  K. 

Ciilyx  1111111110,  slightly  4-toutlied.  ('urt)lhi  l)il:il)iate  ;  the  upitcr  lip  notched 
or  entire  ;  the  lower  3-101)0(1.  Stamens  4,  didynanious,  incluiled.  Style  short : 
Htiijnia  ohlitiue.  Fruit  fleshy  or  herry-iiko,  of  two  mostly  rrgose  or  tubercu- 
lato  l-soedod  nutlets,  enclosed  in  the  enlarged  menihraiiaceous  calyx.  —  Shrubs, 
with  simple  rugose  serrate  loaves,  and  axillary  jieduncled  capitate  bracted 
flowers. 

1.  L.  involucrata,  L.,  var.  Floridana,  Chapm.  Stem  much 
branched,  j)uboscoiit ;  loaves  small  {}'  -  1),  oval  or  obovate,  crenate,  rounded 
at  the  apex,  contracted  into  a  slender  petiole;  peduncles  2-3  times  as  long  as 
the  leaves,  the  upper  ones  corymbose  ;  heads  small ;  bracts  ovate,  as  long  as 
the  tube  of  the  small  (2" -3")  white  corolla;  the  outer  ones  involucrate. — 
South  Florida 

2.  L.  Camara,  L.  stem  ]iul)osceiit,  hirsute,  or  prickly  ;  leaves  ovate- 
oblong,  acuminate,  croiiato,  short-petioled,  very  rough  above,  jjube.scent  be- 
neath ;  jiedunoles  as  long  as  tlie  leaves  ;  bracts  lanceolate,  half  as  long  as  the 
tube  of  the  yellow  corolla;  involucre  none.  —  Around  homesteads,  escaped 
from  cultivation.  June  -  Nov.  —  Shrub  2° -4°  high.  Leaves  2' long.  Fruit 
juicy. 

6.    CITHAREXYLUM,  L. 

Calyx  cup-shaped  or  somewiiat  tubular,  slightly  5-tootlied.  Corolla  salver- 
shaped,  5-lobed,  the  throat  pubescent.  Stamens  4-5,  included:  anthers 
sagittate.  Ovary  4-celled.  Style  thickened  upward  :  stigma  notched.  Drupe 
juicy,  of  two  2-seeded  bony  nutlets,  partly  included  in  the  enlarged  indurated 
calyx.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  entire  mostly  gland ular-petioled  leaves,  and 
small  flowers  in  slender  spikes  or  racemes. 

1.  C.  villosum,  Jacq.  Pubescent  or  glabrous;  leaves  somewhat  coria- 
ceous, oblong,  entire,  roughened  and  shining  above,  short-petioled  ;  spikes 
declining,  lax-flowered  ;  corolla  smooth,  the  lobes  rounded  or  notched ;  sta- 
mens 4 ;  drupe  globose,  haK  included  in  the  enlarged  calyx.  —  South  Florida. 
—  Leaves  2'  -  5'  long.  Spikes  2'  -  4'  long.  Corolla  2"  long.  Drupe  4"  in 
diameter. 

7.    DURANTA,  L. 

Calyx  tubular,  .5-ribbed,  5-toothed.  Corolla  somewhat  bilabiate,  pubescent 
in  the  throat ;  the  upper  lip  2-lol)ed  ;  the  lower  3-lobed.  Stamens  4,  included. 
Ovary  8-celled.  Style  short :  stigma  ol)lique.  Drupe  baccate,  of  four  2-seeded 
bony  nutlets,  included  in  the  enlarged  beak-pointed  calyx.  —  Shrubs.  Leaves 
opposite  or  whorled,  entire,  dotted.  Flowers  showy,  in  axillary  and  terminal 
racemes. 

1.  D.  Plumieri,  Jacq.  Spineless  or  spiny;  branches  and  racemes  pu- 
bescent ;  leaves  oldoiig  or  obovate,  obtuse,  entire,  or  serrate  near  the  apex, 
tapering  into  a  slender  petiole;  racemes  curving,  lax-flowered  ;  lower  bracts 
leafy;  drupe  globose.  —  South  Florida.  —  Leaves  V-2'  long.  Corolla  5" 
long,  lilac.     Drupe  yellow. 


VERBENACE^.       (VERVAIN    FAMILY.)  371 

8.    CALLICARPA,  L.    French  Mulberkt. 

Calyx  small,  cup-shaped,  4-toothed.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  4-cleft.  Sta- 
mens 4,  equal,  exserted.  Ovary  4-ceUed.  Style  slender ;  stigma  capitate. 
Drupe  baccate,  of  four  separate  1-seeded  nutlets.  —  Shrubs,  with  a  glandular 
or  scurfy  mostly  stellate  pubescence.  Leaves  opposite,  undivided,  serrate, 
petioled.     Flowers  in  axillary  forked  cymes. 

1.  C.  Americana,  L.  Branches  and  leaves  scurfy ;  leaves  ovate-oblong, 
acute  at  each  end,  crenate-serrate,  rough  above,  hoary  beneath,  becoming 
smoothish ;  cymes  many -flowered,  as  long  as  the  petioles  ;  corolla  blue  ;  drupes 
purple,  clustered.  —  Dry  open  woods.  June -July.  —  Shrub  3°-8°  high. 
Leaves  4'  -  6'  long. 

9.    AVICENNIA,  L. 

Calyx  of  5  imbricated  concave  sepals.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-lobed.  Sta- 
mens 4,  equal,  exserted :  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  two  collateral 
amphitropous  suspended  ovules  in  each  cell.  Style  short  or  none.  Capsule 
ovate,  coriaceous,  iudehisceut.  P^mbryo  large,  naked,  germinating  within  the 
capsule.  —  Low  evergreen  trees,  with  extensively  creeping  roots,  forming  im- 
penetrable thickets  on  the  muddy  shores  of  the  sea.  Leaves  opposite,  entire, 
smooth  above,  hoary  and  velvety  beneath.  Flowers  in  dense  heads,  ou  axil- 
lary and  terminal  peduncles. 

1.  A.  nitida,  Jacq.  Tomentose  throughout,  except  the  upper  surface  of 
the  rigid  oblong  obtuse  short-petioled  leaves  ;  peduncles  three  together,  ter- 
minal, shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  heads  oval ;  sepals  and  bracts  orbicular ;  co- 
rolla tomentose  on  both  sides ;  style  ex.serted.  —  Coast  of  Florida.  Oct.  — 
Branches  terete.  Leaves  2' -3'  long.  Peduncles  4-angled.  Heads  J' long. 
CoroUa  3"  long. 

10.     PHRYMA,  L.     LopsEED. 

Calyx  tubular,  bilabiate  ;  the  upper  lip  of  3  bristle-pointed  teeth  ;  the  lower 
shorter,  2-cleft.  Corolla  bilabiate  ;  the  upper  lip  notched,  the  lower  longer, 
3-lobed.  Stamens  4,  rlidynamous,  included.  Ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled.  Style 
slender:  stigma  2-cleft.  Fruit  oblong,  pointed  by  the  persistent  style.  —  A 
perennial  branching,  pubescent  herb,  with  opposite  ovate  or  oblong  coarsely 
serrate  long  petioled  leaves,  and  small  opposite  purplish  flowers  in  a  slender 
terminal  spike.     Fruit  reflexed. 

1.  P.  leptOStachya,  L.  —  Rich  shaded  soil,  chiefly  in  the  upper  dis- 
tricts. July  -  August.  —  Stem  l°-3°  high,  tumid  above  the  joints.  Leaves 
3'- 5'  long. 


Order  102.     LABIATE.      (Mint   Family.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  4-angled  branches,  and  oj)posite  ex- 
stipulate  leaves.  Flowers  opposite,  solitary,  or  oftener  in  close 
axillary  spiked  or  capitate  cymes  (whorls).  Calyx  3-10-cleft  or 
toothed.     Corolla   more   or   less  bilabiate,  4  -  5-lobed.     Stamens   in- 


371'  LAHIAT.E,        (mint    FAMILY.) 

sertt'd  oil  llic  tiilu'  of  (lie  corolla,  diaiidrous  or  didynamous.  Ovary 
4H'lflt  or  l-iuirtfd,  the  lobes  surroiiiidiiij,^  the  l>ase  of  the  single  style. 
Ovide  solitary,  erect,  anatropoiis.  Fruit  of  1-4  one-seeded  nutlets. 
AH'iinien  scarce  or  none.  Enihryo  straight  or  (in  Scutellaria)  curved. 
Radicle  short,  inferior.  —  Plants  commonly  dotted  with  minute 
glands,  which  are  tilled  with  an  aromatic  volatile  oil. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe  I.  OCIMOIDEiE.  Stamens  4,  didynainous  ;  the  lower  pair  longer,  reclining 
on  the  lower  lobe  of  the  corolla.     Anthers  •J-celled.     Nutlets  smooth,  distinct. 

1.  OCIMUM.     Upper  lobe  of  the  calyx  broad,  decurreut.    Lobes  of  the  corolla  nearly 

eqnal. 

2.  HVPTIS.    Calyx  teeth  nearly  equal.    Lowest  lobe  of  the  corolla  longest,  saccate,  bent 

downward. 

Tribb  II.  SATUREIEiE.  Stamens  2  or  4,  straight  and  spreading,  or  connivent 
under  the  uii|)er  lip  ;  the  upper  pair  shorter,  or  abortive.  Anthers  2-ceUed.  Mutleta 
smooth,  distiuct. 

*  Corolla  lobes  nearly  equal.     Stamens  distant. 

3.  MENTHA.     Fertile  stamens  4.     Whorls  spiked.     Nutlets  obtuse. 

4.  LYCOPUS.     Fertile  stamens  2.     Whorls  axillary.     Nutlets  truncate. 

*  *  Corolla  2-lipped.     Stamens  straight,  distant,  spreading. 

5.  CUNILA.     Stamens  2.     Calyx  equally  5-toothed,  hairy  in  the  throat. 

6.  PYCXANTHEMUM.     Stamens  4.     Calyx  2-lipped  or  5-toothed,  naked  in  the  throat. 

7.  C0LLIXS0X1.\.     Stamens  2  or  4.     Calyx  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  truncate,  3-toothed. 

Corolla  fimbriate. 

•  *  *  Corolla  2-lipped.    Stamens  ascending  and  spreading  above,  or  connivent  under  the 

upper  lip. 

'  -I-  Fertile  stamens  2  ;  the  two  sterile  ones  small. 

8.  HEDEOMA.    Calyx  13-nerved,  2-lipped  ;  the  lower  lip  hispid. 

■t-  -I-  Fertile  stamens  4.     Calyx  13-nerved. 

9.  SATUREI.\.     Flowers  capitate  :   low  shrub. 

10.  MICROMERI.\.     Calyx  teeth  nearly  equal.     Flowers  solitary.     Low  herbs. 

11.  C.\L.\M1NTH.\.    Calyx  2-lipped.    Flowers  in  cymes.    Anthers  awnless.    Chiefly  shrubs. 

12.  CONRADINA.     Corolla  ringent,  bent  backwards.     Flowers  mostly  axillary  and  single. 

13.  CER.\NTHERA.     Calyx  2-lipped.     Anther  cells  awned.     Branching  annuals. 

14.  MELISSA.     Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  flattened  on  the  upper  side.     Tube  of  the  corolla 

curved  upward. 

Tribe  III.  MONARDE^T^.  Stamens  2,  ascending  and  parallel.  Antliers  1-celled,  or 
with  2  confluent  cells.     Calyx  and  corolla  2-lipped.     Nutlets  smooth,  distinct. 

15.  SALVIA.    Connective  of  the  anther  elongated,  oblique ;  the  upper  cell  fertile ;  the  lower 

abortive  or  wanting. 

16.  MON.\RDA.    Anther  2-celled,  the  cells  confluent.    Calyx  teeth  equal. 

17.  BLEPHILIA.     Anther  2-celled,  the  cells  confluent.     Calyx  2-lipped;  the  upper  teeth 

awned. 

Tribe  IV.    NEPETEiE.    Stamens  4,  the  upper  pair  longer.     Nutlets  smooth,  distinct. 

18.  L0PHANTHU8.    Upper  stamens  curving  downward;    the  lower  ascending.     Anther 

cells  parallel. 

19.  NEPETA.     Stamens  all  ascending.     Anther  cells  diverging. 

20.  CEDRONELLA.     Stamens  all  ascending.     Anther  cells  parallel 


LABIATE.       (mint    FAMILY.)  373 

Tbibb  V.  STACHYDE^.  Stamens  4 ;  the  lower  pair  longer,  parallel,  ascending. 
Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  concave  or  keeled.  .Calyx  3  -  10-toothed  or  lobed.  Nutlets 
smooth,  distinct. 

*  CaJyx  2-lipped,  closed  in  fruit. 

21.  BRUNEULA.     Lips  of  the  calyx  toothed.     Flowers  3  in  a  cluster,  spiked. 

22.  SCUTELLARIA.     Lips  of  the  calyx  entire  ;  the  upper  one  appendaged.     Flowers  single, 

opposite. 

*  *  Calyx  not  2-lipped ;  the  teeth  or  lobes  spineless. 

23.  MACBRIDEA.     Calyx  3-lobed.     Flowers  capitate,  in  crowded  i-flowered  whorls. 

24.  SYNANDEA.     Calyx  4-toothed.     Sterile  anther  cells  connate. 

25.  PHYSOSTEGIA.     Calyx  5-toothed.     Flowers  opposite,  spiked.     Nutlets  3-angled. 

26.  LAMIUM.    Calyx  5-toothed.     Flowers  in  axillary  cymes.     Nutlets  truncated. 

*  *  *  Calyx  not  2-lipped ;  the  teeth  rigid  or  spiny. 

27.  MARRUBIUM.     Calyx  teeth  10,  nearly  equal.     Stamens  included.     Herbs  woolly. 

28.  LEONOTIS.     Calyx  teeth  8-10,  very  unequal.     Stamens  exserted.     Whorls  globose. 

29.  LEONURUS.     Calyx  teeth  5.     Nutlets  obtuse,  not  truncate.     Leaves  incisely  lobed. 

30.  STACHYS.     Calyx  teeth  5.     Nutlets  truncate,  sharp-angled.     Leaves  undivided. 
Teibe  VL     AJUGEiE.     Stamens  4,  ascending,  parallel,  exserted.     Nutlets  reticulated 

and  pitted,  their  bases  partially  united  within. 

*  Stamens  barely  exserted,  nearly  equal. 

31.  ISANTHUS.     Lobes  of  the  corolla  and  calyx  nearly  equal.     Peduncles  1  -3-flowered. 

#  *  Stamens  long-exserted,  didynamous. 

32.  TRICHOSTEMA.     Lobes  of  the  corolla  nearly  equal.     Calyx  5-cleft.     Flowers  solitary. 

33.  TEUCRIUM.     Lower  lobe  of  the  corolla  longest.     Calyx  5-toothed.     Whorls  crowded. 

1.     OCIMUM,  L.    Basil. 

Calyx  ovate  or  bell-shaped,  5-toothed,  angled,  deflexed  in  fruit ;  the  upper 
tooth  roundish,  with  the  margins  decurrent.  Corolla  nearly  equallv  2-lipped ; 
the  upper  lip  4-cleft;  the  lower  entire,  flat.  Stamens  4,  didynamous;  the 
lower  pair  longer,  resting  upon  the  lower  lip  of  the  corolla.     Style  2-(ileft  at 

the  apex.     Glands  of  the  disk  1-4.     Nutlets  smooth,  ovoid  or  globular. 

Chiefly  tropical  herbs  or  shrubs.     Whorls  6-flowered,  in  a  terminal  bracted 
spike  or  raceme. 

1.  O.  micranthum,  Willd.  Stem  branched,  pubescent ;  leaves  ovate 
and  ovate-lanceolate,  finely  serrate,  slender-petioled ;  raceme  many-flowered, 
pubescent ;  bracts  ovate ,  calyx  hispid  on  the  nerves,  the  lower  teeth  awned ; 
corolla  small,  slightly  exserted ;  stamens  smooth.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem 
6'- 12'  high.    Leaves  r-2'  long,     Flowers  purple. 

2.    HYPTIS,  Jacq. 

Calyx  tubular,  with  .5  equal,  subulate  teeth.  Corolla  5-lobed ;  the  four  up- 
per lobes  short,  spreading  or  reflexed ;  the  lowest  longer,  saccate,  abruptly 
deflexed,  thickened  at  the  base.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included  in  the  bud 
in  the  lower  lobe  of  the  corolla.     Nutlets  smooth,  ovoid. 

1.  H.  radiata,  Willd  Perennial ;  stem  mostly  simple,  pubescent  above  ; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate  or  toothed,  tapering  into  a  petiole ;  flowers  cap- 
itate, surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  several  lanceolate  whitish  bracts ;  corolla 
small,  white,  dotted  with  purple. —  Low  ground,  Florida  to  North  Carolina, 
and  westward.    July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high. 


374  LAiuAT.i:.      (mint  jamilv.) 

2.  H.  spicata,  I'liit.  Annual,  cliisoly  puliesccMt;  stem  obtusely  4-auf!;led, 
muriiato;  It-aves  ovate,  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  loiigiHjtioled  ;  whorls  sliort- 
peduucleii,  3 - 6-Ho\vere(l,  iuterruptedly  racemose;  calyx  teeth  spine-like, 
spreading;  corolla  small,  purple.  — Tami)a  aud  Jacksouville,  Florida.  lutro- 
duced.  —Stem  2^-5^  high. 

3.  H.  pectinata,  I'oit.  Annual'  pulie.scent ;  stem  often  muricate; 
leaves  ovate,  acute,  serrate,  twice  as  long  as  the  jietiole,  tlie  uppermost  ones 
bract-like:  whorls  ])ackeil  in  dense  one-sided  pectinate  spikes;  caly.x  villous 
at  tlietiiroat;  corolla  minute,  pale  puri)!e.  —  South  Florida.  —  JStems  2°-6° 
high. 

3.    MENTHA,   L.    Mint. 

Calyx  tubular,  nearly  eciually  5-tootlied.     Corolla  equally  4-lobed,  the  upper 
lobe  notched  or  entire.     Stamens  4,  ecjual,  distant,  straight:  antiier  cells  par- 
allel.    Style  2-cleft  at  the  apex.     Nutlets  smootli,  obtuse. — Aromatic  herbs. 
Whorls  axillary,  or  forming  a  dense  or  interrupted  terminal  spike. 
*    Whorls  approximate,  njncate. 

1.  M.  viridis,  L.  (Speau-mint.)  Stem  aud  leaves  smooth  ;  leaves  ovate- 
lauceolatc,  unei|ual]y  serrate,  nearly  sessile;  bracts  leafy,  aud,  like  the  calyx, 
smooth  or  hairy;  spike  cylindrical,  interrupted  below;  calyx  teeth  linear- 
subulate.  —  Damp  soils.  Introduced,  aud  sparingly  uaturalized.  July  -  Sept. 
—  Stem  I°-2^  Idgh.     Flowers  pale  blue. 

2.  M.  rotundifolia,  L.  Soft-hairy ;  stem  erect ;  leaves  rouudish,  ru- 
gose, creuate,  sessile,  hoary  beneath  ;  spikes  oblong,  interrupted ;  bracts  lance- 
olate; fruiting  calyx  round i.sh,  the  teeth  short  and  acute. — Waste  ground. 
Sparingly  introduced.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.     Corolla  white. 

3.  M.  piperita,  L.  (Pkppermint.)  Smooth;  stem  creeping  at  the 
base,  ascending,  branched  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute,  .sharply  serrate,  rounded 
at  the  base,  short-petioled ;  spikes  .slender,  interrupted;  bracts  mostly  longer 
than  the  whorls,  the  upper  ones  linear ;  calyx  teeth  hairy.  —  Low  ground. 
Introduced.    July-  Sept.  —  Stems  l°-2°  high.     Flowers  white  or  blue. 

*  *   Whorls  arillnri/. 

4.  M.  Canadensis,  L.  Hirsute  or  glal)rons;  stem  1°  high,  branching; 
leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  serrate,  acnte  ;  whorls  peduncled,  densely  many- 
flowered  ;  calyx  teeth  short,  acute  ;  corolla  pale  purple.  —  Low  ground,  Ten- 
nessee, and  northward. 

5.  M.  arvensis,  L.  (Corn  Mint.)  Downy  and  somewhat  canescent ; 
leaves  oldong  or  ovate;  whorls  dense,  globose;  calyx  teeth  lanceolate. — 
Georgia.     Introduced. 

6.  M.  aquatica,  L.,  var.  glabrata,  Benth.  (Bergamot  Mint.)  Smooth  ; 
leaves  ovate,  sharply  .serrate;  whorls  loose,  peduncled,  single  or  racemose; 
calyx  teeth  subulate.  —  Manatee,  South  Florida  (  Garber).     Introduced. 

4.    LYCOPUS,  L. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  equally  4  -  5-toothed,  naked  at  the  throat.  Corolla  bell- 
shaped,  exserted,  equally  4-cleft.     Fertile  stameus  2,  exserted;  the  upper  pair 


LABIATE.       (mint    FAMILY.)  375 

sterile,  included  or  wanting  r  anther  cells  parallel.  Style  2-cleft  at  the  apex. 
Nutlets  3-augled,  truncate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base.  —  Marsh  or 
aquatic  mostly  stoloniferous  herbs.  Leaves  mostly  toothed  or  pinnatifid. 
Whorls  dense,  axillary.     Flowers  small,  sessile,  white. 

1.  L.  Virginicus,  L.  Stem  smoothish ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  toothed- 
serrate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  each  end ;  calyx  teeth  4,  ovate,  obtuse ;  corolla 
small,  exserted;  sterile  stamens  minute.  —  Ponds  and  ditches.  Sept.  —  Stem 
l°-2°  high.     Leaves  l'-2'  long. 

2.  L.  sinuatus,  Ell.  Stem  2°  -  4^^  high,  smooth,  much  branched ;  leaves 
pinuatifid-toothed,  ovate-oblong,  tapering  at  each  end ;  the  upper  ones  nar- 
rower ;  calyx  teeth  5,  lanceolate-subulate,  acute ;  corolla  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx ;  sterile  stamens  minute  or  none.  —  Ponds  and  wet  grounds.  August  - 
Sept. 

3.  L.  rubellus,  Mcench.  Closely  puljescent  or  tomentose;  stem  l°-2° 
high,  simple  or  branched,  very  leafy ;  leaves  ovate  lanceolate,  acuminate  at 
each  end,  coarsely  serrate;  whorls  dense;  calyx  teeth  subulate,  pubescent, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla ;  seeds  pitted.  —  Wet  banks,  mostly  in  the  upper 
districts.     August -Sept. 

4.  L.  sessilifolius,  Gray.  Pubescent;  stem  simple  or  sparingly 
branched ;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  or  linear,  toothed,  serrate,  or  entire,  resi- 
nous-dotted ;  calyx  teeth  subulate.  —  Ponds  and  ditches  in  the  lower  districts. 
August -Oct.  —  Stem  2° -4°  high.     Leaves  2' -4'  long. 

5.     CUNILA,   L.     Dittany. 

Calyx  tubular,  10-nerved,  equally  .5-toothed,  hairy  in  the  throat.  Corolla 
2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  notched  or  entire,  the  lower  3-cleft.  Stamens  2,  dis- 
tant, exserted :  anther  cells  parallel.  Style  2-cleft  at  the  apex.  Nutlets 
smooth.  —  Perennial  herbs.     Flowers  small,  in  corymbose  or  crowded  whorls. 

1.  C.  Mariana,  L.  Smooth;  stem  slender,  much  branched ;  leaves  ovate, 
serrate,  acute,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  subsessile  ;  cymes  loose,  axillary 
and  terminal,  peduncled,  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves,  corvmbose;  calyx 
teeth  lanceolate,  acute.  —  Dry  soil  along  the  mountains,  Georgia,  and  north- 
ward.    July-  Sept.  —  Stem  1°  high.     Leaves  1'  long.     Flowers  purple. 

6.     PYCNAWTHEMUM,  Michx.     Horse-mint. 

Calyx  tubular,  13  nerved,  naked  in  tlie  throat,  equally  .5-toothed,  or  slightly 
2-lipped.  Corolla  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  notched  or  entire,  the  lower  3-cleft. 
Stamens  4,  nearly  equal,  straight,  spreading,  commonly  exserted  :  anther  cells 
parallel.  Style  2-cleft  at  the  apex.  Nutlets  smooth.  —  Perennial  mostly  pu- 
bescent or  hoary  herbs,  with  erect  branching  stems.  Floral  leaves  often  white, 
tomentose.  Cymes  mostly  terminal,  bracted.  Corolla  small,  white  or  pur- 
plish. —  Plants  aromatic  and  pungent. 
*  Calyx  more  or  less  2-lipped,  the  subulate  teeth  often  bearded  with  weak  jointed 

hairs:  cymes  mostly  terminal,  widely  spreading  in  fruit:  bracts  longer  than 

the  flowers :  leaves  pubescent,  the  uppermost  whitened. 
1.   P.  incanum,  Michx.      Stem  densely  pubescent  and  hoary;  leaves 
ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  sharply  serrate,  short -petioled,  hoary-tomentose 


376  LAIUAT.K.       (mint    FAMILY.) 

hciieath;  calvx  tcc-th  suliulato,  and,  liko  tlic  hrofts,  conimouly  bearded. — 
W.Mxl.s  and  fcjicerows.  August- Mi-pt.  —  Sti'iii  :i°-4'' liigli.  Leaves  2'-3' 
long.     I"li)wer.>*  wliilo. 

2.  P.  albescens,  Gray.  Smoother  ;  leaves  smaller  ;  calyx  teeth  shorter 
and  hroader,  olituse,  beardless ;  otiierwiso  like  the  preceding.  — With  the 
last.     August -Sept. 

.1.  P.  Tullia,  Renth.  Villous-iiubescont ;  leaves  ovate  or  olilong,  acute  or 
acuiniiiaic,  the  upper  cauescent ;  whorls  large,  loo.se,  axillary  and  terminal ; 
caly.x  teeth  subulate,  long-beanled  like  tlie  liracts;  the  2  lower  as  long  as  the 
tube.  —  Mountains,  Alabama  to  Nortli  Carolina.  August- Sej)t.  —  Stem  2° -3° 
high.     Leaves  2'  -  4'  long. 

Var.  dubium,  Gray.  Green  thnnigiiout ;  calyx  teeth  shorter.  —  Ashe 
County,  North  Carolina  (Gray  Sf  Casei/). 

*  *  Calyx  teeth  nearly  equal. 

■*-  Calyx  as  long  as  the  corolla ;  the  teeth  subulate  and  awn-pointed ,  like  the  rigid 
bracts:   cymes  dense-flowered. 

4.  P.  aristatum,  iNIichx.  Tomentose  and  hoary,  or  sometimes  hairy  ; 
stem  l)r:uR-hod  ;  leaves  ovate  or  oI)liing,  acute,  sparingly  serrate,  rounded  at 
tiie  base,  short-petioled,  the  uppermost  somewhat  whitened ;  cymes  mostly 
terminal;  ovary  bearded.  —  Var.  hyssopifolicm.  Gray.  Stem  simple  or 
corymbose  above ;  leaves  rigid,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  entire.  —  Low  ground. 
August  -  Sept.  —  Stem  1^°  -  3°  high.     Leaves  1'  -  2'  long. 

■*-  4-  Calyx  teeth  beardless  and  awnless :  cymes  capitate, mostly  terminal:  bracts 
shorter  than  the  flowers :  leaves  subsessile. 

5.  P.  pilosum,  Nutt.  Softly  pubescent  or  villous  ;  branches  short,  erect ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  acute  at  each  end,  none  of  them  whitened ;  cvmes 
small,  compact,  corymbose  ;  calyx  teeth  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  and,  like  the 
bracts,  hoary-tomentose.  —  Upper  di.stricts  of  Georgia,  and  northward.  Au- 
gust -  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  high.    Leaves  1'  -  2'  long. 

6.  P.  muticum,  Pers.  Smooth  or  tomento.9e ;  stem  corymbosely 
branclied ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  rounded  or  slightlv 
cordate  at  the  base,  sessile  or  short-petioled,  the  uppermost  whitened  ;  cymes 
small,  compact,  corymbose,  minutely  hoary-tomentose;  calyx  teeth  short, 
triangular-ovate,  obtuse.  —  Dry  soil.  August -Sept.  — Stem  I°-2°  high. 
Leaves  l'-2'  long. 

7.  P.  leptodon,  Benth.  Stem  2° -.3°  high,  slightly  pubescent ;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolato,  serrate,  smooth  and  green  on  both  sides,  the  floral  ones 
faintly  Whitened ;  cymes  compact ;  calyx  teeth  subulate,  shorter  than  the  tube, 
hirsute,  like  the  slender-pointed  bracts.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina. 
August. 

8.  P.  Torreyi,  Benth.  Stem  more  or  less  pubescent,  nearly  simple; 
leaves  (not  whitened)  linear-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  nearly  sessile  and 
entire  ;  calyx  teeth  subulate.  —  Tennessee  {Dr.  Gattinger),  and  northward.— 
Stem  2'  -  3°  high.    Leaves  2'  long. 


LABIATE.       (mint    FAMILY.)  377 

-t-  H-  -I-  Cymes  capitate,  in  compact  cori/mbose  clusters:  bracts  shorter  than  the 
Jioivers  :  stem  and  rigid  entire  leaves  smoothish. 

9.  P.  lanceolatum,  Pursh.  Stem  branched  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute,  rounded  at  the  base  ;  cymes  numerous,  pubescent ;  bracts 
ovate-lanceolate;  calyx  teeth  short,  triangular. — Dry  soil  in  the  upper  dis- 
tricts.    August  -  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Leaves  l'-2'  long. 

10.  P.  linif  olium,  Pursh.  Stem  branched ;  leaves  very  numerous,  linear, 
sessile;  cymes  smoothish ;  bracts  linear,  acute ;  calyx  teeth  lanceolate-subu- 
late, rigid,  acute.  — Dry  soil.     August  -Sept.  —  Stem  2°  high. 

11-  P.  nudum,  Nutt.  Smooth  ;  stem  simple  or  corymbose  at  the  sum- 
mit, .straight ;  leaves  sessile,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  rounded  at  the  base  ;  cymes 
smooth  ;  exterior  bracts  narrow-lanceolate,  the  inner  short,  subulate  ;  calyx 
teeth  short,  triangular-lanceolate,  and,  like  the  corolla,  pubescent.  —  Low 
pine  barrens,  Alabama  and  Florida.  August  -  Sept.  Stem  2°  high.  Leaves 
^-"-i'long. 

•i-  -i-  +-  1-  Ci/mes  axillary  and  terminal,  large,  dense-flowered :  bracts  ciliate. 

12.  P.  montanum,  Michx.  Stem  slender,  smooth,  simple  or  branched  ; 
leaves  smooth,  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  acute,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole, 
the  lowest  rounded  at  the  hase ;  cymes  globose,  the  upper  ones  ck>sely  sessile  ; 
bracts  numerous,  ciliate ;  the  e.xterior  ovate,  very  acute,  as  long  as  the  flowers, 
the  inner  ones  linear ;  calyx  teeth  short,  acute  ;  ovary  bearded.  —  Mountains 
of  North  Carolina.    July  -  August.  —  Stem  1°  -  3°  high.    Leaves  2'  -  3'  long. 

7.    COLLINSONIA,  L.    Horse  Balm. 

Calyx  obovate,  enlarged  and  deflexed  in  fruit,  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  flat- 
tened, truncate,  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  2-lipped, 
dilated  at  the  throat ;  the  four  upper  lobes  equal,  the  lowest  larger,  declining, 
toothed  or  fimbriate.  Stamens  2  or  4,  long-exserted,  spreading:  anther  cells 
diverging.  Nutlets  smooth.  —  Stronsr-scented  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  large, 
coarsely  serrate,  dotted  beneath.  Flowers  yellowish,  opposite,  in  racemes  or 
panicles.     Petioles  tumid  at  the  base. 

*  Fertile  siamens  2. 

1.  C.  Canadensis,  L.  Nearly  smooth;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate, 
acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  acute,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  hase,  long-peti- 
oled,  the  uppermost  smaller,  sessile  ;  panicle  elongated  ;  bracts  minute,  very 
acute  ;  flowering  calyx  very  small,  the  upper  lip  much  shorter  than  the  lower, 
with  subulate  teeth  ;  corolla  4  times  as  long  as  the  calyx,  yellowish.  —  T?ich 
shaded  soil.  Sept.  —  Stem  2° -4°  high.  Leaves  4'- 9'  long.  Corolla  3" -5" 
long. 

Var.  punctata,  Gray.  Generally  larger,  and  more  pubescent ;  leaves  ob- 
tusely serrate  and  more  plainly  dotted  beneath  ;  inflorescence  glandular.  — 
Georgia  to  North  Carolina,  near  the  coast.     Sept. 

2.  C.  seabriuscula,  Ait.  Stem  slender,  branching,  glandular-pubescent 
above,  1°-  2°  high  ;  leaves  small  (1'- 2' long),  ovate,  acute  or  round  at  the 
base,  coarsely  serrate,  smooth,  or  slightly  scabrous  above ;  inflorescence  gland- 


378  LAniAT.K.     (mint  family. ) 

iiliir  iml)c8cont ;   fomlhi  yi-llow,  tin-  Itjwust  lube  purjile.  —  Hieh  shady  woods, 
in  tla-  U|)].(T  districts.     Sept. 

♦  •  Fertile  stanuns  4. 

3.  C.  verticillata,  Baldw.  Stem  simple,  smooth  l)clow  ;  leaves  4,  mem- 
braiiiUH-ous,  elliptical,  acuto,  rather  finely  serrate,  acute  or  (jhtuse  at  the  base, 
8ht»rt-|>eti<)led,  apprcixiniate,  the  lower  surface,  like  the  .simple  lung-peduncled 
raceme,  viscid-pubescent ;  lower  tlower.s  whorled,  the  iij)per  opjK)site  ;  bracts 
minute;  calyx  teeth  linear-subulate,  half  as  long  a.s  the  corolla.  —  IJght 
shaded  soil,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts,  Georgia,  and  westward.  May. 
—  Stem  1°  high.     Corolla  yellow  or  jiurplish. 

4.  C.  anisata,  I'ursh.  Viscid  jmbesceut ;  stem  stout,  simple  or  branched  ; 
leaves  large,  oval  or  ovate,  acute,  nmcrouate-crenate,  mostly  rounded  or  cor- 
date at  the  base,  the  uppermost  se.ssile  ;  panicle  many-flowered ;  bracts  ovate ; 
calyx  lobes  large,  ovate-lanceolate,  nearly  equal;  corolla  large,  yellow.  —  Dry 
shaded  soil  in  the  middle  and  lower  di.stricts.  August -Sept.  —  Stem  l°-2^ 
high.     Leaves  4'- 8' long.     Corolla  I'-f' long. 

8.     HEDEOMA,  Ters. 

Calyx  tubular,  somewhat  gibbous  under  the  base,  ecjually  5-toothed  or  bi- 
labiate, "with  the  U])per  lip  3-toothed,  the  lower  2cleft,  hairy  in  the  throat. 
Corolla  2-lipped;  the  upper  lip  notched  or  entire,  the  lower  3-cleft.  Stamens 
2,  a.«cending :  anther  cells  diverging.  Isutlets  smooth.  —  Herbs,  with  small 
leaves,  au<l  axillary  few-flowered  cymes. 

1.  H,  pulegioides,  I'ers.  {Pknxvkovai,.)  Annual,  pubescent,  much 
branched ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  sparingly  .serrate,  pale  beneath,  con- 
tracted into  a  slender  petiole ;  whorls  6-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves ; 
lower  lip  of  the  caly.x  hi.spid.  — Dry  hills  in  the  upper  districts.  June -Sept. 
—  Stem  1°  high.     Leaves  I' long.     Corolla  small,  pale  blue. 

2.  H.  graveolens,  Chapm.  Stems  clustered,  woody  at  the  base,  pu- 
bescent (1°-  H^  high) ;  leaves  ovate,  cordate,  the  lowe.st  short-petioled,  spar- 
ingly serrate ;  flowers  single,  opposite,  racemose ;  the  bracts  and  2  op))osite 
bractlets  oblong,  nearly  equal ;  calyx  teeth  ciliate ;  sterile  anther  manifest ; 
leaves  ovoid.  —  Low  pine  barrens  near  Apalachicola,  Florida.    July. 

9.     SATUREIA,  L.     Savory. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  10-nerved,  .5-toothed.  Corolla  2-lipped,  the  lower  lip 
3-lobed.  Stamens  4,  spreading  or  conuivent;  anthers  2-celled.  Style  un- 
equally 2-cleft. 

1.  S.  rigida, Bartram.  Shrubby,  villous  ;  stem  assurgent  (1°-1^°  long) ; 
leaves  rigid,  lanceolate,  entire  ;  spikes  capitate,  oblong ;  calyx  miuute;  corolla 
pale  purple.  — Low  sandy  pine  barrens.  South  Florida. 

10.    MICROMERIA,  Benth. 

Calyx  tubul.ar,  13-nerved,  nearly  equally  .5  toothed,  mostly  hairy  in  the 
throat.  Corolla  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  flat,  notched  or  entire,  the  lower 
spreading,   3-lobed ;   the  straight  tube   commjjuly  shorter  than   the  calyx. 


LABIAT.E.       (mint    FAMILY.)  379 

Stamens  4,  didynamous,  arching  inward :  anther  cells  parallel,  or  at  length 
diverging.  Nntlets  smooth.  —  Herbs,  with  the  small  white  or  purple  flowers 
solitary,  or  few  in  a  whorl,  chiefly  axillary. 

1.  M.  Brownei,  Benth.  Smooth;  stem  prostrate  or  ascending,  mostly 
simple ;  leaves  round-ovate,  obtuse,  creuate  or  entire,  short-petioled ;  flowers 
solitary,  opposite,  on  widely  spreading  peduncles,  exceeding  the  leaves,  erect, 
purple.  —  River  banks,  Florida.  July  -  xVugust.  —  Stem  6'  -  12'  long.  Leaves 
4"  -  6"  long. 

11.     CALAMINTHA,   Benth. 

Calyx  tubular,  13-uerved,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  spreading,  3-toothed,  the 
lower  2-cleft,  bearded  or  naked  in  the  throat.  Corolla  2-lipped,  open  at  the 
throat;  the  upper  lip  notched  or  entire,  the  lower  3  lobed,  the  tube  commonly 
exserted.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  arching  inward :  anther  cells  at  length 
diverging.  Nutlets  smooth.  —  Herbs  or  shrubby  plants,  with  white,  scarlet, 
or  purple  flowers. 

§  1.    Calamintha.      Herbs:   cymes  pedunded,  compound,  small-bracted ;   the 
upper  ones  forming  a  l-sided  compound  raceme  :  flowers  small. 

1.  C.  Nepeta,  Link.  Villous;  stem  much  branched,  ascending ;  leaves 
small,  ovate,  obtuse,  serrate,  petioled ;  cymes  numerous,  dichotomous,  loose- 
flowered  ;  calyx  bearded  in  the  throat,  half  as  long  as  the  purple  corolla.  — 
Waste  places  and  roadsides.  Introduced.  July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  long. 
Leaves  ^  long. 

§2.    Calomelissa.     Shrubs:  cymes  nearly  sessile,  axillarii,  few-flowered,  often 
leafy -bracted :  pedicels  elongated :  throat  of  the  calyx  bearded :  flowers  showy. 

2.  C.  Caroliniana,  Sweet.  Stem  much  branched,  closely  pubescent ; 
leaves  rigid,  smootli,  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  crenate,  finely  dotted,  narrowed 
into  a  slender  petiole ;  axillary  leaves  small  and  clustered ;  cymes  6-flowered, 
the  lower  bracts  leafy ;  corolla  white  or  purple,  spotted.  —  Sandy  or  rocky 
banks,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  August -Sept.  —  Shrub  1°- 2°  high,  the 
flowering  branches  simple.     Leaves  I'-l^'  long.     Corolla  I'  long. 

3.  C.  COCCinea,  Benth.  Smooth  or  minutely  pubescent ;  leaves  obovate- 
oblong,  obtuse,  entire  or  obscurely  crenate,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole; 
flowers  solitary  or  in  3-flowered  bracted  cymes;  corolla  scarlet.  —  Middle  dis- 
tricts of  Georgia,  and  westward.  Oct.  -  Nov.  —  Stem  2°  high,  the  outer  bark 
loose  and  shreddy.     Leaves  ^'  long.     Corolla  1 V  long. 

4.  C.  dentata,  Chapm.  Densely  tomentose ;  .stem  diffusely  branched ; 
leaves  small,  obovate  or  wedge-shaped,  entire,  or  2-4-toothed  at  tlie  apex, 
nearly  sessile ;  flowers  solitary  or  3  together ;  calyx  smooth,  the  upper  lip 
emarginate  or  obscurely  3-toothed,  much  shorter  than  the  lower;  corolla 
white  or  purplish,  |'  long.  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Bristol,  Florida.  May  -  Sept. 
—  Stem  1°-  2*^  high.     Leaves  very  numerous,  |'  long. 

5.  C.  glabella,  Benth.  Herbaceous,  smooth  ;  .stems  slender  (1°- 2°  high) ; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  sparingly  .serrate,  short-petioled ;  whorls  mostly 
6-flowered,  sessile,  the  spreading  pedicels  twice  as  long  as  tlie  calyx,  and  com- 
monly longer  than  the  lanceolate  acute  bracts ;  corolla  pale  purple.  —  Rocky 
banks,  Tennessee. 


380  LABIATE.       (mint    FAMILY.) 

12.  CONRADINA,  (iniy. 

Characters  cliiefly  of  tlic  j)roc'ediug,  hnt  the  conilla  alinijitly  bent  upward 
at  tlie  throat,  wididy  2-li|)i)ed,  the  upper  erect,  the  lower  3-lol)ed  and  dcjiend- 
eut.  —  A  cauescent  brauchiug  abrub,  with  liuear  persisteut  leaves,  and  purple 
Mowers. 

I.  C.  canescons,  (Jray.  Iloary-tomentose;  stem  diffusely  branched; 
leaves  linear,  entire,  obtuse,  with  tiie  margins  revolute  ;  cymes  very  numerous, 
1  -3-Howered  ;  ciilyx  smootli  or  hairy,  the  upper  lip  obtusely  3-toothed  ;  corolla 
hairy,  wliite  or  purple,  dotted  in  tiie  throat ;  antiiers  liairy.  —  Dry  sands  along 
tlie  co;ust  of  Florida,  Howering  throughout  tiie  year.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 
Leaves  J'- J'  loug.     Corolla  ^'  long. 

13.  CERANTHERA,  Ell. 

Calyx  tubular,  13-nerved,  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  entire  or  minutely  3-toothed, 
the  lower  scarcely  longer,  2-cleft,  tiie  throat  bearded.  Corolla  2-li])ped ;  the 
ujipcr  lip  erect,  tlie  lower  spreading,  3-cleft.  Stamens  4,  didyuamous,  spread- 
ing, exserted :  anther  cells  distinct,  diverging,  awued  at  the  apex.  Kutlets 
smootii.  —  Smootii  annuals,  with  narrow  leaves.  Cymes  loose,  spreading, 
several-Howered,  forming  a  leafy  terminal  raceme.     Flowers  purple. 

1.  C.  linearifolia,  Ell.  Stem  mo.stly  branching,  erect;  leaves  linear 
or  lanceolate,  serrate  or  entire,  obtuse,  sessile ;  cymes  peduncled,  3  -  9-fiowered  ; 
C4ilyx  purple,  declined  in  fruit.  —  Dry  sandy  pine  barreus,  Florida,  Georgia, 
and  westward.  Oct. -Nov.  —  Stem  1°  Iiigii.  Leaves  1' long.  Flowers  very 
numerous,  ])urple,  dotted.     Style  hairy. 

2.  C.  denslflora,  Gray.  Stem  loosely  branched  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
late, or  the  uppermost  linear;  cymes  sessile,  5- lO-flowered.  —  East  Florida 
(Benthnm).  —  Cymes  more  compact,  calyx  smaller,  and  the  awns  of  the  an- 
thers shorter,  than  in  No.  1. 

14.  MELISSA,  L.  Ealm. 
Calyx  tubular-bellshaped,  1.3-nerved,  2  lipped;  the  upper  lip  flattish,  3- 
toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft,  beardless  in  the  throat.  Corolla  tube  recurved- 
ascending.  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  erect,  the  lower  3-cleft,  spreading.  Stamens  4, 
curved  and  connivent  under  the  upper  lip :  anther  cells  at  length  diverging. 
Nutlets  smooth.  —  Herbs,  with  few-flowered  1-sided  axillary  cymes,  and  white 
or  yellow  flowers. 

1.  M.  oflBcinalis,  L.  Stem  erect,  branching;  leaves  ovate,  crenate, 
truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base;  cymes  3-6-flowered,  with  ovate  bracts.— 
North  Carolina,  and  northward.     Introduced. 

15.  SALVIA,  L.  Sage. 
Calyx  tubular  or  bell-shaped,  2  lipped ;  the  upper  lip  entire  or  3-toothed, 
the  lower  2-cleft,  beardless  in  the  throat.  Corolla  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  en- 
tire or  notched,  the  lower  spreading,  3-lobed.  with  the  middle  lobe  larger,  entire 
or  notched.  Stamens  2,  short:  anther  cells  linear,  widely  separated  by  the 
elongated  oblique  connective;  the  upper  one  fertile,  the  lower  imperfect  or 
wanting.  —  Cymes  in  spikes,  racemes,  or  panicles. 


LABIATE.       (mint    FAMILY.)  381 

*  Upper  Up  of  the  calyx  ovate,  entire  or  3-tonthed :  lower  anther  cell  wanting. 

1.  S.  azurea,  Lam.  Smooth;  stem  simple  or  brauched;  leaves  lanceo- 
late or  linear,  obtuse,  entire,  or  the  lower  ones  serrate,  tapering  at  the  base ; 
racemes  elongated;  whorls  nearly  sessile,  6- 12-flowered;  calyx  longer  than 
the  pedicel,  the  teeth  ovate,  acute ;  corolla  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx, 
white  or  blue ;  style  bearded.  —  Dry  light  or  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  South 
Carolina,  and  westward.  July-August.  —  Stem  2° -4°  high.  Leaves  \^'-3' 
long.     Corolla  6"  -  8"  long. 

2.  S.  urticifolia,  L.  Stem  (I°- 2°)  mostly  simple,  villous-pubesceut  and 
somewhat  viscid ;  leaves  thin,  rhombic-ovate,  acute,  serrate,  abruptly  con- 
tracted into  a  winged  petiole,  the  upper  surface  and  veins  beneath  sparse- 
hairy;  racemes  terminal;  bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  caducous;  wliorls  6-12- 
flowered.  remote ;  calyx  bell-shaped,  longer  than  tlie  pedicel,  broadly  3-toothed, 
about  half  as  long  as  the  blue  and  white  corolla;  style  bearded.  —  Eich  soil 
in  the  upper  districts.     April -May. 

3.  S.  Chapmani,  Gray.  Tomentose;  stem  tall,  branching;  leaves  thick, 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  contracted  into  a  broadly  winged  petiole ;  racemes 
axillary  and  terminal,  the  cordate  bracts  deciduous;  whorls  2 - 6-flowered.  — 
Dry  soil,  Middle  Florida.    May  -  June.  —  Stem  3°  -  5°  high.    Corolla  pale  blue. 

4.  S.  COecinea,  L.  Pubescent;  stem  branching,  l°-2°  high;  leaves 
slender-petioled,  cordate-ovate,  acute,  T- 2' long;  racemes  loose,  many-flow- 
ered ;  calyx  teeth  ovate,  acute ;  corolla  scarlet.  —  Waste  ground,  escaped  from 
cultivation.     July  -  Sept. 

5.  S.  serotina,  L.  Stem  tomentose,  branching;  leaves  ovate,  mostly 
acute,  crenate-serrate,  tomentose,  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,  petioled ; 
racemes  short,  many-flowered ;  whorls  mostly  6-flowered,  the  upper  much 
crowded ;  calyx  glandular,  longer  thau  the  pedicel ;  corolla  small,  twice  as 

.  long  as  the  calyx ;  style  beardle.ss ;  the  lower  lobe  spatulate,  acute,  the  upper 
short,  subulate,  reflexed.  —  South  Florida.  Nov.  —  Stem  1°  high.  Leaves  V 
long,  twice  as  long  as  the  petiole.     Corolla  blue  and  white,  3" -4"  long. 

6.  S.  Blodgettii,  Chapm.  Stem  much  branched ;  branches  erect,  fili- 
form, pubescent ;  leaves  small,  thin,  oval  or  ovate,  slightly  creuate,  rounded 
at  the  apex,  acute  at  the  base,  about  as  long  as  the  very  slender  petiole ;  ra- 
cemes filiform,  few-flowered;  whorls  distant,  2 -6-flowered;  calyx  somewhat 
glandular,  acutely  toothed,  slightly  inflated  in  fruit ;  corcdla  very  small ;  lower 
lobe  of  the  style  spatulate,  obtuse.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  6'- 12'  high. 
Leaves  6"  -  9"  long.     Flowers  blue. 

7.  S.  laneeolata,  Willd.  Stemlow(6'-12'high),  smooth,  the  branches 
pubescent;  leaves  lanceolate-linear,  obtuse,  obscurely  serrate  (1|'- 2' long), 
narrowed  to  a  petiole,  the  floral  ones  subulate ;  whorls  distant,  mostly  2-flow- 
ered;  corolla  blue,  scarcely  longer  than  the  smooth  calyx.  —  East  Florida 
(Gray),  and  far  west. 

8.  S.  OCCidentalis,  Swartz.  Stem  long  (2° -6°),  creeping,  retrorsely 
pubescent,  the  internodes  swollen  ;  leaves  short-petioled,  ovate,  acute,  serrate  ; 
racemes  spike-like,  many-flowered;  whorls  distant,  mostly  6-flowered,  as  long 
as  the  ovate  acuminate  bracts ;  calyx  glandular-villous,  half  as  long  as  the 


382  LAblAT.K.       (MINT    FAMILY.) 

Miie  corolla,  the  teeth  obtuse:    lobes  of  the  style  lliii.  rouinied.  —  .Miami, 
South  V\»rukx((iarl>,,). 

9.  S.  privoides,  Henth..  var.  Qarberi,  fhapm.  ChieHy  like  t!ie  pre- 
cotiinj;.  Imt  the  whuils  less  erowdeil  and  more  distant,  the  calyx  larger,  iu 
fruit  (3" -4"  long),  the  broad  teeth  abruptly  contracted  into  an  awn-like 
point,  and  both  loiies  of  the  style  rounded.  —  Manatee,  South  Florida  ((.urber) 

*  ♦   ('iipcr  Up  of  the  riilijx  hrond,  3-tool/ied :  lower  anther  cell  sterile. 

10.  S.  lyrata,  L.  Hairy;  stem  erect,  sparingly  branched ;  leaves  chiefly 
radical,  lyrato  pinnatifid,  niosily  discolored  ;  stem  leaves  2  or  4,  the  upper  pair 
lanceidatc  ami  entire;  raceme  mauy-fiowered ;  u|)per  lip  of  the  bell-shaped 
calyx  truncate,  with  short  erect  teeth;  corolla  tube  elongated.  —  Var.  obo- 
v,vTA  is  less  hairy,  with  the  obovate  leaves  merely  toothed  or  wavy  on  the 
margins.  (S.  obovata,  /•;//.)— Sandy  soil.  April  -  May.  —  Stem  1°  high. 
Leaves  3'- C  long,  commonly  purple  l)eneath.     Corolla  9"-  12"  long,  blue. 

11.  S.  verbenacea,  L.  stem  pul)escent,  10-2°  high  ;  leaves  ovate  or 
oblong,  pinnatifid  ;  the  uj>per  cordate,  sessile  ;  calyx  half  as  long  as  the  small 
blue  corolla,  the  upper  lip  roundi.sh,  spreading,  the  small  teeth  couniveut. — 
Dry  sandy  soil,  Heaufort,  South  Carolina  (Elliott).     Introduced. 

16.     MONARDA,  L.     Hoksk  Mint. 

Calvx  tubular,  elongated,  l.j-nerved,  uearly  equally  5-toothed,  bearded  in 
the  throat.  Corolla  nearly  ecpuilly  2-lip])ed  ;  the  upjicr  lip  notch<'d  or  entire, 
the  lower  3-toothed.  Stamens  2,  ascending  under  the  ui)per  lip,  and  ofteuer 
exserted  :  anther  cells  linear,  diverging.  Nutlets  smooth.  —  Herbs.  Leaves 
undivided.  Whorls  large,  den.se-flowered.  Bracts  colored. 
*   Upper  Up  of  the  corolla  linear,  acute. 

1 .  M.  didyma,  L.  Stem  smoothish  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
serrate,  rounded  at  the  base,  petiole<l,  smooth  or  hispid  ;  whorls  mostly  soli- 
tary, terminal ;  calyx  smooth,  incurved  ;  corolla  large,  Ijright  red.  —  Mountains 
of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  August -Sept.  —  Stem  erect,  2°  high. 
Leaves  2' -  3' long.     Bracts  lanceolate,  red.     Corolla  I' long. 

2.  M.  fistulosa,  L.  Stem  branching,  more  or  less  pubescent,  commonly 
hairy  at  the  joints  ;  leaves  petioled,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  sharply  serrate, 
mostly  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  base  ;  whorls  terminal ;  calyx  .slightly  in- 
curved, densely  hispid  in  the  throat ;  corolla  slender,  rose-color.  —  Dry  wood- 
lands in  the  upper  districts.  August -Sept. —Stem  2°-. "5°  high.  Leaves 
smoothish,  tomeiitose.  or  his])id,  r-3'  long.     Bracts  pale  purple. 

3.  M.  clinopodia,  L.  "  Nearly  glabrous  to  villous-pubescent ;  leaves 
ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate  ;  bracts  whitish ;  calyx  moderately  hirsute  in  the 
throat;  corolla  .slightly  pubescent  (I'long),  dull  white  or  flesh-colored."  — 
Mountains  of  Georgia  (Grnij). 

4.  M.  Bradburiana,  Beck.  Smooth  or  hairy  ;  stem  simple,  slender,  3° 
high  ;  leaves  nearly  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  rounded  or  cordate 
at  the  base  ;  heads  solitary  ;  bracts  white  or  purple ;  calyx  hir.sute,  its  teeth 
long  and  .spreading  ;  corolla  purplish.  —  North  Alabama,  Tennessee,  and  west- 
ward.   June. 


LABIAT.E.       (mint    FAMILY.)  383 

*  *  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  broader,  notched. 

5.  M.  punctata,  L.  Closely  and  finely  pubescent ;  stem  much  branched ; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acutish,  slightly  serrate,  narrowed  into  a  petiole ; 
whorls  lateral  and  terminal ;  bracts  ovate  or  oblong,  purple ;  corolla  yellowish ; 
the  lower  lip  dotted  with  brown,  the  upper  keeled  ;  stamens  not  exserted.  — 
Dry  soil.     August -Oct.  —  Stem  l°-3°  high.     Leaves  l'-2'  long. 

17.     BLEPHILIA,  Raf. 

Calyx  ovate-tubular,  13-nerved,  beardless  in  the  throat,  2-lipped ;  the  upper 
lip  with  three  awued  teeth,  the  lower  2-cleft,  awnless  or  short-awned.  Anthers 
1 -celled.  Otherwise  like  Monarda.  —  Stem  erect.  Whorls  several,  lateral  and 
terminal,  the  upper  ones  crowded. 

1 .  B.  ciliata,  Raf.  Stem  hirsute  ;  leaves  nearly  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate, 
finely  serrate,  smoothish  above,  paler  and  tomentose  beneath ;  whorls  globose, 
crowded,  or  the  lower  ones  distinct ;  bracts  ovate-lauceolate,  loug-ciliate ;  calvx 
and  corolla  hairy.  (Monarda  ciliata,  Z.) — Dry  soil,  in  the  upper  districts. 
July -August.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.  Leaves  2' -3'  long.  Corolla  |'  loug, 
blue. 

2.  B.  hirsuta,  Benth.  Stem  hirsute  ;  leaves  long-petioled,  oblong-ovate, 
serrate,  smooth  or  hirsute ;  whorls  globose,  distinct,  or  the  upper  ones  crowded, 
the  lower  axillary ;  bracts  linear-subulate,  long-ciliate ;  corolla  slightly  pubes- 
cent. (Monarda  hirsuta,  Pm/sA.)  —  Low  ground  on  the  mountains  of  North 
Carolina.  July  -  August.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high,  branching.  Leaves  thin, 
3'  -  4'  long.     Corolla  pale  blue. 

18.     LOPHANTHUS,  Benth. 

Calyx  tubular,  15-nerved,  slightly  incurved,  with  the  mouth  oblique,  and 
unequally  5-toothed,  Corolla  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  deeply  notched,  the 
lower  spreading,  3-cleft,  with  the  middle  lobe  creuate.  Stamens  4,  distant  or 
spreading,  the  upper  pair  longer :  anther  cells  parallel.  Nutlets  smooth.  — 
Erect  perennial  herbs.     Whorls  numerous,  crowded  in  a  cylindrical  spike. 

1.  L.  SCrophularisefolius,  Benth.  Stem  pubescent;  leaves  petioled, 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  hairy  beneath  ;  spike  interrupted 
at  the  base ;  calyx  teeth  whitish,  lanceolate,  acute.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia, 
and  northward.  August.  —  Stem  3°  -  4°  high.  Spikes  4'- 1.5' long.  Bracts 
ovate.     Corolla  purplish. 

2.  L.  nepetoides,  Benth.  Smooth  ;  leaves  petioled,  ovate  or  oblong, 
acute,  serrate ;  spike  interrupted  at  the  base  ;  calyx  teeth  green,  ovate,  barely 
acute.  —  Woods,  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  August.  —  Stem  4° -6° 
high.    Bracts  ovate.     Corolla  greenish  yellow. 

19.     NEPETA,  L.     Catnip. 

Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  2-cleft  or  entire.  Stamens  ascending :  anthers 
approximate  by  pairs,  the  cells  diverging.  Otherwise  like  Lophanthus.  — 
Corolla  blue  or  white. 

1 .  N.  Cataria,  L.  Erect,  hoary -pubescent ;  leaves  cordate-ovate,  coarsely 
serrate  ;  whorls  many- flowered,  the  upper  ones  crowded,  the  lower  axillary; 


3S4  LABIAT.E.       (MINT    FAMILY.) 

cjilvx  ti'i'tli  lauicolate-subulate  ;  corolla  small,  white.  —  Waste  grouuds.     lu- 
troilmecl.  —  Stem  2° - 3°  high. 

'2.  N.  Glechoma,  Henth.  Stem  prostrate  or  creeping,  pubescent ;  leaves 
rounil-conlaic,  iilitiisc,  serrate  ;  whorls  in  nearly  all  tiie  axils,  few-flowered  ; 
corolla  hluu.  —  Low  shady  places,  near  dwdlinj;*.  Introduced.  —  Stem  4'  -  12" 
long.     Leaves  ^'- r  long.     Anthers  forming  a  cross. 

20.  CEDRONELLA,  .M.ench. 

Calyx  liell-shapod,  nearly  eiiually  ."j-loothed  ;  the  mouth  ohli<iue.  Corolla 
dilated  at  the  throat,  2-lippe(l ;  the  nj)per  lip  .straight,  2-cleft,  the  lower  3-cleft, 
with  the  midflle  loi>e  largest  Stamens  4,  ascending,  the  upper  pair  longest: 
anther  cells  ]>arallel.  Nutlets  smooth. — Flowers  in  a  terminal  sj)ike  or 
raceme. 

1.  C.  COrdata,  Benth.  stem  low,  pubescent,  stoloniferous  ;  leaves  long- 
petioled,  cordate,  creiiale,  smoothish ;  the  tloral  ones  ovate ;  raceme  few- 
flowered,  1-sided  ;  cymes  1  -3-flowered  ;  calyx  and  pale  blue  corolla  large.  — 
Shady  banks,  on  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina.  May -June.  —  Stem  G' 
high,  creeping  at  the  base.  Leaves  1' long.  Corolla  1^' long.  I'laut  pleas- 
ant-scented. 

21.  BRUNELLA,  Tourn.     Self-heal. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  10-nerved,  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  broad,  truncated, 
3-toothed,  the  lower  2-c)eft.  Corolla  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  roundish,  entire, 
the  lower  3-lobed,  with  the  middle  lobe  rounded,  concave,  crenate.  Stamens  4, 
exserted,  the  smooth  filament  prolonged  above  the  anther :  anther  cells  spread- 
ing. —  Herbs,  with  6-flowered  densely -spiked  whorls.  Floral  leaves  orbicular, 
iml)ricated,  persistent. 

1-  B.  vulgaris,  L.  Pubescent  or  smoothish  ;  stem  erect,  mostlv  simple  ; 
leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  serrate,  petioled ;  .spikes  olilong  or  cylindrical;  flowers 
purple.  —  Low  grounds.  Introduced.  —  Stem  6'- 12'  high.  Spikes  thick, 
lateral  and  terminal. 

22.  SCUTELLARIA,  L.     Skullcap. 

Calyx  bell-.shaped,  2-lippcd,  entire  and  closed  after  flowering ;  the  upper 
lip  furnished  with  a  helmet-shaped  appendage  ou  the  back,  and  falling  away 
at  maturity,  the  lower  persistent.  Corolla-tube  dilated  at  the  throat,  2-lipped  ; 
the  upper  lip  arching,  with  the  small  lateral  lobes  united  with  its  sides,  the 
lowest  lobe  large  and  spreading.  Stamens  4,  ascending :  anthers  ciliate,  ap- 
proximate by  pairs,  those  on  the  shorter  filaments  1 -celled,  on  the  longer  ones 
2-celled,  cordate. —  Perennial  mostly  inodorous  herbs.  Flowers  opposite, 
solitary,  in  the  axils  of  the  upper,  mostly  bract-like  leaves,  rarely  in  lateral 
racemes.    Corolla  blue  or  white. 

♦    Flowers  in  terminal  racemes. 

•t-  Leaves  cordate,  ovate,  or  ohiong,  crenate,  petioled  ;   the  floral  ones  shorter  than 

the  flowers,  entire. 

1.  S.  versicolor,  Nutt.  Softly  pubescent ;  stem  stout,  branched  above  ; 
leaves  large,  long-petioled,  all  broadly  cordate,  rugose  and  reticulate;   the 


LABIATE.       (mIXT    FAMILY.)  385 

floral  ones  ovate,  sessile  ;  racemes  terminal  and  axillary,  many -flowered,  viscid ; 
calyx  hairy  ;  lateral  lobes  of  the  corolla  conspicuous.  —  Dry  open  woods  in 
the  upper  districts.  July -Sept.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Leaves  2' -4'  long. 
Kacenies  3' -6'  long.     Corolla  6" -8"  long,  blue  and  white. 

Var.  minor.  Small  (6'-  12') ;  leaves  tomeutose,  finely  crenate  ;  the  lowest 
orbicular,  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate,  truncated  at  the  base  (^'-  1'  long),  the 
floral  ones  narrower.  —  Dry  woods  in  the  upper  districts.     August. 

2.  S.  saxatilis,  Riddell.  Smooth  or  nearly  so ;  stem  ascending,  slender, 
8'  -  1 2'  high  ;  leaves  1 '  -  2'  long,  thin,  the  lower  cordate-ovate,  coarsely  crenate, 
obtuse,  long-petioled,  the  floral  ones  oblong,  entire  ;  racemes  loose  ;  flowers 
small,  blue.  (S.  arguta,  Biickl.,  a  pubescent  form.)  —  Mountains  of  North 
Carolina.     July  -  August. 

3.  S.  canescens,  Nutt.  Stem  erect,  tomentose,  branching  above;  leaves 
ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  smoothish,  paler  and  puncticulate  beneath,  short- 
petioled,  the  lower  ones  cordate,  the  upper  lanceolate  ;  racemes  axillary  and 
terminal,  pubescent,  many-flowered;  corolla  blue  and  white.  —  Dry  open 
woods,  Florida  and  Georgia.  July -August.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.  Leaves 
2'  -  3'  long.     Corolla  8"  -  9"  long. 

4.  S.  serrata,  Andr.  Smooth  ,  stem  erect,  branched ;  leaves  ovate,  acute, 
smooth  and  green  on  both  sides,  decurrent  into  the  margined  petiole ;  the 
floral  ones  small,  lanceolate ;  racemes  short,  simple,  few-flowered,  1-sided ; 
calyx  mostly  hairy ;  corolla  large,  blue.  —  Dry  woods.  North  Carolina.  — 
Stem  2° -3°  high      Leaves  I'-H'  long.     Corolla  V  long. 

5.  S.  montana,  Chapm  Softly  pubescent;  stem  mostly  simple  (l|°-2° 
high)  ;  leaves  of  the  stem,  and  lowest  floral  ones,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate, 
coarsely  serrate,  acute  at  each  end,  the  lowest  cordate  ;  racemes  few  flowered; 
corolla  large  (I'-l^'  long),  blue,  the  ample  lower  lip  nearly  as  long  as  the 
upper  one.  —  Dry  woods,  and  margins  of  fields,  on  the  mountains  of  Georgia. 
July- August. 

6.  S.  pilosa,  Michx.  Hirsute  or  closely  pubescent ;  stem  simple  or  spar- 
ingly branched ;  leaves  distant,  ovate,  obtuse,  coarsely  crenate ;  the  lowest 
rounded  at  the  base,  the  upper  ones  abruptly  short-petioled ;  racemes  short, 
few-flowered;  corolla  pale  blue. — Dry  soil.  July- August.  —  Stem  l°-2° 
high.     Leaves  1'-  2'  long.     Corolla  8"-  9"  long,  the  tube  slender. 

7.  S.  villosa,  Ell.  Stem  erect,  branching,  villous;  leaves  large,  lanceo 
late,  acute  at  each  end,  coai-sely  toothed,  villous  beneath,  hispid  above ;  ra- 
cemes paniculate,  with  the  flowers  crowded.  —  Georgia,  between  the  Ocmulgee 
and  Flint  Rivers  (E/liott).  May- July.  —  Stem  2° -3°  higli.  Leaves  3'-4|' 
long,  on  petioles  ^'  long. 

•)-  f-   Upper  and  floral  hares  alike,  entire,  nenrit/  sessile ;   the  lower  broader, 
petioled,  and  most/ij  crenate. 

8.  S.  brevifolia,  Gray"*  Pubescent ;  stem  mostly  simple  (6'- 12'  high) ; 
leaves  small  {h'-V  long),  rigid,  lanceolate,  obtuse,  entire,  tapering  down- 
ward, sessile ;  the  lowest  ovate  or  obovate,  short-petioled,  crenate  or  entire, 
the  lower  floral  ones  sometimes  hunger  than  the  flowers ;  racemes  leafy,  few- 
many  flowered.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Geor<ria  and  Florida.     May- June. 

::5 


o8G  J-AHIAT.K.        (MINT    FAMILY.) 

'J.  S.  integrifolia,  1^.  Softly  imln'.stent  ;  slfiii  siini)k'  or  liraiKliinir, 
6'-2'^  liijL;li ;  leuveH  i'-\i'  l<>iif?.  <)litn.Ht',  the  lower  ovate  or  conlate,  cre- 
iiate,  loiig-pi'tioled,  the  iijiper  laucenlate,  lunstly  entire ;  raeeines  leafy ; 
forolla  8"- 10"  long,  dilated  ui)ward,  the  aiii|ik'  lower  lip  louger  tiian  the 
iijijier  one.  —  Low  ground.     May  -  July. 

1-  ^-  ^-  Li-avea  all  linear  and  entire  ;  the  lowest  bract-like. 

10.  S.  Floridana,  Chapni.  Minutely  pube.seent;  tstein  slender,  branch- 
ing; lea\is  dlitiisi',  >e>sile,  with  revolute  margins;  the  floral  one.*  shorter  than 
theHowers;  rarenies  loo.se,  few-llowered  ;  curolla  large,  much  dilated  at  the 
throat,  the  nearly  ctjual  lips  liroad  and  obtuse  ;  filaments  hairy  at  the  ba.se. — 
I'ine  liarren  swamps  near  the  coa.st,  West  Florida.  July.  —  Stem  1°  liigh. 
Leaves  1'  long,  i"  -  \"  wide.     Corolla  1'  loug,  deep  blue,  the  lower  lip  white 

in  tlie  middle. 

*  •  Flnwers  small,  in  axillary  racemes 

11.  S.  lateriflora,  L.  Smooth;  stem  elongated,  dijEfusely  branched; 
leaves  petiolcd,  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate,  acuminate,  the  lower  rounded 
at  the  base  ;  racemes  slender,  1-sided  ;  corolla  blue.  —  Shady  swamps.  July- 
Sept.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.     Leaves  membrauaceous,  2'-3' long.     Corolla  2" 

long. 

*  *  »  Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  tipper  leaves. 

12.  S.  galericulata,  L.  Stem  erect  or  ascending,  simple  or  branched, 
smooth  or  pubescent ;  leaves  short-petioled,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  slightly 
crenate,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  ])aler  and  j)ubescent  beneath ; 
flowers  nearly  sessile,  turned  to  one  side.  —  Wet  shaded  places.  North  Caro- 
lina, and  northward.  July -August.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Leaves  I'-l^' 
long  Corolla  7" -8"  long,  blue,  the  lower  lip  white  in  the  middle,  spotted 
with  blue. 

13.  S.  parvula,  ^lichx  Stem  low,  pubescent;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong, 
obtuse,  mostly  entire,  nearly  sessile,  .strongly  veined;  flowers  small.  —  Dry 
ground.  May- June. —  Fibres  of  the  root  often  bearing  small  tubers.  Stem 
6' -9'  high.     Loaves  4"-  6"  long.     Corolla  blue,  2" -3"  long. 

14.  S.  nervosa,  Pursh.  Nearly  glabrous  ;  stem  slender,  mostly  simple, 
the  angles  ncute,  1°-U°  high;  leaves  thin,  obtuse,  prominently  nerved,  the 
lowest  ovate,  cordate,  coarsely  serrate ;  the  upper  narrower  and  sessile  ;  flowers 
small,  blue;  seed  winged.  —  Low  shady  woods,  Tennessee,  and  northward. 
July. 

23.    MACBRIDEA,  Ell. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  3-lobed  ;  the  upper  lobe  lanceolate,  entire,  the 
two  lower  ones  oblong,  notched  or  entire.  Corolla  inflated,  2-lipped;  the  up- 
per lip  arching,  concave,  the  lower  broadly  3-lobed,  spreading.  Stamens  4. 
a.scending  under  the  upper  lip.  Filaments  hairy  :  anthers  approximate  by 
pairs,  the  cells  diverging,  hairy  and  denticulate  on  the  margins.  Nutlets 
smooth.  —  Erect  mostly  simple  perennials.  Flowers  opposite,  crowded  in  a 
dense  cone-like  terminal  head.     Corolla  large,  white  or  purple. 

1.  M.  pulchra,  Ell.  Smooth  or  hairy;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  serru- 
late, dotted ;  the  lower  ones  narrowed  into  a  petiole,  the  upper  sessile,  the 
floral  ones  ovate,  acute  ;   calyx  striate,  the  lobes  entire  ;   corolla  purple,  the 


LABIATE.       (mIKT    FAMILY,)  387 

tube  striped  with  purple  and  white,  the  upper  lip  entire.  —  Pine  barren  swamps, 
Georgia  to  North  Carolina.     August -Sept.  —  Stem  1<'-I|°high.     Corolla 

2.  M.  alba,  Chapm.  Smooth  or  hirsute ;  leaves  wedge-larlceolate  or  ob- 
long, toothed,  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  the  sessile  base  ;  the  lowest 
oblong,  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole ;  the  floral  ones  ovate  or  orbicular,  ob- 
tuse ;  calyx  nerveless,  with  the  two  larger  lobes  notched ;  corolla  white,  the 
upper  lip  emarginate.  —  Low  pine  barrens.  West  Florida,  near  the  coast. 
July -August.  —  Stem  1°-1^°  liigh-  Leaves  2'  long,  or  the  radical  ones 
4'  -  5'  long,  and,  like  the  calyx  and  corolla,  thick  and  somewhat  fleshy. 

24,    SYNANDRA,  Nutt. 

Calyx  inflated,  bell-shaped,  4-toothed.  Corolla  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  en- 
tire, the  lower  broadly  3-lobed,  spreading.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the 
upper  lip,  hairy;  anthers  smooth,  the  contiguous  cells  of  the  upper  pair 
smaller,  sterile,  and  connate.     Nutlets  large,  smooth,  angular. 

1.  S,  grandiflora,  Nutt.  Biennial;  stem  simple,  hairy  (1°-U'^high)  ; 
leaves  thin,  long-petioled,  cordate,  crenate-serrate,  obtuse,  the  floral  ones 
narrower,  acuminate,  sessile;  corolla  large  (H'  long),  yellowish  white; 
calyx  teeth  acute.  —  Shady  woods,  Tennessee,  and  northward.     June. 

25,     PHYSOSTEGIA,  Benth. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  inflated  in  fruit,  nearly  equally  5-toothed.  Co- 
rolla tubular-funnel-shaped,  2-lipped;  the  upper  lip  erect,  concave,  entire  or 
notched,  the  lower  spreading,  broadly  3-lobed.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under 
the  upper  lip  :  authei-s  approximate,  with  the  cells  parallel,  ciliate.  Nutlets 
smooth,  acutely  3-angled.  —  Smooth  perennial  herbs,  with  erect  mostly 
simple  stems,  and  opposite  showy  purplish  flowers,  in  terminal  spikes  or 
racemes. 

1.  P.  Virginiana,  Benth.  Leaves  large  (6'- 9'  long),  oblong,  sharply 
serrate,  the  lowest  narrowed  into  a  petiole ;  spikes  thick,  dense-flowered ; 
calyx  teeth  acute;  corolla  1'  long.  —  Varies  through  several  intermediate 
forms  into  var.  dexticulata,  with  lanceolate  or  linear  denticulate  or  entire 
leaves,  and  smaller  (6" -9"  long)  flowers,  in  a  long  loosely  flowered  sjjike. — 
Low  ground  and  swamps.  June -August.  —  Stem  2° -4°  high.  Racemes 
simple  or  compound. 

26.     LAMIUM,  L.     Dead  Nettle. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  .5-nerved,  nearly  equally  5-toothed,  the  teeth  subu- 
late, not  spiny.  Corolla  slender,  dilated  at  the  throat,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip 
ovate  or  oblong ;  the  lateral  loI)es  small,  at  the  margins  of  the  tliroat ;  the 
lowest  large,  notched,  short-stalked.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper 
lip.  Nutlets  3-angled,  truncate  at  the  apex.  —  Herbs.  Leaves  incised  ;  the 
lower  ones  petioled,  the  floral  ones  sessile,  longer  than  the  dense  whorls. 

1.  L.  amplexicaule,  L.  Leaves  orbicular,  incisely  crenatelobed  ;  the 
floral  ones  clasping,  the  others  petioled ;   tube  of  the  corolla  straight,  the 


."WiS  LAUIAT.K.        (mint    FAMILY.) 

liiti'ial  lobi's  truncate  ;  aiitlicrs  hairy.  —  Cultivated  fjronml  and  waste  places, 
ooniniun.  May.  (^  —  JSteni."*  4- 12' liigli.  Curolia  small,  jmrple,  often  im- 
perfeitly  <levelii|iud. 

27.     MARRUBIUM,   L.     IIukkiioini.. 

t'alyx  tuliular,  f)  -  It)  nerved,  nearly  ei|ually  5  -  10  tuntlied  ;  the  teeth  spiny, 
mostly  spreading  in  fruit.  Condla-tuiie  includetl  in  the  ealyx,  2-lipi)ed ;  the 
uj»l)cr  lip  oreet ;  the  lower  a-lohed,  with  the  middle  lobe  largest.  Stamens  4, 
included  :  anther  cells  diverging.  Lolies  of  the  style  short,  obtuse.  Nutlets 
obtu.se  at  the  apex. — ("hielly  tomentose  or  woolly  perennial  herbs,  with 
rngusi-  leaves,  and  axillary  whorls. 

1-  M.  VUlgare,  L.  Wo(dly;  stums  iirancliing  at  the  ba-se,  ascending; 
leaves  petioleil,  ovate  or  roundish,  creuate,  the  floral  ones  smaller,  but  longer 
than  the  capitate  many-Howered  whorls;  calyx  teeth  10,  recurved-spreading ; 
corolla  small,  white. —  Waste  ground  and  roadsides.  Introduced.  —  Stems 
l°-2°high. 

28.     LEONOTIS,   K.  Budwn. 

Calyx  tubular,  10-nerved,  incurved,  unequally  8  -  J  0-toothed ;  the  teeth 
straight,  sjiiny,  the  up])er  one  largest.  Corolla  slender,  2-lipped  ;  the  upper 
lip  long,  arching,  entire,  the  lower  very  short,  3-cleft,  spreading.  Stamens  4, 
ascending  under  the  upper  lip :  anther  cells  diverging.  Nutlets  3-angled, 
truncate.  —  Tall  herbs,  with  very  large  globose  whorls  in  the  axils  of  the 
upper  leaves.     Flowers  yellow  or  scarlet. 

1.  L.  nepetaefolia,  H-  Hr.  Annual;  .stem  tomentose,  simple  or 
branched ;  leaves  remote,  long-petioled,  broadly  ovate,  crenate,  the  floral 
ones  lanceolate  ;  whorls  1  to  several ;  calyx  8-toothed ;  corolla  villous,  scarlet. 
—  \Va.ste  grounds,  Georgia  and  Florida.  June -August.  Introduced. — 
Stem  l°-6°  high.     Whorls  l'-2'  in  diameter.     Corolla  1'  long. 

29.  LEONURUS,  L.    Motherwort. 

Calyx  top-shaped,  5-nerved,  .5-toothed,  the  teeth  spiny  and  at  length  spread- 
ing. Corolla  2-lipped  ;  the  upjier  lip  entire,  the  lower  spreading,  .3-lobed,  with 
the  middle  lobe  obcurdate.  Stamens  4,  ascending :  anther  cells  parallel,  naked. 
Nutlets  3-angled,  truncate.  —  Herbs,  with  incisely  lobed  leaves;  the  floral  ones 
longer  than  the  dense  whorls.     Bracts  subulate. 

1.  L.  Cardiaca,  L.  Stem  (2°-4''  high)  .square,  pubescent;  leaves  long- 
petioled,  the  luwer  ones  round-cordate,  i)almately  lobed  and  toothed;  the 
floral  wedge  shaped,  3-cleft  towanl  the  apex  ;  whorls  distant,  6  -  1 .5-flowered  ; 
corolla  villous,  purplish,  spotted  with  brown  in  the  throat.  —  Waste  places. 
Introduced.    June  -  July. 

30.  STACHYS,  L.     Hedge  Nettle. 

Calyx  tubular  boll-.shaped,  5- or  10-nerved,  .5-toothed  ;  the  teeth  equal,  or 
the  upper  one  larger,  more  or  less  spine-pointed  (in  our  species),  spreading  in 
fruit.  Corolla  hairy  within,  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  the  lower  spread- 
ing, 3-lobed,  with  the  middle  lobe  much  larger.     Stamens  4,  ascending :  an- 


LABIATE.       (mint    FAMILY.)  389 

thers  2-celled.    Nutlets  not  truncate.  —  Chiefly  hairy  or  hispid  herbs,  with 
few-flowered  whorls  in  terminal  racemes. 

1.  S.  aspera,  Michx.  Stem  erect,  with  the  angles  rough  with  recurved 
bristly  hairs,  rarely  smoothish ;  leaves  short-petioled,  ovate-oblong  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  rounded  at  the  base,  smooth,  or  sprinkled  with 
hairs  above ;  the  floral  ones  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  whorls  6  -  10-flowered,  the 
lower  ones  distant ;  calyx-teeth  spine-pointed.  —  Swamps,  South  Carolina,  and 
northward.  June -August. — Stem  lj°-2°high.  Leaves  2' -  3' long.  Co- 
rolla purple. 

2.  S.  COrdata,  lliddell.  Stem  slender,  more  or  less  hirsute ;  leaves  thin, 
oblong-cordate,  crenate,  acuminate,  long-petioled,  the  floral  ones  minute ; 
calyx  teeth  broadly  subulate.  —  Banks  of  streams  on  the  mountains  of 
Georgia  and  Tennessee.    August. 

3.  S.  hyssopifolia,  Michx.  Smooth  or  nearly  so  ;  stem  erect,  slender  ; 
leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  or  linear,  obtu.se,  entire  or  sparingly  serrate ;  raceme 
short,  of  few  4  -  6-flowered  whorls  j  calyx  smooth,  with  spiny  spreading  teeth, 
a  third  to  half  as  long  as  the  smooth  violet  corolla.  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  in 
the  middle  districts  of  South  Carolina,  and  northward.  June  -  August.  —  Stem 
1°-  1|°  high.    Leaves  1'  -  2'  long. 

4.  S.  rioridana,  Shuttlw.  Smooth  or  hirsute ;  stem  slender,  erect ; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  petioled,  or  the  upper  ones  sessile,  acute  or  obtuse, 
serrate,  truncate,  or  the  lowest  subcordate  at  the  base ;  whorls  few  or  numer- 
ous, distant,  6- 10-flowered  ;  calyx  pubescent,  with  lanceolate-subulate  rigid 
teeth ;  corolla  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  purple.  —  Low  grounds,  Florida. 
July.  —  Stem  10'- 15'  high.  Leaves  I'  long,  the  lowest  shorter  tlian  the 
petiole. 

31.    ISANTHUS,  Michx. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  10-uerved,  5-cleft.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  equally  5-lobed. 
Stamens  4,  incurved-ascending,  exserted :  anthers  2celled.  Nutlets  obovoid, 
impressed-reticulated,  laterally  cohering  at  the  base. — An  annual  pubescent 
and  somewhat  viscid  branching  herb,  with  lanceolate  entire  or  sparingly 
toothed  acute  leaves,  and  small  pale  blue  flowers  on  1  -  3-flowered  axillary 
peduncles. 

1.  I.  Coeruleus,  Michx.  —  Dry  soil  in  the  upper  districts.  July -Au- 
gust.—  Stem  terete,  1°-1^°  high.  Leaves  1'- 1^' long,  3-nerved  below  the 
middle. 

32.    TRICHOSTEMA,  L.    Blue  Cdrls. 

Calyx  short,  reversed,  oblique,  .^-toothed  ;  the  3  lower  teeth  long,  connate  ; 
the  2  upper  ones  very  short.  Corolla  slender,  nearly  equally  5-cleft.  Sta- 
mens 4,  long-exserted^  partly  coiled  :  anther  cells  diverging.  Nutlets  pitted, 
united  at  the  base.  —  Branching  annuals,  with  entire  leaves,  and  solitary  blue 
flowers  on  lateral  peduncles. 

1.  T.  dichotomum,  L.  Pubescent  and  somewhat  viscid,  or  nearly 
smooth  ;  stem  much  branched,  obscurely  4-angled  ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late, obtuse,  narrowed  into  a  petiole.  (T.  lineare,  Nittt.,  a  smoother  form, 
with  linear  leaves.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil.     August  -  Sept.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high. 


lidO  I'LANTA(JINArK.'K.        (I'LANTAIN    KAMILV.) 

33.     TEUCRIUM,  L.     (iKuv anj)kk. 

Calvx  tnliiilur  ur  licll-sliaju'il,  .^tixitlicd.  C'Diolla  5  lulied  ;  the  4  ni)per  lobea 
Bliurt,  till-  lowest  larf^i-,  ohloiig  or  louinlcd,  coutave.  SlaiiiL-ns  4,  diilvnaiiious, 
the  li'wtT  jmir  luiigi'St,  cxserti-d  hetweeu  tlie  2  upper  lobes  of  tlie  corolla: 
autluT  cells  iiiutliKiit.     Nutlets  rugose. 

1  •  T.  Canadense,  L.  stem  tomentose,  erect,  simple  or  brauthed ;  leaves 
8hurt-])etioled,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  pubescent  above,  white-velvety 
beneath  ;  Howers  mostly  alternate,  in  a  long  hoary  raceme,  longer  than  the 
subulate  bracts  ;  calyx  bell-siiajjed.  —  Swamps  and  low  ground.  July  -  Sept. 
2/  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.     Leaves  2'-  6'  long.     Flowers  purplish. 


Pkuii.i.a  ocymoihes,  L.,  cultivatetl  as  a  foliage  jjlant,  is  sjM»ntaneons  along 
roails  in  the  iiitju'r  districts,  and  tiie  Tiiynie  of  tlie  garden  (Tiivjius  Sek- 
PVLLLM,  L.)  is  sjiaringly  naturalized  in  North  ('arolina. 


Okdek  10;J.     PL.ANTAGINACE^3.     (Plantain  Family.) 

Cliiefly  stemless  herbs,  with  radical  mostly  ribbed  leaves,  and  small 
whitish  spiked  or  capitate  flowers,  borne  on  a  naked  scape.  —  Calyx 
of  4  imbricated  sepals,  with  scarious  margins.  Corolla  salver-shaped, 
4-parted,  withering.  Stamens  2  -i,  included  or  exserted,  inserted  on 
the  tube  of  the  corolla,  and  alternate  with  its  lobes  :  anthers  2-celled, 
deciduous.  Style  slender.  Ovary  free,  2  -  4-celled.  Capsule  2-celled, 
few  -  many-seeded,  opening  tran.sversel3^  Seeds  attached  to  the  de- 
ciduous partition.     Embryo  straight  in  fleshy  albumen. 

1.    PLANT  AGO,  L.    Plantain. 

Characters  same  as  the  order. 

*  Flower  perfect. 

1.  P.  major,  L.  Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  smooth  or  pubescent,  5-7-ribbed, 
mostlv  tiinthcd,  narrowed  into  a  broad  concave  petiole  ;  scape  pubescent;  s])ike 
long-cvlindrical,  densely  many-flowered  ;  bracts  ovate;  capsule  many-seeded. 
—  Low  ground  anmnd  dweUings.  Introduced.  May -August.  —  Scape  6'- 
12'  high.     Leaves  4' -6'  long. 

2.  P.  cordata,  Lam.  Smootli ;  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  cordate,  toothed, 
7-0-rihhed,  on  long  flat  petioles;  spike  long-cylindrical,  rather  loosely 
flow  ered  ;  bracts  roundish  ;  capsule  2  -  4-seeded.  —  Low  ground  in  the  upper 
districts.     April  -  .luue.     Ill  —  Scape  1°  high.     Leaves  3'  -  8'  long. 

3.  P.  Rugelii,  Decaisne.  Leaves  smooth  or  puliescent,  oblong,  entire  or 
ob.scurcly  denticulate,  3-.5-ribbed  ;  .spike  cylindrical,  rather  loosely  flowered  ; 
bracts  acute,  shorter  than  the  smooth  calyx  ;  capsule  conical,  4-seeded.  —  Low 
ground  in  the  ni)i)cr  districts. —  Plant  small.     Scape  slender,  6'-  10'  high. 

4.  P.  Patagoniea,  Jacq.  Annual,  villous,  or  sometimes  smoothish ; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  shorter  than  the  scape ;  spike  oblong  or  capitate  ; 


AKISTOLOCHIACE.^.        (bIRTHWOKT    FAMILY.)  391 

bracts  shorter  than  the  flower ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  rounded  ;  capsule  2-seeded. 

—  Nashville,  Tennessee  (Gattinger),  and  westward. 

Var.  aristata,  Gray.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate  ;  spike  linear,  the  filiform 
bracts  3-6  times  the  length  of  the  flower.  —  Waste  ground,  Georgia,  and 
westward. —  Scape  1°  or  less  high. 

5.  P.  lanceolata,  L.  Smooth  or  pubescent ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute, 
denticulate,  3  -  5-ribbed,  loug-petioled  ;  spikes  dense,  ovate  or  oblong  ;  capsule 
2-seeded. — Pastures  and  waste  ground.  Introduced.  —  Scape  1°- 2°  high. 
Spikes  V-2'  long. 

6.  P.  sparsiflora,  Micli.x.  Leaves  smooth,  lanceolate,  toothed  or  en- 
tire, narrowed  into  a  long  petiole  ;  scape  much  longer  than  the  leaves,  pubes- 
cent below;  spike  long,  loosely  flowered  ;  bracts  ovate;  calyx  lobes  obtuse; 
capsule  2-seeded.  —  Moist  pine  barrens,  Georgia  and  South  Carolina.  June  - 
Sept.  —  Spikes  6'-  9'  long. 

*  *  Flowers  dicecious :  annuals. 

7.  P.  Virginica,  L.  Pubescent ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  toothed 
or  entire,  3  -  .5-ribbed,  on  rather  short  petioles ;  spike  cylindrical,  densely 
flowered  ;  stamens  4 ;  capsule  2  -  4-seeded.  —  Low  sandy  soil,  very  common. 
April -June.  —  Scape  1'  (and  then  2-4-flowered)-l°  high.  Leaves  -J^'-G' 
long. 

8.  P.  heterophylla,  Nutt.  Smooth  or  pubescent ;  leaves  somewhat 
fleshy,  linear,  entire,  or  with  scattered  spreading  teeth;  spikes  linear,  closely 
flowered ;  the  lower  flowers  scattered ;  stamens  2,  exserted ;  capsule  many- 
seeded,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Waste  places  and  fields.  April  - 
May.  —  Scape  2' -6'  high,  commonly  longer  than  the  leaves. 

9.  P.  pusilla,  Nutt.  Small  (r-2'  high),  slightly  pubescent;  leaves 
narrow-linear,  entire ;  capsule  ovoid,  rather  longer  than  the  calyx,  4-seeded. 

—  Tennessee,  and  northward. 


Division  IIL    APETALOUS  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Floral  envelopes  single,  consisting  of  a  calyx  only,  or 
altogether  wanting. 

Order  104.     ARISTOLOCHIACE^.     (Birthwort  Family.) 

Herbs  or  woody  vines,  with  alternate  petioled  mostly  cordate  and 
entire  leaves,  and  solitary  peduncled  dull-colored  flowers.  —  Calyx  ad- 
herent to  the  5  -  6-celled  ovary,  tubular,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens 
5-12,  more  or  less  united  with  the  styles:  anthers  adnate,  extrorse. 
Fruit  5 -6-celled,  few  -  many-seeded.  Seed  anatropous.  Embryo 
minute,  at  the  base  of  fleshy  albumen. 

1.    ASARUM,  Tourn.    Asarabacca. 

Calyx  regular,  3-lobed.  Stamens  12,  the  filaments  partly  united  with  the 
style,  and  usually  prolonged  beyond  the  anthers.      Capsule  fleshy,  globose, 


302  AKisTOLOcniACE.f:.     (biktiiwokt  family.) 

opening  irregularly.  —  Aroinatio  juTciinial  IktIps,  with  ireeping  stems,  long- 
jK'littK'tl  coriiiitc  or  kidney-shain'il  leaves,  and  axillary  pedumled  flowers. 
§  I.    AsAiir.M.  —  Cttli/r  htll-shuped,  udnult   to  thf  tnuirij,  ^ijnuted :  Jilamenls 
j'nr  or  )i((irli/  so:  stii/ma  G-lobed.  —  Leaves  deciduous. 

1.  A.  Canadense,  L-  (Wild  Gingek-uoot.)  Pubescent;  leaves  2, 
kidne\-slia])eil ;  lalyx  loi)es  acuminate ;  filaments  as  long  as  the  style.  — 
Mountains  of  North  Carolina;  and  northward.  April  -  May.  —  Flowers  short- 
peduuded,  purple  within. 

§  2.  HKTKKOTKorA. —  Cdlifx  inflated,  nearl  ij  free  from  the  ocanj,  3-clefl :  flia- 
ments  united  with  the  ovary:  styles  6:  stigma  2-cteft. — Leaves  evergreen, 
smooth,  mottled. 

2.  A.  Virginicum,  l-  Leaves  round-cordate;  calyx  inflated-bell- 
shajied,  with  rounded  lobes ;  stigiua.s  deeply  2-cleft.  —  Kich  shady  woods  in 
the  upper  districts.  April -May.  —  Leaves  single  or  2-3  together,  2'  long. 
Calyx  8"  -  9"  long,  nearly  sessile  at  the  base  of  the  petioles,  greenish  with- 
out, dull  purple  within. 

3.  A.  arifolium,  .Michx.  Leaves  oblong-cordate  or  hastate  ;  calyx  pitcher- 
shajied,  with  rounded  lobes  ;  stigmas  .sliglitly  2-cleft.  —  Shady  woods.  March  - 
April.  —  Leaves  3'-4'  long,  auriculate  at  the  ba.se,  loug-petiolcd.  Calyx  1' 
long,  distinctly  peduucled,  contracted  above  the  middle,  dark  purple  within. 

2.     ARISTOLOCHIA,  Tourn.     Bikthwout. 
Calyx  tubular,  commonly  bent  and  inflated  above  the  ovary.     Anthers  5-6, 
sessile,  adnate  to  the  3  -  6-lobed  or  angled  stigma.     Capsule  5  -  6-valved.  — 
Erect  or  twining  herbs  or  shrubs.     Leaves  akeruate,  cordate  at  the  base. 
Flowers  long-peduncled,  axillary,  or  near  the  base  of  the  stem. 

*  Stamens  6. 
•t-  Low  herbs. 

1.  A.  Serpentaria,  L.  (Snakekoot.)  Stems  single  or  clustered,  pu- 
bescent, zigzag  and  leafy  above ;  leaves  short-petioled,  varying  from  ovate  to 
linear-lanceolate,  cordate  or  hastate  at  the  base  ;  flowers  near  the  base  of  the 
stem,  on  bracted  spreading  peduncles;  cah'x  tortuous,  3-lobed,  dull  purple.  — 
Shady  woods.  June -August.  —  Stem  8'- 12'  high.  Leaves  2' -4'  long. 
Caly.x  shaped  like  the  letter  S. 

■*-  ■*-  Woody  vines:  capsule  oblong,  6-angled,  3' -4'  long. 

2.  A.  Sipho,  L'ller.  Stem  smoothish ;  leaves  large,  orbicular-cordate, 
.slightly  pubescent  beneath;  peduncles  slender,  solitary,  with  a  roundish  clasp- 
ing bract  near  the  base ;  calyx  curving  upward,  with  the  broad  spreading 
brownish  pnrjile  border  obscurely  3-lobed.  —  Rich  woods  along  the  mountains. 
May.  —  Stem  climbing  high.  Leaves  6'  -  12'  broad.  Calyx  shaped  like  a  Dutch 
pipe,  H'  long. 

3.  A.  tomentosa,  Sims.  Hoary-pubescent ;  leaves  cordate ;  peduncles 
opposite  the  leaves,  Ijractless,  woolly ;  calyx  bent  in  the  middle,  the  greenish 
rugo.se  unequally  3-lobed  border  reflexed,  thickened  and  dark  brown  at  the 
nearly  closed  throat.  —  River  banks,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts.  May.  — 
Stem  very  long.  Leaves  3' -5'  long.  Calyx  similar  in  shape  to  the  preced- 
ing, but  smaller. 


NYCTAGINACEiE.       (fOUR-O'cLOCK    FAMILY.)  393 

*  *  Stamens  5. 
4.   A.  pentandra,  L.     Perennial,   herbaceous,  smoothish ;   stem  pros- 
trate or  twining ;  leaves  ovate,  cordate ;  flowers  axillary ;  limb  of  the  calvx 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  deep  green,  much  longer  than  the  5-angled  tube.  — 
Miami,  South  Florida  (Garher). 


Order  105.     NYCTAGINACE^E.     (Four-o'clock  Family.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  tumid  joints.  Leaves  mostly  opposite,  simple, 
petioled,  without  stipules.  —  Calyx  colored  and  resembling  a  corolla, 
tubular-bell-shaped  or  funnel-shaped,  free  from  the  1-celled  and  1- 
ovuled  ovary,  plaited  in  the  bud,  contracted  in  the  middle,  with  the 
upper  portion  deciduous.  Stamens  1- several,  hypogynous:  anthers 
2-celled,  roundish.  Ovule  erect.  Style  simple :  stigma  simple  or 
branched.  Achenium  enclosed  in  the  indurated,  mostly  ribbed,  often 
glandular  base  of  the  calyx.  Embryo  coiled  or  folded  around  copious 
mealy  albumen.     Cotyledons  leafy.     Radicle  inferior. 

Synopsis. 

*  Flowers  surrounded  by  a  calyx-like  involucre. 

1.  OXYBAPHUS.     Involucre  open,  membranaceous,  5-lobed.     Herbs. 

*  *  Flowers  without  an  involucre. 

2.  BOERHAAVIA.     Flowers  perfect.     Embryo  coiled.     Herbs. 

3.  PISONIA.     Flowers  dioecious.     Embryo  straight.     Shrubs. 

1.    OXYBAPHUS,  Vahl. 

Flowers  perfect,  1  -  5  in  a  cluster,  surrounded  by  an  open  cup-shaped  5-lobed 
involucre.  Calyx  tube  very  short ;  the  bell-shaped  limb  5-lobed,  deciduous. 
Stamens  3,  exserted.  Style  slender:  stigma  capitate.  Achenium  enclosed  in 
the  indurated  ribbed  persistent  base  of  the  calyx.  —  Erect  herbs,  from  thick 
perennial  roots.     Leaves  opposite.     Flowers  terminal,  purple  or  rose-color. 

1.  O.  angustifolius,  Sweet.  Stem  smoothish,  branching  above ;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  smooth,  obtuse  at  the  sessile  base ;  the  upper  ones  distant, 
acute ;  flowers  loosely  panicled ;  involucre  with  rounded  hairy  lobes,  at  length 
enlarged  and  strongly  nerved,  3-flowered  ;  base  of  the  calyx  villous.  —  South 
Carolina,  and  westward.  —  Stem  3°  -  4°  high.  Leaves  2'  long.  Calyx  4"  -  5" 
long,  whiti.sh,  veiny. 

2.  O.  albidus,  Sweet.  Stem  erect,  4-angled,  furrowed,  glandular-pu- 
bescent; branches  opposite;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  roughish;  peduncles 
opposite,  the  lower  ones  solitary,  the  upper  clustered ;  involucre  hairy ;  base 
of  the  calyx  5-6-angled,  almost  hispid.  (AUionia,  EU.)  —  Near  Columbia, 
South  Carolina  (Elliott). 

3.  O.  nyctagineus,  Sweet.  Stem  smoothish,  4-angled,  forking ;  leaves 
petioled,  deltoid-ovate  ;  flowers  clustered,  terminal ;  involucre  3  -  5-flowered, 
becoming  large  and  veiny.  —  West  Tennessee,  and  westward.  July -August. 
—  Stem  1°- 2°  high. 


.■|'.>i  NYCTAGINACE^.        (KOUK-O'cLOCK    FAMILY.) 

2.    BOERHAAVIA,  l>. 

FlowiTS  perfect.  Calyx  tube  lylimlriial  or  obcoiiical,  .')-ribbed ;  tlie  limb 
colored,  finiiiel-shaped,  Slobed,  deciduous.  Stainuiis  1-4:  aathers  niiuute, 
roundish.  Style  slender:  .stigniaobtu.se.  Embryo  folded.  —  jVnuual  herbs, 
with  iliffuse  branching  stems,  and  opposite  ovale  or  rounded  leaves.  Flowers 
small,  in  solitary  or  panicleci  clusters. 

1 .  B.  erecta,  !.<.  Stems  ascending,  branched  from  the  base,  smooth ; 
bnmches  alternate ;  leaves  ovate  or  roundish,  acute  or  mucronate,  often  more 
or  less  cordate,  wavy  along  the  margins,  whitened  and  minutely  dotted  with 
black  beneath;  clusters  3 - 5-tlowered,  iu  ample  panicles;  stamens  2;  fruit 
smooth,  obconical,  truncate,  strongly  ribbed.  — Cultivated  ground,  Florida  to 
South  Carolina.  July- Sept.  —  Stem  P-3^1ong.  Leavesrather  thick,  2'-3' 
long.     Flowers  small,  purple. 

2.  B.  hirsuta,  Willd.  stem  diffuse,  alternately  branched,  minutely 
pubescent,  hirsute  above;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  mucronate,  obtuse  at 
the  base,  undulate,  smooth,  and  simibirly  colored  on  both  sides,  ciliate  on  the 
margins;  clusters  3 -6-flowered,  forming  a  loo.se  spreading  panicle;  flowers 
minute;  caly.\  limb  hairy  at  the  ape.\  ;  fruit  obconical,  rounded  at  the  apex, 
with  the  ribs  glaudular-viscid.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  stout,  2^-3°  long. 
Leaves  I' -2'  long. 

3.  B.  viseosa,  Lag.  Viscid  or  minutely  pubescent ;  stem  terete, 
straight ;  liranches  opposite ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  mucro- 
nate, acute  at  the  base,  smooth,  whitish  beneath,  slender-petioled  ;  peduncles 
solitary,  axillary,  2-cleft,  mo.stly  shorter  than  the  leaves;  fl(jwers  capitate, 
minute;  stamens  3;  fruit  club-shaped,  acutish,  with  the  ribs  glandular. — 
South  Florida.  —  Stem  2° -  3^  long.     Leaves  1 '  -  1  ^'  long. 

3.    PISONIA,    rium. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Calyx  5-  or  10  toothed,  fuimel-shaped  in  the  sterile  flow- 
ers, tubular  and  persistent  in  the  fertile.  Stamens  6-10,  exserted :  antlier 
cells  distinct.  Style  mostly  lateral:  stigma  many-cleft.  Fruit  terete  or 
ribl)ed,  smooth  or  glandular.  Embryo  straight.  Cotyledons  folded  around 
the  albumen.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  or  alternate  leaves,  and  mostly 
rose-colored  flowers  in  corymb<j.se  cymes. 

1.  P.  aculeata,  L.  Spiny;  stem  smooth;  branches  widely  spreading; 
leaves  alternate,  ovate  or  elliptical,  acute  or  ol)tuse,  smooth  ;  cymes  terminal, 
peduncled,  pubescent,  many-flowered;  calyx  of  the  .sterile  flower  10-toothed; 
stamens  7  ;  fruit  club-shaped,  lO-striate,  and  beset  with  5  rows  of  shining  vis- 
cid glands.  —  South  Florida.  —  Shrub  5°  high ;  the  spines  short  and  recurved. 
Leaves  r-2'  long. 

2.  P.  obtusata,  Swartz.  Smooth,  spineless;  leaves  ohovate-ohlong, 
revolute  on  the  margins,  rigid;  cymes  long-peduncled,  many-flowered,  the 
branches  horizontal ,-  fertile  calyx  .5-cleft,  with  the  lobes  narrow  and  acute ; 
stamens  7;  fruit  oblong,  many-furrowed,  glandless;  capsule  truncate. — 
South  Florida.  —  Leaves  opposite,  V -2'  lung.     Flowers  I" -2"  long. 


PHYTOLACCACE^.       (POKEWEED    FAMILY.)  395 

3.  P.  rotundata,  Griseb.  Spineless ;  leaves  obovate,  rouuded  at  the  base, 
short-petioled  (V  loug)  ;  cymes  divaricate,  sessile  or  shurt-peduucled ;  flowers 
clustered ;  sterile  calyx  5-toothed,  the  fertile  clavaite-obloug,  obtuse-augled, 
glaudular  above  the  middle,  the  glauds  stipitate.  —  Keys  of  South  Florida 
(Vurtiss). 


Order  lt)6.    PHYTOLACCACE^.    (Pokewekd  Family.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  apetalous  3- 
bracted  racemed  or  spiked  flowers.  —  Calyx  composed  of  4  -  5  nearly- 
equal  sepals,  more  or  less  united  at  the  base,  unchanged  in  fruit. 
Stamens  hypogyuous,  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  alternate  with  them, 
or  numerous,  free,  or  united  at  the  base  ;  sterile  ones  none :  anthers 
2-celled,  introrse.  Ovary  simple  or  compound.  Ovules  amphitropous 
or  campylotropous,  solitary,  erect.  Styles  as  many  as  the  ovaries. 
Fruit  of  1  -  many  carpels.  Albumen  copious  or  none.  Embryo  an- 
nular, rarely  straight.     Radicle  inferior. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder  I.  PETIVERIE-^.  Fruit  simple.  Cotyledons  convolute. 
Leaves  stipulate. 

1.  PETIVERIA.    Fruit  an  achenium  with  reflexed  spines  at  the  apex.    Embryo  straight 

in  scanty  albumen. 

2.  RIVINA.     Fruit  a  berry.     Embryo  forming  a  ring  around  the  albumen. 

Suborder  TI.  PHYTOLACCE^.  Fruit  compound.  Cotyledons  flat. 
Leaves  exstipulate. 

3.  PHYTOLACCA.     Fruit  a  berry,  composed  of  numerous  carpels  arranged  in  a  circle. 

1.     PETIVERIA,  Plum. 

Calyx  3-bracted,  4-parted,  herbaceous.  Stamens  4  -  8 :  anthers  linear. 
Ovary  simple,  1-celled.  Ovule  single,  erect,  amphitropous.  Stigma  many- 
cleft.  Achenium  wedge-shaped,  compressed,  2-lobed  at  the  apex,  each  lobe 
armed  with  2-3  reflexed  spines.  Albumen  almost  none.  Embryo  straight. 
Cotyledons  unequal,  convolute.  —  Shrubby  tropical  plants,  with  entire  stipu- 
late leaves,  and  small  greenish  flowers  in  an  elongated  and  slender  spike. 

1.  P.  alliacea,  L.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  2* -3°  high,  closely  pubes- 
cent. Leaves  3' -4'  long,  oblong  or  obovate,  obtuse,  narrowed  into  a  short 
petiole,  pubescent  beneath.  Spikes  filiform,  single  or  by  pairs,  6'- 12'  long. 
Calyx  lobes  linear,  incurved  at  the  apex.  Stamens  4-5.  Achenia  erect, 
appressed  to  the  rachis,  with  two  spines  at  each  lobe.  Stipules  subulate, 
minute. 

2.    RIVINA,  Plum. 

Calyx  remotely  3-bracted,  4-parted,  colored.  Stamens  4  -  8  :  anthers  ovate 
or  oblong.     Ovary  simple.     Ovule  solitary,  amphitropous.     Stigma  capitate 


396  ILLKCEBRACE^.       (KNOTWORT    FAMILY.) 

or  iiiiiiiv-t  k'ft.  Horry  uenrlv  globose,  at  li-iigili  dry.  Kiiil)ryo  formiii<:;  a  ring 
ariiiiiitl  tlie  i-opious  all)Uiiieii.  ('ntyli'ilnns  tioiiiewlial  leafy,  fonvulute. — 
Slirulis,  witli  alternate  luiiiiitely  stipulate  petioloil  leaves,  and  small  white  or 
rose-iolond  tlowcrs  in  axillary  and  terminal  racemes.     Uracts  deciduous. 

1.  R.  humilis,  I-  Closely  pulieseent  or  glabrous;  stem  with  spreading 
branches ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  rounded  at  the  base,  tapering  but  obtuse 
at  the  summit,  on  long  filiform  petioles;  racemes  slender,  longer  than  the 
leaves;  calyx  lobes  obovate,  pale  rose-color;  berry  rounded,  compressed. 
—  South  Florida. — Shrub  1^-2°  high.  Leaves  \'-S'  long.  Flowers  and 
berries  1"  -  1  J"  long. 

3.     PHYTOLACCA,  Tourn.     Pokeweed. 

Calyx  .'i-bracted,  5-parted  ;  tlie  lobes  petal-like,  rounded.  Stamens  5-2.5: 
anthers  elliptical.  Ovary  comitouiul.  Styles  ."i  -  1 2,  short,  di.><tinct,  recurved  at 
the  apex,  ."itiginatic  within.  Fruit  a  (lej)re.s.<cd  globose  berry,  containing  5- 
12  Due-.seeded  indehiscent  carpels  united  in  a  circle.  Embryo  forming  a  ring 
around  the  central  allmmen.  Cotyledons  linear. —  I<>ect  brandling  herbs, 
with  entire  peti(jled  leaves.     F'lowers  iu  racemes  opposite  the  leaves. 

1.  P.  decandra,  L.  Smooth;  stem  very  stout  (2° -12°  high)  ;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute  ;  racemes  many-flowered,  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  flowers 
white,  turning  purpli.«;h  ;  stamens,  styles,  and  carpels  10.  —  ^largins  of  fields 
and  uncultivated  ground.     July -Sept.     ^  —  Root  large.     Eerry  black. 


Order  107.    ILLECEBRACE^E.     (Knotwort  Family.) 

Herbs  with  oppo.^ite  entire  leaves,  dry  scarious  stipules,  and  small 
cyniose  or  clustered  flowers.  —  Calyx  of  5  moi"e  or  less  united  sepals. 
Stamens  2-5,  in.serted  on  the  calyx,  and  often  with  bri.stle-like  sterile 
ones  interposed.  Styles  2,  separate  or  united.  Fruit  a  1-seeded  utricle. 
Embryo  circular,  enclosing  mealy  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1.  PARONYCHIA.    Sepals  united  at  the  base.    Stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  sepals. 

Style  long.     Utricle  included. 

2.  ANYCHIA.     Sepals  distinct.     Stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  sepals.     Style  very 

short.     Utricle  partly  exserted. 

3.  SIPHONYCHIA.    Sepals  united  into  a  tube  below  the  middle.    Stamens  inserted  on  the 

tube  of  the  calyx.     Style  long.  ^^ 

1.     PARONYCHIA,  Tourn. 

Sepals  .5,  united  at  the  ba.se,  concave  and  mucronate  or  awned  at  the  apex. 
Sterile  stamens  bristle-like  or  tooth-like,  alternate  with  the  5  fertile  ones  and 
inserted  with  them  on  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Style  long,  2-cleft.  Utricle 
included.  Seed  resupinate.  Radicle  superior  or  ascending.  —  Low  herbs, 
with  conspicuous  silvery  stipules,  and  minute  flowers  in  loose  or  compact 
cymes. 


ILLECEBRACE.E,       (kNOTWORT    FAMILY.)  397 

1-  P.  dichotoma,  Nutt.  Smooth;  stems  sleuder,  erect ;  leaves  linear- 
subulate  ;  those  of  the  barren  stems  imbricated;  cymes  fastigiate,  diffuse ; 
sepals  linear,  3-ribbed,  slender-pointed.  — Rocks  on  the  mountains  of  North 
Carolina,  and  westward.     July-  Nov.     ^  —  Stems  6'-  12'  high. 

2.  P.  argyrocoma,  Nutt.  Minutely  pubescent;  stems  tufted,  ascend- 
ing ;  leaves  linear,  acute  ;  cymes  capitate,  the  flowers  concealed  by  the  large 
silvery  stipules ;  sepals  lanceolate,  hairy,  slender-pointed.  —  Mountains  of 
Georgia  and  North  Carolina.  July  -  Sept.  % — Stems  6' -10'  high. 
Stipules  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves. 

3.  P,  herniarioides,  Nutt.  Rough-pubescent;  stems  prostrate,  diffusely 
branched  ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  mucrouate ;  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  sessile ; 
sepals^ubulate,  with  a  short  and  spreading  point.  —  Dry  sand  ridges  in  the 
middle  districts,  Georgia  to  North  Carolina.  July  -  Oct.  (l)  —  Stems  4'  -  6' 
long.     Leaves  3"  -  4"  long. 

4.  P.  Baldwinii,  Chapm.  Finely  pubescent ;  stems  prostrate,  diffusely 
branched;  branches  alternate,  one-sided,  filiform  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  narrowed  into  a  petiole  ;  cymes  diffuse,  naked ;  sepals  ob- 
long, 3-ribbed,  ciliate,  short-pointed ;  utricle  equalling  or  rather  longer  than 
the  sepals;  style  2-cleft  to  the  middle.  (Auychia,  Torr.  c^-  Gray.) — Dry 
sandy  soil,  Florida  and  Georgia.  July -Oct.  (l)  and  (2)  —  Stems  |°-1° 
long.     Upper  leaves  sometimes  alternate. 

5.  P.  riparia,  Chapm.  Smooth  or  nearly  so  ;  perennial ;  stems  several, 
spreading,  branched ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  ;  stipules  very  short ;  sep- 
als smootliish ;  otherwise  like  the  preceding.  —  Banks  of  Flint  River,  Georgia. 

—  Stems  lj°-3°  long.     Leaves  .3'  long. 

6.  P.  Rugelii,  Shuttlw.  Annual,  pubescent ;  stem  erect,  successively 
forking  ;  leaves  oblanceolate,  abruptly  pointed,  shorter  than  the  interuodes, 
the  upper  linear ;  stipules  a  fourth  to  a  third  as  long  as  the  leaves,  soon  2-4- 
pavted ;  cymes  numerous,  terminal,  rather  loosely  flowered ;  calyx  tube  short, 
pubescent,  the  linear-lanceolate  divisions  conspicuously  mucronate,  white; 
style  included.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida,  and  westward.  —  Stems  1°  high,  at 
length  diffuse. 

2.    ANYCHIA,  Michx. 

Sepals  5,  distinct,  slightly  mucronate  at  the  apex.  Stamens  2-3.  inserted 
on  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Style  very  short.  Stigmas  spreading.  Utricle 
exserted.  Seed  erect.  Radicle  inferior.  — An  erect  slender  annual,  with 
forking  branches.  Leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base.  Flowers 
minute,  solitary  or  clustered  in  the  forks  of  the  branches,  greenish. 

1.  A.  dichotoma,  Michx.  Pubescent;  stem  6' -9' high  ;  leaves  3"-6" 
long,  linear-oblong,  approximate,  like  the  flowers,  on  the  short  erect  branches. 

—  Open  ground  in  the  upper  districts. 

Var.  capillacea,  Torr.  Glabrous,  taller ;  leaves  larger  and  thinner,  ob- 
long, distant  on  the  setaceous  spreading  branches.  —  Shady  woods  in  the 
upper  districts.     June  -  July. 


398  AMAKANTACE.E.       (AMAUANTH    FAMILY.) 

3.     SIPHONYCHIA,    I'.'rr.  &  (iray. 
Sepiils  5,  niiiicil  to  tlio  iiiidcllf,  ourK-ave  aii<l  jietal-like  aliovc,  olitiisc  or  inn- 
croiiatc.     Siaiiu'iis  inserted  oii  the  tliroat  of  tlie  ralvx.     JStylc  slender,  2-cleft. 
Utricle  incluiied.     Seed  resupinate.     Radicle  su|)erior. —  Krect  or  diffusely 
]>rostrate  lierlis.     Cymes  deuse-Howered.     I'lowers  white. 

1.  S.  Americana,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stems  prostrate,  diffuse,  puliescent  iu 
line?;  leaves  lancii dale,  narrowed  at  the  hiuse;  the  radical  ones  larger  and 
crowded ;  Howers  obovate,  solitary  in  the  forks  of  the  stem,  and  clustered  at 
the  eud  of  the  hrauches;  sepals  rounded  and  incurved  at  the  a])ex,  the  tube 
bristly  with  hooked  hairs.  —  Sandy  soil,  Florida  to  South  Candina,  and  west- 
ward.    .hme-Oct.     Cl)  or  (2)  —  Stems  1°- 2°  long.     Stipules  small. 

2.  S.  diffusa,  Chapm.  Pubescent;  stems  prostrate,  diffusely  branched; 
leaves  lanceolate,  obtuse;  Howcrs  in  compact,  rectangular  terminal  cymes; 
sepals  linear,  slightly  concave  and  mucronate  at  the  ajicx,  the  tube  bristly 
with  hooked  hairs.  —  Dry  sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida.  June  —  Oct.  (l)  — 
Stems  1^  long.  Sti])ules  couspicuous,  on  young  plants  half  as  long  as  the 
leaves,  at  length  2-parted.     Cymes  very  numerous. 

3.  S.  erecta,  Chapm.  Stems  smooth,  clustered,  erect,  mostly  simple; 
leaves  erect,  linear;  those  of  the  barren  stems  imbricated;  cyme  compound, 
rectangular,  compact;  sejKvls  lanceolate,  smooth,  acutish,  or  obscurely  mucro- 
nate at  the  apex,  the  tube  smooth  and  furrowed.  —  Sands  along  the  west  coast 
of  Florida.  June -Nov.  ^  —  Root  woody.  Stems  6'  -12'  high.  Stipules 
half  as  long  as  the  leaves. 

Order  108.     AMARANTACE^.     (Amaranth  Family.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  simple  exstipulate  leaves,  and  inconspicuous 
scariou.«;-bracted  flowers,  which  are  commonly  crowded  in  spikes  or 
heads.  —  Sepals  3  -  5,  free,  or  united  at  the  base,  imbricated  in  the 
bud.  Stamens  3  -  5,  hypogynous,  opposite  the  sepals,  free,  or  united 
below,  often  with  sterile  filaments  interposed :  anthers  1  -  2-celled, 
introrse.  Ovary  single,  ovate,  1 -many-ovuled.  Stigmas  1-5.  Utri- 
cle closed  or  circumscissile.  Embryo  coiled  into  a  ring  around  the 
central  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe  L    CELOSTE.^.    Anthers  2-ceUed.    Ovary  many-ovuled. 
1.   CELOSIA.     Stamens  united  at  the  ba.se.     Utricle  circumscissile. 
TaiBB  n.    ACHYRANTHE.^.    Anthers  2-celled.      Ovary  1-ovuled.  —  Leaves  alter- 
nate.   Stamens  free.    Sterile  filaments  none. 

*  Utricle  circumscissile. 
•2.   AMAR.\XTUS.    Flowers  monoecious.    Sepals  3 -5. 

*  •  Utricle  indehiscent. 

3.  EUXGLUS.    Flowers  all  alike,  monoecious,  sessile.    Sepals  3 -5. 

4.  AMBLOOTNA.    Flowers  monoecious.    Calyx  of  the  staminate  flower  3-sepalous,  of  the 

pistillite  flower  5-parted.  funnel-shaped. 

5.  8CLER0PUS.    Flowers  monrecious.    Sepals  5.      Stamens  3.    Fruiting  pedicels  indu- 

rated and  deciduous  with  the  fruit. 


AMAKANTACE.^.       (AMARANTH    FAMILY.)  399 

6.  ACNIDA.    Flowers  dioecious.    Sepals  of  the  staminate  flower  5,  of  the  pistillate  none. 

Stamens  5. 

Tbibe  III.     GOMPHRENE^.     Anthers  1-celled.     Ovary  1-ovuled.    Leaves  opposite. 
Stamens  united  below. 

7.  IRESINE.   Calyx  5-sepalous.     Stamens  united  into  a  short  cup.     Sterile  filaments  none. 

8.  ALTERNANTHERA.     Calyx  5-sepalous.     Stamens  imited  into  a  cup.     Sterile  filaments 

tooth-like,  entire. 

9.  TELANTHERA.     Calyx  5-sepalous.     Stamens  united  into  a  tube.    Sterile  filaments  cleft 

or  fimbriate  at  the  apex. 
10.   FROELICHIA.     Calyx  5-cleft.     Stamens  wholly  united.     Anthers  sessile.     Sterile  fila- 
ments entire. 

1.    CELOSIA,  L. 

Flowers  perfect,  3-bracted.  Sepals  5.  Stamens  5,  united  at  tlie  base  into 
a  cup.  Sterile  filaments  uoue.  Anthers  2-celled.  Style  short  or  elongated. 
Stigmas  2-3,  recurved.  Utricle  many-seeded,  circumscissile.  —  Smootli  herbs 
or  shrubs,  with  alternate  petioled  leaves,  and  glossy  flowers  crowded  in  axillary 
and  terminal  spikes  or  panicles. 

1.  C.  paniculata,  L.  Stem  .shrubby,  erect ;  leaves  deltoid-ovate,  acute, 
abruptly  petiuled ;  spikes  cylindrical,  simple  or  branched,  mostly  shorter  than 
the  leaves ;  sepals  oblong,  rigid,  several  times  longer  than  the  bracts ;  stigmas 
3.  —  South  ilorida.  —  Leaves  2'  long.     Seeds  minute,  lenticular,  shining. 

2.     AMARANTUS,  Tourn.    Amaranth. 

Flowers  polygamo-monoecious,  3-bracted.  Sepals  3 -5.  Stamens  3-5,  free. 
Sterile  filaments  none.  Anthers  oblong,  2-celled.  Stigmas  2-3,  slender, 
spreading.  Utricle  1-seeded,  ovate,  2  -  3-toothed  at  the  apex,  circumscissile, 
commonly  included  in  the  calyx.  Radicle  inferior.  —  Unsightly  annual  herbs, 
with  erect  or  diffuse  stems,  alternate  mosth'  petioled  entire  mucronate  leaves, 
and  greenish  or  purplish  flowers,  crowded  in  axillary  and  terminal  spikes  or 
clusters.     Bracts  longer  than  the  sepals. 

*  Floicers  in  small  axillary  clusters :  sepals  and  stamens  3. 

1 .  A.  albus,  L.  Stem  erect,  branching  from  the  base,  smooth ;  leaves 
small,  longpetioled,  oblong-obovate,  very  obtuse  or  emarginate,  wavy  at  the 
margins  ;  clusters  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  sepals  awl-pointed,  much  shorter 
than  the  subulate  spine-pointed  spreading  bracts,  and  half  as  long  as  the  ru- 
gose utricle.  —  Cultivated  grounds.  May  -  Sept.  —  Stem  1°  high.  Leaves 
i'-r  long. 

*  *  Flowers  (green)  crowded  in  terminal  and  axillarij  spikes :  sepals  and 
stamens  5 :  leaves  long-petioled. 

2.  A.  chlorostachys,  Willd.  Stem  erect,  furrowed,  pubescent;  leaves 
ovate  or  rhombic-ovate,  obtuse,  the  veins  beneath  pubescent ;  spikes  very  nu- 
merous, forming  a  long  leafy  and  more  or  less  dense  panicle  ;  sepals  lanceolate, 
acute,  scarcely  half  as  long  as  the  suliulate  bracts,  shorter  than  the  rugose 
utricle.  —  Cultivated  ground,  common.  August -Sept.  —  Stem  2° -4°  high. 
Leaves  2' -4'  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  petiole. 

3.  A.  hybridus,  L.  Smooth  or  nearly  so;  stem  erect,  branching; 
leaves  thin,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  the  pale  veins  prominent  beneath ; 


J(HI  AMAKANTACK.K.        (aMAKAN'IMI    FAMILY.) 

siiiki's  numcrmis,  iKiniileii,  tlio  teriiiiiial  mii'  i-loii^jati'il,  tlic  lower  axillary  ones 
^*lnM•t  ami  ruiunlisli ;  sejials  oblong,  acuniinaic,  ratlu-r  shorter  than  tiic  xuIju- 
late  hrarts,  and  e(iualliug  the  slightly  rugose  utricle.  —  Cultivated  ground. 
August-Sept.  —  Stem  2°-3'^  h'Kl»-     J^-aves  2'-5'  long. 

4.  A.  spinoSUS,  L-  Smooth;  stem  .<tout,  sueeuliMit,  often  imrplish ; 
leaves  ovate  or  ovate-ohlong,  olituse  or  eiiiargiiuite,  long-peticded,  often 
lilotilied  with  ]iurple,  the  axils  spiny;  terminal  spike  elongated,  bending,  the 
lower  axillary  ones  short  and  roumlish ;  sepals,  bracts,  and  rugose  utricle 
nearly  equal.  —  Fields  and  wiusle  places.     July  -  Oct.  —  Stem  1^-3^  high. 

3.    EUXOLUS,   Kaf. 

Characters  chiefly  of  Aniarantus  ;  but  the  .somewhat  fleshy  utricle  indehis- 
cent,  and  the  (greeu)  sepals  longer  than  the  bracts. 

1.  E.  lividus,  Moquiu.  Stem  erect,  branched;  leaves  long-petioled, 
ovate,  obtuse;  spikes  den.-^e-flowered ;  the  terminal  one  longest,  witii  several 
shorter  ones  crowded  near  its  i)a.'ie,  the  lowest  axillary  ones  much  shorter 
than  the  petiole ;  sejials  3.  sliorter  than  the  roundish  acute  rugo.se  utricle,  and 
3  times  as  long  as  the  bracts.  —  Waste  ground.  July  -  Sept.  (l)  —  Stem  1°- 
3^  iiigli.     Leaves,  with  the  petiole,  3' -6'  long. 

1'  E.  deflexus,  Kaf.  Stems  decumbent,  widely  branched ;  leaves  ovate 
or  rhombic-lanceolate,  obtuse ;  spikes  mostly  single,  thick,  the  clu.sters  oblong ; 
utricle  ovate,  smooth;  margins  of  the  seed  acute. —  Waste  grouud.  Intro- 
duced. —  Stems  1° -  1  ^°  long.     Leaves  I' -  1  i'  long.     Spikes  2' - 3'  long. 

3.  E.  pumilus,  Raf.  Stem  low,  somewhat  fleshy ;  leaves  small,  mo.stly 
crowded  near  the  end  of  the  branches,  ovate,  obtuse,  short-petioled ;  flowers 
in  small  axillary  clu.sters ;  sepals  ft,  half  as  long  as  the  ovate  obscurely  5-ribbed 
utricle.  —  Sandy  sea-shore,  South  Carolina,  and  northward.     August -Sept. 

4.  AMBLOGYNA,    Kaf. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Staminate  flowers  3-sepalous,  triandrous.  Pistillate 
calyx  round-funnel-shaped,  5  cleft,  with  spreading  spatulate  scarious  lobes, 
enclosing  the  indehisceut  utricle.     Otherwise  like  Amarantus. 

1.  A.  polygonoides,  Kaf.  Stem  slightly  pxihescent,  branching;  leaves 
small,  rhombic-ovate  or  ubovate ;  flowers  crowded  in  axillary  clu.'^ters ;  bracts 
subulate ;  calyx  of  the  pistillate  flowers  twice  as  long  as  the  bracts,  with  a 
spreading  white  border;  utricle  ovate,  rugose  above,  3-cleft  at  the  apex. — 
South  Florida,     (l) —  Stem  l°-  1^°  long.     Leaves  ^'-  V  long. 

5.  SCLEROPUS,  Schrad. 

Flowers  monoecious,  3-bracted,  triandrous.  Calyx  5-sepalous.  Utricle  in- 
dehiscent.  Staminate  flowers  solitary,  sessile  in  the  upper  axils.  Pistillate 
flowers  clustered  in  the  lower  axils,  on  flattened  pedicels,  which  become  indu- 
rated and  fall  away  with  the  mature  fruit.  Otherwise  like  Amarantus  and 
Euxolus. 


AMARAXTACE.E.       (AMARANTH    FAMILY.)  401 

I.  S,  crassipes,  Moquin.  Smooth;  stem  erect,  branchiug ;  leaves  obo- 
vate,  obtuse  ;  clusters  shorter  than  the  petiole ;  sepals  much  longer  than  the 
strongly  keeled  bracts,  spatulate,  obtuse,  enclosing  the  granular-roughened 
utricle.  —  South  Florida.     (T)  —  Stem  1°  -  2"^  high.     Leaves  I '  long. 

6.  ACNIDA,  Mitchell. 

Flowers  dioecious,  3-bracted.  Calyx  of  the  staminate  flower  5-sepalous,  of 
the  pistillate  none.  Stamens  5,  free.  Anther  cells  united  only  in  the  middle. 
Stigmas  3-5,  spreading.  Utricle  3  -  5-angled.  Seed  obovate.  —  Tall  gla- 
brous marsh  annuals,  with  alternate  entire  long-petioled  leaves,  and  scarious 
flowers  clustered  in  axillary  and  terminal  spikes. 

*  Utricle  somewhat  Jieshi/,  indehiscent,  longer  than  the  bracts. 

1.  A.  cannabina,  L.  Stem  branching  above,  4° -8°  high;  leaves  lanceo- 
late or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  3'  -  5'  long ;  spikes  slender,  loosely  flowered ; 
stigmas  long,  plumose  ;  utricle  ovate  or  obovate,  acutely  3  -5-angled,  1"  long ; 
seed  compressed.  —  Marshes  along  the  coast,  Georgia,  and  northward.  Oct.  - 
Nov. 

2.  A.  rusocarpa,  Michx.  Stigmas  shorter;  utricle  larger  (\V'-2" 
long)  and  more  fleshy,  with  the  angles  obtuse  and  often  rugulose  ;  otherwise 
like  the  preceding,  and  same  range. 

*  *  Utricle  thin,  equallinrj  or  shorter  than  the  bracts,  mostli/  dehiscent. 

3.  A.  australiS,  Gray.  Stem  very  tall  (6° -20°  or  more  high),  branch- 
ing above  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  6'- 12' long,  the  margins  un- 
dulate ;  fertile  spikes  numerous,  short,  densely  flowered ;  utricle  smooth  and 
even,  acutely  3-angled,  equalling  the  bracts ;  seed  compressed.  —  Marshes  near 
the  coast,  Florida,  and  westward.     Oct. -Nov. 

4.  A.  Floridana,  Watson.  Stem  slender,  simple  or  sparingly  branched, 
2°-4°  high;  leaves  linear,  or  the  lowest  lanceolate, 2'- 4'  long;  spikes  single, 
terminating  the  stem  and  branches,  loosely  flowered  ;  utricle  rugulose,  shorter 
than  the  bracts  ;  seed  turgidly  lenticular.  —  Sandy  coast,  Florida.     Nov. 

7.  IRESINE,   Browne. 

Flowers  perfect  or  di(Bcious,  3-bracted.  Sepals  5.  Stamens  5,  united  into 
a  cup  at  the  base.  Sterile  filaments  none  :  anthers  1-celled,  ovate.  Style  very 
short :  stigmas  2-3,  .'^lender.  Utricle  roundish,  1-seeded,  indehiscent,  included 
in  the  calyx.  Seed  vertical,  lenticular.  Eadicle  ascending.  —  Chiefly  herbs, 
with  opposite  petioled  leaves,  and  scarious  glossy  flowers,  disposed  in  single 
or  panicled  spikes  or  heads. 

§  1 .  Philoxerus.  Flowers  perfect,  croicded  in  axillari/  and  terminal  heads. 
1.  I.  vermicularis,  Moquin.  Smooth;  stem  much  branched,  prostrate 
or  creeping  ;  leaves  club-shaped,  fleshy,  semi-terete  ;  heads  mostly  sessile, 
ovate  or  globose,  at  length  oblong  or  cylindrical,  obtuse  •  flowers  white  ;  sep- 
als obtuse,  longer  than  bracts,  the  two  exterior  ones  woolly  at  the  base.  — 
Sandy  coast,  South  Florida.  —  Stems  l°-2°long.  Leavesi'-l'  long.  Heads 
8"- 8"  long,  mostly  terminal  and  solitary. 

26 


102  AMAKANTACK.E.        (aMAKANTM     FAMILY.) 

i^  2.  Iitr.siNASTUi'M.  Flmri'rs  (llnriuiis,  ilisjiuscil  in  Imiscli/  /xtnivleil  Kjii'kes. 
'2.  I.  celosioides,  I--  Stem  orcct,  smoutli ;  leaves  ovate  laiieeulate, 
nente  «>r  ai  iiiiiiiKile  at  eacli  cinl  ;  jiaiiitle  (ililoiij^,  nearly  leafless  ;  spikes  oir 
loiig.  leiif^llieiiiiig,  white,  tlie  ]iislillate  woolly. —  Dry  soil,  Florida,  ami  nortli- 
war<l.  .Iuly-Sci)t.  (X)  —  Stem  2°- 3°  liij;!!.  Leaves  2' -4'  long.  I'anicle 
8' -12'  long. 

8.  ALTERNANTHERA,  Mart. 

Flowers  jierfeet  or  tlio'c-ious,  .'l-hraeteil.  Sc])als  5,  smoolli  or  villous.  Sta- 
mens 5,  united  into  a  sliort  euj)  at  the  liase.  Sterile  filaments  tooth  like  : 
anthers  l-celled.  Style  short:  stigma  raj)itate  or  2-lol)ed.  Utricle  indehiscent, 
1-seeded.  Seed  vertieal,  Icntiiular.  liailiile  ascending.  —  Herbs.  Leaves 
opposite.     Flowers  capitate. 

1.  A.  Achyrantha,  K.  I'r.  Stems  forking,  pnlipscent  ;  leaves  smooth- 
ish, oval  or  oliovate,  narrowed  into  a  petiole  ;  heads  dense,  oval,  white;  sepals 
lanceolate,  sjiine-pointed,  \voolly  with  barl)ed  hairs  on  the  hack,  the  two  inner 
ones  much  smaller;  sterile  filaments  sul)ulate  from  a  dilated  and  oliscurely 
denticulate  base,  as  long  as  the  fertile  ones.  —  Along  roa<ls  and  jdaces  much 
trodden,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  June -Oct.  ^  —  Stem  6'- 12'  long. 
Leaves  1'  long. 

9.  TELANTHERA,  R.  Brown. 

Flowers  perfect,  3-bracted.  Sepals  5,  erect.  Stamens  ."j,  united  into  a  tube 
below  the  middle.  Sterile  filaments  elongated,  flattened,  fimbriate  at  the 
apex;  anthers  l-celled,  oblong.  Style  short:  stigma  capitate.  Utricle  inde- 
hifsceiit,  I-seeded,  included  in  the  calyx.  Seed  vertical.  liadide  ascendiug. 
—  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  leaves.     Flowers  capitate. 

*  Ccili/r  srnsilp,  the  ."?  exterior  sepals  lonrjer  :  heads  sessile  or  nearhf  so. 

1.  T.  polygonoid.es,  Moquin.  Stem  erect  or  prostrate,  pubescent; 
leaves  oblong-obovate,  hairy  ;  heads  sessile,  roundish,  single  or  2-3  together, 
axillary  and  terminal ;  sepals  thin,  ovate-lanceolate,  twice  as  long  as  the 
bracts,  the  outer  ones  3-nerved,  woolly  at  the  base  ;  sterile  filaments  as  long 
as  the  fertile  ones,  3-4-cleft  at  the  apex.  —  On  the  coa.st  of  South  Carolina, 

]\Iof/uill. 

2.  T.  maritima,  Moquin.  Smooth  and  fleshy  ;  stem  prostrate,  branch- 
ing, angled  ;  leaves  wedge-obovate,  very  obtuse,  mucronate  ;  heads  roundish 
or  oblong,  a^lTary  and  terminal,  dull  straw-color;  flowers  crow'ded,  3-angled  ; 
.sepals  smoofli,  rigid,  ovate,  acuminate,  5-ril)be(l,  with  the  margins  mem- 
branaceous, one  third  longer  than  the  ovate  keeled  bracts;  sterile  filaments 
longer  than  the  fertile  ones,  4  -  G-cleft  at  the  apex.  —  South  Florida.  —  Leaves 
1 '  -  2'  long.     Ixcads  4"  -  6"  long. 

*  »  Calyx  rai^kd  on  a  short  5-angled  pedicel,  cylindrical;  the  sepals  nearly 
eql'ial,  %airy  :   heads  lonij-pedimcled.  — Mogiphanbs. 

3.  T.  rioridana,  Chapm.  Shrubby  ;  stem  slender,  elongated,  forking, 
remotely  jointed  ;  sparsely  pubescent,  like  the  distant  oblong  or  obovate 
leaves ;  peduncles  terminal  and  in  the  forks,  4-6  times  as  long  as  the  leaves  ; 
heads  white,  ovate ;   sepals  acute,  3  -  5-nerved,  hairy,  longer  than  the  ovate 


CHENOPODIACE.E       (gOOSEFOOT    FAMILY.)  403 

acute  bracts ;  sterile  filameuts  longer  than  the  fertile,  5  -  6-cleft ;  utricle 
crowned  with  a  narrow  toothed  margin.  —  South  Florida,  aloug  the  coast. 
—  Stem  2° -4°  loug.     Leaves  1'  long. 

4.  T.  Brasiliana,  Moquin.  Herbaceous,  rough-hairy;  the  young  leaves 
and  branclilets  hoary  ;  stem  erect,  forking  ;  leaves  tliiu,  ovate-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, taperiiig  into  a  short  petiole,  longer  than  the  internodes,  ratiier  shorter 
than  the  slender  peduncles  ;  heads  and  flowers  as  in  No.  3 ;  utricle  crowned 
witii  a  narrow  entire  margin. — South  Florida.  —  Stem  apparently  tall 
Leaves  2'  -  4'  long. 

10.     FRCELICHIA,  Mcench. 

Flowers  perfect,  3-bracted.  Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft,  indurated  and  spiny- 
crested  in  fruit.  Stamens  .5,  itnited  into  a  long  tube.  Sterile  filameuts  en- 
tire. Anthers  sessile.  Stigma  capitate  or  many -cleft.  Utricle  iudehiscent, 
1 -seeded,  included  in  the  calyx.  Seed  vertical.  Radicle  ascending.  —  Woolly 
or  hairy  annuals.  Leaves  opposite.  Spikes  opposite,  and  terminating  the 
naked  peduncle  like  summit  of  the  stem. 

1.  P.  Floridana,  Moquin.  White-tomentose  or  woolly;  stem  erect, 
simple  or  Ijranched  ;  leaves  linear  to  oblong  ;  spikes  ovate  or  oblong,  length- 
ening with  age ;  bracts  mostly  blackisli,  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  style  short ; 
stigma  capitate ;  fruiting  calyx  round-ovate,  compressed,  toothed  along  the 
margins,  and  minutely  tubercled  at  the  base.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Georgia, 
Florida,  and  westward.    July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  -^'^-3°  high.     Spikes  solitary. 


Order  109.     CHENOPODIACE^.     (Goosefoot  Family.) 

Unsightly  herbs,  with  exstipulate  leaves,  inconspicuous  flowers,  and 
the  characters  mostly  of  the  preceding  family ;  but  the  green  calyx 
often  becoming  succulent  in  fruit,  5  (rarely  1-2)  stamens  opposite 
the  sepals,  a  solitary  ovary  forming  an  achenium  or  utricle  in  fruit, 
two  short  and  spreading  styles,  a  horizontal  or  vertical  lenticular  seed, 
and  the  embryo  forming  a  ring  around  the  albumen,  or  spirally  coiled, 
with  little  or  no  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe  I.     CYCLOLOBE^.      Embryo  curved  like  a  ring  around  the  albumen. 

L   CHENOPODIUM.     Calyx  3  -  5-parted,  the  lobes  commonly  keeled  in  fruit.     Seed  hori- 
zontal, rarely  vertical. 

2.  ATRIPLEX.     Flowers  monoecious.     Calyx  of  the  sterile  flowers  5-parted,  of  the  fertile 

flower  none.     Ovary  enclosed  in   a    pair  of   separate  at  length  coriaceous  bracts. 
Radicle  inferior. 

3.  OBIONE.     Bracts  of  the  fertile  flower  united.     Radicle  superior. 

4.  SALICORNIA.     Flowers  3  together,  lodged  in  excavations  of  the  thickened  joints  of  the 

leafless  stem. 

Tribe  IL    SPIROLiOBE^.      Embryo  spirally  coiled,  with  little  or  no  albumen. 
Seed   horizontal. 

5.  SU^DA.     Calyx  5-parted,  not  keeled.     Leaves  terete,  fleshy. 

6.  SALSOLA.     Calyx  at  length  transversely  winged.     Leaves  spiny. 


404  ClIK.NOrtJDlAt'K.E.        (iiOOSEFOOT    I  AMILV.) 

1,     CIIENOPODIUM,    I-      ri(.v\i;i;n,  (ioMSKFooT. 

Calx  X  5-  (rarch-  .J -4)  jiarifd,  bnu-tlfss,  llic  lulu-s  mostly  koeled.  Stamons 
5,  tho  tilaiiiciits  tilifonn.  Styles  2- ."{,  distiiict,  (ir  united  at  tiie  base.  Itri- 
dc  (h'jirt'ssi'd,  I'ludosed  in  the  f;l«)l)()S('  or  r)-angk'il  calyx.  Seed  li<jrizontal 
(rarely  vertiiul),  lenlieular.  Knibryo  forniinj^  a  more  or  less  perfect  ring 
aroiintl  the  copious  mealy  alltuinen.  —  (Jlandular  or  jjowdery-coated  herbs, 
with  alternate  leaves,  and  clusters  of  small  greenish  flowers  disposed  in 
panicled  sj)ikes. 

*  Aitiiitals. 

1.  C.  Boscianum,  MiM|uin.  Stem  erect,  witii  slender  branches  ;  leaves 
oblung  to  lancei>latelin»'ar,  entire,  or  the  lower  somewhat  toothed,  more  or 
less  mealy  and  wliitened  l)cnealii;  sj)ikes  very  slender ;  clusters  few-flowered; 
seeil  slightly  rougliened,  shining,  enclosed  in  tiie  acute-angled  calyx.  —  Waste 
places.  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  —  Stem  slender,  2°  iiigh.  Leaves  1'- 
2'  long. 

2.  C.  album,  L.  Stem  erect,  branched ;  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  toothed, 
the  upper  lameolate  and  entire;  spikes  panicled;  seed  enclosed  in  the  5- 
augled  calyx,  smooth  and  shining.  —  Varies  (C.  viride,  L.)  with  nearly  entire 
and  less  mealy  leaves,  and  the  larger  clusters  more  .scattered. — Cultivated 
grounds.     July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  2°-  6°  high.     I'etioles  long  and  slender. 

3.  C.  murale,  L-  Stem  ascending,  branched  ;  leaves  loug-petioled,  ovate- 
rhombic,  acute,  une(|ually  and  sharply  toothed,  bright  green  on  both  sides ; 
spikes  slender,  spreading,  corymbose,  scarcely  exceeding  the  leaves ;  seed  dull, 
nearly  enclosed  in  the  slightly  angled  calyx.  —  Waste  ]jlaces.  —  Stem  6'-  18' 
high. 

4.  C.  Botrys,  L.  Stem  erect,  branched ;  leaves  oldong,  somewliat  pin- 
natifid-lol)ed,  with  the  lobes  obtuse,  glandular-pubescent,  the  upper  nnnute; 
racemes  numerous,  axillary,  spreading,  cymose ;  seeds  with  rounded  margins, 
not  wholly  included  in  the  open  and  even  calyx.  —  Waste  places.  —  I'lant 
aromatic.  6'-  12'  high. 

*  *  Perennial. 

5.  C,  Anthelminticum,  L.  (Wormseed.)  Stem  stout,  erect, 
branching;  leaves  olilnng  or  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  sharply  toothed; 
flowers  in  narrow  panicles  terminating  the  branches;  seeds  with  obtuse  mar- 
gins, smooth  and  shining,  included  in  the  even  calyx.  —  Waste  grounds. — 
Stem  2° -.3°  high. 

2.     ATRIPLEX,  L.     Orache. 

Fhnvers  mona?cious  or  di(Kcious,  either  similar  to  those  of  Chenopodium,  or 
the  fertile  flower  destitute  of  a  calyx,  and  enclosed  in  two  ovate  or  rhombic 
separate  or  partially  united  bracts.  Seed  vertical,  lenticular.  Embryo  form- 
ing a  ring  around  the  copious  mealy  albumen.  Radicle  inferior.  —  Herbs, 
commonly  coated  with  scurfy  or  silvery  scales.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite, 
oftener  hastate  or  angled.     Flowers  in  dense  spikes. 

1.  A.  hastata,  L.  Stem  angled,  diffusely  branched;  leaves  petioled, 
commonly  nearly  opposite,  hastate  or  triangular,  somewhat  toothed,  and,  like 


CHENOPODIACE^.       (gOOSEFOOT    FAMILY.)  405 

the  branches,  more  or  less  scurfy ;  fruiting  bracts  triangular-ovate  or  rhom- 
boitlul,  entire  or  toothed  below,  smooth  or  rauricate  within.  —  Sea-shore,  South 
Carolina  (Elliott).     June- Sept.  —  Stems  l°-2°loug. 

3.     OBIONE,    Gjertn. 

Chiefly  as  Atriplex,  both  in  character  and  habit ;  but  the  two  indurated 
bracts  more  or  less  united,  often  tootlied  on  the  edges  and  crested  on  the  sides, 
and  the  radical  superior. 

1.  O.  arenaria,  Moquin.  Plant  coated  with  silvery  scales ;  stem  branch- 
ing from  tlie  base,  ascending  ;  lowest  leaves  opposite,  obovate,  entire,  petioled, 
the  others  alternate,  nearly  sessile,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute,  Avavy  and 
slightly  toothed ;  sterile  flowers  in  close  terminal  spikes ;  the  fertile  in  axil- 
lary clusters ;  bracts  3-toothed  at  the  summit,  and  with  two  mostly  toothed 
knobs  at  the  sides.  —  Drifting  sands  along  the  coast.  July  -  Sept.  (T)  — 
Stem  l°-2°  high.     Leaves  1'-  l.J'  long. 

2.  O.  cristata,  Moquin.  Plant  scurfy,  green ;  stems  diffusely  branched  ; 
leaves  oblong,  mucronate,  petioled,  denticulate,  green  above,  paler  beneath ; 
bracts  roundish,  acute,  somewhat  spiny-toothed  on  the  margins,  and  witii  2-4 
roundish  knobs  at  the  sides.  —  Sandy  coast.  South  Florida.  —  Stem  l°-l2° 
high.     Leaves  ^' -  r  long.     Flowers  clustered. 

4.     SALICORNIA,    Tourn.     Glasswort. 

Flowers  perfect,  lodged  in  excavations  of  tlie  tliickened  upper  joints  of  the 
stem,  spiked ;  calyx  thin,  with  a  denticulate  border,  at  length  spongy,  and 
surrounded  at  the  apex  by  a  circular  wing.  Stamens  1-2.  Styles  united 
below.  Utricle  included  in  the  calyx.  Embryo  coiled,  or  bent  into  a  ring.  — 
Smooth  and  succulent  saline  plants,  with  jointed  leafless  stems.  Flowers 
three  together ;  the  lateral  ones  sometimes  sterile,  minute. 

1.  S.  herbaeea,  L.  Annual;  stem  erect,  much  branched;  the  joints 
tliickened  upward,  obtusely  2-toothed  at  the  apex ;  spikes  long,  tapering  to 
the  summit.  —  Salt  marshes  along  the  coast,  Georgia,  and  northward.    August. 

—  Stem  6'- 12'  high. 

2.  S.  mucronata,  Bigel.  Annual;  stem  erect,  branching,  1°  high,  tlie 
joints  2-toothed  at  the  apex  ;  spikes  rather  short  and  thick;  seed  round-oval. 

—  Coast  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.     Sept. 

3.  S.  ambigua,  Michx.  Stem  shrul)by,  prostrate  or  creeping;  the 
branches  herbaceous,  erect ;  joints  truncate,  dilated  upward,  slightly  2- 
toothed ;  spikes  cylindrical,  obtuse,  the  uppermost  approximate,  sessile,  the 
lateral  ones  peduncled.  —  Sandy  marshes  along  the  coast.  August.  —  Stem 
2° -3°  long,  the  branches  4' -6'  high. 

5.     SUiEDA,  Forskal. 

Flowers  perfect,  bracted.  Calyx  .5-parted,  fleshy,  inflated  and  berry-like  in 
fruit.  Stamens  5.  Stigmas  2-3,  spreading.  Utricle  depressed,  enclosed  in 
the  calyx.  Seed  horizontal,  lenticular.  Embryo  flat-spiral,  dividing  the 
scanty  albumen  into  2  portions.  —  Smooth  saline  plants,  with  fleshy  terete 
alternate  lea\es,  and  axillary  clustered  flowers. 


40G  r«.)LY(;(>.\Aci:.K.     (m  rivWUKAT  family.) 

1.  S.  linearis,  Muijiiin.  Aimnal;  stem  iliffusily  iiiiicli  liriiiidied  ;  leaves 
linear,  ai-iitc ;  ealyx  lolies  <.»l)tiise,  keeleil ;  wtaiiieiis  oxserted.  —  L(i\v  xaiitly 
plaifs  aloiij?  llic  foa*it.  Scjit.  —  Stem  1^  :j-'  liigli.  Leaves  l'-2'  long. 
l'"li.wi'rs  niiniile. 

6.     SALSOLA,   I.      Sai.twokt. 

FlDwers  perfeet,  2-liiarUil.  (..ahx  .'^pi)aile(l,  liie  lul)e.s  at  leii^tli  trau.svcr.sely 
winpeii.  Stamens  .5,  sliglitly  united  at  the  l)ase.  Style  slender:  stigmas  2. 
Utricle  tlattened  at  the  apex,  enclosed  in  the  j)ersistent  calyx.  Embryo  coni- 
cal-spiral. Allmmen  none.  —  Saline  plants,  with  alternate  and  Heshy  leaves, 
and  axillary  tiowers. 

1.  S.  Kali,  L.  Smooth;  stem  spreading,  ascending;  leaves  sulnilate, 
spine-pointed  like  the  ovate  bracts;  flowers  s(ditary;  calyx  loiies  connivent, 
with  the  dilated,  membranaceous  wing  rose-colored.  —  Sandy  coast,  Georgia, 
and  uorthward.     August,     (l)  —  Stem  l^-Hr'  high. 


Ohdkk  110.     POLYGOXACEiE.     (Buckwiikat  Family.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  (tropical)  trees,  with  simple  mostly  alternate  and 
stipulate  leaves,  and  perfect  or  dioecious  flowers.  —  Calyx  3  -  0-cleft,  or 
3  -  6-sepalous,  persistent.  Stamens  -i-l'J,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the 
calyx:  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  single,  1-celled,  with  the  solitary  or- 
thotropous  ovule  erect  from  the  base  of  the  cell.  Styles  2  -  3,  distinct 
or  partly  united.  Fruit  (achenium)  lenticular  or  3-angled,  rarely  ovoid. 
P2mbryo  mostly  on  the  outside  of  mealy  albumen.  Radicle  pointing 
upward.  —  Stipules  sheathing,  annular,  or  wanting. 

Synopsis. 

SunoRDER  I.  POLYGONEiE.  Involucre  none.  Calyx  .5  -  6  cleft,  or  5  - 
6-sepalons.  Stamens  4-9  (mostly  5-8).  Ovules  sessile.  Embryo  curved  on 
the  outside  of  the  all)umen,  rarely  straight  in  its  centre.     Stipules  .sheathing. 

«  Calyx  5  -  C>-sepalou8,  the  inner  sepals  erect,  mostly  enlarged  in  fruit. 

1 .  RUMEX.     Calyx  green,  often  grain-bearing.     Stigmas  many-cleft. 

2.  POLY'GONELLA.     Calyx  corolla-like.     Stigma  entire. 

•  «  Calyx  .'i-sepaloiis,  the  sepals  all  erect,  un(;hanged  in  fruit,  free  from  the  achenium. 

3.  POLY'GDNUM.     Sepals  entire.     Embryo  oirved  on  the  outside  of  the  albumen. 

4.  THYSAXELLA.     Inner  sepals  fimbriate.     Embryo  straight  at  the  side  of  the  albumen. 

•  *  »  Calyx  5-parted,  the  tube  enlarged  and  fleshy  in  fruit,  and  partly  united  with  the 

achenium. 

5.  COCCOLOBA.     Achenium  ovoid  or  globose.     Trees. 

Suborder   11.     BTJrXNTCIITK.E.     Involucre  none.     Calyx  .5-parted,  the 
tube  enl.arged  and  indurated  in  fruit.     Stamens  8.     Ovule  borne  on  a  slender 
stalk.     Embryo  at  the  margiti  of  the  albumen.     Stipules  none. 
C.   BRUNNICHL\.     Pedicels  winged  in  fruit.     Climbing  shrubs. 


POLYGOXACE^.       (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.)  407 

Suborder  III.     EKIOGONE^.      Flowers  surrounded  by  an  involucre. 
Calyx  6-parted.     Stamens  9.     Ovule  sessile.     Embryo  included  in  scarce  albu- 
men.    Stipules  none. 
7.   ERIOGONUM.     Involucre  5-toothed.     Woolly  or  silky  herbs. 

1.     RUMEX,   L.    Dock. 

Flowers  perfect  or  dia'cious.  Calyx  herbaceous,  6-parted,  the  3  outer  lobes 
spreading  or  recurved,  tlie  inner  ones  (valves)  mostly  enlarged  in  fruit,  and 
euclusiiig  the  3-augled  achenium,  often  bearing  grain-like  prominences  on  the 
outside.  Stamens  6 :  autliers  erect.  Styles  3 :  stigmas  many-cleft.  Ache- 
nium 3-angled.  Embryo  curved  on  tlie  outside  of  the  albumen.  —  Herbs, 
with  alternate  leaves,  smooth  truncated  sheaths,  and  small  green  flowers  iu 
racemed  or  jjanicled  clusters. 

*  Flowers  perfect  or  polyfjamous. 
•I-  Valves  etttire. 

1.  R.  erispus,  L.  Smooth;  leaves  lanceolate,  Avavy-crisped,  acute  at 
both  ends,  or  the  lowest  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  and  long- 
petioled,  the  uppermost  linear;  panicle  leafy  at  the  base;  wliorls  crowded 
in  fruit ;  valves  broadly  cordate,  obtuse,  one  or  all  graiu-bearing.  —  Waste 
ground  around  dwellings.  June -July.  5/  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.  Lowest 
leaves  1°  long. 

2.  R.  vertieillatus,  L.  Smootli ;  lowest  leaves  oblong,  obtuse  or  cor- 
date at  tlie  base,  flat,  the  others  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end ;  panicle  naked, 
loose-flowered ;  pedicels  slender,  thickened  upward,  reflexed  in  fruit ;  valves 
ovate,  obtuse,  rugose-veined,  each  bearing  a  large  grain,  half  as  wide  as  the 
valve. — Swamps  and  ditches,  Florida,  and  northward.  May -June.  ^  — 
Stem  1°-  2'^  high.     Lowest  leaves  1°  -  H°  long. 

3.  R.  Floridanus,  Meisner.  Smooth;  stem  stout,  branching;  leaves 
lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end  ;  panicle  naked,  dense-flowered ;  pedicels  about 
twice  as  long  as  the  valves,  thickened  upward,  reflexed  in  fruit ;  valves  del- 
toid-ovate, obtusely  pointed,  each  bearing  a  narrow  grain,  which  is  much  nar- 
rower than  the  reticulate  valve,  —  Deep  river  swamps,  Florida,  and  west- 
ward.    June.     2/  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.     Leaves  i°  -  li°  long. 

4.  R.  sanguineus,  L.  Lowest  leaves  oblong,  cordate,  acute  or  obtuse, 
the  upper  lanceolate,  wavy-margined  ;  panicle  leafless ;  lower  whorls  distant ; 
valves  ol)long,  longer  than  the  pedicel,  one  only  prominently  grain-bearing.  — 
Waste  ground.  Introduced.  June -July.  ^  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.  Lowest 
leaves  large,  variegated  with  red  veins. 

•»-  -f-    Valves  toothed  or  hristly  on  the  margins. 

5.  R.  obtusifolius,  L.  Stem  ronghish  ;  lowest  leaves  large,  ovate-ob- 
long, cordate,  mostly  obtuse,  the  uppermost  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end ; 
panicle  large,  leafy  below;  lowest  whorls  scattered,  the  upper  somewhat 
crowded  ;  valves  triangular-ovate,  toothed  near  the  base,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
sleniler  recurved  pedicels,  one  or  all  more  or  less  prominently  grain-bearing. 
—  Waste  ground.  Introduced.  June -Aug.  11  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.  Lowest 
leaves  1°-1J°  long. 


lOS  1'olygonacejE.     (buckwhkat  family.) 

t>.  R.  pulcher,  I-  Bnuulics  rij^id,  siirwuliiif^;  lowest  kaves  cordate- 
ohlmig,  ■^ciiiHwliut  tiiMli'-stiiipfil,  tlie  uppiT  liimcolali',  acute;  whorls  remote; 
valves  luii;^er  tlian  the  tliiik  ]ieili«els,  dvate-olilong,  rigid,  strongly  toothed, 
more  or  liss  proiiiiiieiitly  graiii-i)eariiig. —  Arniiiid  Charlestou  (A7//V//).  Iii- 
trodured.     June- July. 

".  R.  pei*sicarioideS,  I-  ruhesct'iu  ;  stem  low,  diffusely  liranclied  ; 
li-avcs  huiifoiatt-,  \\a\y-iiiargiiu-(l,  till'  lower  oues  soincwliat  corilate  or  has- 
tate at  tlie  lia.M',  tlie  upjier  liuear;  wliorls  coniiiactly  crowded  in  leafy  spikes; 
valves  small,  liristly  on  the  margins,  nearly  coveroil  by  the  large  grain. — 
Coast  of  Ni>rth  Caridina,  and  northward.  A  ugust  -  Sept.  (l)  —  SlemsG'-12' 
high.     ISpikus  yellowish. 

•  »  Flowers  (iiucioiis.     Ilirlis  with  smir  juice. 
■*-  L'uljix  not  <uhir<jcd  in  fruit. 

8.  R.  Acctosellei,  L-  Hoot  creeping;  stems  low,  erect  or  ascending; 
leaves  olilong,  lanceolate,  or  linear,  entire  or  liastate-lohed ;  jianiide  .slender, 
leafless;  wiiorls  scattered,  few-Howered  ;  valves  ovate,  grainless,  ajjpre.ssed  to 
the  acheuium.  —  Old  fields  and  sterile  soil,  common.  June -July.  11  — 
Stems  6'  -  1 2'  loug.     Leaves  aud  flowers  small 

—  -4-  Inner  cali/x  lobes  diluted  in  fruit. 

9.  R,  hastatulus,  Bahlw.  Stems  clustered,  erect;  leaves  glaucous, 
lanceolate  or  linear,  or  the  lowest  oblong,  entire  or  hastate-lobed  ;  whorls  few- 
flowered,  scattered,  or  the  upper  ones  crowded  ;  valves  round-cordate,  entire, 
membranaceous,  reticulated,  red  or  white,  graiuless.  —  Dry  sauds  along  the 
coast  and  in  tiie  middle  districts,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  May- June. — 
Stem  1^-  H°  high.     Leaves  l'-2'long,  the  upper  oues  mostly  entire. 

2.     POLYGONELLA,  Michx. 

Flowers  perfect  or  dia-cicjusly  polygamous.  Calyx  corolla-like,  deeply  5- 
partcil  or  S-scpalous  ;  the  three  inner  sepals  mostly  enlarging  and  enclosing 
the  3-angled  aciienium.  Stamens  8  :  anthers  roundish.  Stigmas  3,  caj)itate. 
Embrvo  straight,  or  nearly  so,  in  the  centre,  or  at  one  side  of  the  mealy  all)U- 
men.  —  Smootli  and  commonly  glaucous  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  slender  branch- 
ing stems,  small  alternate  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  slender  racemes.  — 
Sheaths  smooth.  Bracts  iml)ricated,  top-shaped,  mostly  l-Howered.  Pedicels 
nodding  in  fruit. 

§  I.     KiroLYGONP:i>LA. — Filaments  all  alike,  subulate  :   stir/mas  nearly  sessile : 
flowers  dlirriously  polygamous:  embryo  in  the  centre  oj' the  albumen. 

1.  P.  parvifolia,  Michx.  Shrubby  aud  diffusely  brancheil  at  the  base; 
leaves  wedge-shajicd  or  linear-spatulate,  vertical;  racemes  short,  corymbose- 
panicled  ;  bracts  truncate  ;  flowers  white,  yellowish,  or  red  ;  exterior  sepals 
recurved;  valves  orbicular,  equal,  longer  than  the  ovate  achenium.  —  Dry 
.sandy  soil,  near  the  coast.  August- Sept.  —  Stem  1°- 2°  high.  Leaves  i'- 1' 
long.     Racemes  A'  -  1'  long. 

2.  P.  gracilis,  Meisner.  Annual ;  stem  tall  and  slender,  paniculately 
branched  above  ;   leaves  remote,  wedge-oblong ;   racemes  slender,  pauicled  ; 


POLYGONACE-E.       (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.)  409 

flowers  white  or  pale  rose-color,  the  fertile  greenish ;  sepals  all  erect ;  valves 
oval  or  elliptical,  unequal,  shorter  than  the  ovate  lanceolate  acuminate  ache- 
nium.  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  Oct. -Nov. —  Stem 
2° -5°  high.     Leaves  V  long.     Racemes  linear,  I'-S'  long. 

3.  P.  brachystachya,  Meisner.  Shrubby ;  branches  slender ;  leaves 
linear,  tapering  from  the  obtuse  apex  to  the  base  ;  panicle  compound,  leafy  ; 
racemes  short,  oblong,  nearly  sessile ;  exterior  sepals  keeled,  retlexed ;  valves 
oval,  strongly  1-nerved,  longer  than  the  rhomboidal  achenium,  nearly  equal. 
—  South  Florida.  —  Branches  straight,  1°-U^  long.  Leaves  3" -5"  long. 
Racemes  i'  long. 

4.  P.  ciliata,  Meisner.  Stem  herbaceous,  nearly  simple;  leaves  subu- 
late, very  acute  ;  sheatlis  fringed  at  the  throat  with  few  long  bristles;  panicle 
simple,  short,  leafy  at  the  base  ;  spikes  nearly  sessile,  filiform  ;  bracts  minute, 
pointed ;  pedicels  very  short ;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  spreading  longer  than 
the  achenium.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  2=  high,  slender.  Leaves  I'-Ii' 
long. 

§  2.     GoxopTRUM. — Filaments  unlike,  the  3  interior  dilated  at  the  base:  stijles 
manifest:  Jlowers  perfect:  embryo  at  one  side  of  the  albumen. 

5.  P.  Meisneriana,  Shuttlw.  Stem  shrubby,  much  branche'd  ;  leaves 
small,  filiform,  obtuse ;  racemes  long,  forming  small  terminal  panicles  ;  bracts 
loose,  oblique,  with  the  points  spreading ;  exterior  sepals  recurved ;  valves 
equal,  roundish,  longer  than  the  ovate  acuminate  achenium ;  three  interior 
filaments  inversely  sagittate  below  tlie  middle.  —  Middle  districts  of  Georgia 
and  Alabama.  —  Stem  l°-2°high.  Leaves  numerous,  2" -3"  long.  Fruit- 
ing spikes  rigid,  1'-  2'  long.     Valves  largest  of  all. 

6.  P.  articulata,  Meisner.  Annual ;  stem  much  branched,  slender ;  leaves 
narrowly  linear,  obtuse  ;  racemes  numerous,  erect,  slender  ;  bracts  truncate  ; 
flowers  bright  rose-color ;  sepals  oval  or  roundish,  nearly  equal,  unchanged 
in  fruit ;  interior  filaments  rhombic-ovate  at  the  base.  —  Dr}'  sandy  soil, 
Georgia,  and  northward.  August.  — Stem  6'-  12'  high.  Leaves  4' -8'  long. 
Racemes  V  -  3'  long. 

3.     POLYGONUM,   L.     Knotavekd. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  5-  (rarely  4-)  parted,  corolla-like,  tlie  lobes  nearly 
equal,  erect  and  unchanged  in  fruit.  Stamens  3-9:  anthers  roundi.sh. 
Styles  2-3,  distinct  or  partly  united  :  stigmas  entire.  Achenium  3-angled  or 
lenticular,  enclosed  in  tlie  persistent  calyx.  Embryo  curved  on  the  outside 
of  the  albumen.  Radicle  slender.  —  Herbs,  with  alternate,  simple  leaves, 
and  sheathing  stipules.  Flowers  commonly  white  or  rose-color,  variously 
disposed. 

§   L    Amblyogoxon. — Flowers  in  closel ij-braeted  spikes:  stamens  7:   sti/le  2- 
cleft :    achenium  lenticular  :   cotyledons  incnmbent :    albumen  meal i/. 

1.  P.  orientale,  L.  Hairy;  stem  tall,  branching  ;  leaves  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, petioled  ;  sheaths  loose,  salver-form  ;  spikes  panicled,  cylindrical,  dense, 
nodding;  bracts  ovate;  flowers  large,  bright  rose-color.  —  Around  dwellings. 


410  I'ULYUUNACE.E.        (lUCKWIlKAT    I'AMILV.) 

t'sd'apeJ   troiii  i.uhiv;itiou.     Juao-Sej)t.  —  Stem  IJ-'-S^  l''n''-     •'^I'ikes  2'-3' 

l,.ng. 

§  'J.      ri;KsKAiUA. — Fluwfrs   in   closet  if-bracted    Sjiiki'S :    stamens    4-8:    styles 

:i -.'!,«;•  2  -  li-ciij't :    arlttnium  3-<ini/lc(l  or  lenticuliir  :    cotijltdons  uccambcnt: 

albumen  Itornj :   sheaths  ci/lindrical,  trtinrute. 

»  ^heaths  nuLetl :  sti/le  2-fleJi  or  :>]Hirli(l :  acheniu  in  lenticular. 

2.  P.  incarnatum,  Ell.  Stem  smoutli  below,  the  Kummit  of  the 
braiahes,  |i((liiii(  Ics,  ami  calvx  spriiikkHl  willi  glaudiilur  dots;  leaves  lance- 
olate, luii;^-aeiniiiiiate,  petioleil;  spikes  raeemed,  linear,  uoddiug;  bracts 
loiif^er  thau  the  pedicels;  Howers  small,  llesh-color;  stameusG;  st\  le  2-parted  ; 
aeheiiium  ovate,  with  the  sides  comave.  —  I'ouds,  ditches,  etc.,  South  Caro- 
lina, and  westward.  July-Oct.  (l)  — Stem  2° -3^  liigh.  Leaves  6'-8 
long.     Sjiikes  1'-  2'  long. 

3.  P.  densiflorum,  Meisner.  Stem  stout,  smooth,  branching  above; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate ;  spikes  racemed  or  some- 
what ])anick'd,  linear,  erect,  dense-Howered,  the  peduncles  minutely  glandular ; 
bracts  shorter  than  the  pedicels;  .stamens  mostly  6;  style  2-cleft;  acheniuin 
round-ovate,  black  and  sliining,  with  the  sides  convex.  —  Jluddy  banks, 
Florida,  and  westward.  Sept. -Oct.  (l)— Stem  3° -4°  high.  Leaves  6'- 
10'  long.     Spikes  2' -4' long.     Flowers  white. 

4.  P.  Muhlenbergii,  Watson.  Stem  stout,  pubescent  above ;  leaves 
3'-  6'  long,  broadly  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  spikes  erect,  racemose  or  in  pairs, 
linear-cylindrical,  close-flowered,  l'-2'  long;  flowers  large,  rose-colored; 
achenia  comj)ressed.  —  Muddy  banks,  Florida,  and  northward. 

5.  P.  Pennsylvanicum,  L.  Stem  smooth  below,  the  l)ranches  and 
peduncles  glandular;  leaxos  sliort-petioled,  lanceolate ;  sjjikes  erect,  t)l)long, 
obtuse,  close-flowered  ;  flowers  large,  rose-color ;  stamens  mostly  8  ;  style  2- 
cleft ;  achenium  orbicular,  with  the  sides  concave  —  Wet  places.  July  -  Sept. 
®  —  Stem  1^-3'  high.     Leaves  2' -4'  long.     Spikes  I'-U'  long. 

*  *  Sheaths  frinfjed  with  bristli/  hairs:   achenia  3-an(jled,  or  {in  Nos.  6  and  8) 
sometimes  lentirii/ar  :  stantens  mosti i]  8. 

C.  P.  Persicaria,  L.  Stem  smooth,  branching  from  the  base,  erect  or 
diffu.se;  leaves  lance(jlate  or  oblong,  sheaths  short,  nearly  smooth,  fringed 
with  a  few  short  bristles  ;  spikes  short,  oblong  ;  flowers  rose-color;  stamens 
6  -  7  ;  achenium  lenticular  or  3-angled,  smooth  and  shining.  —  Waste  places. 
Introduced.  July.  (T)  —  Stem  1°- H°  high.  Leaves  2' -4' long,  often  with 
a  dark  triangular  spot  in  the  middle.     Spikes  i'-  I'  long. 

7.  P.  acre,  Kunth.  Stem  slender,  smooth,  creeping  at  the  base  ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  and,  like  the  white  calyx,  dotted  with  pellucid  glands;  sheaths 
smoothish,  long-fringeil  at  the  throat;  spikes  1-3,  filiform,  loose-flowered; 
stamens  8  ;  style  3-parted  ;  achenium  3  angled.  (P.  punctatum.  Ell.)  — Ditches 
and  margins  of  ponds,  Florida,  and  northward.  July  -  Sej)t.  2/  —  Stem 
1° -.3°  long.     Leaves  2' -4'  long,  very  acrid.     Spikes  2'- 3'  long. 

8.  P.  Hydropiper,  L.  (Commov  Smartweeo.)  Annual,  smooth ; 
leaves    lanceolate,    jtunctate,    acrid;    spikes    slender,    interruj)tcd,   nodding 


POLYGONACE.E.        (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.)  411 

flowers  greeuish  ;  stameus  6  ;   st)le  2-3-partecl ;  acheuiuia  flat  or  triaugular. 
—  Roadsides  in  the  upper  districts.  — Stem  l°-2°  high. 

9.  P.  hydropiperoides,  Michx.  Stem  sleuder,  smooth,  ascending 
from  a  floating  or  creepmg  base ;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  scabrous ;  sheaths 
hispid,  long-f  ringed ;  spikes  2-3,  linear,  rather  close-flowered;  calyx  pale 
rose  color,  glandless ;  stamens  8  ;  style  3-cleft ;  achenium  3-augled.  —  Ditches 
and  muddy  banks.  July  -  Sept.  ^  —  Stem  2° -3°  long.  Leaves  2' -4'  long, 
not  acrid.     Spikes  l'-2''  long. 

10.  P.  setaceum,  Baldw.  Stem  erect,  sparingly  branched,  smooth  be- 
low, the  upper  portion,  like  the  peduncles  and  lanceolate  glantUess  leaves, 
rough  with  appressed  liairs ;  stipules  appressed,  hirsute,  copiously  fringed 
witii  long  bristles ;  spikes  filiform,  by  pairs,  loose-flowered ;  flowers  white, 
glandless;  stamens  8;  style  3-cleft;  achenium  3-angled.  —  Low  ground, 
Georgia  and  Florida.  July -Sept.  2/  —  Stem  2*^-3°  higli.  Leaves  3' -5' 
long.     Spikes  r-2'  long. 

11.  P.  hirsutum,  Walt.  Stem  erect,  densely  hirsute  with  spreading 
fulvous  hairs  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  nearly  sessile,  rounded  at  the  base,  hirsute, 
particularly  on  the  veins  and  margins ;  sheaths  hirsute,  copiously  fringed ; 
spikes  2-3,  linear,  erect,  rather  close-flowered;  peduncles  smooth  above; 
bracts  naked;  flowers  white,  glandless;  stamens  8;  achenium  3-angled. — 
Pine  barren  ponds,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  July- Sept.  11  —  Stem 
2°-3°high.     Leaves  2' - 3' loDg.     Spikes  1' long. 

§3.  AvicULAKiA. — Floivers  axillary,  single  or  2-3  together:  stamens  8, 
rarely  fewer  •  stigmas  5,  nearly  sessile :  achenium  3-angled:  cotyledons  in- 
cumbent: albumen  horny:  sheaths  scarious,  2 -S-parted,  lacerated:  leaves 
small, 

12.  P.  aviculare,  L.  Stem  prostrate,  diffuse,  short-jointed  ;  leaves  ses- 
sile {V  long),  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  3-cleft 
sheaths  ;  flowers  clustered,  nearly  sessile,  greenish  white,  longer  than  the  dull 
achenium  ;  stamens  mostly  5.  —  Waste  places  and  along  roads,  common.  — 
Var.  ERECTUM.  (F.  erectum,  L.)  Stem  stouter,  erect  or  ascending,  leaves 
larger  (I'-H'  long),  oblong.  —  With  the  preceding.  —  Var.  littorale. 
(P.  maritimum,  L.)  Stem  l°-2°  long,  prostrate,  rigid,  short-jointed  ;  leaves 
small  (4"-  6"),  oblong-linear,  glaucous ;  the  uppermost  imbricated  and  scarcely 
longer  tlian  the  conspicuous  silvery  sheaths  ;  calyx  reddish  white,  shorter 
than  the  smooth  achenium.  —  Seacoast  sands,  Georgia,  and  uortliward. 

13.  P.  tenue,  Michx.  Smooth  ;  stem  erect,  branched,  sharply  angled, 
slender;  leaves  .scattered,  linear,  acute ;  sheaths  sm.nll,  fringed;  flowers  mostly 
solitary,  greenish  white  ;  acheninm  smooth  and  shining.  —  Dry  rocks  in  the 
upper  districts.  July  -  Sept.  ®  —  Stem  6'  -  8'  higli.  Leaves  6"  -  12"  long. 
§  4.     ToYAmx.—Floioers  scattered  in  a  long  and  slender  spike :  calyx  4-parted : 

stamens    5,    included:    styles    2,    exserted,  persistent:    acJienium    lenticular: 
cotyledons  acnniihent. 

14.  P.  Virginianum,  L.  Stem  erect,  smooth  below;  the  upper  portion, 
like  the  leaves  and  spikes,  more  or  less  hairy;  leaves  large,  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end  ;   sheaths  cylindrical,  hairy,  fringed ;   flowers 


412  rOLYtiOXACK.K.      (buckwiikat   kamii.y.) 

grceiiisli,  curved  ;  styles  at  leiiRtli  lionkcil  at  the  ajicx.  — Drv  riih  8i)il.  Au- 
gust-Sept, ii  — I'laut  2°-4"  luL-li.  Leaves  3'-5'  luiiy,  li'-2f  wide. 
Spike  6' -12'  long. 

§  5.  K«'iiis<JCAri.i)N. — Floicers  m  h  i  mnnil  rliislers:  ailji-r  A-^-jxtrted :  sta- 
mens 6  or  8:  sd/lts  2-3  :  achenium  Itiiliculiir  or  3-ani/l<'(l :  cotif/edons  accum- 
lit-iii.  —  Shins  ire<iL-,l>raiuhiii;/,iirmtd  on  the  umjles,  petioles,  etc.  with  recurred 
prickles. 

IS.  P.  arifolium,  L.  Leaves  iiastate,  aeuniiuale,  ineinbraiiaccous,  iiii- 
iiutelv  dultcd  and  l)air\-,  loiiR  pftioled,  the  lobes  aeute  ;  peduncles  ratlier  short, 
bri.stly  ;  Howers  white,  souiewhat  spiked;  stamens  6;  styles  2;  achenium 
lenticular.  —  Kice  lieliis  and  wet  ])laces,  South  Carolina,  aud  northward. 
Jnnc-Oct.     ®  —  Stems  2°  - 3°  long.     Leaves  3' -4'  long. 

111.  P.  sagittatum,  L.  Leaves  small,  sagittate,  acute,  short-petioled, 
smooth;  ])tMlnii(Us  elongated,  smooth;  flowers  white,  capitate  ;  stamens  8  ; 
styles  3  ;  achenium  .3-angled.  —  Wet  places.  June-  Oct.  (l)  —  Stem  l°-30 
long.     Leaves  r-2' long. 

§  6.  TiM.VKiA. —  Flowers  in  axillari/  clusters  or  racemes:  cali/x  (jreenish 
tvliite,  ^-jHirted,  the  outer  lobes  keeled  or  witujed  on  the  hack :  stamens  8:  sti/les 
3,  veri/  short:  achenium  3-an;)led :  cotyledons  accumhent. — Annuals,  with 
twiniuq  stems  and  cordate  leaves. 

17.  P.  Convolvulus,  L.  Stem  roughish,  when  small  erect;  leaves 
long-petioled,  sagittate-cordate,  acuminate  ;  sheaths  naked  ;  flowers  in  axillary 
clusters,  or  in  long  interru])ted  leafless  racemes;  fruiting  calyx  ovate,  closely 
investing  the  dull  hlack  achenium,  the  outer  lobes  keeled.  —  Cultivated  ground. 
Introduced.     July  -  Sept.  —  Stems  1°  -  3°  long. 

18.  P.  cilinode,  Michx.  Minutely  pubescent ;  leaves  ovate,  acuminate  ; 
sheaths  bearded  at  the  ba.se;  flowers  in  loose  simple  axillary  and  panicled 
racemes;  fruiting  calyx  nearly  including  the  smooth  and  shining  achenium. 
the  outer  lobes  slightly  keeled.  —  Dry  rocks  on  the  mountains  of  North  Caro- 
lina, and  nurtiiward.     July-Sept. — Stem  3°-9°long. 

19.  P.  dumetorura,  L.  Smooth;  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  long-peti- 
oled ;  sheaths  naked  ;  flowers  in  long  axillary  more  or  le.«s  leafy  racemes ; 
fruiting  calyx  somewhat  spatulate,  emarginate,  much  longer  than  the  smooth 
and  sliining  nchenium,  the  outer  lobes  winged,  and  decurrent  on  tlie  pedicel. 
—  Low  margins  of  fields  and  thickets.     June  -  Se])t.  —  Stem  6^  -  12"  long. 

4.    THYSANELLA,  Gray. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Cal_\  x  corolla-like,  deeply  5-parted,  un<'hanged  in 
fruit ;  lol)es  erect,  unecpial ;  the  2  outer  ones  cordate  at  the  l)ase  ;  the  inner 
smaller,  pectinate  fimbriate.  Stamens  8.  Styles  3.  Achenium  ovate,  3 
angled,  nearly  included  in  the  })ersistent  calyx.  Cotyledons  on  the  outside  of 
the  albumen. — An  erect  smooth  and  branching  annual,  with  long  linear 
acute  leaves,  truncate  cylindrical  sheaths,  fringed  with  long  bristles,  and 
white  or  rose-colored  flowers  in  closely  bracted  spikes. 

I.  T.  fimbriata.  Gray.  (Polygonum  fimljriatum,  £■//.)  —  Dry  jiine  bar- 
rens, Georgia  aud  Florida.  Sept.  -  Oct.  —  Stem  branching  above,  l°-2° 
high.    Leaves  1'- 2' long. 


POLYGOI^fACE.E.       (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.)  413 

5.     COCCOLOBA,  Jacq. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  herbaceous,  5-parted,  the  tube  enlarged  and  more 
or  less  fleshy  in  fruit.  Stamens  8.  Filaments  subulate.  Styles  3  :  stigmas 
entire.  Acheuium  nearly  globose,  included  in  and  partly  uniteil  with  the  per- 
sistent calyx.  Embryo  straight  in  the  axis  of  mealy  albumen.  —  Trees  or 
shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves,  truncate  sheaths,  and  small  greenish  flowers  in 
axillary  and  terminal  racemes. 

1.  C.  UVifera,  Jacq.  (Sea  Grape.)  Smooth;  leaves  short-petioled, 
coriaceous,  orbicular-cordate  or  reuiform ;  racemes  terminal,  rigid,  erect; 
pedicels  single  ;  stamens  included ;  acheuium  ovate,  acute.  —  South  Florida, 
along  the  coast. —  A  small  tree,  with  rigid  spreading  brandies.  Leaves  3'-  5' 
wide,  very  thick.     Kacem.es  6'  long. 

2.  C.  Floridana,  Meisuer,  Smooth ;  leaves  petioled,  somewhat  coria- 
ceous, elliptical,  obtuse  at  each  end;  racemes  slender,  terminal  and  on  sliort 
lateral  branches,  recurved ;  pedicels  2-3  together,  about  the  length  of  the 
calyx  ;  stamens  exserted ;  acheuium  ovoid,  obtuse.  —  South  Florida.  —  A 
small  tree.  Leaves  2'  -  3'  long.  Sheaths  loose,  brown  Racemes  2'  -  3'  long. 
Achenium  4"  -  5"  long. 

6.  BRUNNICHIA,  Banks. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  bell-shaped,  5  parted,  the  tube  enlarged  in  fruit 
and  enclosing  the  free  achenium.  Stamens  8  or  10.  Styles  3,  slender:  stig- 
mas entire.  Ovule  borne  on  a  slender  cord  from  the  base  of  the  ovary,  pen- 
dulous. Achenium  obtusely  3-angled.  Seed  G-furrowed.  Embryo  in  one  of 
the  angles  of  the  mealy  albumen.  —  A  smooth  vine,  climbing  by  terminal 
tendrils.  Leaves  ovate  or  cordate-ovate,  petioled,  acute,  deciduous.  Sheaths 
obsolete.  Flowers  greenish,  in  axillary  and  terminal  racemes,  on  slender 
pedicels,  which  become  indurated  and  flattened  in  fruit. 

1.  B.  cirrhosa,  Banks.  River  banks,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  April - 
May.  —  StcMu  shrubby,  10°- 20°  long.  Leaves  2' -3' long.  Racemes  3' -6' 
long.     Bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  3  -  .5-flowered.     Fruiting  pedicels  curved. 

7.  ERIOGONUM,  Michx. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  surrounded  by  an  involucre.  Calyx  deeply 
6-cleft.  Stamens  9.  Ovary  free,  3-sided.  Styles  3  :  stigmas  capitate.  Ache- 
nium 3-angled  or  3-winged.  Embr}-o  straight  in  the  axis  of  the  allmmen,  or 
more  or  less  curved.  —  Downy  or  woolly  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  opposite  or 
whorled.     Sheaths  none.     Inflorescence  various. 

1.  E.  longifolium,  Nutt.  Stem  erect,  tomentose,  corymbose  above, 
leafy  below ;  lowest  leaves  clustered,  oblong-linear,  long-tapering  at  the  base, 
the  upper  scattered,  the  uppermost  bract-like ;  involucre  stalked ;  calyx  her- 
baceous, equal.  —  Sand  ridges.  East  Florida.  IJ.  —  Stem  2®  -3°  high.  Low- 
est leaves  3'  -  5'  long. 

2.  E.  tomentosum,  Michx.  Stem  erect,  tomentose,  con'mbose  above, 
leafy  throughout :  lowest  leaves  clustered,  obovate-oblong,  long-petioled,  the 
others  in  whorls  of  3  -  4,  elliptical,  sessile ;  involucre  sessile ;  calyx  white,  un- 


414  lAl  KACK.IC.        (I.AIKKL    KAMILV.) 

(•(lUiil.  —  l>rv  iiim-  l.arri'iis,  Floridii  to  South  Carolina.  July-Sojjt.  ^  — 
Siviii  •i°-3'-^  lii^li.  Lowest  leaves  4'-0'  long.  Flowers  very  numerous, 
scruMil. 

OuDKK  111.     LAl'KACK-^.     (Lai'hkl  Family.) 

ArDiiialic  trees  or  shrub.><  (cxcejit  Ca.ssytu),  with  alternate  siiiiplc 
minutely  dotted  leaves,  without  stipules,  and  perfect  or  polygamous 
clustered  Howers.  —  Calyx  6  -  9-parted,  imbricated  in  2  rows.  Stamens 
6  or  more,  in  1-  4  rows:  anthers  adnate,  *_'-l-celled,  o]iening  by  lid- 
like valves.  Ovary  free,  1-celled,  with  a  solitary  ana(ro]i()ns  suspended 
ovule.  Style  sinii>le,  thick  :  stigma  obtuse.  Fruit  a  drupe  or  berry. 
Seed  without  alliunieu.     Embryo  large.      Kailiclc  superior. 

Synopsis. 

Tbide  1.     LAURINE.E.     Fruit  naked.  —  Trees  or  shrubs. 

»  Flowers  perfect.     Stamens  12,  the  3  inner  ones  sterile. 

1.  PERSEA.     Anthers  4-celled,  4-valved.     Calyx  persistent. 

2.  NECTANDRA.     Anthers  4-celled,  4-valved.     Calyx  lobes  deciduous. 

*  •  Flowers  dioecious.     Stamens  9,  all  fertile. 

3.  SASSAFRAS.     Involucre  none.     Anthers  4-celled. 

4.  LIXDERA.     Involucre  4-leaved.     Anthers  2-celled. 

5.  LITSE.\.     Involucre  2  -  4-leaved.     Anthers  4-celled. 

Tribe  XI.     CASSYTE^E.     Fruit  enclosed  in  the  fleshy  calyx. —Leafless  twining  par- 
asites. 

6.  CASSYTA.     Flowers  perfect.     Stamens  9.     Anthers  2-ceIled. 

1.     PERSEA,  Gcertn.     Red  Bay. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  deeply  6-parted,  persistent.  Stamens  1 2,  in  4  rows, 
the  inner  ones  sterile  and  gland-like.  Filaments  pubescent,  the  iinier  fertile 
ones  higlandular.  Anthers  4-celled,  those  of  the  two  outer  rows  introrse,  of 
the  inner  row  extrorse.  Stigma  disk-like.  Drupe  ovoid. — Trees  or  shrubs, 
with  evergreen  entire  petioled  leaves,  and  greenish  or  wliite  tiowers,  in  axil- 
lary peduncled  clusters  or  panicles. 

1.  P.  Carolinensis,  Nees.  Branchlets  smootliish ;  leaves  oblong  or 
lanceolate-oblong,  smooth  and  deep  green  above,  glaucous  beneath,  obscurely 
veined ;  flowers  silky,  in  cymose  dusters,  on  peduncles  shorter  than  the  peti- 
oles ;  calyx  lobes  unequal,  persistent ;  drupe  blue.  ( Laurus,  L. )  —  Rich  shady 
woods,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  .July.  —  A  tree  20° -40°  high.  Leaves 
2' -3'  long. 

Var.  palustris,  Chapm.  Shrubby;  the  branchlets,  lower  surface  of  the 
leaves,  and  tlowcr.^  densely  tomentose ;  leaves  strongly  veined,  pale  green,  va- 
rving  from  oval  to  lanceolate;  peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles.  —  Ponds 
and  pine  barren  swamps.  July.  —  Shrub  4° -10°  high.  Leaves  3' -6'  long. 
Flowers  larger. 

2.    NECTANDRA,  Rottb. 

Calvx  rotate,  6-parleil.  the  lobes  deciduous.  Anthers  nearly  sessile,  4-celled. 
Drupe  with  its  base  enclosed  in  the  cup-like  persistent  calyx  tube.  Otherwise 
like  the  preceding. 


LAURACE.E.        (laurel    FAMILY.)  415 

1.  N.  Willdenoviana,  Xees.  Smooth;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  retic- 
ulate, sliiuiiig-,  oji  short  niarghied  petioles;  flowers  minute  in  narrow  axilhxry 
panicles  which  are  commonly  shorter  than  the  leaves;  calyx  white,  pubescent 
within,  the  nearly  equal  lobes  deciduous ;  filaments  very  short,  tlie  innermost 
bearded  at  the  apex;  drupe  black.  —  South  Florida. —  Shrub  6° -9°  high. 
Leaves  3' -5'  long.     Fruiting  pedicels  club-shaped. 

3.     SASSAFRAS,  Xees. 

Involucre  none.  Flowers  diceciously  polygamous.  Calyx  6-parted,  spread- 
ing. Stamens  of  the  sterile  flowers  9,  in  3  rows,  all  fertile,  the  3  inner  ones 
biglandular  at  the  base ;  those  of  tlie  fertile  flowers  6,  sterile :  antliers  linear, 
4-celled,  4-valved,  introrse.  Style  subulate:  stignui  disk-like.  Drujjes  blue, 
on  thick  red  pedicels.  — Trees,  with  entire  or  2-3-lobed  deciduous  leaves,  and 
greenish  flowers  in  clustered  racemes,  appearing  before  the  leaves. 

1.  S.  officinale,  Nees.  Leaves  ovate,  entire  or  2-3-lobed,  smooth  or 
pubescent;  racemes  short,  silky;  flowers  sometimes  white.  (Laurus  Sassa- 
fras, L.) — Dry  open  woods  and  old  fields.  March. — A  small  tree  with 
spicy  bark. 

4.     LINDERA,   Thuub.     Spice-Bush. 

Involucre  4-Ieaved.  Flowers  dioeciously  polygamous.  Calyx  6-parted. 
Stamens  of  the  sterile  flowers  9  (more  numerous  and  rudimentary  in  the  fer- 
tile flowers),  in  3  rows  :  filaments  slender,  the  inner  ones  lobed  and  glandular 
at  the  base :  anthers  ovate,  2-celled,  2-valved,  introrse.  Style  short.  Drupe 
obovoid,  red,  the  pedicels  not  thickened.  —  Shrubs,  with  entire  deciduous 
leaves,  and  dull  yellow  flowers  in  lateral  sessile  clusters,  appearing  before 
the  leaves. 

1.  L.  Benzoin,  Meisn.  Branches  slender,  smooth;  leaves  oblong-obo- 
vate,  acute  at  the  base,  paler  and  pubescent  beneath,  soon  smooth ;  clusters 
numerous,  smooth.  (Laurus,  L.)  —  Banks  of  streams  and  low  woods,  Florida, 
and  northward.  Feb. -March.  —  A  shrub  6° -10^  high,  with  spicy  bark. 
Leaves  3'  -5'  long. 

2.  L.  meliSSaBfolia,  Blume.  Leaves  oltlong,  short  petioled,  obtuse  or 
slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  silky  on  both  sides,  as  also  the  branchlets  and 
clusters,  at  length  smooth  above;  drupes  obovoid.  (Laurus,  Walt.)  — Mar- 
gins of  ponds.  West  Florida  to  North  Carolina  Feb. -March. — A  shrul) 
2°  -3°  high.     Leaves  V  -2'  long. 

5.    LITSEA,  Lam. 

Involucre  2-4-leaved.  Flowers  dioecious.  Calyx  Gparted,  deciduous. 
Stamens  of  the  sterile  flowers  9,  in  3  rows ;  those  of  the  fertile  flowers  numer- 
ous and  rudimentary  :  anthers  4-celled,  4-valved,  introrse.  Stigma  peltate. 
Drupe  globose.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  entire  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in 
clustered  umbels. 

1.  L,  geniculata,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Branchlets  smooth,  zigzag,  spread- 
ing; leaves  small,  oval  or  oblong,  soon  smooth,  deciduous;  involucre  2-4- 
flowered ;  flowers  yellow,  appearing  before  the  leaves ;  drupe  red.     (Laurus. 


Il(»  SANTALACK.'K.        (sANDA  I.WOOK    FAMILY.) 

H'a//.)  —  Shallow  jiiiie  barren  p()ii<]»,  Floriila,  ami  iiortliwanl.  Fel).  -  March. 
—  A  hirgc  sliruli,  with  mnnerous  siireadiii;;  forked  brainlns  I.cives  some- 
what coriaceous,  J  -  1'  long- 

6.    CASSYTA,  L. 

Fh>wers  ])erfect.  Calvx  G-ck-ft,  ])ersistciit,  the  exterior  h)l)cs  minute.  Sta- 
mens 12,  in  4  rows,  tiic  inner  row  sterile:  anthers  2-celkMl,  the  inner  ones  ex- 
trorse,  the  outer  introrse.  Style  very  short :  stigma  disk-like.  Fruit  enclosed 
in  the  Heshy  persistent  tube  ol  the  calyx.  —  A  leafless  parasitic  plaut,  with 
twining  filiform  stems,  and  spiked  flowers. 

1.  C.  flliforrais,  Miller.  —  South  Florida.  —  Sjjike.s  2-4-flowered. 
Calvx  lohus  thick,  triangular,  acute.     Anthers  oval,  obtuse. 


Ohdkk  112.     THY3IELEACE^.     (Mkzkkkim  Family.) 

Slniibs  with  acrid  juice,  tough  bark,  simple  entire  dotless  leaves, 
without  .stipules,  and  regular  perfect  flowens,  with  a  tubular  or  bell- 
shaped  -l-u-cleft  rarely  entire  calyx.  Stamens  commonly  twice  as 
many  a.s  the  calyx  lobes,  in  2  rows :  anthers  2-celled,  opening  length- 
wise. Style  simple  :  stigma  capitate.  Drupe  with  a  single  su.spended 
anatropous  seed,  containing  little  or  no  albumen.  Cotyledons  plano- 
convex.    Radicle  superior. 

1.    DIBCA,  L.    Leatherwood. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  entire,  or  obscurely  4-toothed.  Stamens  8,  unequal,  ex- 
scrted.  Style  filiform.  Albumen  none.  —  A  low  branching  shrub,  with  alter- 
nate petioled  oblong  or  obovate  deciduous  leaves,  and  liglit  yellow  flowers, 
from  hairy  buds,  appearing  before  the  leaves. 

1.  D.  palustris,  L.  —  Shady  banks  of  streams,  Florida,  and  northward. 
Feb. -March.  —  Shrub  2° -3°  high,  with  pale  spreading  jointed  branches. 
Leaves  2'  long,  silky  when  young.  Flowers  three  in  a  cluster,  on  short  pedi- 
cels.    Drupe  small,  red. 


Order  113.    SANTALACE^^.    (Sandalwood  Family.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  tree.s  (ours  root  parasites),  with  simple  entire  ex- 
stipulate  leaves.  —  Calyx  tubular,  4  -  .5-cleft,  valvate  in  the  bud,  the 
tube  coherent  with  the  ovary.  Stamens  4-5,  opposite  the  lobes,  and 
inserted  on  the  fleshy  disk  at  their  base:  anthers  introrse,  opening 
lengthwise.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  1-4  anatropous  ovules  suspended 
from  the  apex  of  the  free  central  placenta.  Style  single.  Fruit  1- 
seeded.  Embryo  small,  at  the  apex  of  copious  albumen.  Cotyledons 
cylindrical.  Radicle  superior.  —  Parasitic  on  the  roots  of  various 
trees  or  shrubs. 


SANTALACE^.       (SAXDALWOOD    FAMILY.)  417 

Synopsis. 

«  Flowers  perfect. 

1.  COMANDRA.    Anthers  connected  with  the  calyx  lobes  by  a  tuft  of  hairs.    Leaves  al- 

ternate. 

*  *  Flowers  dioecious.     Shrubs. 

2.  DARBYA.    Calyx  4-5-cleft.     Anthers  connected  with  the  calyx  lobes  by  a  tuft  of  hairs. 

Leaves  opposite.     Flowers  uinbelled. 

3.  PYRULARIA.     Calyx  5-cleft.     Stamens  5.     Anthers  free.     Albumen  oily.     Leaves  al- 

ternate.    Flowers  spiked. 

4.  BUCKLEYA.     Calyx  limb  double,  each  4-lobed.     Stamens  4.     Anthers  free.     Albumen 

fleshy.     Leaves  nearly  opposite.     Flowers  terminal. 

1.    COMANDRA,  Nutt. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  the  persistent  lobes  alternating 
with  the  lobes  of  the  disk.  Stamens  5 :  anthers  connected  with  the  calyx 
lobes  by  a  tuft  of  hairs.  Stigma  capitate.  Fruit  nut-like,  1-seeded.  —  Smooth 
perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  small  greenish  white  flowers,  in 
axillary  and  terminal  umbel-like  peduncled  clusters. 

1.  C.  umbellata,  Nutt.  Stem  branching  above;  leaves  sessile,  lance- 
olate or  oblong ;  peduncles  several,  corymbose,  3  -  5-flowered,  mostly  longer 
than  the  leaves ;  stjle  slender,  fruiting  calyx  urn-shaped.  —  Dry  soil  in  the 
upper  districts.     April- May.  —  Stem  8'- 10'  high.    Leaves  i'- 1'  long. 

2.     DARBYA,   Gray. 

Flowers  polygamo-dioecious,  top-shaped,  4  -  5-cleft,  the  lobes  ovate,  spread- 
ing. Stamens  4-5,  inserted  in  the  sinuses  of  the  crenately  4-  5-lobed  disk: 
filaments  short :  anthers  connected  with  the  calyx  lobes  by  a  tuft  of  hairs. 
Style  thick.  Stigma  3 -4-lobed.  Ovule  solitary.  Fruit  1-celled,  1-seeded. 
—  A  small  shrub,  with  opposite  oval  membranaceous  short-petioled  leaves, 
and  small  greenish  flowers  in  axillary  peduncled  umbels. 

1.  D.  umbellulata,  Gray.  —  Alabama  to  North  Carolina,  in  the  middle 
districts. — Shrub  1°-1J°  high.  Leaves  1'  long,  smooth.  Peduncles  3-8- 
flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves.     Fertile  flowers  solitary. 

3.    PYRULARIA,   Michx.    Oil-Nut. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Calyx  5-cleft,  the  lobes  recurved.  Disk  composed  of  5 
roundish  glands.  Stamens  of  the  sterile  flowers  short,  alternate  with  the 
glands.  Fertile  flower  pear-shaped.  Style  short  and  thick :  stigma  depressed- 
capitate.  Drupe  pear-shaped,  fleshy.  Albumen  oily.  —  A  low  branching 
shrub,  with  alternate  deciduous  leaves,  and  small  greenish  flowers  in  a  short 
terminal  spike. 

1.  P.  oleifera,  Gray.  —  Shady  banks  on  the  mountains,  Georgia,  and 
northward.  May.  —  Leaves  petioled,  obovate  oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  pu- 
bescent, 3' -4'  long.     Drupe  1'  long. 

4.    BUCKLEYA,  Torr. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Calyx  club-shaped,  the  limb  double,  each  4-parted ;  the 
exterior  lobes  linear,  leafy,  somewhat  persistent,  the  interior  triangular-ovate, 

27 


IIS  I'll'KUACK.K.       (PKIM'KU    FAMILY.) 

sli/x'"'!^'  iiiiliricatc'il  iu  the  bud,  deiiduons.  Stamens  4.  Disk  of  tlio  fcrtiln 
(lower  4-lolifd,  Heshy.  Style  short:  stigma  4-lol)ed.  Drupe  oblony,  com- 
pressed, furrowed.  Embryo  slender,  in  the  axis  of  copious  fleshy  albumen. — 
An  erect  shrub,  with  straight  slender  branches.  Leaves  nearly  opposite,  dis- 
tichous, lanceolate,  acute,  jjubesceut.  Flowers  terminal,  greenish,  the  sterile 
umliellate,  the  fertile  solitary. 

1.  B.  distichophylla,  Torr.  — Mountains  of  North  Carolina  (Buckley). 
—  Shrub  G^-T- iiigh.  Leaves  thin,  I'-lf  long.  Caly.x  tube  4"-5"  long, 
scarcely  longer  than  tlie  e.Kterior  spreading  lobes,  much  longer  thau  the  inner 
ones.     Drupe  Y  long. 

Okdek  IIL     LOKANTHACE^E.     (Mistletoe  Family.) 

Parasitical  shrubby  iilants,  with  evergreen  almost  veinless  leaves, 
■without  .stipules,  and  perfect  or  dic^cious  flowers.  —  Calyx  of  2-8 
sepals,  distinct,  or  united  into  a  tube,  valvate  in  the  bud,  sometimes 
wanting.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  opposite  them.  Ovary 
1-celled,  commonly  with  a  single  suspended  ovule.  Style  simple  or 
none.  Fruit  berry-like.  Seeds  anatropous.  Embryo  longer  than  the 
fleshy  albumen. 

1.    PHORADENDRON,   Nutt.    Mistletoe. 

Flowers  dioecious,  in  short  jointed  s])ikes.  Calyx  of  the  sterile  flower  glob- 
ular, 2  -  4-lobed.  Anthers  sessile  at  the  base  of  the  lobes,  transversely  2-celled. 
Calyx  of  the  fertile  flower  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Stigma  sessile.  Berry  glo- 
bose, pulpy,  1-seeded.  —  Evergreen  shrubs,  growing  on  the  branches  of  vari- 
ous trees,  with  brittle  jointed  stems,  thick  persistent  leaves,  and  small  flowers 
in  axillary  spikes. 

1.  P.  flavescens,  Nutt.  (Viscum,  Pnrsh.)  —Florida  to  Mississippi, 
and  nortlnvanl.  April-May.  —  Plant  yellowish,  2° -3^  long.  Branches  op- 
posite or  whorled.  Leaves  obovate,  fleshy.  Spikes  shorter  than  the  leaves. 
Berry  white,  glutinous. 

Order  11.5.     PIPERACE^.     (Pepper  Family.) 

Chiefly  herbs  with  jointed  stems,  entire  leaves,  and  perfect  achla- 
mydeous  flowers  in  bracted  spikes  or  racemes.  —  Stamens  few  or  many, 
hypogj-nous :  anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Ovaries  single,  or  3-5,  and 
more  or  less  united.  Ovules  few  or  solitary,  orthotropous,  ascending. 
Embryo  minute,  contained  in  a  cavity  at  the  apex  of  the  albumen. 
Fruit  1- few-seeded. 

1.    SAURURUS,  L.    Lizard's-Tail. 

Stamens  4-8,  with  long  club-shaped  filaments.  Anthers  introrse.  Fruit 
somewhat  fleshy,  composed  of  3  -4  partly  united  1  -2-8eeded  carpels,  pointed 
with  as  many  recurved  stigmas.  —  Flowers  white. 


CERATOPHYLLACE^.       (hORNWOKT    FAMILY.)  419 

1.  S.  cernuus,  L.  Stem  erect,  branching;  leaves  alternate,  petioled, 
cordate-ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acuminate ;  spikes  Avhite,  terminal,  nodding  at 
the  apex ;  flowers  numerous,  each  from  the  axil  of  a  small  bract.  —  Marshes 
and  muddy  banks,  Florida,  and  northward.  May  -  August.  —  Rhizoma  creep- 
ing.    Stem  l°-::i°  high.     Spikes  4' -  6' long. 

2.     PEPEROMIA,   Ruiz&Pavon. 

Stamens  2,  short,  lateral.  Anthers  extrorse.  Stigma  capitate.  Fruit 
baccate,  1-celled,  1 -seeded.  —  Herbs,  with  alternate  or  whorled  leaves,  and 
filiform  spikes  of  small  crowded  peltate-bracted  flowers, 

1 .  P.  maguolisef Olia,  C.  DC.  Leaves  mostly  alternate,  rigid,  petioled, 
obovate,  pellucid-punctate;  spikes  terminal,  densely  flowered,  longer  than  the 
leaves;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  petiole;  bracts  rounded.  —  East  Florida. — 
Leaves  li'-3'  long. 

2.  P.  leptostachya,  Chapm.  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  very  thin, 
smaller  ( 1'  or  less  long),  3-nerved  ;  spikes  very  slender,  rather  loosely  flowered ; 
otherwise  much  like  the  preceding.  (Piper  leptostachyon,  iVuW.) — Islands 
at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  John's  River,  Florida  (Curttss). 


Order  116.     CERATOPHYLLACE^E.     (Hornwort 
Family".) 

Submerged  aquatic  herbs,  with  filiform  jointed  branching  stems, 
finely  dissected  whorled  leaves,  and  small  axillary  monoecious  flow^ers, 
destitute  of  floral  envelopes,  but  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  8-12 
linear  leaves.  Anthers  12-24,  oblong,  2-3-toothed,  sessile.  Ovary 
solitary,  simple,  with  a  single  suspended  orthotropous  o'viile.  Ache- 
nium  compressed,  pointed  with  the  slender  persistent  style.  Albumen 
none.  Cotyledons  4.  Plumule  conspicuous.  —  Consisting  of  the 
single  genus. 

1.     CERATOPHYLLUM,  L.     Hornwort. 

1.  C.  demersum,  L.  Leaves  rigid,  6-9  in  a  whorl,  once  or  twice 
forking,  with  the  lobes  spiny-toothed;  achenium  oval,  compressed,  tubercular- 
roughened  on  the  sides,  and  armed  near  the  base  with  2  lateral  widely  spread- 
ing slender  spines. —  In  still  water,  Florida,  and  northward.  Sept. -Oct. — 
Stems  l°-4°  long.     Leaves  near  the  end  of  the  branches  much  crowded. 

2.  C.  echinatum,  Gray?  Leaves  weak,  9-12  in  a  whorl,  3-4  times 
forking,  the  ultimate  segments  bristly-toothed ;  ovaries  wnrty ;  achenium  ob- 
long, tubercular-roughened  on  the  sides,  the  edges  margined  and  armed  with 
5-7  strong  and  spreading  spines.  —  Shallow  ponds,  on  St.  Vincent's  Island, 
West  Florida.     May.  —  Stems  6'  - 12'  long. 

3.  C.  SUbmersum,  L.  Leaves  hair-like,  3-4  times  forking,  bristly- 
toothed  ;  achenium  oblong,  slightly  compressed,  tubercular-roughened,  the 
rounded  margins  unarmed.  —  South  Florida  Dr.  Blodgett.  —  Stems  6'- 12' 
long. 


420  roi>osT?:MACE.'E.     (kivkrwked  family.) 

OKI. IK  117.     CALLITKIC'HACK^E.     (Wateu-Starwort 
Family.) 

Siniill  aquiitic  animals,  witli  oppo.site  entire  leaves,  and  solitary  ax- 
illarv  i>olyyaiiious  Hdwl'Is  witlitnit  lluial  envelope.s.  Stamen  mostly 
solitaiv,  *J-biacted  in  the  sterile  Hower.  Filament  slender:  anther 
renilorm,  the  cells  confluent.  Styles  *J,  slender :  stigmas  acute.  Cap- 
sule 1-angled,  -1-celled,  with  a  single  suspended  anatropous  seed  in  each 
cell,  indehisceiit.  Embryo  straight,  in  copious  fleshy  albumen.  Rad- 
icle long,  superior.  —  Consisting  of  the  single  genus 

1.     CALLITRICHE,   L.     Watek-Starwort. 

1.  C.  heterophylla,  rur.>li.  Floating  leaves  spatnlate  or  ol>ovate. 
crowded,  tlie  lower  ones  distant,  linear  ;  fruit  nearly  sessile,  2-ljratted,  keeled 
on  the  liaek.  —  Var.  teuukstkis.  .^  Smaller  (2'-3'  long);  stems  much 
brauclied,  creeping  on  damp  earth;  leaves  (r'-2"  l<jng)  all  linear. — 
Ditclies  and  shallow  water,  Florida,  and  uortliward.  March -April.  —  Stems 
several,  6'-  12'  long.    Leaves  i'  long. 

2.  C.  peploides,  Nutt.  Stems  creeping ;  leaves  uniform,  obovate  or 
spatnlate  ;  fruit  nearly  sessile,  circular,  notched  at  the  a^jex,  tlie  sides  gil)bous, 
grooved  around  the  wingless  margin,  as  long  as  the  widely  spreading  stigmas. 
—  Florida  and  westward,  on  damp  earth.     Feb.  -  Marcii. 

3.  C.  Austinii,  Engelm.  Smaller  (r  or  less  long)  ;  fruit  short-pedicelled, 
flattened,  wider  than  long,  notched  at  both  ends,  w-ith  narrow  denticulate 
wings,  longer  than  the  spreading  stigmas. — Tennessee  (Dr.  Gattinger),  and 
nortiiward.     April. 


Ordkr  118.     PODOSTEMACE^.     (Riverweed  Family.) 

Moss-like  aquatic  plants,  with  minute  flowers,  from  a  spathe-like  in- 
volucre, and  destitute  of  floral  envelopes.  —  Stamens  5-  12  :  anthers 
2-celled.*  Capsule  2-8-celled,  pointed  by  as  many  persistent  styles. 
Seeds  numerous,  on  a  thick  central  placenta,  destitute  of  albumen. 

1.    PODOSTEMON,  Michx.    Riverweed. 

Spathe  2-lpaved.  Fhjwcrs  pedioelled.  Filaments  elongated,  borne  on  one 
side  of  the  stalk  of  the  ovary,  united  I)elow,  and  bearing  only  a  single  anther. 
Styles  2,  simple.  Capsule  rit.bed,  2-celled,  2-valved.  Seeds  imbricated.  — 
Submerged  acjuatic  plants,  attached  to  rocks  and  pebbles  by  disk-like  expan- 
sions of  the  stem.     Leaves  2-ranked,  divided  into  filiform  segments. 

1.  P.  ceratophyllum,  Michx.  Leaves  rigid,  sparingly  divided,  sheath- 
ing at  the  lia.«e  ;  flowers  solitary,  on  slender  pedicels ;  capsule  oval,  8-ribbed.  — 
Rocky  places  in  rivers,  Georgia,  and  northward.  July.  —  Plant  olive-green, 
l'-4'  long. 


EUPHOKBIACE^.       (SPUKGE    FAMILY.)  421 

2.  P.  abrotanoides,  Nutt.  Leaves  much  divided,  with  hair-like  seg- 
meuts  ;  flowers  2-3  together,  on  short  pedicels;  capsule  oblong,  10-ribbed.  — 
Gravelly  places  iu  the  Chattahoochee  Hivev  (Nutta/l.) — Plaut  larger  than 
the  last. 


Order  119.     EUPHORBIACE^.     (Spurge  Family.) 

Plants  commonly  with  acrid  milky  juice,  and  monoecious  or  dioe- 
cious often  petalif erous  flowers.  —  Calyx  2  -  8-lobed,  mostly  valvate  in 
the  bud,  sometimes  wanting.  Stigmas  2  -  several,  simple  or  divided. 
Fruit  of  2  -  several  (mostly  3)1-  2-seeded  carpels  united  around  a 
central  axis,  separating  at  maturity,  rarely  1-celled  or  indehiscent. 
Seeds  suspended,  anatropous.  Embryo  in  fleshy  albumen.  Cotyle- 
dons flat. 

Synopsis. 

§  1.     Ovules  and  seeds  solitary  iu  the  cells.     Flowers  moncecious. 
*  Flowers  without  floral  envelopes,  enclosed  in  a  common  cup-shaped  involucre. 

1.  EUPHORBIA.     Fertile  flower  solitary  In  the  4-5-toothed  iuvolucre.     Sterile  flowers 

several,  each  reduced  to  a  single  stamen. 

*  *  Flowers  in  bracted  spikes  or  racemes  ;  the  upper  ones  sterile,  the  lowest  fertile, 
■t-  Jlowers  apetalous. 
■H-  Stigmas  and  cells  of  the  capsule  6-7.     . 

2.  HIPPOMANE.     Carpels  woody,   indehiscent.      Spikes  terminal.      Stamiuate   flowers 

clustered. 

■w-  ++  Stigmas  and  cells  of  the  dehiscent  capsule  3. 

3.  SEBASTIANIA.     Fruit  dry.     Receptacle  with  a  central  column.     Seed  carunculate. 

4.  STILLINGIA.     Fruit  dry.     Receptacle  3-horned.     Seed  carunculate. 

5.  EXCCECARIA.    Fruit  fleshy.    Receptacle  with  a  central  column.    Seed  not  carunculate. 

6.  ACALYPHA.     Stigmas  many-parted.     Flowers  spiked.     Bracts  of  the  pistQlate  flowers 

leafy,  toothed. 

7.  TRA6IA.     Stigmas  3,  simple.     Flowers  racemed.     Bracts  small,  entire. 

8.  MERCURIALIS.     Stigmas  2.     Calyx  3-parted.     Capsule  '2-cened. 

<-  ■>-  Stamiuate  flowers  (except  No.  2  in  Croton),  or  the  pistillate  also  furnished  with 

petals. 

9.  CROTON.     Pistillate  flowers  apetalous,  or  with  minute  petals.     Stamens  6  or  more, 

distinct. 

10.  CROTONOPSIS.    Pistillate  flowers  apetalous.     Capsule  1-ceUed.     Stamens  5,  distinct. 

11.  ARGTROTHAMNIA.     Pistillate  and   stamiuate  flowers  5-petalled.     Capsule  3-celled. 

Stamens  10,  monadelphous. 

*  *  *  Flowers  cymose  or  panicled. 

12.  JATROPA.     Flowers  cymose.     Petals  scarlet. 

13.  CNIDOSCOLUS.     Flowers  cymose.     Calyx  white,  corolla-like.     Petals  none. 

14.  RIGINUS.     Flowers  iu  crowded  panicles.     Calyx  herbaceous. 

§  2.     Ovules,  and  commonly  the  seeds,  2  in  the  cells. 
*  Flowers  monoecious,  apetalous.     Ovary  3-celled.     Herbs. 

15.  PHYLLANTHUS.     Flowers  axillary.     Calyx  5  -  6-parted.     Stamens  3,  monadelphous. 

16.  PACHYSANDRA.     Flowers  spiked.     Calyx  4-parted.     Stamens  4,  distinct. 

*  *  Flowers  dioecious,  apetalous.     Ovary  2-celled.     Shrubs. 

17.  DRYPETES.    Flowers  in  axillary  clusters.    Fruit  drupaceous,  l-ceUed,  l-seeded. 


l'2'2  EUPHOUBIACE.'E.       (sPURGE    FAMILY.) 

1.    EUPHORBIA,  L.    Spi-kge. 

Flowers  monoecious,  destitute  of  calyx  and  corolla ;  the  siiif;le  pistillate, 
and  several  inouau<lrous  staniinate  ones  included  in  a  cup  siiapedortop-siiaped 
4-5-toothed  involucre,  which  has  commonly  thick  and  often  colored  glands 
between  the  teeth.  Styles  .'),  2-cleft.  Capsule  e.x.serted,  3-celled :  carpels  2- 
valved,  1-seedod.  — A  polymorphous  genus,  with  acrid  milky  juice. 

§  1.     Leaces  without  sttjiules. 

*  Stem  erect,  umbellate! i/  branched  above  :  involucres  solitary,  terminal  and  in 
the  forks  of  the  branches :  leaves  of  the  stem  mostly  alternate,  those  of  the 
branches  ojiposite  or  whorled. 

■t-   Glands  of  the  involucre  5,  tvith  white  petal-like  appendages :  leaves  entire : 
perennials  {except  No.  6). 

1.  E.  coroUata,  L.  Stem  smooth  or  pubescent ;  branches  4-6,  twice  or 
thrice  fnikin^,  mostly  short  and  fiustigiate  ;  leaves  thick,  oblong  or  oval,  ob- 
tuse, pale  and  mostly  hairy  beneath ;  involucres  jjedicelled  ;  appendages  of  the 
(green)  glands  orbicular,  showy;  capsule  and  seed  smooth.  —  Var.  anolsti- 
FOLIA,  Ell.  Stems  slender ;  branches  mostly  3,  forking,  elongated,  sjtreading ; 
leaves  varving  from  linear  to  obovate;  involucres  small,  scattered;  appen- 
dages of  the  glands  transversely  oblong.  —  Dry  rich  soil ;  the  var.  in  sandy 
pine  barrens.     July-Sept.  —  Stem  l°-2°high. 

2.  E.  mercurialina,  Michx.  Like  the  preceding,  but  lower  (i°-l° 
high) ;  leaves  tiiinner,  ovate  or  roundish  ;  appendages  of  the  glands  narrower; 
seed  oval,  rugnlose.  —  Rocky  woods  in  the  ujiper  districts.     May- June. 

3.  E.  discoidalis,  Cliapm.  Smooth  or  pubescent ;  brandies  commonly 
2,  divaricate,  fi irking  ;  leaves  linear,  obtuse,  with  the  margins  revolute  ;  invo- 
lucres on  slender  pedicels  ;  glands  ileep  red,  bordered  by  tlie  narrow  appen- 
dage ;  seeds  oliovate,  pale,  minutely  jiitted  —  Dry  sandy  pine  barrens  near  the 
coast.  West  Florida.  Aug.  -  Oct.  —  Plant  6'  -  1 8'  high ;  the  stem  much  sliorter 
than  the  branches.     Leaves  2'-3'  long,  \" -2"  wide.     Involucres  scattered. 

4.  E.  Curtisii,  Engelra.  Smooth ;  stems  filiform ;  branches  mostly  3, 
erect,  sparingly  divided;  leaves  thin,  linear  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  short- 
petioled,  spreading  or  recurved  ;  involucres  minute,  scattered,  on  long  capil- 
lary pedicels ;  glands  green,  margined  by  the  white  crenate  appendages ; 
capsule  erect,  sliort-stalked,  round-angled  ;  seed  globo.se,  smooth.  —  Low  pine 
barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  August. — Plant  6' -9'  high,  sometimes 
branching  from  the  base.     Leaves  ^'-1^'  long. 

•i.  E.  polyphylla,  Engclm.  (ined.).  Glabrous;  .stems  erect,  simple,  or 
branching  from  the  ba.se,  3' -  6' high  ;  leaves  very  numerous,  linear,  obtuse, 
6"  -  9"  long ;  involucres  mostly  single,  top-shaped  ;  appendages  black,  bordered 
with  white,  crenate  ;  flowers  villous ;  styles  2  -  3,  thick,  entire ;  capsule  round- 
ish ;  seeds  oval,  smooth,  white.  —  South  Florida. 

6.  E.  marginata,  Pursh.  Annual;  stem  stout,  2° -3°  high;  leaves 
ovate,  mucron.Hte ;  sessile,  l'-2'  long,  the  floral  ones,  like  the  apj)endages  of 
the  top-shaped  involucre,  broadly  bordered  with  white.  —  North  Carolina. 
Introduced  from  the  West. 


EUPHOKBIACE^,       (SPURGE    FAMILY.)  423 

•4—  +-  Glands  of  the  involucre  5,  witliout  appendages. 
■*-*■  Annuals. 

7.  E.  eommutata,  Eugelm.  Smooth;  stems  erect  or  ascending,  umbel- 
lately  or  alternately  branched ;  leaves  thin,  obovate,  entire,  the  lower  peti- 
oled,  those  of  the  branches  round-kidney-shaped,  sessile;  involucres  nearly- 
sessile,  shorter  than  the  floral  leaves ;  glands  crescent  shaped  or  2-horned ; 
capsule  smooth,  round-angled;  seeds  ovoid,  pitted. —  Low  ground,  Chatta- 
hoochee, Florida.  —  Stem  6'-  12'  high.    Leaves  4'-  1'  long. 

8.  E.  Obtusata,  Pursh.  Smooth;  stem  erect;  branches  3-5;  leaves 
sessile,  serrulate,  obtuse  ;  those  of  the  stem  wedge-oblong,  of  the  branches 
ovate  ;  involucre  nearly  sessile  ;  glands  oval ;  capsule  round-angled,  warty  . 
seeds  smooth.  (E.  Helioscopia,  £//.? )  —  Shady  woods.  South  Carolina,  and 
northward.     July-  Sept.  —  Stem  1°  high.     Leaves  1'  long. 

9.  E.  tetrapora,  Engelm.  Stem  erect,  umbellately  branched ;  leaves 
wedge-shaped,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  the  upper  ones  roundish ;  glands  2- 
horned  ;  capsule  smooth,  obtuse-angled  ;  inner  face  of  the  seed  only  4-pitted. 
—  Georgia,  and  westward. 

10.  E.  dietyosperma,  Fisch.  &  Meyer.  Smooth ;  stem  umbellately 
branched,  slender,  the  branches  forking ;  leaves  spatulate-obovate,  serrulate 
near  the  apex,  of  the  branches  cordate ;  glands  round  ;  capsule  warty  ;  seeds 
reticulate.  (E.  Arkansana,  Engelm.)  —  Alabama  {Buckley),  and  westward.  — 
Stem  8' -12'  high. 

11.  E.  Lathyris,  L.  Annual;  stem  tall  (2° -3°  high),  glabrous  ;  leaves 
closely  sessile,  lanceolate,  the  floral  ones  oblong-ovate,  cordate ;  lobes  of  the 
involucre  longer  than  the  2-horned  glands.  —  Waste  ground.     Introduced. 

++  ++  Perennials  ;    leaves  entire. 

12.  E,  Darlingtonii,  Gray.  Stem  tall;  branches  5 - 8, forking  ;  leaves 
slightly  pubescent  beneath ;  those  of  the  stem  oblong,  of  the  branches  oval  or 
roundish,  obtuse,  truncate  at  the  base  ;  involucres  nearly  sessile ;  glands 
obliquely  oval ;  capsule  obscurely  warty  ;  seeds  smooth.  —  Mountains  of  North 
Carolina,  and  northward.     July.  —  Stem  2° -4°  high. 

13.  E.  sphserosperma,  Shuttlw.  Smooth;  stem  erect;  branches  3 -4, 
forking ;  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  reflexed  ;  of  the 
branches  cordate-ovate,  clasping,  acute  ;  involucres  short  pedicelled,  green, 
with  the  ovate  lobes  nearly  entire,  much  shorter  than  the  truncate  crenate 
stalked  glands ;  capsule  acute-angled  ;  seed  roundish,  smooth.  —  Dry  pine  bar- 
rens. Middle  Florida.  June -August.  —  Stem  l°-2°high.  Branches  of  the 
more  sterile  plants  successively  forking  and  widely  spreading,  like  the  two 
following.     Leaves  r  -  2' long. 

14.  E.  inundata,  Torr.  Smooth  ;  stem  erect,  3-branched  or  alternately 
branched  from  near  the  base,  few-flowered  ;  leaves  erect,  lanceolate,  acute, 
sessile;  of  the  branches  oblong-ovate,  clasping;  involucre  long-pedicelled, 
reddish,  the  pubescent  lobes  3-toothed  ;  glands  orbicular,  peltate,  entire ;  cap- 
sules acute-angled,  smooth.  —  Pine  barren  swamps,  Florida.  April  -  June.  — 
Stems  6-12'  high,  from  a  thick  woody  root.     Leaves  2'-3'  long. 


■1--A  EirHUKllIACEyE.        (si'LU(iK    KAMII.V.) 

15.  E.  telephioides,  riKijmi.  Smoutli  ami  somewhat  He.sliy ;  stem 
tliii'k  ;  liniiicliis  .!,  >liuil,  lurking';  li'iivcti  lar^xc,  (ilihiiig-olioviitf,  obtuse,  erect, 
with  inciiil>raiiaii'Oiis  iiiur^ins  ;  of  the  hraiiclies  siiuill,  ovate,  ela.spiiig  ;  in- 
volucre j)ur|ile,  slender-peilieelled,  the  lohes  o\ate,  entire,  eiliate,  iucurveil ; 
>;laiitls  ]ieltate,  roundish,  entire;  capsule  acute-angled,  smooth.  —  Low 
sandy  pine  barrens  near  the  coast,  West  Florida.  May -June. —  I'laiit 
ligiit  ^recn,  2' -5'  high.  Stem  leaves  2' -3'  long,  often  longer  than  the 
lirauches.     Floral  leaves  4"  -  6"  long. 

♦  »    Slein  erect,  successively  forkinij  :    leaves  rommonl i)  opposite :    involucres  in 

the  finks,  d<irk  /iiir/ili'  :  ijluiuls  5,  without  (i/>peiiiJa(jes :  perennials. 

16.  E.  Ipecacuanhse,  L-  stems  several  from  a  long  perpendicular 
root,  slender,  commonly  forking  from  near  tiie  base ;  leaves  of  tlie  stem  and 
branches  similar,  opposite,  or  tlie  lowest  rarely  alternate,  entire,  olituse,  vary- 
ing from  linear  to  round-obovate,  sliort-jietioled  ;  jjedundes  slender,  mostly 
longer  tliau  the  leaves ;  involucre  small ;  capsule  slender-stalked,  nodding, 
round-angled  ;  seeds  minutely  pitted.  —  Dry  sandy  soil.  May  -  June.  —  Stem 
2'- 12'  high.     Leaves  i' -  1'  long. 

17.  E.  nudicaulis,  ('li:ipm.  Smooth;  stems  .slender,  forking  above; 
leaves  minute  (J"  long),  oval  or  obovate,  the  lowest  alternate,  tJKJse  of  the 
branches  op])osite  ;  involucres  minute,  on  short  peduncles;  glands  top-sliaj)ed. 
—  Low  j)ine  barrens,  near  St.  Joseph's,  West  Florida.  June.  —  Stems  1° 
high.     Capsule  aiul  seeds  unknown. 

*  »  ♦  Branches  and  leaves  alternate :   involucres  terminal,  clustered  or  single  : 

[/lands  without  appendages. 

18.  E.  heterophylla,  L.  Annual,  smooth  ;  stem  erect,  branching  from 
the  base  ;  brandies  elongated,  leafy  at  the  summit ;  leaves  ])etioled,  oblong, 
fiddle-shaped,  tootiied  or  entire,  the  uppermost  deep  red  at  tlie  ba.se  ;  involu- 
cres clustered,  short-stalked,  with  5  incised  lobes  and  a  single  gland  ;  ca])sule 
smooth;  seeds  gh)bose,  warty.  —  Var.  r.u.VxMixiKOLiA  (E.  graminifolia, 
Michr.)  hiis  the  leaves  all  linear  and  entire.  —  South  Florida,  and  around 
dwellings,  ap])arcntly  introduced.  May -Oct. —  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Leaves 
2'  long. 

19.  E.  triehotoma,  IIBK.  Annual;  stem  irregularly  much  branched, 
very  leafy ;  leaves  small,  imbricated,  oblong-obovate,  acute,  obscurely  crenate, 
sessile ;  involucre  solitary,  top-shaped,  sessile ;  glands  5,  peltate ;  capsule 
smooth,  short-stalked.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  low.     Leaves  3" -4"  long. 

20.  E.  dentata,  Michx.  Annual,  erect  (1°  high),  irregularly  branching; 
leaves  distant,  jxtioled,  ovate,  lanceolate,  or  linear,  coarsely  toothed,  the 
lower  ones  alternate,  the  ui)permost  ones  opj)osite  ;  involucres  nearly  sessile, 
with  five  toothed  lobes,  and  mostly  a  single  stalked  gland  ;  seeds  nearly  glob- 
ular, slightly  tubercled.  —  Rich  soil,  Tennessee,  and  nortlnvard.  July- 
Sept. 

§  2.     Leaves  stipulate,  all  opposite  :  glands  of  the  involucre  4. 

«  Stems  erect  or  ascending :    seeds  A-angled,  transversely  rugose  :  annuals. 

21.  E.  hypericifolia,  L.  Smooth  throughout;  stem  (^°-2°  high) 
erect  ;  branches  alternate,  2-ranked  ;  leaves  (\'  -  V  long)  petioled,  lanceolate- 
oblong,  oblique  and  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  base,  equally  serrulate  on  both 


EUPHORBIACE^.       (sPURGE    FAMILY.)  425 

margins ;  stipules  reflexed ;  involucres  in  dense  lateral  long-peduncled  cymose 
clusters ;  appendages  of  the  glands  white,  kidney-shaped ;  capsules  rather 
acutely  angled,  smooth ;  seed  minute,  reddish.  —  South  Florida. 

22.  E.  Preslii,  Guss.  Stem  often  pubescent,  ascending  (1°- 1|°  high) ; 
leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  cordate  at  the  base,  often  blotched 
with  red,  sharply  serrate  on  the  lower  margiu,  entire  below  the  middle  on 
the  upper  ;  clusters  terminal ;  appendages  of  the  glands  rounded,  entire ;  cap- 
sule round-angled,  smooth  ;  seeds  larger,  nearly  black.  —  Cultivated  grounds. 
August  -  Sept. 

23.  E.  buxifolia,  Lam.  Stem  stout,  smooth,  ascending,  alternately 
branching  or  forking  from  the  base,  purple ;  leaves  very  numerous,  somewhat 
fleshy,  nearly  sessile,  oblong-ovate,  cordate,  acute,  entire,  witli  the  margins 
involute,  the  uppermost  crowded ;  involucres  in  dense  terminal  chusters ; 
glands  peltate,  orbicular,  bordered  by  a  white  appendage ;  capsule  smooth, 
acute-angled  ;  seed  bluish,  faintly  rugose.  —  Sandy  sea-shore.  South  Florida. 
—  Stem  1°  high.     Leaves  3"  -  5"  long.     Stipules  fringed. 

24.  E.  pilulifera,  L.  Pubescent ;  stem  erect  or  prostrate,  forking  from 
the  base ;  leaves  short-petioled,  oblong-ovate,  oblique,  acute  at  each  end,  ser- 
rate ;  involucres  minute,  in  dense  terminal  short-stalked  clusters ;  glands 
without  appendages ;  capsule  acute-angled,  hairy ;  seeds  faintly  rugose.  — 
South  Florida,  Mobile  [Mohr).  — Stem  4' -6'  high.     Leaves  5" -8"  long. 

*  *  Stems  prostrate,  diffuse  :  leaves  small:  involucres  small  and  mostl y  crowded 

near  the  summit  of  the  branches. 

•I-  Perennial. 

25.  E.  Garberi,  Engelm.  (ined.)-  Softly  villous  throughout;  stems 
widely  branching ;  leaves  oval  or  obovate,  oblique,  entire,  short-petioled ; 
stipules  ciliate-laciniate  ;  flowers  single  in  the  upper  axils  ;  glands  narrowly 
margined ;  capsule  acutely  angled ;  seeds  reddish-brown,  transversely  2- 
ribbed.  —  Sandy  coast,  South  Florida.  —  Stem  1°  or  more  long. 

26.  E.  deltoidea,  Engelm.  (ined.).  Stems  (2' -4'  long)  diffuse,  gla- 
brous; leaves  (1^"  long  or  less)  petioled,  obliquely  deltoid,  cordate,  or  reni- 
form,  sprinkled  with  sliort  hairs,  the  margins  narrowly  revolute ;  stipules 
minute,  entire  ;  involucre  single,  terminal,  turbinate,  pedicelled,  with  downy 
lobes,  and  transversely  oblong  glands  witliout  appendages  ;  styles  very  short ; 
capsule  (immature)  acutely  3-angled,  glabrous.  —  South  Florida  (Curtiss). 

-t-  -1-  Annual:  smooth. 

27.  E.  serpyllifolia,  Pers.  Smooth ;  leaves  oval  or  obovate,  oblique 
and  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  obscurely  serrulate,  petioled ;  stipules  ovate, 
entire,  or  sparingly  short-fringed ;  appendages  of  the  glands  white,  trans- 
versely oblong ;  capsule  smooth,  acute-angled ;  seed  4-angled,  granular- 
ronghened  and  faintly  wrinkled  on  the  sides.  —  South  Florida.  May -Oct. — 
Stems  6'  - 1 2'  long.     Leaves  2"  -  5"  long. 

28.  E.  serpens,  HBK.  Smooth,  small  (4'- 8'  long);  leaves  round- 
ovate,  entire  (y-2"lone:);  stipules  triangular,  toothed;  peduncles  single; 
appendages  of  the  gland  minute  or  none  ;  capsule  smooth,  acutely  angled  ; 
seeds  smooth  and  even,  obtusely  4-angled.  —  South  Florida,  Mississippi,  and 
westward. 


4l'(>  Eri'iioKiuACE.E.     (spurge  famii.v.) 

29.  E.  ammannioides,  IIHIv.  Smooth  tlirouf;lioiit ;  ^tems  long  (2°- 
3-).  filiform,  ])r..str:iir,  iiltcniiUelv  braiula-d  ;  leavos  oldoiijj  (2" -3"  long),  en- 
tiro  ;  roinnli'(i  and  innrronate  at  the  apex,  Hhort-jicticdcd  ;  stipules  2-parted  ; 
flowirs  single,  tirininal,  and  in  tiii"  forks  of  tiie  branchi-s  ;  glandw  margined 
witii  while  ;  lapsnle  obtusely  triangular ;  si-eils  ovate,  olisrurely  triangular, 
sniootli  and  even.  —  Kolu-rts's  Key  in  Caxiuilms  IJay,  South  Florida. 

30.  E.  COrdifolia,  Kll-  Smooth  ;  li-aves  jietioled,  oval  or  roundish,  en- 
tire, obtuse,  tordate  or  truutate  and  oldicjue  at  tiie  base  ;  stipules  slender, 
deeply  parted  into  long  capillary  segments ;  appendages  of  the  glands  con- 
spicuous, oblong  or  roundish,  white ;  caj)8ule  smooth,  acute-angled ;  seed 
4  angled,  smooth  and  even.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  South  Carolina,  and  west- 
ward.    July  -  Sept.  —  Stems  6'  -  18'  long.     Leaves  4"  -  6"  long,  })ale  green. 

■'tl.  E.  polygonifolia,  L.  Smooth  and  somewhat  fleshy  ;  leaves  oblong 
or  linear-olilong,  entire,  ol)li4ue,  obtu.<e  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  peti- 
oled  ;  stipules  l)y  pairs,  2  -3-parteil  ;  glands  of  tlie  involucre  slightly  margined 
by  the  narrow  a])j)endages,  rather  shorter  than  the  subulate  obtuse  lobes; 
capsule  smooth,  acute-angled  ;  seed  large,  obovate,  not  angled,  smooth  and 
even.  —  Drifting  sands  along  the  coast.  July -Oct.  —  Stems  4' -12'  long. 
Leaves  i'  long.     Involucres  densely  bearded  within.     Seed  whitish. 

■*-■*-■*-  Annual;  pubescent. 

32.  E.  znaculata,  L.  Pubescent ;  leaves  obloug,  serrate,  oblique  at  the 
base,  petioled,  often  blotched  with  purple  ;  stipules  2-parted  ;  capsule  acute- 
angled,  hairy  ;  appeudages  of  the  glands  transversely  oblong,  white  ;  seed  4- 
angled,  smooth,  faintly  wrinkled  or  pitted  on  the  concave  sides.  —  Cultivated 
ground  and  waste  places,  very  common.  June -Oct.  —  Stems  6'- 12'  long. 
Leaves  3"  -  4"  long. 

33.  E.  humistrata,  Engelm.  Prostrate,  pubescent ;  leaves  elliptical  or 
obovate,  ol)lii|ue  at  tlie  iiase,  serrulate  near  the  ajiex  (4"- 9"  long)  ;  stipules 
fimbriate;  flowers  in  dense  lateral  clusters  ;  involucre  cleft  on  the  back;  ap- 
pendages of  the  gland  red  or  white,  truncate  or  crenate ;  capsule  acutely 
3-angled;  seeds  ovate,  obtusely  angled,  minutely  roughened.  —  Eich  soil, 
Tenne.s.see,  and  westward. 

34.  E.  prostrata,  Ait.  Prostrate,  more  or  less  pubescent  (4'- 6'  long) ; 
leaves  oval,  sliglitly  serrulate,  smooth  above  (2" -3"  long) ;  flowers  in  lateral 
clusters  ;  involucre  top-shaped ;  appendages  narrow ;  capsule  long-ciliate  on 
the  angles ;  seeds  4-angled,  strongly  rugo.se.  —  Waste  places,  Florida,  and 
westward. 

3.1.  E.  adenoptera,  BertolinJ.  Prostrate;  stems  shortly  villous ;  leaves 
otdifjuely  oblong,  denticulate ;  stipules  subulate,  ciliate  ;  involucre  top-shaped, 
hirsute,  deeply  cleft  without,  the  ciliate  lobes  lanceolate;  appendages  rosy; 
capsule  hirsute,  acute-angled ;  seeds  oblong,  4  angled,  transversely  furrowed. 
—  South  Florida  ( Curtiss). 

2.    HIPPOMANE,  L. 

Flowers  monoecious,  apetalous,  in  thick  cylindrical  spikes.  Sterile  flowers 
clustered  in  the  axil  of  a  broad  entire  bract.     Calyx  top-shaped,  2-lobed.     Sta- 


EUPHORBIACE^,       (SPURGE    FAMILY.)  427 

mens  2,  exserted  :  anther  cells  separate.  Fertile  flower  solitary  at  the  base  of 
the  spike.  Calyx  3-pai-ted,  mauy-bracted.  Ovary  sessile,  6- 7-celled.  Style 
short  and  thick  :  stigmas  6-7,  acute,  spreading.  Fruit  fleshy,  of  few  woody 
1-seeded  indehiscent  carpels.  —  A  small  tree,  with  milky  poisonous  juice,  and 
short  and  thick  branches.  Leaves  alternate,  stipulate,  petioled,  ovate,  serru- 
late, acute  or  acuminate,  smooth,  approximate  at  the  summit  of  the  branches. 
Petioles  biglandular  at  the  apex.     Spikes  greenish. 

1.  H.  Mancinella,  L.  —  South  Florida.  —  Branches  roughened  with 
the  scars  of  the  deciduous  leaves.  Leaves  l'-2'  long.  Spikes  2' long,  ter- 
minal, solitary.  Clusters  of  flowers  with  a  gland-like  bract  on  each  side. 
Fruit  resembles  an  apple. 

3.     SEBASTIANIA,   MuUer. 
Flowers  monoecious,  in  bracted  spikes,  the  lowest  pistillate  and  fertile. 
Calyx  3-toothed  or  lobed.     Stamens  3,  free  or  united  below.     Styles  3,  dis- 
tinct.    Capsule  dry,  enclosing  a  central  column.     Seed  carunculate.  —  Trees 
or  shrubs.     Leaves  alternate,  stipulate. 

1.  S.  ligUStrina,  Miill.  Slirubby;  branches  alternate,  slender;  leaves 
petioled,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong-ovate,  mostly  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
entire ;  stipules  ovate ;  spikes  short,  often  by  pairs,  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
lateral  and  terminal;  stamens  3;  capsule  and  oval  seed  smooth.  —  River 
swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  May -August.  —  Shrub 
6°  - 1 2°  high.     Branches  spreading.     Leaves  1'  -  3'  long. 

2.  S.  lucida,  Miill.  Smooth;  leaves  coriaceous,  petioled,  obovate  or 
oblong,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  crenate ;  fertile  flowers  solitary  or  by  pairs, 
long-peduncled,  nodding ;  capsule  round-angled,  smooth,  like  the  ovoid  seed. 
—  South  Florida.  —  Tree  30°  -  40°  high.     Leaves  V-li'  long. 

4.     STILLINGIA,  Card. 

Bracts  with  a  fleshy  gland  on  each  side.  Styles  monadelphous  near  the 
base.  Receptacle  without  a  central  column,  strongly  3-horned.  Seeds  carun- 
culate. —  Shrubs. 

1.  S.  sylvatica,  L.  (Queen's  Delight.)  Herbaceous;  stems  clus- 
tered, erect  or  ascending  from  a  thick  woody  root,  umbellately  branched; 
leaves  somewhat  crowded,  nearly  sessile,  thickish,  varying  from  linear-lance- 
olate to  obovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  crenate-serrulate  ;  spikes  yellowish,  terminal, 
and  in  the  forks  of  the  stem,  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  glands  cup-shaped  ;  sta- 
mens 2 ;  capsule  roughish ;  seed  globose.  —  Light  dry  soil,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina,  and  westward.  April-Sept.  —  Stems  l°-3°  high.  Leaves  r-2' 
long.     Spikes  2' -3'  long. 

2.  S.  aquatica,  Chapm.  Shrubby;  stem  single,  erect  from  a  fibrous 
spongy  root,  umbellately  or  alternately  branched  above,  thickened  near  the 
base ;  leaves  lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  tapering  at  each  end,  short-petioled, 
sharply  serrulate,  the  uppermost  yellowish ;  stipules  bristly ;  spikes  mostly 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  terminal  and  in  the  forks  of  the  stem ;  glands  peltate ; 
stamens  2  ;  capsule  smooth ;  seeds  globose,  pitted,  silvery-coated.  —  Pine  bar- 
ren ponds,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  May -Sept.  —  Stem  3° -6°  high. 
Leaves  2'  -  4'  long. 


428  KL  I'UOUBIACEiE.       (SPURGE    FAMILY.) 

5.    EXCCECARIA,  L. 

Mainlv  like  the  two  procediiijj,  Imt  tlie  fruit  llcshy  or  baccate,  the  seeds  not 
cjiruiKulatc,  nfieii  enveloped  in  a  spongy  or  fatty  coat,  and  the  sterile  tiowers 
diandroiis.  —  Sliruhs  or  trees. 

1.  E.  sebifera,  Mull.  Arborescent;  leaves  long-petioled,  rhomhoidal, 
acuminate,  entire;  spikes  terminal,  densely  flowered;  sterile  flowers  pedi- 
cellfd  ;  calvx  4-toothed  ;  .stamens2;  cai)sule  ruuixliish  ;  seeds  white.  —  Georgia 
and  Soutli  Carolina,  near  the  ct>iu>*t;  introduced  from  China.  June -July. — 
A  tree  20°-40°  higii.  * 

6.    ACALYPHA,  L. 

Flowers  monoecious,  apetalous,  in  a.\illary  and  terminal  spikes.  Staminate 
•flowers  clustered,  minutely  bracted.  Calyx  4-parted.  Stamens  8-16,  with 
the  filaments  united  at  the  base ;  anthers  jjendulous.  Pistillate  flowers  at  the 
biise  of  the  stamiuate  ones,  or  on  .separate  .spike.s,  surrounded  J)y  a  leafy 
toothed  bract.  Calyx  3-parted.  Styles  3,  many-cleft.  Capside  roundish,  of 
three  1-celled,  1-seeded,  2-valved  carpels. — Herbs,  with  watery  juice,  and  al- 
ternate serrate  leaves. 

«  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  on  the  same  spike. 

1.  A.  Virginica,  L-  Annual,  smoothish  or  hairy;  stem  erect,  branched ; 
leaves  thin,  lonji-jietioled,  rhombic-ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  coarsely  ser- 
rate above  the  middle  ;  staminate  spikes  few-flowered,  mostly  shorter  than  the 
large  5  -  9-lobed  bracts,  w  ith  1-3  pi.stillate  flowers  at  the  base ;  capsule  pubes- 
cent.—  Fields  and  around  dwellings.  July -Sept.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 
Leaves,  with  the  i)etiole,  4' -5'  long. 

Var.  gracilens,  Miill.  Stemslender,  6'-l8'high;  leaves  smaller,  lance- 
olate, ol)Scurelv  serrate  or  entire;  stamiuate  spikes  longer  than  the  serrate  or 
toothed  bracts.  —  Sterile  soil.     July  -  Sept. 

2.  A.  Chamaedrifolia,  Mull.  Perennial;  stems  several  from  a  thick 
and  woody  root,  prostrate,  pubescent,  8imj)le  or  sparingly  branched;  leaves 
short-petioled,  ovate  and  oblong,  obtuse,  crenate,  hairy;  pistillate  flowers  nu- 
merous, crowded  at  the  base  of  the  slender  staminate  spike,  each  surrounded 
by  a  round-o\ate  hairy  toothed  bract ;  capsule  bristly ;  seed  ovoid,  smooth.  — 
South  Florida.  —  Stems  4' -6'  long.  Leaves  rigid,  6" -8"  long.  Spikes 
mostly  terminal. 

*  *  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  on  separate  spiles. 

3.  A.  Lindheimeri,  Miill.  Stem  (l°high)  branching,  hirsute ;  leaves 
rhombic-ovate,  .serrate,  short-petioled  «(1'  long);  spikes  very  slender ;  bracts 
of  the  numerous  pistillate  flowers  ovate,  deeply  5  -  7-toothed,  1  -  2-flowered ; 
ovary  hirsute ;  styles  long,  setaceously  4  -  6-cleft ;  seeds  minutely  pitted.  — 
Key  West  (liiddell  in  Herb.  Mohr). 

4.  A.  Caroliniana,  Walt.  Annual ;  stem  erect,  much  branched,  pubes- 
cent; leaves  tliin,  smooth,  cordate-ovate,  sharply  serrate,  long-pctioled  ;  stami- 
nate sjiike  lateral,  small,  the  minute  white  flowers  pedicelled  ;  pistillate  spike 
terminal,  stout,  many-flowered  ;  bracts  cut  into  several  subulate  lobes ;  capsule 
bristly ;  seeds  silvery,  pitted.  —  Cultivated  ground.  July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  1°- 
2°  high.     Leaves  2' -3' long. 


EUPHOKBIACE.E.       (sPURGE    FAMILY.)  429 

7.    TRAGIA,  Plum. 

Flowers  monoecious,  apetalous,  in  slender  racemes.  Sterile  flowers  few  or 
numerous,  caducous.  Calyx  3-4-parted.  Stamens  2-4,  with  short  and 
separate  filaments.  Fertile  flowers  few  or  solitary  at  the  base  of  the  raceme. 
Calyx  5-8-parted.  Style  3-cleft:  stigmas  entire.  Capsule  bristly,  of  three 
globose  l-celled,  1-seeded,  2-valved  carpels.  —  Pubescent  or  bristly  herbs,  with 
watery  juice.  Leaves  alternate.  Racemes  opposite  the  leaves  and  terminal. 
Bracts  small,  entire,  persistent.     Flowers  minute,  green  i,sh. 

1.  T.  innocua,  Walt.  Low,  do^vny  or  hairy;  stem  at  length  much 
branched ;  leaves  nearly  sessile,  varying  from  broadly  ovate,  and  serrate  or 
toothed  throughout,  or  only  at  the  apex,  to  linear  and  entire ;  racemes  shorter 
than  the  leaves  and  few-flowered,  or  elongated  and  many-flowered.  —  Dry 
sandy  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  May- August.  2/  — Stem  6'-  12'  hi^h. 
Leaves  l'-2'  long. 

2.  T.  urticifolia,  Michx.  Bristly,  with  stinging  hairs;  stem  erect, 
sparingly  branched ;  leaves  petioled,  deltoid-ovate  or  oblong,  coarsely  serrate, 
truncate  or  cordate  at  the  broad  base,  pale  beneath ;  racemes  shorter  than  the 
leaves,  the  sterile  flowers  somewhat  crowded ;  capsule  very  bristly.  —  Dry 
soil.     June- Sept.     2/ — Stems  1°- 2°  high.     Leaves  1' - 2' long. 

3.  T.  macrocarpa,  Willd.  Hirsute;  stem  twining  (2°-4°  long); 
leaves  ample,  tliiu,  cordate,  coarsely  and  sharply  serrate,  long-petioled ; 
racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves;  capsule  large.  —  Florida,  Tennessee,  and 
westward. 

8.     MERCURIALIS,   Tourn. 

Flowers  dicecious,  apetalous,  in  axillary  spikes  or  clusters.  Calyx  3-parted. 
Stamens  8-20,  distinct.  Styles  2,  simple,  united  at  base.  Capsule  2-celled, 
2-seeded. 

1.  M,  annua,  L.  Smooth,  branching  (l°higli);  leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
crenate-toothed ;  sterile  spike  longer  than  the  leaves ;  fertile  flowers  clustered  ; 
capsule  hi.spid.  —  Waste  places,  sparingly  naturalized. 

9.    CROTON,  L. 

Flowers  monoecious,  in  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  of  the  sterile  flowers  4  - 
6-cleft  or  4-6-parted.  Petals  4-6  (wanting  in  No.  1).  Stamens  5-20,  dis- 
tinct :  anthers  erect,  introrse.  Glands  as  many  as  the  calyx  lobes  and  oppo- 
site them.  Fertile  flowers  at  the  base  of  the  sterile  spike.  Calyx  5  -  8-cleft 
or  5  -  8-parted.  Petals  minute  or  wanting.  Styles  2-3,  once  to  thrice  2-cleft. 
Capsule  of  3  (rarely  1-2)  l-celled,  1-seeded,  2-valved  carpels.  Glands  as 
many  as  the  calyx  lobes  or  none.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  stel- 
late pubescence,  and  alternate  petioled  leaves.  Flowers  terminal,  and  at  the 
divisions  of  tbe  stem. 

*  Styles  simple:  sterile  and  fertile  flowers  5-petalled :  stamens  numerous. 

1.  C.  Alabamensis,  E.  A.  Smith.  Stem  tall,  woody,  much  branched  ; 
leaves  thin,  short-petioled,  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  obtuse,  smooth  or  nearly 
so  above,  the  lower  surface,  like  the  branchlets  and  racemes,  coated  with  sil- 
very scales;  racemes  often  unisexual,  few- or  many-flowered;  calyx  lobes  5, 


430  Kll'IIOKHIACK-l?.        (SI'I'UGK    FAMILY.) 

acute  ;  petals  of  both  sexes  scarcely  shorter  than  tlie  calyx,  woolly  margined  ; 
stamens  '20  or  more;  styles  siniijle,  truncate  or  cimirginate ;  capsule  much 
longer  tlian  the  calyx  ;  seeds  glabrous.  —  Central  Alaliaina,  flowering  through- 
out the  year.  —  istem  6°-  10^  high.     Leaves  '2' -3'  long. 

«  •  Sti/les  very  short:  stiijmus  18-24:  petals  none:  stamens  mostli/  12:  capsule 

3-celled. 

2.  C,  maritimus,  Walt.  Herbaceous,  widely  branched,  scurfy-pubes- 
cent;  l.a\(s  tliick,  uvate,  obtuse,  entire;  spikes  long-])cduncled,  capitate, 
few-rtowcred,  tiie  sterile  and  fertile  ones  mostly  separate ;  calyx  5-cleft,  with 
ovate-obtuse  lobes  ;  ca])sule  much  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  seeds  ovoid,  mottled. 
—  Drifting  sands  along  the  coast.  July- Oct.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.  Leaves 
2'-.'}' lung. 

3.  C.  Texensis,  Milller.  Annual,  dioecious,  stellate-tomentose ;  stem 
dichotomous  (1^-2^  higli)  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  short-petioled  ;  sterile  racemes 
short;  petals  none;  fertile  flowers  axillary,  solitary ;  capsule  nearly  globose, 
covered  with  tufts  of  deciduous  down  ;  seed  biconvex.  —  Alal)ania  {Muhr),  and 
westwaril. 

*  »  ♦  Styles  3,  twice  2-partecl  or  2-cle/i :  stirjmas  12  :  petals  of  the  sterile  Jiowers 
5  _  6,  nf  the  fertile  ntostli/  itone  :  stamens  8-30  :  capsule  3-celled. 

4.  C.  Elliottii,  Chapm.  Annual,  stellate-tomentose  throughout;  stem 
slender,  erect,  unibellately  nmch  liranched ;  leaves  .short-petioled,  lanceolate 
or  oblong,  obtuse  at  each  end  ;  sterile  flowers  few,  minute ;  calyx  5-parted, 
unequal,  longer  than  the  petals ;  stamens  8  -  10  ;  'fertile  flowers  several,  clus- 
tered ;  calyx  5  -  8-parted,  as  long  as  the  capsule  ;  seed  oval,  smooth.  (C.  ellip- 
ticum,  .£//.)  —  Pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  July -Sept.  —  Stem 
2°  -  .3°  high.     Leaves  U'  -  2'  long. 

5.  C.  capitatUS,  Michx.  Annual,  woolly  ;  stem  nmbellately  branched  ; 
leaves  long-petioled,  lance-oblong,  rounded  at  the  base ;  sterile  flowers  numer- 
ous, the  petals  fimbriate;  fertile  flowers  crowded;  calyx  7- 10-parted,  with 
the  lobes  obtuse  ;  seed  smooth.  —  Georgia,  along  railroads,  and  westward.  — 
Stem  2° -4°  high. 

6.  C.  humilis,  L.  Low  (I^high),  shrubby,  stellate-tomentose;  leaves 
long-petioled,  cordate-ovate,  acuminate;  racemes  densely  10- 15-flowered  ; 
c.ilyx  woolly,  5-parted;  petals  of  the  sterile  flower  oblong;  stamens  20-30; 
petals  of  the  fertile  flower  narrow-linear ;  capsule  downy.  —  Florida  (Cahanis). 

7.  C.  Betulinus,  Vahl.  Stellate-tomentose;  stem  low  (1°-1J°  high), 
with  slender  branches;  leaves  small  (I'or  less  long),  triangular-ovate,  trun- 
cate at  the  base,  coarsely  toothed,  rough  above,  twice  as  long  as  the  petiole  ; 
racemes  bisexual ;  stamens  10-11;  capsule  subglobose.  —  Rocky  pine  woods, 
South  Florida  {Curtiss). 

8.  C.  argyranthemus,  Michx.  Herbaceous,  perennial,  covered  through- 
out with  stellate  silvery  scales  ;  stem  erect,  nmbellately  branched  ;  leaves  obo- 
vate  or  oblong, obtuse, entire, narrowed  into  a  petiole;  racemes  sessile, oblong, 
obtuse  ;  the  fertile  flowers  numerous  and  crowded;  calyx  5-  6-parted,  with  the 
lobes  acute;  stamens  10-12,  hairy;   styles  long  and  slender;   capsule  much 


EUPHOKBIACE.*:.       (SPURGE    FAMILY.)  431 

longer   than   the   calyx.  —  Dry  sandy  pine   barrens,  Georgia   and   Florida. 
June  -  Sept.  —  Stem  6'  - 12'  high.     Leaves  1'  -  1^'  long. 

*  *  *  *  Styles  3,  2-cleft :  sti(jmas  6:  petals  of  the  sterile  flowers  longer  than  the 
calyx,  of  the  fertile  ones  minute,  subulate :  stamens  8  :  capsule  3-celled. 

9.  C.  glanduloSUS,  L.  Annual,  rough  with  bristly  hairs ;  stem  umbel- 
lately  branched ;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  coarsely  serrate,  mostly  crowded  at  the 
divisions  of  the  stem  and  summit  of  the  branches ;  the  slender  petiole  biglandu- 
lar  at  tlie  apex ;  racemes  small ;  sterile  flowers  minute,  white ;  calyx  4-parted  ; 
petals  4 ;  fertile  tiowers  few,  with  the  calyx  5-parted.  —  Dry  waste  places. 
July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  6'  -  18'  high. 

10.  C.  linearis,  Jacq.  Shrubby,  canescent-tomentose ;  stem  slender, 
branching  (.3° -4°  high);  leaves  short-petioled,  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse; 
racemes  unisexual,  the  sterile  slender,  longer  than  the  leaves,  minutely  many- 
flowered,  the  fertile  short,  few-flowered ;  styles  2-parted  ;  capsule  roundish.  — 
Miami,  South  Florida  (  Garber), 

*****  Styles  2,  2-parted :   stigmas  4 :   petals  5  in  the  sterile  flowers,  none  in 
the  fertile  :   stamens  5-  10  :   capsule  1  -2-celled. 

11.  C.  monanthogynus,  Michx.  Annual,  stellate-tomentose ;  stem 
erect,  twice  or  thrice  umbellately  branched  ;  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  ovate 
or  oblong,  entire,  obtuse,  whitish  beneath ;  racemes  in  the  forks  of  the 
branches,  few-flowered  ;  the  sterile  flowers  corymbose  ;  the  fertile  (1-2)  nod- 
ding.—  Dry  sterile  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  June -Sept.  —  Stem  1° 
high.     Leaves  1'  long. 

10.  CROTONOPSIS,  Michx. 
Flowers  monoecious,  pentamerous  in  terminal  and  axillary  clusters.  Ovary 
1-celled,  1-ovuled.  Stigmas  3,  each  2-cleft.  Fruit  globose,  indehiscent,  1- 
seeded  ;  otherwise  like  Croton.  —  A  low  slender  branching  annual.  Leaves 
linear  or  lanceolate,  the  lower  surface,  like  the  branches,  coated  with  silvery 
scales.     Flowers  minute. 

1.  C.  linearis,  Michx.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
August-  Sept.  —  Stem  6'-  12'  high,  alternately  branched  or  forking.  Leaves 
\'  -V  long,  alternate  or  opposite. 

11.    ARGYROTHAMNIA,  Mull. 

Flowers  monoecious,  in  axillary  spikes.  Sterile  flowers  few.  Calyx  5- 
parted.  Corolla  of  5  spatulate  petals  alternating  with  ."5  flattened  glands,  as 
long  as  the  calyx.  Stamens  10-  12,  in  2  whorls  of  5-6  each,  monadelphous 
below.  Fertile  flowers  like  the  sterile,  but  the  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx. 
Style  3-parted,  the  divisions  2-cIeft.  Capsule  of  three  1-celled,  1-seeded,  2- 
valved  carpels.  —  Shrubs,  or  herbs,  with  watery  juice. 

1.  A.  Blodgettii,  (Torr.).  Branches  smoothish  ;  leaves  alternate,  oval 
or  oblong,  mostly  acute,  sharply  serrulate,  smooth,  or  sprinkled  with  simple 
appressed  hairs,  abruptly  short-petioled;  sterile  flowers  3 -.5,  fertile  mostly 
solitary  ;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate,  acute  ;  petals  greenish  white  ;  capsule  rough- 
hairy  ;  seed  globose,  wrinkled.  —  South  Florida.  —  Shrub  1°  -  2°  high.  Leaves 
l'-2' 


432  Ki  riioKmArK.K.     (si-iugk  family.) 

12.    JATROPHA,  L. 

Flowers  inonoecioiia.  Scjtals  .5,  mostly  united.  Petals  5,  or  none.  Glands 
of  tiie  disk  .5,  opposite  the  caly.x  lobes.  Stamens  monadelplious.  Styles  3-4, 
'J  -  3-eleft,  capsule  "2  -4-seeded.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  mostly  palmately 
lol.cd. 

1.  J.  gOSSypiifolia,  L-  Sln-ubln  (2'^  bifrli);  leaves  rouiidisli,  3-5-lobed, 
.<errate,  the  j)etiole  bri.xtly,  j^landular  ;  brads  and  caly.\  l)ristly-ciliate  ;  j)etal8 
5,  dark  red.  —  Key  West  {('nrtiss),  introduced. 

13.    CNIDOSCOLUS,  I'uhl. 

Flowers  monoecious,  apetalous,  cymo?e.  Calyx  corolla-like.  Calyx  of  the 
sterile  flower  8<ilver-sha])etl,  5-lobed.  Stamens  10,  the  5  inner  ones  with  mona- 
delphuns  tilaments.  Fertile  Howers  intermingled  with  the  sterile  one.s.  Calyx 
of  3  sepals,  convolute  in  tiie  bud.  Styles  3,  many-parted.  Cajjsule  of  three 
1 -celled,  1-seeded,  2-valved  carpels. —  Herbs  or  slirulis,  with  alternate  leaves, 
and  white  flowers. 

1.  C.  StimulosuS,  Gray.  Herbaceous,  bristly  with  stinging  hairs  ;  stem 
erect,  simide  or  branched;  leaves  long-petioled,  round-cordate  in  outline,  ])al- 
mately  3-5-lobetl  or  parted,  the  divisions  toothed,  pinnatifid,  or  somewhat 
bipinnatifitl,  often  discolored;  calyx  showy;  capsule  oblong;  seed  oblong, 
smooth, spotted.  (Jatvoplia  stimulosa,  Michr)  —  Drj'  pine  barrens,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.  April-  Sept.  21  — Stem  ^"-a"  high.  Flowers  sometimes 
dioecious. 

14.     RICINUS,  Tourn.     Castor-oil  Plant. 

Flowers  monoecious,  apetalous,  in  a  dense  oblong  panicle,  the  ujiper  ones 
fertile.  CalvxS -5-parted.  Corolla  none.  Stamens  numerous;  the  filaments 
much  branched  :  anther-cells  distinct,  pendulous.  Styles  3,  2-parted.  Cap- 
sule spiny  or  bristly,  of  3  oblong  1-celled,  1-seeded,  2-valved  carpels.  —  Herbs, 
or  (tropical)  shrubs  or  trees,  with  petioled  peltate  lobed  leaves.  Panicles 
lateral  and  terminal. 

1.  R.  communis,  L.  Stem  large,  glaucous ;  leaves  ort)icular  in  outline, 
palmately  7-9-lntie(l;  the  lobes  oblong  or  ovate,  acuminate,  unequally  ser- 
rate, smooth  ;  petioles  glandular  ;  panicles  in  the  forks  of  the  stem,  and  op- 
posite the  leaves,  dense,  glaucous.  Capsules  oblong,  spiny.  —  Waste  places. 
Introduced.  Jnne-Oct.  (T)  —  Stem  3°- 10°  high.  Leaves  1°  in  diameter. 
Stipules  large,  deciduous.     Panicle  6'- 12' long. 

15.    PHYLLANTHUS,    Swartz. 

Flowers  monoecious,  apetalous,  axillary.  Calyx  5-6-parted.  Stamens  3, 
monadelphous.  Glands  5-6.  Ovary  3-celled,  with  two  ovules  in  each  cell. 
Styles  3,  2-cleft.  Capsule  globose,  of  three  1-celled,  2-seeded,  2-valved  car- 
pels. —  Smooth  herbs,  with  2-ranked  leaves  and  branches.  Flowers  small, 
greenish. 

1.  P.  Carolinensis,  Walt.  Annual;  branches  erect  spreading  ;  leaves 
oblong,  oval,  or  obovate,  entire,  short-petioled ;   flowers  mostly  by  pairs,  one 


EUPHORBIACE.E.        (SPURGE    FAMILY.)  433 

Sterile,  the  other  fertile,  on  short  nodding  pedicels ;  calyx  6-parted,  the  lobes 
oblong,  obtuse,  strongly  l-nerved,  meinl)ranous  on  the  margins;  capsule 
smooth  ;  seed  semicircular,  3-angIed,  striped  with  lines  of  minute  raised  points. 

—  Low  ground,  Florida,  and  northward.  August  -  Sejit.  —  Stem  8'  - 1 6'  high. 
Leaves  I'  -  1'  long. 

2.  P.  Niruri,  L.  Annual  ?  branches  short,  very  slender,  recurved ; 
leaves  crowded,  oval  (2" -4"  long);  calyx  5-parted;  seed  white,  smooth,  6- 
furrowed  on  the  back  and  3-furrowed  on  the  sides ;  otherwise  mostly  like 
No.  1.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  6'  high. 

3.  P.  abnormis,  Baill.  Like  the  preceding,  but  stouter,  and  somewhat 
woody  at  the  base,  6'-  12'  high,  the  branches  spreading;  leaves  closer,  larger 
(2" -3"  long),  elliptical,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base;  calyx  lobes  ellip- 
tical ;  glands  of  the  fertile  flower  lorate,  eutire  or  2-parted.  —  Sandy  coast  of 
South  Florida  (Michaux,  Canhjj). 

16.    PACHYSANDRA,  Michx. 

Flowers  monoecious,  apetalous,  spiked.  Calyx  bract-like,  4-parted.  Sterile 
flowers  numerous.  Stamens  4,  with  club-shaped  exserted  filaments.  Fertile 
flowers  few,  at  the  bjise  of  the  sterile  spike.  Ovary  3-celled,  with  two  ovules 
in  eacli  cell.  Styles  3,  thick,  recurved.  Capsule  of  three  1-celled,  2-seeded,  2- 
valved  carpels.  —  A  pubescent  creeping  perennial  herb,  with  erect  simple 
branches,  bearing  at  the  summit  several  large  ovate  toothed  alternate  ab- 
ruptly long-])etioled  leaves,  and  near  the  base  several  thick  bracted  spikes. 

1.  P.  procumbens,  Michx.  —  West  Florida,  and  westward,  in  rich 
shady  v.'oods.  Feb.  -  March.  —  Flowering  stems  1°  high.  Leaves  3'  -  4'  long, 
often  discolored.     Flowers  odorous. 

17.    DRYPETES,  Yahl. 

Flowers  dioecious,  apetalons,  in  axillary  clusters.  Caly.x  4-  6-parted,  lined 
in  the  centre  with  a  wavy-lobed  disk.  Stamens  4  - 10,  inserted  under  the  disk : 
anther  cells  distinct.  Ovary  resting  upon  the  disk,  2-celled,  the  cells  2-ovuled. 
Styles  2,  short,  spreading.  Fruit  drupaceous,  1  -  2-celled,  1  -  2  seeded.  —  Trop- 
ical trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  coriaceous  entire  smooth  petioled  leaves, 
and  minute  many-bracted  flowers. 

1.  D.  crocea,  Poit.  Branches  smooth ;  leaves  oblong,  acute  at  each  end, 
somewhat  coriaceous,  finely  veined;  clusters  many-floAvered,  shorter  than  the 
petioles ;  calyx  4-parted,  and,  like  the  ovary  and  slightly  4-angled  1-seeded 
drupe,  tomentose  ;  stamens  4,  exserted  ;  styles  thick,  obtuse.  —  South  Florida. 

—  A  small  tree.  Leaves  3' -4'  long,  smooth  and  shining.  Flowers  greenish 
white. 

2.  D.  glauca,  Vahl.  Branches  whitish,  warty  ;  leaves  glaucous,  oblong, 
obtuse  or  gland-pointed,  coriaceous ;  clusters  few-flowered,  as  long  as  the  peti- 
oles ;  calyx  5-parted;  stamens  10;  drupes  oval,  tomentose.  —  South  Florida. 

—  Leaves  2' -3'  long. 

28 


1.11  IIJTKACK.K.       (nKTTI.K    KAMILV.) 

()i!1)i;k   1-J(t.     K>lI»KTHArKiE.     (CiK.witi  kiiy  Family.) 

Slirulis.  witli  i>vi,'r;;rrcii  liin';ii'  .iltiTiinti' or  w  ImhIciI  lt';iv<'s,  witlioiif 
sfiitiilcs,  and  small  din'cious  or  jKily^aiiKnis  Hdwits.  —  Calyx  liracU 
like,  of  2 -.'5  se]>als,  iiuhricatcd.  Corolla  of  1?-;?  jx'tals  similar  lo  the 
calyx.  liyi>ni^yiioiis.  StaiiKMis  'J-  ■].  altcrnalc  willi  the  jictals,  pxscrlod  : 
anthers  'J-cclled,  extrorse.  Ovary  1*  -  K-oellerl,  the  cells  l-rtvuled. 
Style  short  or  none  :  stigma  lohed  or  incised.  Drupe  herrv-l ike,  glo- 
bose, of  2-9  one-seeded  nutlets.  Seeds  erect.  Knihryo  in  the  axis 
of  copious  fleshy  alhumen. 

1.     CERATIOLA,   -Mi.hx. 

Calyx  bractcd,  of  two  fringed  sepals.  Corolla  2-j)etalle(l.  Stamens  2  :  an- 
ther tells  j^lobose.  Ovary  resting  on  a  flesliy  disk,  2-eclle(l,  2-oviiled.  Style 
short :  stin;nia  niany-elcft.  Drupe  2-seeded.  —  A  hcath-likc  erect  vcrticilliitely 
imu'li  liranc'hed  sliruh,  with  small  linear  shining  whorled  leaves,  and  axillary 
(whorled)  reddish  flowers. 

1.  C.  ericoides,  Midix.  —  Dry  barren  .sands,  Florida  to  South  Caro- 
lina. Nov.  —  Slniili  2^- 5°  high,  the  young  branches  jnibescent.  Leaves  3 
in  a  wliorl.  4"- 6'  long,  tiic  margins  rcvoliite.  Petioles  yellowish,  appressed. 
Drajie  yellowish,  somewhat  persistent. 

Ohdkk  121.     BATIDACEiE.     (Batis  Family.) 
Represented  only  by 

1.     BATIS,  P.  Browne. 

Flowers  dioecious,  in  axillary  fleshy  conical  spikes.  Bracts  of  the  -sterile 
flowers  round-cordate,  persistent.  Calyx  cup-shaped,  somewhat  coni])ressed, 
unei|ually  2-lipped.  I'etals  4,  rhombic-ovate,  clawed.  Stamens  4,  alternate 
with  the  petals,  partly  exserted :  anthers  olilong,  introrse.  P'ertile  flowers 
consolidated.  Bracts  deciduous.  Calyx  and  corolla  none.  Ovary  4-celled, 
with  a  single  erect  anatropous  ovule  in  each  cell.  Stigma  sessile,  broad,  ob- 
scurely 2-lobed.  Drupe  4-seeded.  Seed  oblong,  without  albumen.  Cotyle- 
dons fleshy.  Kadide  inferior.  —  A  smooth  maritime  shrub,  with  the  habit  of 
Salicornia.  Leaves  opposite,  flesliy,  club-shaped,  semi  terete.  Stipules  none. 
Petals  white. 

1.  B.  maritima,  L.  —  Salt  marshes,  Florida,  and  westward.  June- 
Sejit.  —  I'lant  jiiilc  green,  strong-scented.  Stems  prostrate,  2° -.3°  long,  the 
short  branching  tlt)wering  stems  erect.     Leaves  1'  long.     Spikes  .3" -5"  long. 


Order  P22.     URTICACE^:.     (Nettle  Family.) 

Herbs,  with  watery  jnice,  often  armed  with  stinging  hairs.  Leaves 
undivided,  stipulate.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  apetalous.  — 
Calyx  of  the  sterile  flower  4-5-parted  or  4-5-sepalous.     Stamens  as 


URTICACE.^.       (nettle    FAMILY.)  435 

many  as  and  opposite  the  sepals.  Filaments  inflexed  in  the  bud,  ex- 
panding elastically :  anthers  2-celled,  intvorse.  Calyx  of  the  fertile 
flower  2-4-sepalous.  Ovary  sessile,  free,  1-celled,  with  a  single  erect 
orthotropous  ovule.  Stigma  simple  or  tufted.  Achenium  commonly 
enclosed  in  the  dry  persistent  calyx.  Embryo  straight,  in  the  axis  of 
fleshy  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

*  Plants  armed  with  stinging  hairs. 

1.  URTICA.     Stamens  4.     Stigma  tufted.     Achenium  straight. 

2.  LAPORTEA.    Stamens  5.     Stigma  subulate.     Achenium  oblique. 

#  #  Plants  destitute  of  stinging  hairs. 
•I-  Flowers  in  cymose  clusters. 

3.  PILEA.     Clusters  naked.     Calyx  lobes  unequal.    Leaves  opposite. 

4.  PARIETARIA.     Clusters  involucrate.     Calyx  lobes  equal.     Leaves  alternate. 

•I-  -I-  Flowers  in  spiked  clusters. 

5.  BOSHMERIA.     Stigmas  subulate,  leaves  opposite  or  alternate. 

1.     URTICA,  Tourn.     Nettle. 

Flowers  moncEcious  or  dioecious.  Calyx  of  the  sterile  flower  4-parted. 
Stamens  4,  inserted  around  the  abortive  ovary.  Calyx  of  the  fertile  flower 
4-sepalous,  unequal ;  the  inner  sepals  dilated  in  fruit,  and  enclosing  the  ache- 
nium. Stigma  ses.'^ile,  tufted.  Achenium  straight,  ovate,  smooth,  compressed. 
—  Herbs,  with  stinging  hairs,  opposite  leaves,  and  greenish  flowers,  in  pani- 
cled  spikes  or  close  clusters. 

*  Flowers  in  pam'cled  or  simple  spikes. 

1.  U.  gracilis,  Ait.  Stem  tall,  4-augled,  smoothish,  slender;  leaves 
long-petioled,  ovate-lauceolate,  coarseh'  serrate,  acute,  rounded  at  the  base, 
3-5-nerved,  smootliish,  the  petioles  bristly;  spikes  very  slender,  loosely  pani- 
cled.  —  Low  ground  in  the  upper  districts.  July- Augu.st.  ^ — Stem  3°- 
4°  high,  mostly  simple.     Leaves  thin,  4' -6'  long. 

2.  U.  dioica,  L.  Hispid  throughout ;  stem  4-angled,  pubescent  above, 
branching ;  leaves  rather  short-petioled,  ovate,  cordate,  acuminate,  coarsely 
serrate,  pubescent  beneath ;  spikes  much  branched ;  flowers  often  dice- 
cious. — "Waste  places,  Carolina  (P«rs/i).  Introduced.  June -August.  "21  — 
Stem  2° -3°  high.  Leaves  3' -4'  long,  thicker  than  in  No.  1,  and  flowers 
larger. 

*  *  Flmcers  in  simple  clusters  shorter  than  the  petioles. 

3.  U.  urens,  L.  Stem  4  angled,  hairy ;  leaves  ovate,  coarsely  serrate, 
.5-nerved,  hairy ;  clusters  J)y  pairs  in  each  axil,  loose,  peduncled.  —  Waste 
ground.     Litroduced.     Dec. -Feb.     (l)  —  Stem  1°  high. 

4.  U.  Chamsedryoides,  Pursh.  Stem  smooth ;  leaves  .small,  nearly 
sessile,  ovate,  coarsely  .«errate  hairy  beneath,  hairy  and  l)ristly  above ;  clus- 
ters nearly  sessile,  gloliose,  dense;  calyx  haify.  — Georgia  (Elliott),  and  west- 
ward.    Feb.  -  March.  —  Stem  4'  - 12'  high. 


436  iKTicACK-K.     (nktti.i:  1  amilv.) 

2.    LA.PORTEA,  (ian.li.l.. 

Flowers  nioiicecious  or  dia-cious.  C;il_v.\  of  tlio  sterile  flowers  S-parted. 
Stamens  5,  inserted  aruiind  the  abortive  ovary.  C'alvx  of  the  fertile  tlowers 
4-sei)aluus,  the  2  inner  sejiais  larger.  Stigma  siil)ulate,  hairy  on  one  side. 
Ailieniiini  ol>li(|Ue,  tuherc-niar-roughciicd.  —  Herbs,  with  stinging  hairs,  alter- 
nate liing-petioled  serrate  leaves,  and  minute  (lowers  in  spreading  cymes. 

1.  L.  Canadensis,  (Jandich.  stem  hispid;  leaves  ovate,  acuminate, 
rounded  or  curdato  at  tlie  base;  tiic  veins  and  petioles  hispid;  cymes  very 
slender,  single  or  by  pairs,  tlie  »|)per  mostly  fertile,  tiie  lower  sterile.  —  Low 
shaded  places,  Florida,  and  northward.  .July- August.  %  —  Stem  2°-4° 
high. 

3.     PILEA,   Liudl. 

Flowf^rs  mona'cious  or  di(P(icms.  Caly.x  of  the  sterile  flower  3-4-parted. 
Stamens3-4.  Caly.x  of  tlie  fertile  flowers  3-lobed,  tiie  lobes  uneipial  or  nearly 
equal,  commonly  witii  an  infle.xed  scale-like  sterile  stamen  at  tlie  ba.se  of  each. 
Stigma  se.<sile,  tufted.  Achenium  ovate,  compressed,  straight.  —  Low  lierlis, 
destitute  of  stinging  hairs.  Leaves  opposite,  long  petioled.  Flowers  iu  axil- 
lary cymose  clusters. 

1.  P.  pumila,  Gray.  Stem  angular,  simple,  smooth,  pellucid;  leaves 
membraiiaicDiis,  ovate  or  elliptical,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  3nerved, 
slightly  hairy  above;  cymes  mucli  shorter  tlian  tiie  petiole.  —  Wet  shaded 
places.  July  -  Sept.  (T)  —  Stem  6'  -  1 2'  higli.  Upper  leaves  1'  -  2'  long,  the 
lower  not  longer  tiiaii  tlie  petiole. 

2.  P.  herniarioides,  Lindl.  Stems  erect  or  creeping,  branched,  ten- 
der, jjclhuid  ;  leaves  small,  round-obovate, entire, opaque,  transversely  marked 
on  the  u])per  surface  with  wliite  raised  lines ;  clusters  shorter  than  the  peti- 
ole; flowers  minute.  —  Shaded  moist  places.  Key  West.  Nov.  —  Stems  2' -4' 
long.  Leaves  \"-2"  long,  rather  longer  than  the  petiole.  Achenium  very 
minute,  oblong,  terete. 

4.     PARIETARIA,  Tourn.    Peli.itokt. 

Flowers  jiolygamous,  in  axillary  cymose  clusters,  supported  by  a  bract-like 
involucre.  Calyx  of  the  sterile  flowers  4  -  5-sepalous.  Stamens  4-5,  inserted 
around  the  abortive  ovary.  Calyx  of  the  fertile  flowers  4-parted.  Stigma 
tufted.  Ovary  surrounded  by  four  sterile,  or  sometimes  perfect,  stamens. 
Achenium  ovoid.  —  Weak  downy  herbs,  without  stinging  hairs.  Leaves  al- 
ternate, entire,  long-p^tioled.     Flowers  minute,  greenish. 

1.  P.  Pennsylvanica,  Muhl.  Pubescent  with  straigbt  hairs;  .stem 
simple  or  s])aringly  branched  ;  leaves  thin,  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  rough- 
ened with  minute  elevated  dots;  clusters  dense;-  flowers  shorter  than  the 
involucre.  —  Shaded  rocks  in  the  upper  districts.  May -July.  (T)  —  Stem 
4'-  12'  high.     Leaves  6"  -  9"  long. 

2.  P.  debilis,  Forst.  Pubescent  with  straight  and  hooked  hairs  inter- 
mixed ;  stem  much  branched,  pellucid ;  leaves  ovate,  mostly  acuminate,  but 
obtuse,  roughened  with  elevated  dots;   clusters  loose,  spreading ;   flowers  as 


MOKACE^.       (MULBEKRY    FAMILY.)  437 

long  as  the  involucre.  —  Damp  shaded  sandy  soil  near  the  coast,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.  June -August,  (l)  —  Stem  ^°  -  1 1°  long.  Leaves  6"- 9'' 
long,  about  the  length  of  the  slender  petiole. 

5.    BCEHMERIA,   Jacq.    False  Nettle. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  in  spiked  clusters.  Calyx  of  the  sterile 
flowers  4  -  5-cleft.  Stamens  4-5.  Calyx  of  the  fertile  flowers  tubular,  4  -  5- 
toothed  or  entire.  Stigma  subulate,  hairy.  Achenium  elliptical,  enclosed  in 
the  persistent  calyx.  —  Rough  herbs  with  alternate  or  opposite  jjetioled 
leaves. 

I.  B.  oylindrica,  Willd.  Pubescent  and  rough  with  straight  and  hooked 
hairs ;  leaves  opposite  and  alternate,  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
serrate,  rounded  and-3-nerved  at  the  base,  on'  long  or  short  petioles;  spikes 
axillary,  mostly  leafy  at  the  summit,  the  fertile  ones  compactly  flowered, 
short ;  the  sterile  interrupted,  and  sometimes  longer  than  the  leaves.  — 
Swampy  thickets.  July -Sept.  11  —  Stem  l°-3°  high,  mostly  simple. 
Leaves  2' -5'  long. 


Order  123.     CANNABINACE^.     (Hemp  Family.) 

Erect  or  twining  herbs,  with  oppo-site  incised  or  lobed  and  stipu- 
late leaves,  and  dioecious  flowers.  Sterile  flowers  racemose  or  panicled. 
Calyx  5-sepalous.  Stamens  5,  opposite  the  sepals,  not  inflexed  in  the 
bud.  Fertile  flowers  in  bracted  spikes.  Calyx  l-leaved,  embracing 
the  1-celled  ovary.  Ovule  solitary,  erect.  Stigmas  2.  subulate,  pu- 
bescent. Fruit  indehiscent.  Albumen  none.  Embryo  coiled  or 
curved. 

1.     HUMULUS,   L.     Hop. 

Sterile  flowers  panicled.  Fertile  flowers  in  short  axillary  and  solitary 
spikes.  Bracts  leafy,  imbricated,  2-flowered,  forming  in  fruit  a  mem- 
branaceous cone.  Calyx  enlarged  in  fruit.  Embryo  spirally  coiled.  —  A 
rough  perennial  twining  herb,  with  cordate  3-5-lobed  leaves,  and  greeni.sh 
yellow  flowers. 

1.  H.  Lupulus,  L.  —  Low  grounds  along  the  mountains.  Ceorgia,  and 
northward.  .June -July.  —  Stem  6° -10°  high.  Leaves  petioled,  serrate. 
Achenium  covered  with  resinous  yellowish  odorous  grains. 


Order  124.     MORACE^.     (Mulberry  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  with  large  decid- 
uous stipules,  and  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers,  crowded  in  spikes 
or  heads,  or  enclosed  in  the  fleshy  receptacle.  —  Calyx  of  the  sterile 
flowers  3  -  4-lobed.     Stamens  3-4,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx. 


438  M<»KA<  K.K.     (Mri.)u;iii:v   iamily.) 

FilaiiKMits  iiilirxi'd  ill  tin-  I.ikI.  i-lustic.  Calyx  of  tin-  f«.'rtili'  flowers 
3  -  rKsi'paloiis.  ()\aiv  1  -  L'-crllcd,  1 -'J-ovulcd.  Styles  L'.  Acli<iiiuiii 
l-sceded.     Kinlnvu  rmvfd,  in  lic.^liy  all>iiiiicii. 

1.     MORUS,  'I'ourn.     Mi  i.itKuitv. 

Flowers  inuiKi'ciuus,  sjdki'il ;  tlu-  sterili;  ami  ft-rlik-  (lowers  in  scjiiiratf 
spikes.  Calyx  4-i)arle(l.  Stamens  4.  Ovary  2-telle<l.  Styles  filiform. 
Aelieiiium  ovate,  euin|ires,«n'tJ,  eovereil  liy  the  siiceiileiit  berry-like  calyx. 
—  Trees,  with  roiuule<l  leaves,  ami  axillary  spikes. 

1.  M.  rubra,  L.  Leaves  cc^nlate-ovate,  aeumiiiate,  serrate,  petioled, 
roiif^h  aliove,  white  toineiitose  beneath,  on  young  sho(jts  3-5-lolie(l  ;  stipules 
linear  ;   sterile  spikes  slender,  tlrooiiing  ;   the  fertile  ones  ovoid  or  oblong,  re- 

'sembliiig  a  blacki)erry  in  fruit.  —  Kieh  woods.     March.  —  A  .>iinall  tree. 

2.  M.  alba,  L.  Leaves  cordate-ovate,  acute,  serrate,  obliijue  at  the  base, 
smooth  and  shining,  sometimes  lobed  ;  fruit  whitish.  —  Arouud  dwellings. 
Introduced.  —  A  small  tree. 

2.     FICUS,  Tourn.     Fig. 

F'lowers  monn'cious  or  dioecious,  lining  the  inside  of  the  flesliy  closed  recep- 
tacle. Caly.v  of  the  sterile  flowers  3-parted.  Stamens  3.  Calyx  of  the  fer- 
tile flowers  .'j-cleft,  pedicelled.  Styles  lateral,  slender.  Achenium  fragile. 
Embryo  hooked. — Trees  or  shrubs,  with  entire  or  lobed  leaves,  and  large 
couv(dute  stiiiules.     Flowers  axillary. 

1.  F.  aurea,  Nutt.  Hraiiches  pale,  smooth,  furrowed;  leaves  smooth, 
c<iriaceous,  oblong,  entire,  narrowed  but  obtuse  at  each  end,  stout-petioled  ; 
receptacle  orange-yellow,  globose,  bracted,  on  short  and  thick  pedicels. — 
South  Florida. — A  small  tree.  Leaves  3' -4'  long.  F'ruit  about  4"  in 
diameter. 

2.  F.  pedunculata,  Willd.  Branches  terete,  uneven  ;  leaves  ovate  or 
oval,  coriaceous,  entire,  smooth,  obtuse,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the 
base,  slender-j)etioled  ;  rccejitacle  yellowish,  globose  or  obovate,  slightly 
bracted,  <as  long  as  the  slender  peilicels.  —  South  Florida.  —  Tree  20° -40° 
high,  multiplying  by  means  of  aerial  roots.  Leaves  2'-2^'  long,  li' wide, 
lieceptade  rather  smaller  than  in  No.  1. 

3.  F.  brevifolia,  Nutt.  Branches  smooth  ;  leaves  cordate-ovate,  entire, 
olituse,  smooth,  on  short  petioles  ;  receptacle  purplish-red,  depressed-globose, 
single,  short-peduncled,  with  2-cleft  bracts.  — South  FTorida  (Dr.  Blodgett). — 
A  small  tree.    Leaves  2'  long,  with  impressed  veins. 

F.  Caric.v,  L.,  is  the  common  cultivated  Fig. 


Brocssonetia  rAi'VRiFERA,  Veut.,  tiie  Paper  Mulberry  of  our  yards, 
belongs  to  this  family. 


ULMACE^.     (elm  family.)  439 

Ordkr  125.     UliMACE^.     (Elm  Family.) 

Trees,  with  watery  juice,  alternate  undivided  stipulate  leaves,  and 
perfect  or  ijolygamous  apetalous  flowers.  —  Calyx  4:-9-lobed.  Sta- 
mens -1-9,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx,  erect  in  the  bud.  Ovary 
1-2-celled.  Ovules  solitary,  suspended.  Styles  2,  spreading.  Fruit 
membranaceous  or  drupaceous.  Embryo  straight  or  curved,  without 
albumen.     Cotyledons  leafy. 

Synopsis. 

*  Frui   dry.     Anthers  extrorse. 

1.  ULMTJS.     Flowers  perfect.     Ovary  '2-ceUed.     Fruit  winged. 

2.  PLANERA.     Flowers  polygamous.     Ovary  1-celled.     Fruit  wingless. 

*  *  Fruit  a  drupe.     Anthers  introrse. 

3.  CELTIS.     Flowers  polygamous.     Ovary  1-celled.     Cotyledons  wrinkled. 

4.  TREMA.     Flowers  polygamous.     Cotyledons  incurved.     Albumen  fleshy. 

1.     ULMUS,  L.     Elm. 

Flowers  perfect.  Cakx  bell-shaped,  4-9-cleft.  Stamens  4-9,  slender, 
exserted  :  anthers  extrorse.  Ovary  2  celled.  Styles  short.  Fruit  l-eelled,  1- 
seeded,  surrounded  by  a  broad  membranaceous  wing.  Embryo  straight.  — 
Trees.  Leaves  short-petioled,  mostly  oblique,  doubly  serrate,  straight- veined. 
Stipules  deciduous.  Flowers  greenish  or  purplish,  clustered,  appearing  be- 
fore the  leaves. 

1.  U.  fulva,  Michx.  (Slippery  Elm.)  Brauclilets  pubescent;  leaves 
thick,  ovate-obh)ng,  acuminate,  broadly  serrate,  slightly  oblique  at  the  base, 
very  rough  above,  pubescent  beneath  ;  calyx  and  short  pedicels  pubescent ; 
fruit  orbicular,  pubescent  on  the  sides,  smooth  on  the  margins,  with  the 
obtuse  teeth  erect ;  expanding  buds  rusty-tomentose.  —  Rich  woods,  West 
Florida,  and  northward.  Feb. -March. — A  small  tree.  Leaves  4' - 8' long. 
Fruit  8"  -  9"  wide.     Inner  bark  very  mucilaginous. 

2.  TJ.  Floridana,  Chapm.  Branchlets  smooth  ;  leaves  thick,  oblong- 
ovate,  acute  or  slightly  acuminate,  broadly  serrate,  oblique  at  the  base,  smooth 
above,  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath  ;  ])edicels  very  slender,  somewhat  race- 
mose, and,  like  the  calyx,  smooth  ;  fruit  orbicular,  fringed  on  the  margins, 
witii  the  sliort  and  broad  teeth  erect.  —  Banks  of  the  Chipola  River,  at  Mari- 
anna,  West  Florida.  Feb. -March.  — A  tree  30°-40°  high,  with  brittle 
branches.  Leaves  .3'— 4' long.  Fruit  2" -3"  in  diameter.  Bud  scales  downy 
on  the  margins. 

3.  TJ.  Americana,  L.  (Elm.)  Branchlets  and  buds  smooth  ;  leaves 
tliin,  obovate-oblong,  or  oval,  oblitiue  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate,  abruptly 
acuminate,  smooth  above,  pubescent,  or  at  length  smooth  beneath  ;  pedicels 
clustered,  sleiuler,  smooth,  like  the  calyx  ;  fruit  oval  or  obovate,  downy  on 
the  margins,  with  the  sharp  teetli  connivent. — Low  grounds,  Florida,  and 
northward.  Feb.  -  March.  —  A  large  tree,  with  spreading  branches.  Leaves 
2' -4'  lons^.     Fruit  6"  long. 


440  ULMACE^.       {V.LM    FAMILY.) 

4.  U.  racemosa,  I  li>>iiias.  HramlR's  i<iikv;  liiiil  scak'S  downy  on  the 
niJirjjiiis ;  loaves  ovate-ohlung,  or  oval,  oldiciuuly  torilale,  sliaiply  serrate, 
pulieseent  l)eneutli ;  Huwer  clusters  racemose ;  fruit  roundish,  tlie  margins 
downy. —  Kiver  hanks,  Tennessee,  and  iiurliiward. 

5.  U.  alata,  Michx.  (Whauou.)  l}rani-lies  corky-winged;  leaves 
BMiall,  ovale-laneeiilate,  acute,  siiarply  serrate,  commonly  even  and  rounded  at 
the  liase,  rough  ahove,  puhesceut  beneath,  nearly  sessile;  (lowers  clustered,  on 
slender  pedicels ;  fruit  oval,  ilowuy  on  the  margins.  —  Kich  soil,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.  —  A  .-mall  tree.     Leaves  1'-  U'  long. 

2.     PLANER  A,  (imel.     I'LAMiK  Tkee. 

J'lowers  polygamous,  clustLic<l.  Calyx  hell-shaped,  4-5-cloft.  Stamens 
4-5:  anthers  extrorse.  Ovary  1-celled.  Styles  short.  Fruit  nut-like,  cori- 
aceous, wingless.  Embryo  straight,  w  ithout  albumen.  —  Small  trees,  with 
the  foliage  of  the  Elm. 

1.  P.  aquatica,  Gmel.  Leaves  ovate,  sliort-jietioled,  acute,  serrate, 
roughish;  tlowcrs  in  small  roundish  clusters,  appearing  iiefore  the  leaves; 
nut  ovale,  covered  with  warty  scales.  —  River  swamps  iu  the  lower  districts. 
Feb. -  March.  —  A  tree  20^ - 30°  high.     Lea\ es  V-l!/  long. 

3.     CELTIS,  Tourn.     Nettle  Tree. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  apetalous.  Calyx  of  five  sepals.  Stamens  5 : 
anthers  intror.se.  Ovary  1-celled.  Styles  2,  slender,  pubescent.  Drupe  glo- 
bose. Embryo  curved  around  scanty  gelatinous  albumen.  Cotyledons 
wrinkled.  —  Trees.  Leaves  petioled,  commonly  obliiiue  at  the  base.  Flowers 
axillary,  .solitary,  or  few  in  a  cluster,  greenish. 

1.  C.  OCCidentalis,  L.  Young  leaves  and  hranchlets  silky  ;  leaves  (2' 
long)  ovate,  acunn'uale,  sharply  serrate,  aliruptly  contracted  at  the  base,  soon 
smooth,  ferruginous  beneath  ;  fertile  flowers  mostly  solitary,  on  drooping  pe- 
duncles ;  the  sterile  ones  2-4  in  a  cluster ;  drupe  dark  purple,  with  a  thin 
sweet  pulp.  —  Rich  .soil,  Georgia,  and  northward.  March.  —  A  tree  40° -60° 
high.  —  Var.  integkifolia.  (C.  integrifolia,  A'^f//^.)  Leaves  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate  (2' -.3'  long),  acuminate,  entire,  rounded,  or  the  lower  ones  cordate 
at  the  base,  roughened  with  minute  elevated  points.  —  Sandy  soil,  A))alachi- 
cola,  Florida  (perhaps  introduced),  and  westward.  —  A  small  tree.  Branches 
and  leaves  2-ranked.  —  Var.  puMir.A.  (C.  pumila,  P^r.sA.)  Shrubhy  ;  leaves 
(r-l:\'  long),  ovate,  acute,  serrate,  ohtuse  at  the  base,  pale  beneath,  very 
rougli  above ;  drupe  glaucous.  —  Shady  Avoods,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
March- April.  —  Stem  5°- 10°  liigh. 

4.     TREMA,  Lour. 

Chiefly  like  Celtis,  but  with  fleshy  all)umen,  and  thick  narrow  incurved 
cotyledons.  —  Trees  or  shrubs. 

1.  T.  micrantha,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Shrub  very  leafy  (10°- 1.5°  high), 
the  branchlets,  etc.  canescent ;  leaves  (!'  long)  rigid,  oval,  serrate;  flowers 
minute,  in  dense  axillary  cymose  clusters;  drupe  small,  vcllow.  globose. 
(Celti.s  pallida.  Ton-.}  — Shell-mounds  in  Lastero  Hay,  South  Florida  {(Jarher). 


JUGLANDACE^.       (WALXUT    FAMILY.)  441 

Order  126.     PLATAXACE^.    (Plaxe-tree  Family.) 

Large  trees,  with  alternate  palmately  lobed  petioled  stijiulate  leaves, 
and  monoecious  flowers,  in  axillary  long-peduncled  globose  heads.  — 
Calyx  and  corolla  none.  Anthers  on  short  club-shaped  filaments,  nu- 
merous, 2-celled,  adnate  to  the  truncated  connective.  Ovaries  numer- 
ous, obconical,  hairy  at  the  base.  Ovules  1-2,  orthotropous,  pendulous. 
Style  subulate.  Nut  1-seeded.  Seed  cylindrical.  Embryo  in  the  axis 
of  scarce  fleshy  albumen.  —  Flowers  intermixed  with  copious  club- 
shaped  scales.  —  Consisting  of  the  single  genus 

1.     PLATANUS,   L.     Plane  Tree,  Sycamore. 

1.  P.  OCCidentalis,  L.  Leaves  (4' -9' wide)  round-cordate,  angularly 
lobed  and  toothed,  covered  when  youug  with  dense  whitish  down,  soon  smooth ; 
stipules  toothed;  heads  pendulous  (8"- 12"  in  diameter). — River  hauks, 
Florida,  and  northward.  March  -April.  —  A  large  tree,  with  the  white  bark 
sei^arating  in  thin  plates. 


Order  127.     JUGLANDACE^E.     (Walnut  Family.) 

Trees,  with  alternate  odd-pinnate  exstipulate  leaves  and  monoecious 
apetalous  or  minutely  petalled  flowers.  Sterile  flowers  in  jjendulous 
aments.  Calyx  2-6-parted,  the  stamens  few  or  numerous.  Fertile 
flowers  single  or  clustered.  Calyx  3  -  5-parted,  the  tube  adherent  to 
the  incompletely  2-4-cened  ovary.  Fruit  drupaceous,  with  a  bony 
endocarp.  Seed  1-lobed,  without  albumen ,  orthotropous.  Cotyledons 
oily,  2-lobed.     Radicle  short,  superior. 

1.     CARYA,   Nutt.     Hickory,  Pignut. 

Aments  of  the  sterile  flowers  mostly  three  together,  on  a  common  peduncle, 
lateral.  Calyx  une(|ually  3-parted.  Stamens  3-6.  Fertile  flowers  terminal. 
Calyx  4-parted.  Petals  none.  Stigma  large,  4-lobed.  Kut  smootli,  4-6-au- 
gled,  incompletely  4-celled  ;  the  coriaceous  epicarp  (husk)  partly  or  completely 
4-valved.  —  Trees,  mostly  with  scaly  buds.  Leaflets  serrate.  Fruit  roundish. 
*  Epicarp  very  thick,  4-vah-ed :  seed  thick,  edible. 

1.  C.  alba,  Nutt.  (Shell-bark  Hickory.)  Leaflets  5-7  (mostly  5), 
lanceolate-olilong,  or  the  upper  ones  obovate-oblong,  acuminate,  pubescent 
beneath ;  fruit  depressed-globose ;  nut  roundish,  thin-shelled,  compressed,  4- 
angled,  slightly  pointed.  —  Rich  woods  in  the  upper  districts,  Georgia,  and 
northward.     March- April.  —  A  large  tree,  with  shaggy  and  scaly  bark. 

2.  C.  sulcata,  Nutt.  Leaflets  7-9,  obovate-oblong,  acuminate,  pubes- 
cent beneath  ;  fruit  oval,  4-angled  above ;  nut  oblong,  thick-shelled,  conspicu- 
ously pointed,  slightly  compressed.  —  Rich  woods  in  the  upper  districts  of 
Carolina  (Elliott),  and  northward.  March  -April.  —  A  large  tree,  with  scaly 
bark. 


1  11'  .Tl'{;LAXDACE.«.       (WALNUT    FAMILY.) 

3.  C.  olivaBformis,  Nutt.  (I'kiax-nut  )  LcaHets  13-15,  laiiccolate- 
oblonj;.  surratf,  faltatc,  :u-uiiiinate ;  imt  ulive  .nliajjed,  ^«Ill^)otll,  thiii-Hlielled, 
somewhat  4  aiij|:K'il.  —  River  bottoms,  Mississijijii,  uortliwanl  and  westward. 
—  A  laru;t'  trie  witli  smootliish  iiark. 

*  *  J'/iicdiii  /lartli/  4-riilvitl :  seed  thin  :  Link-  not  srnli/. 

4.  C.  tomentosa,  Xutt.  (IIkkoky.)  Leafk-ts  7-9  (mostly  7),  larj^e, 
oliloiiii-oliiivaie,  aiiitf,  jmliusient  beiiealli ;  sti-rile  ami'iits  tomeiitose;  fruit 
hir^ue,  ujliiiidse;  i']iirar|)  tliick,  loriaiemis,  |)artf(l  iifarl\  to  tiie  l)ast' ;  nut  tliitk- 
slii-lK'il,  oval,  sumi-wliat  Gaiigifil.  —  Kiili  snil.  Mairli  -  Ajiril.  —  A  lar^o  tree, 
witii  r<>iii;li  bark. 

5.  C.  glabra,  Torr.  (I'k.mt.)  Lt'aHets  5-7  (mostly  7),  ovate-lance- 
olate, acuminate,  smooth;  fruit  olwvate,  obcordate,  or  pear  shaijed ;  epicarp 
thiu,  jiartc'd  to  the  middle,  coriaceous;  nut  thick-shelled,  sometimes  angled. 
(C.  porcina,  Xutt.)  —  Woods.  March  -  Ai)ril.  —  A  larj^e  tree,  with  sniouthish 
bark. 

G.  C.  microcarpa,  Nutt.  Leaflets  5-7,  oblonj^-lanceolate,  smooth, 
glandular  lancatli.  acuminate;  ameuts  smooth  ;  fruit  roundish;  epicarjj  thiu; 
nut  thin-siiclled,  .-ilij^iitly  4-angled.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  north- 
ward.    April -May.  —  A  large  tree.     Fruit  |'  in  diameter. 

7.  C.  myristicseformis,  Nutt.  "  Leaflets  5,  ovate-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, snioutii.  tiie  terminal  one  se.-<sile ;  fruit  oval,  rugo.se,  rough;  nut  oval, 
slightly  acuminate,  furrowed,  very  hard."  —  South  Carolina,  at  Goo.se  Creek 
{Micfiditx) ;   Berkeley  District  (Raveuel).  —  Nuts  resembling  nutmegs. 

8.  C.  amara,  Nutt.  (Bittkk-mt.)  Leaflets  9-11,  oblong-lauceolate, 
acute,  sniouthish  ;  fruit  globular ;  e])icarp  thin,  parted  to  the  middle  ;  uut  thin- 
shelled,  ul)cordate  ;  seed  much  wrinkled.  —  Low  ground.  ^larch  -  April. — 
A  tree  of  moderate  dimensions,  with  smooth  bark,  and  very  bitter  and  a.strin- 
gent  seeds. 

9.  C.  aquatica,  Nutt.  Leaflets  9-1.3,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  .slightly 
serrate,  smooth;  fruit  roundish,  4-ribbed  ;  e])icarp  thin,  4  parted  to  the  ba.se; 
nut  compressed,  thin-shelled,  4-angled  ;  seed  much  wrinkled.  —  liiver  swamps, 
Florida  to  Soutfi  Carolina.  March- April.  —  A  small  tree,  with  rough  bark. 
Seeds  very  bitter  and  astringent. 

2.     JUGLANS,  L.     W.vi.yiT,  BrrTERNrx. 

Sterile  aments  lateral,  solitary.  Caly.x  5-6-])arted.  Stamens  numerous. 
Fertile  flowers  terminal.  Calyx  4-cleft.  Petals  4,  minute.  Stigmas  2,  long, 
recurved.  Fruit  obbmg  or  globose.  Epicarp  indehiscent.  Nut  incompletely 
4-celled,  furroweil  or  sculptured.  —  Trees  with  naked  buds.     J.,eaflets  serrate. 

1.  J.  nigra,  L.  (Bi..\ck  Walnit.)  Leaflets  11-21,  ovate-lanceolate, 
pubescent  beneath,  acuminate,  slightly  cordate  at  the  i)a,«e.  or  oblicjue ;  fruit 
globose,  rough-dotted  ;  nut  furrowed.  —  Rich  woods,  chiefly  in  the  upper  dis- 
tricts.    March  -  Ajtril.  —  A  tree  .30°-  50°  high. 

2.  J.  cinerea,  L.  (Bitteuxlt.)  Leaflets  15-19,  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute,  rounded  at  the  base,  pubescent ;  the  petioles,  fruit,  etc.  viscid ;  fruit 
oblong;  nut  deojdy  sculptured,  acute.  —  Rocky  woods  in  the  upper  districts. 
March  -  April.  —  A  tree  30°  -  40°  high. 


CUPULIFER.E.       (oak    FAMILY.)  443 

Order  128.    CUPULIFER.S:.     (Oak  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  entire  or  lobed  straight-veined  stipu- 
late leaves,  and  monoecious  apetalous  flowers.  Sterile  flowers  in  pen- 
dulous slender  or  capitate  aments.  Calyx  scale-like,  or  regular  and 
4-G-lobed.  Stamens  few.  Fertile  flowers  single  or  clustered,  fur- 
nished with  an  involucre  which  encloses  the  fruit,  or  forms  a  cup  at 
its  base.  Ovary  2-7-celled,  with  1-2  pendulous  anatropous  ovules 
in  each  cell.  Stigmas  as  many  as  the  cells.  Fruit  1 -celled,  1-seeded. 
Albumen  none.     Cotyledons  thick  and  flesliy.     lladicle  superior. 

Synopsis. 

*  Fertile  flowers  single,  or  few  in  a  cluster. 

1 .  QUERCUS.     Nut  solitary,  with  the  base  enclosed  in  a  scaly  involucre. 

2.  CASTANEA.     Nuts  1-3,  enclosed  in  a  i-valved  spiny  involucre ;  sterile  ameuts  elon- 

gated, erect. 

3.  FAGUS.     Nuts  2,  3-angled,  eucloaed  in  a  somewhat  spiny  4-valved  involucre  :  sterile 

aments  capitate,  pendulous. 
■1.   CORYLUS.    Nut  solitaiy,  bony,  enclosed  in  a  leafy  lacerated  involucre. 

*  *  Fertile  flowers  spiked. 
5.    CARPINUS.     Nuts  1-2,  in  the  axil  of  an  open  leafy  involucre. 
G.    OSTRYA.     Nut  solitary,  enclosed  in  a  membranaceous  inflated  involucre. 

1.     QUERCUS,  L.    Oak.      • 

Sterile  ament  slender,  bractless,  peudulous.  Cal\  x  unequally  6  -  8-parted. 
Stamens  6  -  12,  slender :  anthers  2-celled.  Fertile  tiowers  axillary,  solitary, 
or  few  in  a  cluster.  Calyx  6-cIeft  or  denticulate,  adnata  to  the  3-4-celled 
ovary.  Ovules  2  in  each  cell.  Stigmas  obtuse.  Nut  (acoin)  oblong  or 
hemispherical,  partly  (rarely  wholly)  enclosed  in  the  cup-shaped  scaly  in- 
volucre. Cotyledons  very  thick,  plano-convex.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple 
entire  or  lobed  leaves.     Stipules  caducous. 

§  1.  Melanobalanus.  (Black  Oaks).  Bark  dark  and  furrowed :  wood 
porous  and  brittle:  leaves,  and  their  lobes  or  teeth,  bristle-pointed :  nuts  silki/- 
tomentose  within :  stamens  4  -  6  :  sti/les  lonrj  and  spreading  ;  abortive  ovules 
near  the  top  of  the  seed. 

*  Fruit  biennial. 

+■  Leaves  deciduous. 

++  Leaves  entire ;   those  on  vigorous  shoots  often  lobed  or  toothed. 

1.  Q.  Phellos,  L.  (Willow  Oak.)  Leaves  (2'-3'  long)  lanceolate  or 
linear-lanceolate,  bristle-awned,  scurfy,  like  the  branchlets,  when  young,  be- 
coming smooth  on  both  sides;  fruit  small,  sessile;  cup  flatti.sh,  enclosing  the 
base  of  the  hemispherical  nut.  —  Margins  of  swamps  and  streams.  —  A  tree, 
40°- 50°  high. 

Var.  laurifolia.  (Q.  laurifolia,  Michx.)  Leases  larger  (.3' -4'  long), 
oblong  lanf-eolatp  ;  cup  deeper  aiul  more  pointed  at  the  base.  —  Light  uplands, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina.  —  A  tree  commonly  larger  than  the  preceding. 


444  Cl'rUMKKK.K.      (oak    iamily.) 

'2.  Q.  imbricaria,  Miilix.  (Siii\<.i.i;  Oak.)  Leaves  lancoolate-obloug, 
iicntn  or  nlitusf  at  each  ciitl,  iiiiuTonali',  pak-  ami  jIdwiiv  l)ciicath,  (Icfiduous ; 
fruit  iniddli'-sizcd ;  tnj)  narrowed  at  the  Inise,  eiiilosiiij;  one  lialf  or  one  third 
of  th«'  nearly  licniispherieal  nut,  the  broad  and  whitisii  seales  closely  a]i- 
pressed.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina. — A  tree  40^-50"  higii.  Leaves 
3'  -5'  long. 

•5  Q.  cinerea,  Michx.  (Mioh-ckoi  ni>  Wn.i.ow  ().\K.)  Leaves  jjcren- 
niai,  oliliini:;-lan(colate,  obtuse  or  a<'Ute,  niucnjnate,  wiiile  tonientose  l)eneath  ; 
fruit  small,  sessile ;  cup  shallow,  narrowed  at  the  base,  pale,  enclosing  one 
third  of  the  hemispherical  nut.  —  Dry  sandy  pine  barrens.  —  A  small  tree, 
fruiting  abuudautly.  Leaves  2' -3' long,  scurfy,  like  the  branchlets,  when 
young. 

**  +*  Leaves  diluled  upward,  mostly  S-lobed  at  llic  top. 

4.  Q.  aquatica,  Catesb.  (Water  Oak.)  Leaves  jjcrennial,  short-peti- 
ok'd,  obo\  ate-<)blung  or  wedge-shaped,  suKjoth  on  both  sides,  obtusely  3-lol)ed 
at  the  summit,  often  entire,  or  on  young  shoots  pinnatiiid  toothed  or  lobed, 
mostly  a wnless  when  old;  fruit  small,  mostly  sessile;  cup  shallow,  flat,  en- 
closing the  base  of  the  hemispherical  down)'  nut.  —  Swamps  and  wet  banks. 
—  A  small  tree,  with  smooth  bark.  Leaves  2'-3'  long,witb  iiilis  uf  down  in 
the  axils  of  the  veins  when  young. 

5.  Q.  nigra,  L.  (Hi.ack  Jack.)  Leaves  sliort-petioleil,  coriaceous, 
broadly  wcdg('-slia|)ed,  rounded  at  the  base,  mostly  3-lobed  at  the  summit, 
bristle-awned,  smooth  above,  rusty-pubescent  beneath,  deciduous  ;  fruit  middle- 
sized,  on  short  and  thick  i)eduucles ;  cup  top-shaped,  with  coarse  truncate 
scales,  enclosing  one  third  or  one  half  of  tlie  oi>long-ovate  juit.  —  Dry  gravelly 
or  sandy  soil.  —  A  small  tree.  Leaves  4'  -  9'  long.  Literniediate  forms  be- 
tween this  and  No.  7  are  nut  uncommon. 

++  -M-  ++  Leaves  sinuate-pinnatifid,  bristle-awned. 

=  Leaves  smooth  or  nearly  so. 

C.  Q.  Catesbsei,  Michx.  (TuRKEV  Oak.)  Leaves  somewhat  coria- 
ceous, broad,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole,  ileeply  jiinnatifid  ;  the  lobes  very 
acute  from  a  l)road  t);ise,  spreading,  mostly  falcate  and  entire ;  fruit  rather 
large,  shurt-pedunded  ;  cup  thick,  turbinate,  with  broad  obtuse  scales,  enclos- 
ing half  of  the  ov(jid  nut ;  the  upper  scales  intlexed  and  lining  the  inner  edge 
of  the  cu]). —  Dry  pine  barrens. —  A  small  tree.     Leaves  C'-9'  long. 

7.  Q.  COCCinea,  Wang.  (Scarlet  Oak.)  Leaves  long-petioled,  oval 
or  oblong,  with  deep  and  broad  sinuses,  and  6-8  entire  or  s])aringly  toothed 
lol)e3,  truncate  at  the  l)ase,  smooth  and  shining  on  both  sides ;  cup  top-shaped, 
with  coar.se  scales,  enclosing  ojie  half  or  one  third  of  the  ovoid  nut.  —  Dry 
woods  ;  more  abundant  in  tlie  upjier  districts.  —  Leaves  turning  bright  scarlet 
after  frost. 

Var.  tinctoria,  Gray.  (Black  Oak.)  Leaves  obovate-ol)long,  with 
deep  or  shallow  open  sinu.^^es,  and  about  6  sharply-toothi^d  lobes,  obtuse  or 
truncate  at  the  base,  pubescent  when  young,  at  length  only  in  the  axils  of  the 
veins  beneath ;  cup  top-shaped,  with  broad  scales,  enclosing  about  half  of  the 


CUPULIFER.E.       (oak    FAMILY.)  445 

roundish  depressed  nut.  (Q.  discolor,  Ait  )  —  Dry  woods,  diiefly  in  the  upper 
districts.  —  A  hirge  tree,  with  the  outer  bark  dark  brown,  the  inner  tliick  and 
yellow.     Leaves  turning  light  brown  after  frost.     Nuts  6" -8"  long. 

8.  Q.  rubra,  L.  (Red  Oak.)  Leaves  oblong,  with  open  shallow  sinuses, 
and  8-12  entire  or  sharply  toothed  lobes,  smooth  on  both  sides,  paler  be- 
neath ;  fruit  large,  cup  shallow,  flat,  with  fine  scales,  enclosing  the  base  of 
the  ovate  or  oblong  nut.  —  Rocky  woods,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  A  large 
tree.     Leaves  turning  dark  red  after  fro.st.     Nut  1'  long. 

9.  Q.  Georgiana,  M.  A.  Curtis.  Shrubby ;  leaves  small,  very  smooth, 
somewhat  obovate,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  with  deep  or  shallow  open 
sinuses,  and  3-5  triangular  lanceolate  entire  acute  or  obtuse  lobes ;  fruit  short- 
peduncled  ;  cup  smooth  and  shining,  saucer-shaped,  enclosing  one  third  of  the 
oval-globose  nut.  —  Stone  Mountain,  Georgia  (Raienel). —  Shrub  6° -8°  high, 
growing  in  clusters.     Leaves  3' -  4' long.     Fruit  abundant.     Nut  |' long. 

10.  Q.  palustris,  Du  Roi.  (PinOak.)  Leaves  long-petioled,  oval,  trun- 
cate or  abruptly  acute  at  base,  with  broad  and  rounded  sinuses,  and  5-7 
sparingly-tootlied  lobes,  smooth  on  both  sides ;  cup  shallow,  with  appressed 
scales,  enclosing  the  base  of  the  nearly  globular  nut.  —  East  Tennessee  {Giit- 
tinger),  and  northward.  —  A  middle-sized  tree.     Nut  ^'  long. 

=  =  Leaves  tomentose  beneath. 

11.  Q.  falcata,  Michx.  (Spanish  Oak.)  Leaves  oblong,  rounded  at  the 
base,  3  -  5-lobed ;  the  lobes  entire  or  sparingly  toothed  at  the  apex,  the  ter- 
minal one  commonly  narrow  and  elongated  ;  fruit  rather  small ;  cup  some- 
what top-shaped,  with  coarse  scales,  enclosing  half  of  the  globular  nut.  —  Var. 
PAGOD.EFOLiA,  Ell.,  has  larger  leaves,  with  11-13  nearly  opposite  and  spread 
ing  lobes.  —  Dry  woods.  —  A  large  tree.  Leaves  4'  -  5'  long,  entire  near  the 
base.     Nut  -J'  long. 

12.  Q.  ilieifolia,  Wang.  (Bear  Oak.)  Shrubby ;  leaves  obovate,  with 
3-5  angular  or  short  and  broad  mostly  entire  lobes,  acute  at  the  base,  white- 
tomentose,  like  the  branchlets,  when  young,  at  length  smooth  and  dark  green 
above ;  fruit  short-peduncled ;  cup  shallow,  saucer-shaped,  with  coarse  scales, 
enclosing  about  one  third  of  the  ovate  nut.  —  Barren  soil  in  the  upper  dis- 
tricts.—  A  slirub  3°-4°  high.     Leaves  3' -5'  long.     Fruit  abundant. 

-I-  -f-  Leaves  persistent. 

13.  Q.  myrtifolia,  Willd.  Leaves  rigid,  ovate  or  obovate,  acute  or  ob- 
tuse, l'-2'  long,  entire,  the  margins  revolute.  Fruit  nearly  sessile,  single  or 
clustered.  Cup  shallow,  one  fourth  the  length  of  the  ovate  or  globose  nut.  — 
Dry  sandy  soil  along  the  coast.  —  Stem  4°  -  8°  high,  rarely  taller.  Leaves 
r-2'  long. 

*  *    Fruit  annual. 

14.  Q.  pumila,  Walt.  (Rcnmxg  Oak.)  Branchlets  slender,  pubes- 
cent ;  leaves  mostly  deciduous,  cuneate-lanceolate,  slightly  undulate,  nearly 
sessile,  white-tomentose  beneath;  fruit  small,  single  ;  cup  siiallow;  nut  ovate. 
—  Sandy  pine  barrens  in  the  lower  districts.  —  Stems  2°-8°  high,  from  long 
creeping  roots.     Leaves  l'-3'  long. 


■IIG  Cll'lLIKKlM:.       (oak    lAMILY.) 

§2.  1^1  rcoHAi.ANi  .s.  (WiiiTi;  Oaks.)  limk  jmli,  ami  riiostli/  seal  1/ :  wood 
toiiijli  :  Iviiris  not  hrisllv-jiuiutvd,  t/ifi'r  lubis  cihiiiikiiiIi/  ohiuse:  nut  kinooth 
within:  s/<»/He;is  6  -  8 :  slii/mas  sessi/r ;  aliurticc  uviilts  at  the  base  of  the  seed: 

fruit  (iiiniiiil. 

♦  /.Hires  dt  rid  nous. 

■t-  Leaves  sinuate-iohed. 

1;').  Q.  Stellata,  ^VilI)p;.  (I'ost  Oak.)  Leaves  with  5-7  hroad  roundeil 
or  iKitilicil  liiln's  sc|iar:itf(l  hv  wide  oj)en  simi.ses,  iiarruwcd  at  tlie  lia.^e  into  a 
short  petiole,  puliesteiit  beiieatli;  eiip  lieiiiisplierical,  eiulo.siii"^  one  tliird  or 
one  lialf  of  the  oval  nut.  —  Cold  ilavev  .xoil,  Florida,  and  nortliward.  —  A  tree 
40'^ -50'^  fi'i-l  liij^li.     Nut  i'  lon<]j.     Leaves  4'-  iV  long. 

Var.  pai'Vifolia.  Leaves  smaller  (1  i'  -3'  long),  ohlong,  olitnse.  entire  or 
sinuate-ttiothed,  nearly  sniootli  on  hotli  sides,  rusty-pul)esi'ent,  like  tlie  branch- 
lets,  when  young;  nut  larger.  —  Sandy  soil  near  the  eoast.  —  A  shrub  or 
small  tree. 

16.  Q.  alba,  L.  (White  Oak.)  Leaves  olilong  or  oliovate-oMong,  with 
7  -9  mostly  olitii.-^e  and  entire  narrow  lolies  .separated  by  narrow  sinuses,  uar- 
roweil  into  a  petiole,  densely  tomeutose,  like  the  branehlets,  when  young,  at 
length  smooth  or  glaucous  beneath ;  fruit  large,  nearly  sessile ;  cu])  hemi- 
spherical, enclosing  one  third  of  the  oblong  ovate  nut.  —  Damp  woods.  —  A 
large  tree  with  white  bark.     Leaves  4' -6'  long.     Nut  about  1'  long. 

17.  Q.  macrocarpa,  Michx.  (Mossy-cup  Oak.)  Leaves  thin,  obovate- 
oblong,  pnl)escent  or  pale  beneath,  acute  at  the  base,  short-petioled,  slightly 
or  strongly  few  -  manylobed  ;  the  lobes  rounded,  entire  or  ol)tusely -toothed; 
fruit  large;  scales  of  the  cup  thick,  the  upper  ones  produced  into  long  awns; 
nut  ovoid,  included,  or  half  enclosed  in  the  cuj).  —  Woods  and  river  banks, 
Tennessee,  and  westward.  —  A  middle-sized  tree.  Leaves  G'- 1.5' long.  Nut 
I'-U'long. 

18.  Q.  lyrata,  Walt.  (OvER-crp  Oak.)  Leaves  crowded  at  the  end  of 
the  branehlets,  obovate-oblong,  acute  at  the  base,  7-9-lobcd,  white-tomentose 
beneath,  or  at  length  smoothish,  shining  above,  the  lobes  triangul.ar,  acute, 
and  entire  ;  fruit  sessile  :  cup  round-ovate,  w'ith  rugged  .scales,  almost  cover- 
ing the  roundish  nut.  —  River-swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  —  A  large 
tree.     Leaves  5'- 8' long,  short-petioled.     Fruit  1' long. 

—  •*-■(-  Lrin-es  toothed. 

19.  Q.  prinus,  L.  (Swamp  Chestnut  Oak.)  Leaves  oblong  or  obo- 
vate-oblong, obtuse,  with  rounded  teeth,  srfiooth  and  shining  above,  pale  and 
pubescent  beneath,  acute  at  the  base,  short-petioled ;  fruit  large,  short-pedun- 
cled  ;  cup  hemispherical,  rugged  w-ith  tubercular  scales,  enclosing  the  base  of 
the  roundish  or  oblong-ovate  nut.  —  Low  grounds.  —  A  large  tree.  Nut  about 
1'  long. 

20.  Q.  Michauxii,  Nutt.  Leaves  rather  rigid,  oblong,  obtuse  or  cor- 
date at  the  base,  the  teeth  short  and  rounded,  velvety  beneath  ;  fruit  very 
large,  short-peduncled  ;  scales  of  the  hemispherical  cup  tubercular ;  nut  ob- 
long-ovate. —  Low  ground  and  river  swamps,  chiefly  in  the  lower  di.stricts. 
—  A  large  tree,  with  flaky  bark.     Leaves  4' -5' long.     Nut  1  A' long. 


CUPULIFER.^.        (oak    FAMILY.)  447 

21.  Q.  bicolor,  Willd.  (Swamp  White  Oak.)  Leaves  obovate,  acute 
at  the  base,  coarsely  aud  obtusely  toothed  or  somewhat  lobed,  dark  green 
above,  wbite-tomeutose  beneath  ;  fruit  long-peduucled,  cup  tubercular,  hemi- 
spherical; nut  oblong-ovate  (T  long).  —  Swamps  along  the  mountains.  —  A 
large  tree. 

22.  Q.  Muhlenbergii,  Engelm.  (Chestnut  Oak.)  Leaves  oblong 
varying  to  lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharply  toothed,  with  the  points  incurved, 
mostly  acute  at  the  base,  smooth  above,  paler  and  minutely  pubescent  or 
glaucous  beneath  ;  fruit  small,  sessile  or  short-peduncled  ;  cup  hemispherical, 
with  flat  scales,  enclosing  one  tliird  of  the  oblong  nut.  —  Rocky  woods,  chiefly 
in  the  upper  districts.  —  A  large  or  middle  sized  tree.  Leaves  3'  -  6'  long. 
Nut  1"  -  9"  long. 

23.  Q.  prinoides,  Willd.  (Chinquapin  Oak.)  Shruiiby;  leaves  lance- 
olate-oblong, acute  at  each  end,  acutely  toothed,  smooth  above,  wliite-tonien- 
tose  beneath ;  fruit  small,  mostly  sessile  ;  cup  hemispherical,  with  flat  scales, 
enclosing  about  one  half  of  the  round-ovate  nut.  (Q.  Chinquapin,  Pursh.)  — 
Barren  soil  in  the  upper  districts. —  Shrub  2° -6^  high.  Leaves  3' -4' long. 
Nut  8" -9"  long. 

24.  Q.  Durandi,  Buckl.  ?  Smooth,  with  ash-colored  branchlets ;  leaves 
oblong  or  wedge-oblong,  entire,  emarginate,  or  3-lobed  at  the  summit,  taper- 
ing or  abrupth'  contracted  into  a  short  petiole  ;  fruit  yery  small,  closely  sessile ; 
cup  shallow,  flattened,  enclosing  the  base  of  the  ovate  nut.  —  Rocky  banks, 
Georgia,  Florida,  aud  westward.  —  A  lofty  tree.  Leaves  3' -4'  long  Nut 
4" -5"  l(5ng. 

*  *  Leaves  persistent. 

25.  Q.  virens,  Ait.  (Live  Oak.)  Branchlets  tomentose ;  leave.*  coria- 
ceous, perennial,  oblong,  obtuse,  somewhat  rugose,  smootli  and  shining  above, 
hoary-tomentose  beneath,  the  margins  revolute ;  fruit  long  peduncled  ;  cup 
top-shaped,  hoarv,  enclosing  the  base  of  the  oblong  che.stinit-brown  nut.  — 
Dry  or  wet  soil,  in  the  lower  districts.  —  Commonly  a  large  tree  with  spread- 
ing brandies.     Leaves  2' -4'  long. 

Var.  maritima.  (Q.  maritima,  TF///c?.)  Shrubby  (4° -  10°  high) ;  leaves 
smooth,  lanceolate,  concave,  mostly  acute  ;  fruit  larger.  —  Sand  ridges  along 
the  coast,  Florida  to  South  Carolina. 

Var.  dentata.  (Q.  nana,  Willd.  1)  Dwarf  (l°-2°  high) ;  earliest  leaves 
flat,  wedge-obovate  or  obovate-oblong,  mucronate,  toothed,  at  length  smooth, 
the  others  lanceolate  and  entire ;  fruit  sessile  or  short-peduncled,  often  clus- 
tered.—  Flat  pine  barrens,  Florida.  —  Leaves  nearly  sessile. 

2.     CASTANEA,  Tourn.     Chestnut. 

Sterile  flowers  in  separate  clusters,  in  long  erect  cylindrical  aments.  Calyx 
5  -  6-parted.  Stamens  8  -  1 .5  :  anthers  2-celled.  Fertile  flowers  1  -  3,  enclosed 
in  the  bell-shaped,  at  length  globose,  4-valved  and  very  prickly  involucre. 
Calyx  5-6-lobed,  superior.  Abortive  stamens  5-12.  (^vary  3 -6  celled. 
Ovules  single  or  by  pairs  in  each  cell.  Stigmas  3-6,  bristle-like,  spreading. 
Nuts  1  -3,  roundish,  compressed,  or  plano-convex.  Cotyledons  very  tliick. — 
Trees  or  shrubs,  with  oblong  petioled  sliarply  serrate  sti'aiglit-veined  leaves. 


lis  Cl'I-l   I.IKKK.K.       (<»AK     FAMILY.) 

1.  C.  vesca,  l-.  (("hkstm  t.)  Leaves  ohlong  lanceolate,  ac-uniinate, 
coarsely  Miraii',  siiiKotli  <>u  lioth  sides;  nuts  mostly  3,  tlic  middle  one  Hat- 
tonc'il,  tlie  2  outer  onus  pluno-eonvex,  darii  lirown.  — Drv  woods,  mostly  in 
tlio  u|i]Hr  (iistiiits.     Aiuil.  —  A  large  tree.     Leaves  C-  7'  long. 

2.  C.  pumila,  Michx.  (CinNyi  ai-in.)  Leaves  ohlong,  acute,  or  ol)tuse, 
fint'lv  senate,  lioary-tomentose  beneatli ;  nuts  solitary,  nearly  gloliular.  (C. 
nana,  Muld.,  a  form  with  larger  leaves  and  nuts.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  riorida, 
and  nurtiiward.  April- May.  —  A  large  slirub  or  small  tree.  Leaves,  invo- 
lucre, ami  nut  smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding. 

3.     FAGUS,  Touru.    Beech. 

Sterile  flowers  capitate,  on  long  and  drooping  peduncles,  with  deciduous 
bracts.  Calyx  i)ell-shaped,  5 -6  cleft.  Stamens  8-12:  anthers  2-celled. 
Fertile  flowers  solitary  or  i)y  pairs,  peduncled,  surrounded  witli  numerous 
liuear  bracts  and  a  4-lobed  involucre.  Calyx  of  4-5  subulate  lobes.  Ovary 
3-celled,  with  two  ovules  in  each  cell.  Styles  3,  filiform,  ^■ut8  commonly  2, 
acutely  3  angled,  enclosed  in  the  soft-spiny  4-valved  involucre.  Cotyledons 
thick  and  fle.shy. — Trees,  with  whitish  bark,  and  straight-veined  leaves  ex- 
panding with  the  flowei'S. 

L  F.  ferruginea,  Ait.  Leaves  oblong-ovate  or  rhombic,  acute,  finely 
serrate,  silky  on  both  sides  when  young,  when  old  only  on  the  veins  beneath  ; 
spines  of  the  involucre  short,  recurved.  —  Damp  sandy  soil.  April.  —  A  large 
tree,  with  widely  spreading  branches. 

4.     CORYLUS,  Tourn.     H.vzel-xct. 

Sterile  flowers  in  cylindrical  pendulous  bracted  aments.  Calyx  2  cleft, 
partly  united  with  the  bract.  Stamens  8:  anthers  1-celled.  Fertile  flowers 
clustered.  Ovary  2-celled,  2-ovuled.  Stigmas  2,  filiform.  Involucre  tut)ular 
at  the  base,  leafy  and  lacerated  at  the  summit,  enclosing  a  single  bony  (edible) 
ni'.t.  —  Shrubs,  with  broadly  cordate  doubly  serrate  petioled  leaves.  Flowers 
appearing  before  the  leaves. 

L  C.  Americana,  Walt.  (H.vzel-xut.)  Branchlets  glandular  ;  leai^es 
round-cordate,  coarsely  serrate,  acuminate,  pubescent;  involucre  roundish  at 
the  base,  dilated  and  flattened  above  the  nut,  glandular-hairy ;  nut  roundish, 
somewhat  flattened.  —  Rich  soil  along  the  mavginf!  of  woods  and  thickets. 
West  Florida,  and  northward.  Feb.- March.  —  Shrub  5*- 6°  high,  tough 
and  flexible.     Leaves  4' -6'  long. 

2.  C.  rostrata,  Ait.  (Beaked  Hazel-xht.)  Branchlets  smooth  ;  leaves 
ovate  or  ol)loiig-ovate,  slightly  cordate,  acuminate,  finely  serrate,  rather  thin, 
pubescent ;  involucre  bristly,  prolonged  into  a  tube  above  the  nut,  2-cleft  and 
toothed  at  the  summit;  fruit  nearly  globular.  —  Rich  soil  in  the  upper  dis- 
tricts.    March  -  April.  —  Shrub  4°-  6°  high. 

5.    CARPINUS,  L.    HoRXBEAM. 

Flowers  destitute  of  floral  envelopes,  supported  by  scale-like  bracts.  Sterile 
flowers  in  drooping  cylindrical  aments.     Stamens  8- 14  :  filaments  short :  an- 


MYRICACE.E.        ( WAX-MYRTLE    FAMILY.)  449 

thers  1-celled,  hairy  at  tlie  apex.  Fertile  flowers  spiked.  Bracts  2-flowered, 
deciduous.  Ovary  2-celled,  2-ovuled.  Stigmas  2,  flliforni.  Kut  solitary,  an- 
gular, sessile  iu  the  axil  of  au  open  3-lobed  leaf-like  imolucre.  —  Trees,  with 
simple  ovate  or  oblong  straight-veined  deciduous  leaves,  folded  in  the  bud. 
Flowers  expanding  before  the  leaves. 

1.  C.Americana,  Michx.  (Hornbeam.)  Branchlets  smooth  and  slen- 
der ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acute  or  slightly  acuminate,  sliarply  and  doubly  ser- 
rate, rounded  at  the  base,  more  or  less  pubescent.  Fertile  spikes  terminal, 
long-jjeduncled,  6-  12-flov/ered  ;  involucre  unecjually  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe 
longer  aud  serrate  on  one  side ;  nut  small,  ovate,  compressed,  8-ribbed.  — 
Rich  woods.     March.  —  A  small  tree,  with  iiard  aud  close-graiued  wood. 

6.     OSTRYA,  Micheli.     Hop  Hornbeam. 

Sterile  flowers  iu  drooping  cyliudrical  araents,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  scale- 
like bract,  destitute  of  a  calyx.  Stamens  with  the  filaments  irregularly  united. 
Fertile  flowers  in  a  short  terminal  crowded  spike,  each  enclosed  iu  a  mem- 
branaceous involucre.  Ovary  2-celled,  2-ovuled,  bearded  at  the  apex.  Stigmas 
2,  filiform.  Fruiting  involucre  inflated,  nerved,  hairy  or  bristly  at  the  ba.se, 
enclosing  the  solitary  pointed  nut.  —  Small  trees,  with  ovate  or  oblong  serrate 
short-petioled  deciduous  leaves.     Flowers  appearmg  with  tiie  leaves. 

1.  O.  Virginica,  WiUd.  (Hop  Hornbeam.)  Leaves  ovate-oblong, 
sharply  and  simply  serrate,  acuminate,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the 
base,  pubescent ;  fertile  spike  cone-like,  short-peduncled  ;  the  imbricated  in- 
volucres oblong,  mucronate,  bristly  at  the  base.  —  llich  woods.  March.  —  A 
small  tree,  with  hard  aud  close-grained  wood. 


Order  129.     MYRICACE^E.     (Wax-Myrtle  Family.) 

Chiefly  shrubs,  with  simple  alternate  leaves,  with  or  without  stip- 
ules, and  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers,  disposed  in  aments,  desti- 
tute of  calyx  or  corolla,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  simple  bract.  Stamens 
2  -  10  ;  the  short  filaments  free  or  partly  united  :  anthers  2-celIed. 
Ovary  solitary,  1-celled,  .surrounded  at  the  base  with  a  row  of  scales. 
Ovule  solitary,  orthotropous  or  amphitropous.  Involucre  none. 
Stigmas  1-2,  elongated.  Fruit  a  dry  1-seeded  drupe.  Albumen 
none.     Cotyledons  fleshy.     Radicle  superior. 

1.     MYRICA,  L.     Wax-Mvrtle.    Batberrt. 

Flowers  in  short  axillary  aments,  dioecious,  each  in  the  axil  of  the  scale- 
like bract.  Calyx  and  corolla  none.  Stamens  2-10,  with  the  filaments 
united  below.  Ovary  enclosed  in  a  cup  of  3  -  5  rounded  scales.  Ovule  or- 
thotropous. Stigmas  2  (rarely  4),  flattened  on  the  inner  face,  widely 
spreading.  Nut  globose,  covered  with  waxy  grains.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees 
dotted  with  minute  resinous  and  odorous  glands.  Branches  clustered.  Leaves 
Bhort-petioled,  serrate  or  entire.     Stipules  none. 

29 


I."(>  i,i:itm:kia(i:.i:.      (i.kitnkkia   family. ) 

1  M.  cerifera,  I>.  (\V.\x-M\itii  i;,  1!a^  luiintv.)  Uramlilets  pubes- 
cent ;  Ifiivcs  laiicfolati'  or  t)lilt)ii;;  liUKfoljito  mostly  olitiise,  entire,  or  willi  a 
few  sli:ir|)  si-rriitures  iH-ar  tlie  :i|p('x,  sniootli,  or  jiiiljescont  on  tlic  veins  lie- 
neatli,  taperinj:  into  a  j)eti(ilo ;  sterile  unients  very  numerous,  oblong;  bracts 
wotljj;e  shaped  ;  stamens  4  ;  fertile  aments  small  ;  liracts  rounded,  obscurely  3- 
lobe.l ;  scales  of  the  ovary  4,  ciliaie  ;  sti/^mas  2;  fruit  abundant,  white. — 
Margins  of  swamps,  mostly  near  the  co:;st,  Fluriila,  and  northwartl.  March - 
April.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree.  Leaves  persistent  along  our  southern  limits, 
but  northwardly  deciduous,  li'-4'  long. 

Var.  pumila,  Michx.  Low  (1^-2'  l''gli)>  much  branched  ;  leaves  smaller 
(^'-2' long),  persistent,  van-ying  from  wedge-obovate  to  wedge-lanceolate  or 
lincar-s])atulate,  coriaceous,  obtuse,  mostly  toothed  near  the  apex ;  aments 
miiintp,  ovdid.  fcw-ll.iwored. — Sandy  ])ine  barrens. 

■2.  M.'CarolinensiS,  Mill.  Branchlets  smooth  orliairy;  leaves  larger, 
obovate-olilong,  entire,  or  slightly  serrate  near  the  apex,  mostly  rounded  or 
emarginate  at  the  summit;  aments  and  nuts  larger;  scales  of  the  sterile 
flower  roundisii. —  Wet  jiine  barrens.  —  Shrub  2^-4°  high.  Leaves  mostly 
deciduous. 

3.  M.  inodora,  Bartr.  Smooth ;  leaves  perennial,  coriaceous,  oblong, 
obtuse,  very  entire,  tapering  into  a  jieliob',  with  the  margins  revolute  ;  sterile 
aments  oval  or  oblong,  with  the  roundish  bracts  transversely  ridged  on  the 
back;  stamens  about  10,  monadelphous  ;  fertile  aments  small,  elongated  in 
fruit ;  stigmas  2  or  4  ;  scales  of  the  ovary  5  ;  nuts  large,  black,  commonly  soli- 
tary. —  Margins  of  pine  barren  ponds  and  swam])s,  Fbjrida,  near  the  coast. 
Feb. -March.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  whitish  bark.  Leaves  about  2' 
long,  sparingly  dotted.     Nuts  ovoid,  3"  loug. 

2.     COMPTONIA,  Solander.     Sweet  Fern. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Sterile  anient  cylindrical,  with  kidney-shaped  acumi- 
nate bracts.  Stamens  3,  forked.  F'ertile  ament  globular,  bur-like.  Ovary 
surrounded  by  .5 -6  long  and  slender  persistent  scales;  ovule  ortbotropous. 
Stigmas  2,  spreading.  Nut  ovoid-oblong,  smooth. — Low  shrubs,  with  narrow 
pinnatiti  1  leave-;,  and  small  semicordate  .stipules. 

1.  C.  asplenifolia,  Ait.  Leaves  thin,  short  petioled,  linoar-lanceolate, 
■with  numerous  rounded  lobes,  deciduous ;  fertile  aments  at  the  V)ase  of  the 
sterile,  appearing  before  the  leaves.  — Dry  woods,  North  Carolina,  and  north- 
ward. April.  —  riant  l°-2°  high,  aromatic  when  bruised.  Leaves  3'-4' 
long,  reseml>ling  those  of  a  fern. 

Order  130.     LEITNERIACEiE.     (Leitxeria  Family.) 

Intermediate  between  tlie  Wax-MjTtle  and  "Willow  Families,  and 
includes  only  the  following  genus. 

1.    LEITWERIA,  Chapm. 

Flowers  in  aments,  dia-cious.  each  in  the  axil  of  a  scale-like  bract.  Calyx 
and  corolla  none.     Sterile  ament  many-flowered,  cylindrical,  elongated  ;  bracts 


BETULACE.E.        (biRCH    FAMILY.)  451 

ovate,  acuminate,  imbricated,  stamiiiiferous  at  the  base,  hairy,  the  lower  ones 
empty  ;  stamens  5-10,  free:  anthers  2-celled,  introrse.  Fertile  anient  few- 
many-flowered,  narrowly  cylindrical,  sliort,  in  fruit  elongated;  bracts  ovate, 
approximate,  at  length  scattered,  the  lower  ones  empty.  Ovary  ovoid,  nearly 
smooth,  with  the  base  surrounded  by  a  cup  of  4  minute  ovate  toothed  scales. 
Ovule  solitary,  amphitropous.  Stigma  solitary,  thick,  elongated,  channelled. 
Drupe  oblong,  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base  :  epicarp  thick,  coriaceous,  smooth  : 
endocarp  crustaceous.  i^lbumen  none.  .  Embryo  large,  filling  the  cell.  Coty- 
ledons oval,  compressed.  Kadicle  superior.  —  A  stout  shrub,  2°  -  6°  high,  with 
soft  wood  and  smooth  light  brown  bark,  without  resinous  dots.  Branches 
short  and  thick,  hoary-pubescent  when  young.  Leaves  oblong  or  obovate- 
oblong  (4' -6' long),  acute  at  each  end,  entire,  smooth  and  shining  above, 
hoary-tomentose  beneath,  straight-veined,  on  long  spreading  or  recurved  hoary 
petioles,  deciduous.  Stipules  none.  Aments  develojjed  before  the  leaves, 
from  the  axils  of  the  preceding  year,  the  sterile  ones  1'-  1^'  long,  the  fertile 
6" -8"  long.     Drupe  V  long,  green,  slightly  curved. 

1.    L.   Floridana,  Chapm.  —  Salt  or   brackish   marshes,  Apalachicola, 
Florida.     Feb.  -  jNIarch. 


Order  131.    BETULACE.E.     (Birch  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  straight-veined  leaves,  de- 
ciduous stipules,  and  monoecious  amentaceous  flowers,  placed  2  -  3  to- 
gether in  the  axil  of  a  3-lobed  bract.  Stamens  4  :  filaments  distinct. 
Ovary  2-celled,  with  a  single  suspended  anatropous  ovule  in  each  cell. 
Stigmas  2,  elongated.  Fruit  a  winged  or  angled  1-celled  1-seeded  nut, 
forming,  with  the  imbricated  persistent  bracts,  a  cone-like  spike. 

1.     BETULA,  Tourn.     Birch. 

Sterile  aments  drooping.  Bracts  3-flowered,  2-bracteolate,  peltate.  Calyx 
scale-like.  Stamens  short :  anthers  1-celled.  Fertile  aments  oblong  or  cvlin- 
drical.  Bracts  3-flowered.  Calyx  none.  Stigmas  filiform.  Xut  broadly 
winged.  Cotyledons  oblong.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  the  outer  bark  often 
.separable  into  thin  papery  slieets.  Leaves  petioled,  serrate.  Fruiting  bracts 
membranaceous. 

1.  B.  nigra,  L.  (Red  Birch.)  Leaves  rhombic-ovate,  acute,  doubly 
serrate,  smooth  above,  hoary-tomentose  beneath,  like  the  short  petioles  and 
branchlets,  becoming  rusty  or  smoothish  ;  sterile  aments  long  and  drooping  ; 
the  fertile  ones  oblong,  short-peduncled,  with  the  woolly  bracts  cleft  into  three 
linear-oblong  nearly  equal  lobes.  (B.  rubra,  i1/(cA,r.)  — Banks  of  rivers. 
March  —  A  middle-sized  tree,  with  reddish  brown  bark,  and  long  spreading 
branches. 

2.  B.  lutea,  iNTichx.  (Yellow  Birch.)  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate, 
acuminate,  unef|nally  and  doubly  serrate,  pubescent,  like  the  branchlets,  when 
young,  at  length  smooth  on  both  sides,  on  short  pubescent  petioles  ;  fruiting 
aments  oval-oblong ;  lobes  of  the  bracts  nearly  equal,  slightly  spreading  and 


452  SAI.K  ACK.K.        (wil.I.dW     lAMII-V.) 

hairy,  acnio.  —  Muimtaiiis  nf  North  ("an.lina.     March  -  A|>ril.  —  A  tree  4 0'^- 
60^  hiuli,  witli  vfUowish  l>ark.     L«'aves  li'-.T  hui;;. 

3.  B.  lenta,  L.  (Ciiiouuv  Biucu.)  Hramhhjts  sun  "it  h  ;  leaves  ovate  or 
ohh>n;Xiivale,  ariite,  ii>r<lalf,  riiicly  ami  (huilily  strrate,  silky  when  youiif^,  at 
leiiglli  only  on  tlic  jietiolcs  and  veins  henealh  ;  fruiting  anients  ohlong;  lohes 
of  the  hrails  wiilely  spreailing,  acute,  smooth.  —  Cool  shady  hanks  in  tlio 
ui)per  parts  of  (Jcorgia,  and  northward.  March.  —  A  niidiUe-sized  tree,  with 
dark  hrown  rugged  hark,  and  dose  and  fine-grained  wood.  Young  twigs 
8](iey  and  aromatic. 

2.     ALNUS,   Touru.     Alm;r. 

Sterile  aments  elongated,  drooping.  Bracts  peltate,  5-bracteolate,  1-.3- 
flowered.  Caly.x  4-parted  or  (in  No.  2)  scale  like.  Stamens  4 :  anthers 
2-celled.  Fertile  aments  short,  erect.  Bracts  Heshy,  2Howered.  Caly.v  of 
four  minute  scales,  adherent  to  the  bracts.  Bracts  of  the  fruiting  anient 
woody,  persistent.  Nut  angled  or  winged.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees.  Leaves 
petioled,  serrate,  the  stalked  buds  covered  witii  a  single  scale.  Fertile  ameuts 
racemed. 

1.  A.  serrulata,  Ait.  Leaves  obovate,  obtuse  or  abruptly  j)ointed,  serru- 
late, commonly  jjubescenl  beneath,  acute  at  the  base,  short])etioled  ;  stijjules 
oval,  obtuse  ;  fruiting  aments  ovoid,  short-peduucled  ;  fruit  ovate,  wingless.  — 
Banks  of  .streams.  Jan.-  March.  —  Shrul)  3°-  12°  high.  Leaves  2' -4'  long, 
thickish,  ami  jiartly  persistent  at  its  southern  limits.  Calyx  of  the  sterile 
flowers  4-parted. 

2.  A.  viridis,  DC-  Leaves  oval,  rounded  at  both  ends,  slightly  oblique 
at  the  liase,  finely  and  sharjdy  serrate,  softly  pubescent  ou  the  lower  surface, 
or  only  on  the  veins  and  petiole;  stipules  ovate;  calyx  of  the  sterile  flowers 
scale-like  ;  fruiting  aments  ovoid,  long-peduncled  ;  fruit  winged.  High  moun- 
tains of  North  Carolina.  April.  —  A  low  much  branched  shrub.  Leaves 
l'-2'  long. 


Ordkr  132.     SALIC ACEiE.     OViixow  Family.) 

Trees  or  .'^hrubs,  with  softwood,  alternate  simple  sti]Milate  leaves, 
and  dinpcioti.s  amentaceous  flowers,  destitute  of  calyx  and  corolla,  each 
solitary  in  the  axil  of  a  simple  bract.  Stamens  2 -many.  Ovary 
1-celled  or  imperfectly  2-celled,  with  numerous  erect  anatropous  ovules 
in  each  cell.  Styles  2,  very  short,  more  or  less  united :  stigmas  2- 
lobed.  Fruit  a  2-valved  many-seeded  capsule.  Seeds  minute,  clothed 
with  long  silky  hairs.  Albumen  none.  Cotyledons  elliptical,  flat- 
tened.    Radicle  pointing  downward. 

1.     SALIX,  Tourn.     Willow. 

Bracts  of  the  aments  entire.  Flowers  each  with  1-2  sm.all  glands.  .Sta- 
mens 2-6,  free,  or  their  filaments  cohering  at  the  base.  Stigmas  short,  2-lobed. 
—  Leaves  commonly  narrow,  short-petioled.    Stipules  scale-like  and  deciduous. 


SALICACE^.       (willow    FAMILY.)  453 

or  leafy  and  pcrsisteut.     Buds  covered  with  a  siugle  scale.     Ameuts  mostly 
erect,  appearing  with  or  before  the  leaves. 

*  Aments  small,  sessile:   ovarij  silky :  stamens  2.  —  Low  canescent  shrubs,  with 

small  leaves.     Aments  developed  before  the  leaves. 

1.  S.  tristis,  Ait.  Leaves  very  numerous,  lanceolate,  obtu.se  or  acute, 
entire  or  wavy,  at  least  on  the  margins,  tapering  at  the  base,  nearly  sessile, 
covered  with  a  grayish  down,  at  length  smoothish  above  ;  stipules  minute, 
caducous ;  flowering  aments  small,  globular ;  the  oval  bracts  hairy  on  the 
margins;  style  short;  ovary  slender,  long-beaked.  —  Dry  barren  soil  in  the 
upper  districts.     March  -  April.  —  Shrub  1°  -  2°  high.     Leaves  1'  -  2'  long. 

2.  S.  humilis,  Marshall.  Leaves  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  abruptly  pointed, 
narrowed  into  a  petiole,  smoothish  above,  grayish-pubescent  beneath,  often 
slightly  serrate  near  the  summit ;  stipules  small,  semi-cordate  or  lunate,  en- 
tire or  toothed  ;  flowering  aments  ovoid  or  oblong,  often  drooping,  with  the 
lanceolate  bracts  villous;  style  conspicuous;  ovary  slender.  —  Barren  soil,  in 
the  upper  districts.  March.  —  Shrub  2° -4°  high,  often  bearing  cone-like 
excrescences. 

*  *  Aments  large,  cylindrical,  sessile,  silky-villous,  developed  before  the  leaves: 

ovaries  woolly.  —  Large  shi-ubs. 

3.  S.  discolor,  Muhl.  Branchlets  pubescent ;  leaves  oblong,  petioled, 
acute  at  each  end,  serrate  in  the  middle,  smooth  and  shining  above,  glaucous 
beneath ;  stipules  semi-lunar,  toothed ;  ameuts  woolly,  with  glossy  hairs ;  sta- 
mens 2 ;  ovary  white-silky,  sessile.  —  Low  ground,  Carolina  (Pitrsh),  and 
northward.  April.  —  Shrub  8°  -  10°  high.  Leaves  2' -4' long.  Aments  1'- 
li'  long. 

*  *  *  Aments  large,  cylindrical,  on   leafy  peduncles  or  branchlets,  appearing 

with  the  leaves :  ovaries  smooth,  stalked. 

4.  S.  Floridana,  Chapm.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  smooth  above, 
glaucous  beneath,  finely  serrate,  rounded  at  the  base,  the  petioles  pubescent; 
.stipules  small,  caducous ;  fruiting  anient  oblong,  den.se  ;  capsule  ovate-lanceo- 
late, smooth.  —  Rocky  banks,  West  Florida,  fruiting  in  April.  —  Shrub  8°-  12° 
high.  Leaves  thin,  2' -3' long.  Fruiting  aments  2' -3' long,  T  in  diameter, 
enveloped  in  the  copious  wool  of  the  seeds.     Flowers  not  seen. 

5.  S.  nigra,  Marshall.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  serrate, 
petioled,  pubescent  when  young,  becoming  smoothisii  and  green  on  both 
surfaces ;  stipules  small  and  caducous,  or  sometimes  lunate,  toothed,  and  per- 
sistent ;  aments  elongated,  the  fertile  ones  slender,  loose-flowered ;  bracts  de- 
ciduous ;  stamens  3-6,  hairy  below  ;  capsule  ovate,  acuminate,  pointed  by  the 
conspicuous  style.  —  Swamps  and  muddy  banks  of  rivers.  A  slirub  or  small 
tree,  with  brittle  brandies.  Leaves  2' -3'  long,  sometimes  pubescent  at  ma- 
turity, like  the  branchlets.     Fertile  aments  3' -4'  long. 

6.  S.  fragilis,  L.  Leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  finely  serrate, 
white  silky  when  young,  glaucous  beneath;  ameJits  hmg,  cylindrical ;  bracts 
hairy ;  stamens  mostly  2  ;  capsule  short-pedicelled.  —  Tennessee,  and  north- 
ward. —  A  small  tree. 


I"»l  CASl'AItlNArK.K. 

2.     POPULUS,   Tunni.     CorroNwooi.,   I'on.AU,  Asi-en. 

Hrai'ts  of  tlie  iiiiiciitM  tontlicil  or  Inltcil.  Flowers  from  an  ol(li(|Uc  ('ii|)-slia|t(-(l 
ili-k.  Stamons  few  or  miiiu'roiis,  with  tlu- lilaiin-nts  fne.  .Stiyiiiius  cloriffaled, 
2  jiarttMi.  —  'IVecs.  Leaves  ovate  or  rouiidisli,  on  I<jn<^  ami  often  laterally 
coin|tres.se(i  petioles.  Hiids  covered  with  iinlirieated,  t»ften  resiuous-coated 
scales.     Anieiits  .slender,  droojiiug,  ajipearing  before  the  leaves. 

I-  P.  angulata,  Ait.  liranches  thick,  smooth,  ami  shar|)ly  angled; 
IraMs  lariic,  smooth,  delloid-ovate,  acute  or  slightly  acnniinaie,  truncate  at 
the  Itase,  olitn.sely  serrate  with  incurved  teeth;  the  conspicmms  veins  and 
compressed  ])etiole  yellowish. —  Hanks  of  rivers.  March- Ajiril.  —  A  large 
tree.     Leaves  6'- 8'  long,  longer  than  the  i)etiole. 

2.  P.  grandidentata,  Mich.x.  branches  terete;  leaves  round-ovate, 
acute,  sinnatc-tootlicd,  hoary -tomentose  when  young,  like  the  hranchlets,  at 
length  smooth,  scarcely  longer  than  the  slender  compressed  petiole;  fruiting 
amcnts  elongated,  ])uliesceiit.  —  Low  wo<j(is  in  the  upper  districts.  March - 
A]iril.  —  A  nuddlesizeil  tree,  with  smooth  gray  hark.  Leaves  3' -5'  long, 
and  nearly  of  the  same  width. 

3.  P.  heterophylla,  L.  Rranche.s  terete ;  leaves  ovate,  mostly  obtuse, 
serrate,  with  ohtuse,  incurved  teeth,  rounded  or  with  a  small  siuus  at  the  base, 
hoary-tomentose  on  both  sides  when  young,  like  the  nearly  terete  petioles  and 
hranchlets,  at  length  only  on  the  veins  beneath ;  fruiting  aments  smooth.  — 
Hirer  swamps  in  the  middle  and  upper  districts.  March -April.  —  A  large 
tree.     L('a\i\s  .3'-;")'  long. 

4.  P  monilifera,  Ait.  Hranchlets  obtu.seiy  angular;  leaves  deltoid- 
ovate,  acuminate,  serrate  (3'- 10'  long);  fertile  aments  long  and  .slender; 
stigma  large,  toothed ;  capsule  oblong-ovate.  —  liiver  banks,  Florida,  and 
northward.  —  A  large  tree. 


Order  133.     CASUAKINACE^. 

Trees  or  .shruhs,  with  leafless  jointed  furrowed  branches,  like  Equi- 
setnin.  Flowers  in  si:»ikes,  monoecious  or  dioecious,  the  staminate  ones 
in  whorLs  at  the  joints,  monandrous,  4-l)racted,  the  pistillate  flowers 
capitate,  without  floral  envelopes.  Ovary  1 -celled,  with  1-2  or- 
thotropous  ovules,  foi-ming  in  fruit  a  winged  acheniuin.  Styles  2. 
Albumen  none.     Radicle  superior. 

1.     CASUARINA,   Rumpb. 
Characters  of  the  Order. 

1.  C.  equisetifolia,  Forst.  P.ranchos  filiform,  simple;  furrows  6-8; 
teeth  of  the  sheaths  as  many,  keeled  on  the  back  ;  staminate  spike  terminal, 
the  pistillate  lateral,  short-peduncled.  —  Keys  of  South  Florida  (  Curtiss). 


COXIFER^.        (PIXE    FAMILY.)  455 

Subclass  11.     GYMNOSPERM^. 

Ovules  naked  (not  enclosed  in  an  ovary),  commonly  sup- 
ported by  an  open  scale  or  leaf,  and  fertilized  by  the  direct 
application  of  the  pollen.     Cotyledons  often  more  than  two. 

Oeder  131.     CONIFER.^.     (Pixe  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  branching  steins,  composed  of  glandular  or 
disk-bearing  woody  tissue  without  ducts,  resinous  juice,  linear  or 
needle-shaped  mostly  persistent  leaves,  and  monoecious  or  dioecious 
amentaceous  flowers.  Calyx  and  corolla  none.  Ovules  orthotropous. 
Fruit  a  cone  or  drupe.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  the  albumen.  Cotyle- 
dons 2  or  more. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder  I.  ABIETINEJ5.  Fertile  flowers  consisting  of  numerous 
bracted  imbricated  carpellaiy  scales,  bearing  two  collateral  inverted  ovules 
at  their  base,  and  forming  a  cone  in  fruit.     Buds  scaly. 

1.  PINUS.  Leaves  2  -  5  in  a  cluster,  mostly  elongated,  sheathed  at  the  base. 

2.  ABIES.  Leaves  single,  short,  destitute  of  a  sheath.     Cones  erect,  the  scales  deciduou?. 

3.  TSUGA.     Leaves  single,  flat.     Cones  declined,  the  scales  persistent. 

4.  PICEA.  Leaves  single,  4-angled.     Cones  drooping.     Anthers  opening  lengthwise. 

SiBORiJER  II.  CUPRESSIXEJE.  Fertile  flowers  consisting  of  few  bract- 
less  mostly  peltate  carpellarv  scales,  bearing  one  or  several  erect  ovules  at 
their  ba.se,  becoming  fleshy  or  indurated,  and  forming  in  fruit  a  drupe  or 
cone.     Buds  naked. 

5.  JUNIPERUS.     Fruit  a  drupe.     Leaves  minute,  imbricated. 

6.  CHAM^CTPARIS.     Fruit  a  globular  cone,  with  peltate  scales.     Leaves  imbricated, 

persistent. 

7.  TAXODIUM.     Fruit  a  globular  cone,  with  peltate  scales.     Leaves  spreading,  on  slender 

deciduous  branchlets. 

8.  THUYA.     Fruit  an  oblong  cone,  with  imbricated  oblong  scales.     Leaves  minute,  imbri- 

cated on  tlie  flattened  branches,  persistent. 

SmoRDER  III.  TAXINE^.  Fertile  flower  solitary,  witiiout  a  carpeilary 
scale.     Fruit  a  drupe.     Buds  scaly. 

9.  TAXUS.     Drupe  surrounded  by  a  fleshy  cup.     Albumen  homogeneous. 
10.   TORREYA.     Drupe  naked.     Albumen  ruminated. 

1.     PINUS,   Tourn.     Pine. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Sterile  ameuts  spiked  or  clustered.  Stamens  numer- 
ous on  the  axis,  with  very  short  filaments :  anthers  with  a  scale-like  connective, 
2-celled,  opening  lengthwise.  Fertile  aments  single  or  clustered.  Carpeilary 
scales  in  the  axils  of  deciduous  bracts,  each  l)earing  two  collateral  inverted 
ovules  at  the  base,  indurated  in  fruit,  and  formine;  a  cone ;  the  apex  commonly 
thickened,  an<Tnlar  and  sjjiny.  Seeds  nut-like,  lodged  in  an  excavation  at  the 
base  of  the  scale,  and  furnislied  with  a  thin  deciduous  wing.     Embryo  iu  the 


ATtC)  CONIFERS.     (I'iMC  fa:mii,y.) 

axis  i>f  oily  alliiiiiicM.     CoUledons  3-12,  linear.  —  Trees.     Leaves  evergreen, 

iiiH-tllf  .■*li;i|iiil,  2  -  ;")  in  11  clustiT,  their  bjuios  eniloscd  in  a  thin  .scurioiis  sheath. 

*  leaves  two  in  each  slwatli. 

1.  P.  pungens,  Mirhx.  (TAni.K-MoiMAiN  I'iNi;.)  Leave.s  from  a 
sliiirt  siii'iiili,  cniwdiMl,  short  and  rifjid  ;  cones  larf^f,  coniinouly  3-4  in  a  whorl, 
ovate,  ses.-iije,  tlie  thick  scales  ])ointe<l  at  the  a|>ex,  and  armed  with  a  very 
stout  s])ine,  which  on  the  ujijier  scales  is  incurved,  on  the  lower  ones  recurved. 

—  .Mountains,  rarely  west  of  the  Jihie  Hidge,  Georgia  to  North  Carolina.  — 
A  tree  40'  -  50°  high,  w  ith  rigid  and  irregular  branches.  Leaves  about  2'  long. 
C'oiu-s  3'  long,  yellowish  browu.     Buds  resinous. 

2.  P.  inops,  Ait.  (Jkusev  or  Scuiu  Pine.)  Brandilets  smooth  and 
glaucous;  leaves  from  short  sheaths,  .scattered,  short  and  rigid,  Hat  on  the 
inner  face;  cones  solitary,  conical-oiilong,  mostly  rcHcxeil,  short-]ieduncled, 
deciduous;  scales  armed  with  a  straight  sul)nlute  rigid  spine.  —  Dry  sandy  or 
gravelly  ridges  in  the  upper  districts.  —  A  tree  l.'>°-30°  high,  with  rough 
blackisii  bark,  and  spreading  or  recurved  flexilde  branches.  Leaves  \'-2' 
long,  dark  green.     Cones  liglit  brown,  alxjut  2'  long. 

Var.  clausa,  Engelm.  Leaves  longer  and  finer ;  cones  nearly  .«essile, 
spreading  or  rctlcxed,  mostly  persistent  for  years;  bracts  8  or  9  ;  cotyledons 
mostly  4.  —  Barren  sandy  ridges  uear  the  coast,  Florida.  —  Tree  10°  -40°  high. 
Wood  valueless. 

3.  P.  glabra,  Walt.  (Sprtce  Pine.)  Branches  and  branchlets  smooth, 
whitisli ;  leaves  slender,  scattered ;  cones  generally  solitary,  somewhat  cylin- 
drical ;  spines  nearly  obsolete.  —  In  dam])  rich  soil,  Florida  to  South  Carolina. 

—  A  tree  40''-60°  '''o'lj  witli  smoothish  bark  and  soft  white  wood,  branching 
from  near  the  ground.  Leaves  3'-4']<jng.  Cones  about  2' long.  "Wings 
of  the  seed  lighter  colored,  more  tapering,  longer  and  less  gibljous  than  those 
of  V.  mitis." 

4.  P.  mitis,   Michx.      (SiiORT-LEAVED    PiNE.)      Leaves  from   a  long 

sheath,  crowded,  very  slender,  concave  on  the  inner  face,  dark  green ;   cones 

small,  mo.stly  solitary,  oval  or  conical-oldong ;  the  thin  scales  flattened  at  the 

apex,  and  armed  with  a  weak  incurved  spine.     (P.  variabilis,  Pursh.)  —  Light 

clayey  soil,  Florida,  and  uortlnvard.  —  A  large  tree,  witli  rough  hark,  and  fine- 

graineil   vnlnable  wood.     Leaves  3' -5'  long,  .sometimes  three  in  a  sheath. 

C<»nos  light  brown,  about  \V  long,  opening  at  maturity.     Wings  of  the  seed 

reddish. 

#  *  Leaves  three  in  each  sheath. 

:"'.  P.  rigida,  Miller.  (Pitch  Pixe.)  Leaves  crowded,  from  a  very  short 
sheath,  rigid,  flattened  on  the  inner  face  ;  cones  single  or  clustered,  sessile, 
ovate,  the  scales  armed  with  a  short  and  rigid  recurved  s])ine.  —  Sandy  ])arreu 
soil  in  the  ujiper  districts.  —  A  small  or  middle-sized  tree,  with  thick  blackish 
rugged  bark,  and  hard  resinous  wood.  Branches  numerous,  rigid,  rough  with 
the  persistent  bases  of  the  leaf -bracts.  Leaves  3'  -  5'  long.  Cones  2'  -  3'  long, 
light-brown. 

6.  P.  serotina,  ^lichx.  (Pond  Pine.)  Leaves  somewhat  crowded,  from 
a  short  sheath,  elongated  ;  cones  mostly  opposite,  round-ovate,  sessile ;  the 
scales  rounded  at  the  apex,  and  armed  with  a  very  small  and  weak  spine.  — 


CONIFERS,        (pine    FAMILY.)  457 

Borders  of  ponds  and  swamps  in  the  lower  districts.  —  A  small  tree,  with 
rouo-h  bark  and  sappy  valueless  wood.  Leaves  5'  -  8'  long.  Cones  2'  -  3' 
long. 

7.  P.  Tseda,  L.  (Loblolly  or  Oldu-Fibld  Pine.)  Branches  scaly; 
leaves  from  a  long  slieath,  slender,  elongated;  cones  large,  solitary,  oblong- 
conical,  with  the  scales  armed  with  a  short  and  rigid  straight  spine.  —  Light 
mostly  damp  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. —  Commonly  a  lofty  tree,  with 
very  thick  and  furrowed  bark,  and  valuable  but  sparingly  resinous  wood  ;  but 
in  old  fields  low,  with  spreading  branches.  Leaves  6'- 10'  long,  rarely  2  ot 
4  in  a  sheath,  dark  green.     Cones  3'  -5'  long. 

8.  P.  Cubensis,  Griseb.  Leaves  2  or  3  in  each  sheath,  crowded  at  the 
end  of  the  branches,  6'  -  9'  long,  the  angles  serrulate ;  sterile  aments  clustered, 
cylindrical  purple,  the  fertile  single  or  whorled ;  cones  reddish,  recurved, 
conical-oblong,  -i'- 6' long,  armed  with  short  stout  spines.  (P.  Elliottii, 
Engelm.)  — Low  pine  barrens,  near  the  coast.  —  A  middle-sized  or  large  tree. 
Foliage  dark  green. 

9.  P.  australis,  Michx.  (Long- leaved  or  Yellow  Pine.)  Leaves 
very  long,  from  long  sheatlis,  crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  thick  and  very 
scaly  branches ;  cones  large,  cylindrical  or  conical-oblong,  the  thick  scales 
armed  with  a  short  recurved  spine. —  Sandy  soil,  constituting  almost  the  en- 
tire growth  of  the  pine  barrens.  —  A  lofty  tree,  with  thin-scaled  bark,  and 
very  valuable  resinous  wood,  dividing  near  the  summit  into  few  spreading 
branches.     Leaves    10'- 15'   long.      Leaf-bracts    scarious,   fimbriate.     Cones 

6' -10'  long. 

*  *  *  Leaves  Jive  in  each  sheath. 

10.  P.  Strobus,  L.  (White  Pine.)  Leaves  slender,  from  a  very  short 
and  deciduous  sheath ;  cones  long,  cylindrical,  recurved,  with  the  loosely  inv 
bricated  scales  neither  thickened  nor  spiny  at  the  apex.  —  A  tree  of  moderate 
dimensions  on  the  mountains  of  Georgia  and  North  Carolina,  but  nortliward 
one  of  the  loftiest  of  trees,  and  greatly  valued  for  its  soft  white  wood.  Leaves 
3'  -  4'  long.     Cones  4'  -  6'  long. 

2.     ABIES,  Link.     Fir. 

Cone  erect,  the  scales  deciduous  at  maturity.  Seed  free  from  the  wings. 
Anthers  apiculate- recurved  at  the  tip,  opening  transversely.  —  Leaves  flat 
above,  keeled  beneath,  single,  short,  spreading,  distichous. 

1.  A.  Fraseri,  Pursh.  (Silver  or  Balsam  Fir.)  Leaves  somewhat 
distichous,  linear,  flattened,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  whitened  beneath,  the  lower 
ones  somewhat  recurved,  the  uppermost  erect ;  cone  oblong-ovate ;  bracts  long, 
oblong-wedge-shaped,  short-pointed,  reflexed  at  the  summit. — High  moun- 
tains of  North  Carolina.  —  A  snaall  tree.  Leaves  6" -8"  long.  Cones  l'-2' 
long. 

3.     TSUGA,  Carriere.     Hemlock  Sprice. 

Cone  drooping,  the  scales  persistent.  Seed  adnate  to  the  wing.  Otherwise 
like  the  last. 

I.  T.  Canadensis,  Carr.  (Hemlock  Spruce.)  Leaves  distichous,  flat, 
linear,  oljtuse,  dark   green  above,  whitened  beneath  ;    cones  small,  oval  or 


l.'iS  COXIFKH.E.        (riNK    FAMILY.) 

oliKing,  with  the  few  scales  smootli  nml  entire.  —  High  mouutains  of  North 
Carolina.  —  A  larjje  tree,  with  the  Imrizoiital  Itraiiches  gradually  liitniiiiKhiiig 
ujiwanl,  foriiiiii;;  a  ])yrainiilal  .sjiire.     Leaves  i'  h'lig.     Cones  8"-i>"  long. 

2.  T.  Caroliniana,  Kngelm.  Leaves  larger  than  in  tlie  jtreceiiing,  6"- 
8"  lonsi,  iier|n-r  liriTU,  ami  more  glos.<\-,  notched  at  the  tip;  cones  larger 
(12"-  14"  long),  the  oMong  scales  widely  spreading  at  maturity.  —  Mountains 
of  North  and  ISoutli  Carolina.  —  A  small  tree. 

4.     PICEA,   Link.     Si-nicE. 

Cone  drooping,  the  .>;cales  persi.slenl.  Seed  at  length  free  from  the  wing, 
yterile  aments  a.xillary,  sessile.  Anthers  ojjeniug  lengthwise,  crested  at  the 
tip.     Leaves  4-angIed,  not  distichous. 

1.  P.  nigra,  Link.  (Ulack  SruucE.)  Leaves  scattered  on  all  sides  of 
the  hrauclas,  needle-shaped,  4-sided,  erect,  dark  green ;  cone  ovate  or  ovate- 
obloug  ;  the  scales  with  a  thin  wavy  or  denticulate  margin.  —  High  mountains 
of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  —  A  tall  but  slender  tree.  Leaves  ^'  long, 
rigid.     Cones  r- 1^' long. 

2.  P.  alba,  Link.  (Whitk  Spulck.)  Leaves  inserted  on  all  sides  of 
the  lu'aniiies,  needle-shaped,  4-sided,  incurved,  light  green  ;  cones  oblong- 
cylindrical,  with  the  scales  entire.  —  High  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and 
northward. —  A  small  tree,  with  more  slender  and  less  crowded  leaves  thau 
those  of  the  preceding.     Cones  r-2'  long. 

5.    JUNIPERUS,  L.    JiMPER. 

Flowers  mostly  dia-cious.  Aments  lateral  and  terminal,  .small,  few-flowered. 
Stamens  several:  anther-cells .3  -6,  inserteil  beneath  the  peltate  scale,  opening 
lengtliwise.  Carpellary  scales  3-6,  1-3-ovuled,  partly  united,  fleshy,  and 
forming  in  fruit  a  berry -like  drupe  containing  1  -3  erect  bony  seeds.  Cotyle- 
dons 2,  olilong.  —  Trees,  with  subulate  or  scale-like  persistent  leaves. 

1.  J.  Virginiana,  L,  (Red  Cedar.)  Branches  terete ;  leaves  opposite 
or  by  tliices,  minute,  fhombic-ovate,  closely  imbricated,  dei)ressed  on  the 
back  ;  those  on  young  shoots  subulate  and  spreading  ;  drupes  small,  blue,  1-2- 
seeded.  —  Dry,  rocky,  or  even  wet  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  ^larch. — 
A  small  tree,  with  reddish,  fine-grained,  durable,  and  odorous  wood,  and 
spreading  branches.     Leaves  dark  green. 

2.  J.  communis,  L.  (Common- JtNirER.)  Shrubby,  widely  spreading; 
leaves  .'?  in  ;i  wborl,  sjireading,  linear-lanceolate,  white  on  the  n]iper  surface, 
the  margins  involute  ;  drupes  large.  —  Aiken,  Soutli  Carolina  (Ilucenel),  and 
northward. 

6.     CHAM^CYPARIS,  8j)ach.     Cypress. 

Flowers  monfecious.  Aments  terminal,  few-flowere<1.  Anther  cells  2-4, 
inserted  un<ler  the  lower  edge  of  the  peltate  scale,  opening  lengthwise.  Car- 
pellary scales  peltate,  bearing  several  erect  ovnles  on  their  stalks,  becoming 
woody  in  fruit,  atid  forming  a  glol)ular  dehiscent  cone.  Seeds  winged  at  each 
end.     Cotyledons  2-3,  obtuse.  —  Trees,  with  niinute  imbricated  leaves. 


CONIFER.33.        (piNE    FAMILY.)  459 

1.  C.  sphseroidea,  Spach.  (White  Cedar.)  Brauelilets  compressed, 
crowded,  distichous;  leaves  ovate,  imbricated  iu  4  rows,  with  a  roundish  gland 
ou  the  back;  anther  cells  2  under  each  scale;  cones  small. —  Swamps, 
Florida,  and  northward.  April.  —  A  middle-sized  tree  with  fibrous  bark, 
and  light  durable  wood.  Branches  spreading.  Cones  3"-4"iu  diameter, 
borne  on  short  scaly  stalks. 

7.     TAXODIUM,   Eichard.     Cypkess,  Bald  Cypress. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Sterile  aments  small,  in  a  long  drooping  spiked  pan- 
icle. Scales  peltate.  Anther  cells  2-5,  opening  lengthwise.  Fertile  aments 
single  or  by  pairs,  with  the  peltate  scales  2-ovuled.  Cone  globular.  Scales 
very  thick,  angular,  slender-stalked,  separating  at  maturity.  Seeds  3-angled, 
wingless.     Cotyledons  6-9,  linear.  —  Trees,  with  distichous  deciduous  leaves. 

1.  T.  distichum,  Ivich.  Leaves  alternate,  opposite,  or  whorled,  on  very 
numerous  short  and  slender  deciduous  branchlets,  linear,  acute,  2-ranked  or 
imbricated.  (Cupressus  disticha,  L.)  — Ponds  and  deep  swamps  in  the  lower 
districts.  Feb.  -  March.  —  A  very  large  tree,  with  pale  smoothish  bark,  light 
durable  wood,  and  few  fastigiate  branches  at  the  summit.  Leaves  4" -6" 
long.  Cones  f'-l'in  diameter.  Attached  to  the  roots  are  hollow  conical 
knobs  called  Cypress-Kuees. 

8.     THUYA,  Touru.     Arbor-Vit.e. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Aments  small,  terminal.  Antlier  cells  4,  with  a  scale- 
like connective.  Carpellary  scales  imbricated  in  four  rows,  with  two  erect 
ovules  at  the  base.  Cone  oblong,  the  few  scales  imbricated,  expanding  at 
maturity,  persistent.  Seed  winged.  Cotyledons  2,  oblong.  —  Trees  or  shrubs, 
with  scale-like  imbricated  persistent  leaves. 

1.  T.  OCCidentalis,  L.  (Arbor-Vit.e.)  Branches  flat,  distichous; 
leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  Avith  a  gland  on  the  back,  imbricated  in  four  rows; 
cones  oblong,  nodding,  with  the  outer  scales  oblong,  obtuse ;  seeds  broadly 
winged,  emarginate  at  each  end.  —  Rocky  banks  on  the  mountains  of  Caro- 
lina, and  northward.  —  A  small  or  middle-sized  tree.     Cones  ^  long. 

9.     TAXUS,   Tourn.    Yew. 

Flowers  dioecious,  axillary  ;  the  sterile  ones  in  globular  few-flowered  aments. 
Anther  cells  3-8,  inserted  under  the  peltate  scale.  Fertile  flowers  solitary, 
scalv-bracted,  consisting  of  a  single  ovule  on  a  cup-shaped  disk,  which  be- 
comes large  and  berry-like  in  fruit,  and  surrounds  the  nut-like  seed.  Embryo 
in  the  axis  of  mealy  albumen. — Trees  or  shrubs,  with  scattered  branches, 
linear  rigid  distichous  leaves,  and  .'^caly  buds. 

\.  T.  Floridana,  Nutt.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  mucronate,  conspicu- 
ouslv  petioled  (about  9"  long), the  outer  margin  revolute;  fruit  not  abundant; 
the  fleshy  di.sk  of  the  seed  bright  red.  —  Low  ground  along  tlie  east  bank  of 
the  Apalachicola  liiver,  Middle  Florida.— A  small  tree  10° -20°  high. 


KU)  CYCADACK.i:.       (CVCAS    FAMILY.) 

10.    TORREYA,  Arn..tt. 

Flowers  tliircions,  jixilliin' ;  llie  sli-rilc  oih-s  in  j^loljose  or  oMong  aments. 
AiitlHT  (tils  4,  iiiscrUMJ  uinlor  the  jn-ltate  scale.  Fertile  flowers  solitary,  con- 
sisting of  a  solitary  ovule  surroimileil  with  iniliricateil  persi.stent  scales.  Disk 
none.  Seed  large,  ovoid,  naked.  Kniliryo  at  tiie  ajiex  (»f  hard  ruminated 
alliuinen.  Cotyledons  2,  linear.  —  Trees,  with  wiiorled  liranches.  Leaves 
distichous,  rigi<l,  jiersisteut.     Bmls  .scaly. 

1.  T.  taxifolia,  Arn.  Uranclilets  opposite,  2-ranked  ;  leaves  linear,  sjiiny- 
pointed,  nearly  .se.ssile,  li^ht  green  ;  sterile  aments  yellow,  crowded  ;  seed 
ovoid,  drii])e  like.  —  Hich  .soil,  along  the  e:x.st  hank  of  the  A]ialaciiicola  River, 
Middle  Florida.  March.  —  A  middle  sized  tree,  witii  diiralde  strong-scented 
wooii,  and  horizontal  branches.  Leaves  very  rigid,  and  jmngent,  1'  loug. 
Seed  smooth  and  glaucous,  simihir  in  sliape  aud  size  to  a  nutmeg. 


Okdku  i;35.     CYCXD\CE,A^.     (Cycas  Fa.mily.) 

Trees  or  .slirub.s,  with  .simple  tnink.s,  iiicrea-siiig  by  a  terniiiial  Imd, 
like  the  Palms,  and  compo.sed  of  a  large  pith,  mixed  with  woody 
bundles  or  plates,  enclosed  in  a  cylinder  of  woody  fibre  and  spiral 
vessels.  Leaves  pinnate,  coiled  in  the  bud,  like  Ferns.  Flowers  dioe- 
cious, destitute  of  calyx  and  corolla.  Sterile  flowers  consisting  of  1- 
celled  anthers  inserted  under  the  peltate  scales  of  a  cone-like  anient. 
Fertile,  flowers  consisting  of  naked  ovules  inserted  under  the  scales 
like  tlie  sterile  flowers,  or  on  the  margins  of  contracted  leaves.  Seed 
nut-like.  J]nibryo  in  the  axis  of  the  albumen.  Radicle  ending  in  a 
long  spiral  cord.     Cotyledons  2. 

1.     ZAMIA,  L. 

Flowers  in  cone-like  aments,  with  the  peltate  scales  inserted  on  all  sides  of 
the  common  racli is.  Anthers  immerous.  Ovules  by  pairs,  pendulous.  Seed 
roundish,  drupe-like.  —  Leaflets  thickened  at  the  ba.se  and  articulated  with  the 
petioles,  with  numerous  simple  veins. 

1.  Z.  integrifolla,  Willd.  (Coon-tie.)  Stem  short,  globular  or  ob- 
long ;  leaves  pdiolcil,  spreading,  with  the  numerous  lanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate  leaflets  entire,  or  serrate  near  the  apex ;  aments  oblong,  obtuse, 
short-])eiluncled.  —  Low  grounds,  South  Florida. — The  stem  abounds  in 
starch,  from  which  the  Florida  Arrowroot  is  obtained. 


PALM^E.       (palms.)  461 


Class  II.     MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  or  ENDOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Stems  composed  of  cellular  tissue  and  scattered  bundles 
of  woody  fibre  and  vessels,  destitute  of  proper  pith,  bark,  or 
concentric  layers,  and  increasing  in  diameter  by  the  d-eposi- 
tion  of  new  fibrous  bundles.  Leaves  mostly  alternate,  en- 
tire, and  parallel-veined,  commonly  sheathing  at  the  base, 
seldom  falling  off  by  an  articulation.  Floral  envelopes  usu- 
ally by  threes.     Cotyledons  single. 

Order  136.     PALM^.     (Palms.) 

Chiefly  trees,  with  a  thick  woody  stem  (caudex),  growing  by  a  ter- 
minal bud,  pinnate  or  fan-shaped  leaves,  which  are  plaited  in  the  bud, 
and  a  spadix  of  small  perfect  or  polygamous  flowers.  Sepals  and 
petals  3,  free  or  more  or  less  united,  persistent.  Stamens  mostly  (J, 
hypogynous  or  perigynous:  anthers  2-celled,  introrse.  Ovary  1-3- 
celled,  commonly  with  a  single  erect  orthotropous  or  anatropous  ovule 
in  each  cell.  Styles  1-3:  stigmas  entire.  Fruit  a  drupe  or  berry. 
Embryo  cylindrical,  placed  in  a  cavity  of  the  hard  albumen,  near  the 
circumference  of  the  seed. —  Stems  erector  creeping.  Leaves  long- 
petioled.     Spadix  axillary. 

Synopsis. 

*  Leaves  fan-shaped. 

*-  Petioles  smooth.     Stem  simple. 

1.  SABAL.    Ovary  3-celled.    Stigma  obtuse.    Flowers  sessile. 

2.  THRINAX.     Ovary  1-celled.     Stigma  funnel-shaped.     Flowers  pedicelled. 

1-  H-  Petioles  spiny  or  denticulate.     Stem  branching. 

3.  SERENOA.     Petioles  compressed,  spiny.     Petals  valvate.     Drupe  naked. 

4.  RAPHIDOPHYLLUM.      Petioles  triangular,   denticulate.      Petals  imbricate.      Drupe 

woolly. 

*  *  Leaves  pinnate. 

5.  OREODOXA.    Spadix  included.    Drupe  single,  baccate. 

6.  PSEUDOPHCENIX.    Spadix  large,  paniculate.    Drupes  1-3,  scarlet, 

7.  C0C08.     Spadix  branching.     Drupe  very  large,  v.'oody.     Albumen  hollow. 

1.     SABAL,  Adans.    Palmetto. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  cup-shaped,  3-cleft.  Corolla  3-petaIled.  Stamens  6, 
hvpogynous;  the  filameuts  subnlate,  distinct.  Anthers  cordate-ovate.  Ovary 
3-celled.  Styles  united;  stigma  capitate  or  obtuse.  Fruit  a  1-seeded  drupe. 
Embryo  dorsal.  Albumen  homogeneous,  horny.  —  Stem  erect  or  creeping. 
Leaves  fan-shaped,  with  the  divisions  2-cleft  at  the  apex  and  with  long  thread- 
liice  filaments  interposed.     Spadix  long,  branching,  with  sheathing  spathes  at 


•  1(',2  lAl.M.i:.        (rAL-MS.) 

tlu"  jiiiiits.     Flowfrs  riiji"!.     Dnijic  {^loliusc.     Slicatlis  of  tlir  Icjivis  dissolved 
iiild  a  nct-wnrk  "f  iijlcilaci-d  (il)rc'S. 

1.  S.  Palmetto,  K.  &  S.  ({'Ai»iiA(ii:  r.\i.Mr.i to.)  Slciii  erect ;  leaves 
cordate  in  uulliiie,  recurved  at  the  summit,  sliorter  tliau  tlie  jtetitde;  tlie  di- 
visit)us  deejily  eleft ;  spadix  sproadiu;^,  commonl}'  shorter  than  tlie  leaves; 
petals  slii;liti\'  united  at  tlie  liase ;  style  tliick.  —  Low  ground  along  tlie  coast. 
June. —  Stem  2U''-40'^  high.  Leaves  5^-8°  long.  Drupe  hlack,  4"-5"  in 
diameter. 

2.  S.  Adansonii,  Guerns.  (Dwauk  Talmkito.)  Stem  sliort,  l)uned 
ill  the  earth  ;  leaves  circular  iu  outline,  glaucous,  longer  than  the  jieti<de;  the 
divisions  sliglitly  cleft  at  the  apex  ;  s])adix  erect,  inucli  longer  than  the  leaves  ; 
petals  united  at  the  base  ;  style  thick.  —  Low  grounds  in  the  lower  districts. 
June-July.  —  Leaves  2°-3°  high.  Spatlix  3°-G°  liigh.  Dnijie  4"  in  diam- 
eter, black.     Nut  hemispherical. 

Var.  ?  megacarpa,  Cliapm.  Leaves  grayish  green,  the  divisions  parted 
nearly  to  the  ,<iiiu.<cs :  spadix  ('i-' long)  ascending,  prostrate  in  fruit;  drupe 
{^'  iu  diameter)  black;  Howers  not  seen.  —  Dry  rocky  jjine  wood.s,  Miami, 
South  Florida  (Garber). 

2.     THRINAX,   L.  f.     Silver  Pai.m. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  cup-shaped,  6-toothed.  Petals  none.  Stamens  6- 
12,  their  subulate  filaments  connate  at  the  base.  Anthers  linear.  Ovary  1- 
celled,  1-ovuled.  Stigma  funnel-shaped.  Drupe  globose.  Albumen  entire, 
or  lobed  from  the  base.  P!ml)ryo  vertical.  —  Leaves  fan-shaped,  the  divisions 
mostly  destitute  of  interposed  filaments.     Spadix  paniculate. 

1.  T.  argentea,  Lodd.  Stem  .slender;  leaves  circular,  silvery -silky  be- 
neath, the  numerous  divisions  2-cleft,  united  near  the  base,  shorter  than  the 
petiole  ;  ligule  rounded ;  spadix  much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  sim])ly  panicu- 
late; flowers  short-pedicelled ;  stamens  9-12;  drupe  small ;  albumen  4-6- 
lobed.  —  Keys  of  South  Florida.  —  Stem  12°- 15°  high.  Leaves  2°  long. 
Spadix  1°  long.     Drupe  3"  in  diameter. 

Var.  Garberi.  Stem  very  short ;  divisions  of  the  leaves  linear-strap- 
shaped,  nearly  entire  ;  drupe  deep  purple.  —  Kocky  pine  woods,  Miami,  South 
Florida.  —  Spadix  6' -8'  high. 

2.  T.  parviflora,  Swartz.  Stem  smoothish ;  leaves  canescent,  scurfy 
beneath,  glalirate,  the  divisions  longer  than  the  petiole,  tlie  lower  third  united, 
long-tapering  to  the  2-cleft  apex ;  ligule  triangular ;  spadix  large,  much 
branclied  ;  stamens  6 ;  albumen  entire ;  embryo  nearly  vertical.  —  Keys  of 
South  Florida.  —  Stem  10°- 20°  high.  Leaves  2°-3°  long.  Drupe  2"  in 
diameter. 

3.     SERENOA,    Hook.  f.     Saw  Palmetto. 

Inflorescence  as  in  Sabal.  Calyx  cup-sliaped,  3-toothed.  Petals  valvate, 
2-keeled  within,  connate  at  the  base.  Stamens  6.  Anthers  ovate,  erect. 
Ovaries  separate.  Styles  slender,  united.  Drupe  l-seeded.  Embryo  near 
tlie  base  of  homogeneous  albumen. 

1.  S.  serrulata,  Hook.  f.  (Saw  Palmetto.)  Stem  creeping,  branch- 
ing;  leaves  circular  in  outline,  fan-shaped,  shorter  than  the  slender  spiny- 


PALMiE.     (palms.)  463 

edged  petiule ;  the  divisions  slightly  cleft  at  the  apex,  and  without  thread-like 
filameuts ;  spadix  densely  tomentose,  much  shorter  thau  the  leaves ;  drupe 
ovoid-obloug.  —  Sandy  soil  in  the  lower  districts.  June.  —  Stem  4°-  8°  long. 
Leaves  2='  -  4°  high.     Drupe  black,  8"  -  9"  long. 

4.     EAPHIDOPHYLLUM,   H.  Wendl. 

Flowers  polygamous,  crowded  ou  the  short  branching  spadix,  sessile.  Calyx 
3-parted.  Petals  3,  round-ovate,  imbricate.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  base 
of  the  petals.  Anthers  linear.  Ovaries  3-5.  Stigma  small,  spreading. 
Drupes  1-3,  ovoid,  woolly,  1-seeded.  Embryo  dorsal,  in  homogeneous 
albumen. 

1.  B,.  HystriX,  H.  Wendl.  (Blue  Palmetto.)  Stem  short,  prolifer- 
ous ;  leaves  circular  in  outline,  with  numerous  2  -4-toothed  divisions,  on  trian- 
gular rough  edged  petioles;  sheaths  composed  of  obli(iue  fi1n-es  interwoven 
with  numerous  erect  strong  spines ;  spadix  small,  short-peduncled ;  spatlies 
about  4,  oblong,  woolly,  2-lipped ;  drupe  ovoid.  —  Low  shady  woods  in  the 
lower  districts,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  June- July.  —  Stem  2° -3°  long, 
erect  or  creeping.  Leaves  somewhat  glaucous,  3° -4°  high.  Spadix  6' -12' 
long.     Partial  spathes  none.     Drupe  9"- 12"  long. 

5.    OREODOXA,  Willd. 

Flowers  monoecious,  sessile,  bracted.  Sepals  3,  imbricated,  at  length  united. 
Petals  3,  valvate.  Stamens  6,  9,  or  12.  Ovary  3-celled.  Stigmas  3,  sessile. 
Drupe  baccate.  Embryo  at  the  base  of  horny  albumen.  —  Tall  Palms,  with 
long  pectinate-pinnate  long-sheathing  leaves. 

1.  O.  regia,  HBK.  (Royal  Palm.)  Stem  60° -  100^  high  ;  leaves  10° - 
15°  long,  the  narrowly  lanceolate  divisions  acuminate,  1°  long;  drupe  ol)long, 
dark  blue.  —  O^i  Roger's  River,  ea.st  of  Caximbas  Bay,  and  sparingh"  near  the 
mouth  of  Little  River,  South  Florida  (Garber). 

6.    PSEUDOPHCENIX,  H.  Wendl. 

Fruit  stipitate,  drupaceous,  composed  of  one  globose  carpel,  with  the  re- 
mains of  the  stigma  basal,  or  of  2  -  3  carpels  with  the  stigma  lateral  or  cen- 
tral. Pericarp  coriaceous,  endocarp  thin,  crustaceous.  Seed  free,  globular, 
erect ;  hiluni  basal ;  raphe  ascending,  branching  ;  albumen  entire ;  embryo 
basal.     Calyx  3-toothed.     Corolla  3-petalled.     Stamens  6.     {Wendl and.) 

1.  P.  Sargenti,  H.  Wendl.  Stem  20° -25°  high;  leaves  abruptly  pin- 
nate 4° -.5°  long,  the  segments  rigid, glaucous  beneath,  12'-  16'  long;  spadix 
branching;  fruit  orange-scarlet,  i'-f  in  diameter.  —  Elliott's  and  Long 
Keys,  South  Florida. 

7.    COCOS,   L. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Sepals  and  petals  3.  Stamens  of  the  sterile  flower 
6,  the  filaments  subulate.  Sepals  and  petals  of  the  fertile  flower  roundish. 
Ovary  1-celled.  Stigmas  3.  Kut  bony,  with  3  pores  at  the  base,  enclosed  in 
a  thick  fibrous  husk.  Albumen  hard  or  fleshy,  hollow.  Emltryo  basal. — 
Tall  palms,  with  pinnate  leaves,  and  small  greenish  or  yellowish  flowers. 


404  AUACK.K.     (auim  I  amii.y.) 

1.  C.  nucifera,  I^.  (Cocoa.)  Stem  40° -60°  high;  leaves  very  long,  the 
divisions  narrow  1\  lunceolato  ;  spatlie  deejih' grooved  ;  spadix  long,  hranch- 
iiig  ;  nut  vcrv  large,  ovale. —  South  Florida.     Introduced. 

Okiiku  1;37.     AKACE-^.     (Aklm  Fa.milv.) 

Cliiefly  acrid  steiuless  herbs,  iroiii  tubeious  ur  creeping  rootstocks, 
with  entire  or  divided  oi'teii  veiny  leaves,  and  jieriect  or  monoecious 
flowers  borne  on  a  spadix,  and  commonly  enclosed  in  a  spathe.  — 
Calyx  and  corolla  wanting,  or  the  former  with  scale-like  sepals. 
Stamens  short,  hypogynous  :  anthers  extror.se,  commonly  sunk  in  the 
thick  connective.  Ovary  1 -several-celled,  with  1- several  ovules 
in  each  cell.  Stigma  se.ssile.  Fruit  fleshy,  indehiscent.  Embryo 
straight.     Albumen  mealy  or  fleshy,  sometimes  wanting. 

Synopsis. 

•  C.ilyx  and  corolLa  none.    Spadix  enclosed  In  a  Bpathe.     Flowers  monoecious. 
■>-  Fertile  flowers  numerous.     Spadix  free. 

1.  ARISi;M.\.     Spadix  barren  above.     Leaves  3 - Beveral-lobed. 

2.  PELTANDRA.    Spadix  flowering  throughout.    Leaves  sagittate. 

<-  -^  Fertile  flowers  solitarj*.     Spadix  aduate  to  the  spathe. 

3.  PISTIA.     Free-floating  aquatics.     Fertile  flowers  solitarj-. 

*  •  Calyx  manifest.     Flowers  perfect. 
<-  Spadix  enclosed  in  a  spathe. 

4.  STMPLOCARPUS.      Spatho  thick  and  fleshy,  convolute,  pointed.     Spadix  globular. 

Sepals  and  stamens  4. 

•«-  ♦-  Spadix  naked. 

5.  OROXTIUM.     Spadix  terminating  the  club-sh'.pal  w^iito-topped  scape. 

6.  ACORUS.     Spadix  attached  to  the  side  of  the  flattened  Isaf-like  scape. 

1.     ARISiEMA,  Mart.     Indian-  Tcrxip. 

Spathe  convolute  below,  dilated  and  commonly  arched  above,  withering. 
Spadi.x  covered  below  with  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers  (the  lower  ones 
fertile),  elongated  and  naked  above.  Caly.x  and  corolla  none.  Stamens  4  in 
a  whorl,  very  short:  anther  cells  2-4,  distinct,  opening  at  the  top.  Ovary 
1-celled,  with  5-6  erect  orthotropous  ovules.  Stigma  sessile.  Fruit  a  1  - 
few-seeded  scarlet  berry.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  mealy  albumen.  —  Root 
tuberous.  Petioles  of  the  commonly  divided  and  veiny  leaves  elongated  and 
sheathing  the  scape.     Fruit  clu.sters  naked. 

1.  A.  triphyllum,  Torr.  (Wake-'Robin.)  Leaves  two,  trifoliate; 
leaflets  sessile,  oblong-ovate,  acuminate;  spathe  tubular,  dilated,  and  incurved 
above,  acuminate,  green,  or  variegated  with  white  and  purple,  longer  than  the 
club-shaped  obtuse  often  dioecious  spadix.  —  Low  rich  woods.  !March. — 
Plant  lo -  H°  high.  Leaflets  3'  -  6'  long.  Root  depressed,  rugose,  intensely 
acrid. 

2.'  A.  quinatum.  Leaves  single  and  3-foliate,  or  two,  and  the  lower 
one  3-foliate,  the  other  subquiuate ;  leaflets  elliptical,  acute;   spathe  acute; 


AEACE.E.     (arum  family.)  465 

spadix  slender,  tapering  to  the  obtuse  apex.  —  Shaded  rich  soil  on  the  moun- 
tains of  Georgia  and  North  Carolina.  May.  —  Plant  2° -3°  high.  Root 
depressed.     Leaflets  4' -6'  long.     Elowers  dicecious. 

3.  A.  Dracontium,  Schott.  (Dragon-root.)  Leaf  solitary,  pedately 
9  -  1.3-foliate ;  leaflets  petioled,  entire,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acuminate  ;  spathe 
tubular  (green),  concave  and  erect  above,  much  shorter  than  the  very  slender 
spadix. — Kich  woods.  March -April.  —  Plant  l°-l^°high.  Berries  numer- 
ous on  the  flat  rachis,  1  -3-seeded. 

2.     PELTANDRA,  Raf.    Arrow  Arum. 

Spathe  convolute,  persistent  at  the  base.  Spadix  wholly  covered  by  the 
monoecious  flowers.  Calyx  and  corolla  none.  Anther  cells  5-6,  embedded 
in  the  thick  peltate  connective,  opening  by  a  terminal  pore.  Ovary  1 -celled, 
with  several  orthotropous  ovules.  Berry  I  -  3-seeded.  Seed  gelatinous,  with- 
out albumen.  Embryo  large.  Plumule  conspicuous,  curved.  —  Stemless 
marsh  herbs  from  a  tuberous  rhizoma.  Leaves  sagittate,  with  the  petiole 
sheatliing  the  base  of  the  tliick  scape.  Fruit-clusters  enclosed  in  the 'persist- 
ent base  of  the  spathe. 

1.  P.  uudulata,  Raf.  Leaves  several,  oblong,  acute,  the  lobes  obtuse; 
spathe  green,  lanceolate,  acute,  convolute,  longer  than  the  cylindrical  spadix  ; 
berries  green,  in  a  globose  cluster,  1-seeded.  —  Marshes  and  wet  places. 
April  -  May.  —  Plant  1  °  high.     Spathes  2'  -  4'  long. 

2.  P.  alba,  Raf.  Leaves  few,  oblong,  acuminate,  glaucous,  the  lobes  ob- 
tuse ;  spathe  oval,  white,  half  convolute  above  the  green  persistent  base,  twice 
or  thrice  tiie  length  of  the  spadix ;  berry  1-seeded,  crimson.  —  Sphagnous  bogs 
along  the  coa.st,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  May -June.  —  Plant  12' -15' 
high.     Leaves  3' -  5' long.     Spathe  2' -3' long. 

3.     PISTIA,  L. 

Spathe  tubular  at  the  base,  spreading  above,  united  with  the  spadix. 
Flowers  few,  monoecious,  the  upper  ones  stamiuate  and  supported  by  a  cup- 
shaped  involucre  ;  the  fertile  solitary.  Calyx  and  corolla  none.  Anther  cells 
3-8,  opening  transversely.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  several  erect  orthotropous 
ovules.  Style  thick  :  stigma  disk-like.  Berry  few  -  many-seeded.  Embryo 
at  the  apex  of  the  albumen.  —  Small  free-floating  aquatic  herbs,  with  fibrous 
roots,  and  entire  clustered  spreading  leaves,  with  the  flowers  in  their  axils. 

L  P.  spathulata,  Michx.  Leaves  arranged  in  a  circle,  wedge-obovate, 
abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  petiole,  with  the  nerves  projecting  beneath 
(lamelliform)  ;  stem  copiously  rooting  at  the  joint ;  spathe  short-peduncled, 
white.  — In  still  water,  East  Florida,  and  westward.  —  Leaves  l'-4'  long. 

4.     SYMPLOCARPUS,   Salisb.     Skunk  Cabbage. 

Spathe  hooded-shell-form,  acuminate,  fleshy,  early  decaying.  Spadix  ped un- 
cled, globose,  covered  with  the  perfect  flowers.  Sepals  4,  hooded,  berry-like 
in  fruit.  Corolla  none.  Stamens  4 :  anthers  2-celled,  opening  lengthwise. 
Ovary  1-cclled,  1-ovuled.  Style  pyramidal,  4-angled  ;  stigma  minute.  Berries 
with  the  sepals  united  in  a  mass.     Seeds  globose,  without  albumen.    Embryo 

30 


M'lC)  LKMXACE.K.       (lH'CK  WI-KIi    I    \:MII.V.) 

thick  and  Hcsliy.  —  rcrcimiiil  pailic-scontoil  licrlis,  fnim  a  deop  ami  tliiik 
rlii/.diiia,  witli  largo  st(>m-j)Ctinl('{|  veiny  leaves,  and  nearly  sessile  s])allies,  ap- 
]M  aring  before  tiie  leaves. 

1.  S.  fOBtidus,  Salisl).  Leaves  thin,  (ival,  cordate,  sliortjjetiolcd  ;  sj)athe 
ovate,  iiuiuvcd,  s]K)tled  with  jmrple  and  yellow;  spadix  dull  purjde,  much 
sliorter  liian  tlie  sjiatlie,  enlarged  in  fruit.  —  Bogs  and  swamps.  North  Caro- 
lina, and  northward.  Feh. -  Marcli.  —  Leaves  l°-2''long.  Spathc  2'-4' 
long.     Spadix  in  fruit  2' -.'3'  in  dianicti-r.     Seeds  ahoiit  tiie  size  of  a  jiea. 

5.     ORONTIUM,  L.    Goi.uen-Ci.i  h. 

Spathe  none.  Spadix  rylindrical,  covered  with  the  yellow  perfect  flowers. 
Sepals  and  stamens  4-0.  Anthers  2-celled,  opening  lengthwise.  Ovary  I - 
celled,  with  a  single  amphitropous  ovule.  Stigma  minute,  sessile.  Fruit 
green.  Seed  without  allnimen.  Endiryo  tln'ck  and  fleshy.  —  A  perennial 
a(|uatic  herl),  witli  ohlong  long-petioled  leaves,  and  a  yellow  erect  spadix  ter- 
minating the  cluh-sha])ed  scape. 

1.  O.  aquaticum,  L.  Ehizoma  deep,  fleshy;  leaves  acute,  nerved,  on 
stout  terete  petioles ;  scape  terete,  thickened  upward,  white  beneath  the  spadix, 
sheathed  below,  commonly  curved.  —  Ponds  and  slow-flowing  streams. 
March -April.  —  Leaves  about  1°  long.  Scape  l°-2°  long.  Spadix  \'-2' 
long ;   the  upper  flowers  mostly  tetrandrous. 

6,     ACORUS,  L.     Cal.vmus,  Sweet  Flag. 

Scape  flattened,  leaf-like,  with  the  lateral  sessile  spadix  covered  with  the 
perfect  flowers.  Spathe  none.  Sepals  and  stamens  6.  Corolla  none.  Fila- 
ments slender:  anthers  kidney-shaped,  1-celled,  opening  transversely.  Ovary 
2-.3-celled,  with  several  orthotropous  suspended  ovules  in  each  cell.  Stigma 
minute.  Fruit  dry, gelatinous  within,  1  -few-seeded.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of 
the  albumen.  —  Perennial  herbs,  from  a  creeping  aromatic  rhizoma.  Leaves 
erect,  long,  flattened,  2-edged.     Scajje  leaf-like,  elongated  above  the  spadix. 

1.  A.  Calamus,  L.  —  Wet  places,  apparently  introduced.  April. — 
Rhizoma  rather  slender,  pungent.  Leaves  l°-2°  high,  linear-lanceolate. 
Scape  narrower  than  the  leaves.  Spadix  cylindrical,  yellowish,  2'-3'' long, 
spreading. 


Order  138.     LEMNACE^^.     (Duckweed  Family.) 

]\linute  aquatic  floating  plants,  with  lenticular  proliferoiis  stems 
(fi-onds),  and  usually  simple  roots,  pendent  from  heneafh.  Flowers 
monrpcious,  mostly  from  a  marginal  cleft  of  the  stem.  Spathe  mem- 
branaceous, pitclier-shaped,  bursting  into  two  ujiequal  lobes,  soon  A-an- 
Lsliiiig,  commonly  enclosing  two  sterile  flowers,  which  are  reduced  to 
single  slender  filaments  bearing  a  2-celled  anther,  and  a  single  sessile 
1-colled  ovary, -which  forms  in  fruit  a  1 -7-seeded  utricle.  Embryo 
straight,  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen. 


TYPHACE^.       (cat-tail    FAMILY.)  467 

1.     LEMNA,  L.     Duckweed. 

Spathes  marginal,  3-flo\vered.  Anthers  opening  transversely.  Stigma 
funnel-foim.  Ovules  erect  from  the  base  of  the  cell.  —  Stems  increasing  by 
lateral  buds.  Hoots  terminating  in  a  calyptra-like  appendage.  —  The  flowers 
of  these  plants  are  seldom  seen. 

§  I.    Root  single  :  ovule  solitary,  half  anatropous,  or  orlhotropous.  —  Lemna. 

1.  L.  trisulca,  L.  Frond  thin,  lanceolate-oblong,  denticulate  near  the 
apex,  slender-stijjed,  compoundly  proliferous,  mostly  in  threes,  1-nerved,  3"- 
9"  long  ;  seed  half  anatropous.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina  ? 

2.  L.  Valdiviana,  Philippi.  Fronds  short-stiped,  oblong,  thin,  faintly 
1-nerved,  conimoDly  in  groups  of  4-8,  r'-2"  long ;  utricle  long-ovate,  about 
half  as  long  as  the  frond,  pointed  by  the  long  style  ;  seed  orthotropous,  apicu- 
late;  albumen  scanty.  —  Ponds,  etc.,  Florida,  and  northward. 

3.  L.  minor,  L.  Stems  pale,  round-obovate,  flattened,  single  or  variously 
clustered  ;  root  single ;  ovule  solitar}-,  half  auatropous  ;  seed  horizontal.  — 
Pools,  ditches,  etc.,  Florida,  and  northward,  probably  intermixed  with  L.  per- 
pusilla,  Torr.  —  Stems  1"- 2"  long. 

§  2.    Roofs  several,  clustered  :  ovules  2,  anatropous.  — Spirodela. 

4.  L.  polyrhiza,  L.  Stems  roundish  or  obovate,  flat  and  pale  above, 
convex  and  dark  purple  beneath,  clustered ;  roots  numerous,  clustered  ;  ovules 
2.  —  Ponds,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  Less  common  than  the  preceding. 
Stems  2" -4"  long. 

2.     WOLFFIA,  Horkel. 

Spathe  central,  2-flowered.  Anther  1-celled,  opening  lengthwise.  Stigma 
depressed.  Ovule  oblique,  orthotropous.  Utricle  globular.  Albumen  thin. 
— ^Fronds  M'ithout  roots  or  nerves,  coarsely  cellular,  proliferous. 

1 .  W.  Columbiana,  Karsten.  Very  minute,  roundish,  lenticular,  deep 
green,  with  a  thin  appendage  at  the  base.  —  Floating  with  Lemna  on  still 
water. 

2.  W.  gladiata,  Hegelm.  Frond  ribbon-shaped,  curved  or  falcate, 
gradually  narrowed  to  the  obtuse  apex,  thin  and  transparent,  2" -4"  long, 
J"  wide.  —  Floating  in  dense  mats  in  ponds.  Cedar  Keys,  Florida. 

Order  139.     TYPHACE^E.       (Cat-tail  Family.) 

Simple-stemmed  marsh  herbs,  with  elongated  strap-shaped  nerved 
leaves,  and  monoecions  flowers,  on  a  globular  or  cylindrical  spadix, 
destitute  of  floral  envelopes,  but  enveloped  in  copious  pappus-like 
hairs  or  scales.  Spathe  bract-like  or  none.  Anthers  single  or  2  -  4 
together,  on  long  and  slender  filaments.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  a  single 
suspended  anatropous  ovule.  Style  slender.  Fruit  nut-like.  Em- 
bryo straight  in  copious  albumen.  —  Sterile  spadix  placed  above  the 
fertile,  continuous  or  distant. 


108  NAIADAflMC.        (iMtNKWKKK    KAMII.Y.) 

1.      TYPHA,  'ruurii.     Cat-taii.. 

Flowers  donsoly  crowded  on  a  loiiji  rvlindrical  terminal  s]iadix,  enveloped 
in  <()|ii(ins  pajipns  like  liairs;  tlie  sterile  ones  sessile  on  the  npper  jiart  of  the 
wpadix,  tiie  fertile  on  slender  stalks.  Style  (iliforin.:  sti<;nia  lateral.  —  Stems 
Htrai^lit,  from  a  tliiek  riii/.oma,  clntlieil  Itelow  with  the  sheatliinj^  liases  of  the 
elonjjatcd  linear  leaves.     Spathes  lirai-t-like  and  deeidnous,  or  none. 

1.  T.  latifolia,  I-.  stem  terete,  jointeil  Itelow;  leaves  nearly  as  long  a.s 
the  stem,  erect,  Hal,  retienlated  and  .somewhat  glancous ;  sterile  and  fertile 
portions  of  tiie  spadix  eontigiions,  eylindrieal.  —  Margins  of  jionds  and  rivers, 
Florida,  and  northward.  July  -  Angn.st  — Stem  4°-6°  liigli,  seape-like 
ahovc.  Leaves  alioiit  1' wide.  Sjiadix  ahout  1°  long.  —  T.  angnstifolia,  Z,., 
if  found  within  our  limits,  may  he  known  iiy  narrower  leaves  wliieli  are  chan- 
nelled near  the  base,  and  hy  tiie  interxal  which  sejiarates  the  sterile  and  fer- 
tile jwrtions  of  the  spadix. 

2.     SPARGANIUM,  L.    Bi  r-reet). 

Flowers  den.sely  crowded  in  gloliular  heads,  surrounded  by  several  scales 
like  a  calyx ;  the  upper  heads  sterile,  naked,  the  lower  fertile  and  commonly 
bracted.  Ovarv  sessile,  pointed  by  the  short  persistent  style.  Stigma  lateral 
—  Marsh  or  aipiatic  plants,  with  erect  stems,  and  long  strap-shaped  sessile 
leaves,  the  lowest  slieathing.     Heads  of  flowers  scattered. 

1.  S.  simplex,  Huds.  Leaves  flat,  obtuse,  the  upper  concave  and  clasp- 
ing, the  lower  sheathing  ;  heads  scattered,  the  lowest  larger  and  pistillate,  the 
others  staminate  ;  scales  wedge-shajjed  ;  stigma  subulate,  simple.  —  Touds  and 
ditches.     July.  —  Stem  1° - 2°  high.     Heads  6" - 10"  broad. 


Order  140.    NAIADACE^.    (Poxdweed  Family.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  slender  jointed  leafy  immersed  stems,  and  per- 
fect or  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers,  destitute  of  floral  envelopes,  or 
with  scale-like  sepals.  Stamens  1  -  4  :  anthers  1  -  4-celled.  Ovary  1- 
celled,  forming  a  1-seeded  achenium  in  fruit.  Stigmas  1-4.  Seed 
witliout  albumen.  Embryo  straight,  curved,  or  coiled. — Leaves 
sheathing,  or  with  sheathing  stipules.  Flowers  commonly  enclosed 
in  a  spatlie. 

Synopsis. 

*  Flowers  monfecioiis  or  dioecious. 

1.  NAI.\S.     Sti(fma8  2-4.     Flowers  naked.     Leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 

2.  ZOSTERA.     Stigrnas  2.     Flowers  enclosed  in  a  spathe.     Leaves  alternate. 

3.  Z.\N"NICHF:lLIA.     stigma  single,  peltate.     Ovaries  4,  from  a  cup-like  involucre. 

4.  TH.ALASSIA.     Flowers  dioecious.     Sepals  3     Anthers  9,  sessile. 

*  *  Flowers  perfect. 

5.  RUPPIA.     Fruit  louK-peduncled,  umbellate.     Calyx  and  corolla  none. 
C.    POTAMOGETON.     Fruit  sessile,  spiked.     Calyx  4-leaved. 


NAIADACEiE.        (PONDWEED    FAMILY.)  469 

1.    NAIAS,  L. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  axillary,  sessile,  destitute  of  calyx  aud 
corolla,  yterile  flower  monandrous,  enclosed  iu  a  spathe.  Anther  4-celled, 
opening  at  the  apex,  the  filament  lengthening.  Fertile  flower  naked ;  the 
sessile  ovary  pointed  with  the  slender  style.  Stigmas  2-4,  subulate.  Ovule 
erect.  Acheniura  minute.  Embryo  straight.  Radicle  inferior.  —  Stems  fili- 
form, forking.  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  linear,  dilated  into  a  short  sheath 
at  the  base.     Flowers  solitary,  minute. 

1.  IT.  flexilis,  Rostk.  Stem  immersed  (l°-2°  long);  leaves  3  in  a 
whorl,  narrow-linear,  membranaceous,  spreading,  minutely  denticulate  on  the 
margins,  the  lower  ones  often  remote  ;  stigmas  3  -  4  ;  achenium  elliptical, 
acute,  smooth,  yellowish.  —  In  pouds  and  still  water,  South  Carolina,  aud 
northward.     July  -  August.  —  Leaves  about  1'  long. 

2.  N.  miorodon,  A.  Braun.  Stem  (6'-  12'  long)  almost  capillary,  very 
leafy  throughout;  leaves  opposite,  approximate,  spreading  or  recurved  (2"- 
4"  long)  ;  aclienium  narrowly  spindle-shaped,  finely  reticulated,  brownish.  — 
Fresh  or  brackish  water  along  the  coast.  West  Florida.     July -August. 

3.  N.  maj  or,  All.  Stem  muricate ;  leaves  broadly  linear,  serrate-dentate, 
with  muricate  teeth,  the  sheaths  entire  ;  flowers  dioecious ;  anthers  4-valved ; 
style  very  short ;  stigmas  3  ;  achenium  elliptical,  obscurely  reticulate.  —  South 
Florida. 

2.     ZOSTERA.  L.    Eel-grass. 

Flowers  monoecious,  naked  ;  the  sterile  and  fertile  ones  alternately  arranged 
on  the  anterior  edge  of  a  flattened  membranaceous  spadix,  and  enclosed  in 
the  sheath-like  base  of  the  leaves.  Anthers  oblong,  1-celled,  filled  with  fine 
filaments  instead  of  pollen  grains.  Ovary  fixed  near  the  apex,  containing  a 
single  pendulous  orthotropous  ovule,  and  pointed  with  the  subulate  persistent 
style.  Stigmas  2,  capillary.  Utricle  bursting  irregularly.  Seeds  striate. 
Cotyledons  inflexed-curved,  received  in  a  longitudinal  cleft  of  the  embryo.  — 
Marine  herbs,  with  creeping  stems,  and  narrowly  linear  obtuse  and  elongated 
sheathing  leaves. 

1.  Z.  marina,  L.  Stem  slender,  terete,  jointed  ;  leaves  thin  and  tender, 
faintly  3  -  .5-nerved  ;  flowers  in  two  rows  on  the  linear  spadix.  —  Deep  salt- 
water coves.     West  Florida,  and  northward.     August -Sept. 

3.    ZANNICHELLIA,  L. 

Flowers  monoecious,  axillary.  Sterile  flower  consisting  of  a  solitary  naked 
filament  hearing  a  2  -  4-celled  anther.  Fertile  flower  from  the  same  axil,  com- 
posed of  2  -  6  sessile  1-celled  ovaries,  surrounded  by  a  cup-shaped  involucre, 
and  pointed  with  the  slender  style.  Stigma  obliquely  peltate.  Ovule  sus- 
pended, orthotropous.  Achenium  oblong,  stalked.  Embryo  slender,  coiled. 
—  Submerged  aquatic  plants,  with  filiform  branching  stems,  and  very  narrow 
and  entire  alternate  leaves,  with  sheathing  stipules. 

1.  Z.  palustris,  L.  Stems  tufted;  leaves  acute,  l-ne^^'ed;  anther  2- 
celled;  achenia  3-6  in  a  cluster,  linear-oblong,  commonly  short-peduncled.  — 
Fresh  or  brackish  water,  Florida,  and  northward.  May -August.  —  Stems 
l°-3°  long.     Leaves  \'-2'  long. 


170  NAlAhACK.K.        (I'ONDWKKl)    FAMILY.) 

4.     THALASSIA.  Soland. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Sj)iitlio  of  tlu'  sti-iilc  tiowcr  tcrmiiiatinf!^  the  .scape, 
2-ileft,  tlie  lobes  ulituse.  Sepals  3,  oviile-ohlong,  ohlnse.  Autliers  9,  sessile, 
shorter  than  the  eahx,  eoniiivent.  Fertile  Howers  unknown. —  Marine  herbs, 
with  linear  sheatiiiiig  leaves  surrounding  the  central  scape. 

1.  T.  testudinum,  Koenig.  Immersed;  stem  creeping;  leaves  1° 
long,  the  outer  ones  withering-persisteut.  —  iSiialluw  water  along  the  coast 
of  Florida. 

5.     RUPPIA,  L.     Drrcu-GKASS. 

Fk)\vers  perfect,  naked,  two  or  more  on  a  slender  spadix,  enclosed  in  the 
si)atiie-like  sheatlis  of  the  leaves,  but  soon  long  exserted.  Stamens  2,  closely 
sessile:  antherH-ells  large,  distinct.  Ovaries  4,  sessile,  containing  a  single 
suspended  canijnlotr(>i)ous  ovule.  Stigma  peltate.  Achenium  stalked,  ob- 
li(|uely  ovate.  Embryo  pointed  by  the  short  plumule.  —  Salt-water  herbs, 
with  ttliform  branching  stems,  and  alternate  liuear  or  bristle-like  sheathiug 
leaves. 

1 .  R.  maritima,  L.  —  In  sliallow  water,  along  tlie  coast.  May  -  August. 
—  Stems  immersed,  l°-3°  long,  mostly  creeping  at  the  base.  Leaves  filiform, 
r-3'  long,  with  dilated  membr.auaceous  sheaths.  Fruiting  peduncles  l'-4' 
long.     Achenium  ])ointeiL 

6.    POTAMOGETON,  Tourn.    Poxdweed. 

Flowers  perfect,  spiked.  Sej)als  4,  roundish,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4, 
ojijjosite  tlie  sepals:  filaments  sliort;  anthers  2-celled.  Ovaries  4,  sessile. 
Ovules  ascending,  campylotropous.  Style  short  or  none:  stigma  peltate. 
Achcnia  1-4,  compre.s.sed.  Embryo  curved  or  coiled.  —  Aquatic  herl)S,  with 
immersed  slender  and  jointed  stems.  Leaves  sti))ulate,  alternate  and  opposite, 
either  all  immersed  and  commonly  membranaceous,  or  tlie  ujiper  ones  floating 
and  more  rigid.     Spikes  peduncled,  axillary  and  terminal. 

*  Leaves  all  immersed  and  alike, 
■*-  Leaves  Jtliform. 

1.  P.  pectinatus,  L.  Stem  flexuous;  the  branches  diffusely  forking, 
disticlioiis ;  leaves  long,  thickish,  slightly  channelled,  approximate  on  the 
branches;  stipules  small,  united  with  the  long  and  sheatiiing  base  of  the 
leaves;  spikes  slender,  interrupted,  on  long  filiform  peduncles;  achenium 
dbovate,  smoot;h,  slightly  compressed,  keeled  on  the  back.  —  Fresh  or  brack- 
isii  water.  June  -  August.  —  Stems  2°  -  3"^  long.  Leaves  3'  -  4'  long.  Spikes 
1'- 2' long. 

2.  P.  pauciflorus,  Pur.sh.  Stem  very  slender,  flattened,  sparingly 
branched;  leaves  scattered,  thin,  3-nerved,  sessile;  stipules  free  from  the 
leaves,  connate,  sheathing ;  spikes  short-peduncled,  4 -  6-flowered,  globo.se  in 
fruit ;  achenium  round-obovate,  short-pointed,  keeled  and  sinuate-toothed  on 
the  back.  —  Shallow  ponds,  Georgia,  and  northward.  July  -  August.  —  Stem 
l°-2°long.     Leaves  1'- 2' long.     Peduncles  J.'- 1' long. 


NAIADACE.E.       (POXDWEED    FAMILY.)  471 

3.  P.  pusillus,  L.  Stem  filiform,  slightly  compressed ;  leaves  narrowly 
linear,  acute  or  acuminate,  biglaudular  at  the  base  ;  stipules  free ;  peduncles 
half  as  h)ng  as  the  leaves,  4- 8-flowered;  achenia  obliquely  obovate,  turgid, 
rounded  on  the  back;  embryo  hooked  at  the  apex.  —  Ponds,  North  Carolina, 
and  northward. 

■*-  •*-  Leaves  lanceolate  or  cordate:  stipides free,  sheathing. 

4.  P.  perf  oliatus,  L.  Stem  terete,  branching,  very  leafy  ;  leaves  ovate, 
cordate,  clas])ing,  obtuse,  many-nerved,  those  at  the  brandies  and  ])eduncles 
opposite;  spikes  lateral  and  terminal,  oblong,  densely  many-flowered,  on 
stout  peduncles  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  achenium  obliquely  obovate, 
rounded  on  the  back,  short-pointed.  —  Fresh  or  brackisii  water,  West  Florida, 
and  northward.     July-  Sept.  —  Stems  l°-2°  long.     Leaves  6" -8"  long. 

5.  P.  lucens,  L.  Stem  branching ;  leaves  short-jjetioled,  oblong-lanceo- 
late, niucrouate-acute ;  stipules  long,  connate ;  peduncles  stout,  longer  than 
the  leaves ;  achenia  roundish,  compressed,  slightly  3-keeled.  —  Lakes  and 
ponds,  Florida  (?),  and  northward. 

6.  P.  Zizii,  Mert.  &  Koch.  1  Stems  sparingly  branched ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late, acute,  contracted  and  sessile  at  the  base,  pellucid,  5  -  9-nerved,  wavy  on 
the  margins;  stipules  (white)  connate,  rounded  on  the  back;  spikes  cylindri- 
cal, mauy-tlowered,  on  stout  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  achenium 
(immature)  oval,  compressed,  rounded  on  the  back,  short-pointed.  —  Fresh 
water,  Apalachicola,  Florida.  August.  —  Stems  2° -3°  long.  Leaves  2' -3' 
long. 

*  *  Leaves  of  two  forms ;  the  immersed  ones  thin  and  pellucid,  the  floating  ones 
long-petioled  and  somewhat  coriaceous. 

7.  P.  amplifolius,.  Tuck.  Stem  simple,  floating ;  leaves  (mostly  absent) 
large,  oblong  or  ovaldaueeolate,  acutish,  long-petioled;  the  submerged  ones 
lanceolate,  undulate ;  stijjules  very  long,  pointed ;  peduncles  stout,  fruit 
obliquely  obovate,  bluntly  keeled.  —  Ponds  on  the  mountains  of  Georgia,  and 
northward. 

8.  P.  Pennsylvanicus,  Cham.  Stem  slender,  branching;  floating 
leaves  oppo.site,  thin,  elliptical  or  oblong-linear,  on  filiform  ])etioles;  immersed 
leaves  long,  sessile,  linear  or  lanceolate  ;  stipules  coiniate,  2-ribbed  ;  peduncles 
thickened  upward;  spikes  narrowly  cylindrical;  achenium  smooth,  slightly 
keeled  on  the  back.  —  Shallow  ponds,  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  July. 
—  Floating  leaves  l'-2'  long.     Immersed  leaves  4' -6'  long. 

0.  P.  hybridus,  Michx.  Small;  stems  very  slender,  branched  ;  float- 
ing leaves  lanceolate  or  elliptical,  commonly  acute  at  each  end,  shining  and 
strongly  impressed-nerved,  longer  than  the  filiform  petioles;  immersed  leaves 
filiform,  scattered ;  spikes  oval  or  oblong,  short-peduncled  ;  achenium  nearly 
circular,  concave  on  the  sides,  rugose  or  tuberculate,  and  1  -3-ridged  on  the 
back ;  embryo  coiled.  —  Shallow  ponds.  June  -  August.  —  Floating  leaves 
6"  -  8"  long,  commonly  5-nerved. 


472  ALISMACE.K.       (\V  A  IKl;-ri.ANTA  I  \     lA.MIKV.) 


Ouin.K  111.     ALIS.>lACKuK.     (\Vatki{-1'i,.\ntain  Kamii.y.) 

^larsli  liL'ilis,  usually  with  crt'opiug  runners  or  rootstocUs,  nerved 
and  reticulated  sheathing  leaves,  and  scape-like  steins,  bearing  the 
perfect  or  monoecious  flowers  in  spikes  or  whorled  racemes.  —  Sepals 
and  petals  3,  or  the  latter  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  few  or  nu- 
merous: anthers  2-celled.  Ovaries  3  or  many,  with  1-2  anatrojious 
or  campylotropous  erect  ovules.  Style  short  or  none.  Achenium  co- 
riaceous, 1-2-seeded.     Embryo  straight  or  curved,  without  allHiinen. 

Synopsis. 

SrnoRnKR  I.  .TUNCAGIXE^.  Sepals  aud  petals  (when  present)  green- 
ish.    Ovule  aiiatropoiis.     Embryo  straight. 

1.  TRIGLOCHIN.     Leaves  rush-like.     Flowers  in  spiked  racemes. 

SiiioiiDKK  II.  ALISMEiE.  Petals  white,  deciduous.'  Ovule  tainpylo- 
trtipi'us.     Embryo  curved  or  hooked. 

2.  ALISM.\.     Flowers  perfect.     Achenia  whorleJ.     Racemes  compound. 

3.  ECHINODORUS.     Flowers  perfect.     Aclienia  clustered  iu  a  head. 

4.  SAGITTARIA.     Flowers  inoncKcious.     Aclieiua  clustered  iu  a  head. 

1.     TRIGLOCHIN,  L. 

Flowers  perfect,  in  a  spiked  raceme.  Sepals  3.  I'etals  -3,  and  greenish, 
like  the  sepals,  or  none.  Anthers  3-6,  uearly  sessile,  oval.  Ovaries  3-6, 
united  around  a  central  axis,  from  which  they  separate  at  maturity,  1-ovuled. 
Stigmas  plumose.  Embryo  straight.  —  Leaves  rush-like,  fleshy,  2-rauked. 
Flowers  small,  hractle.ss. 

1.  T.  triandra,  Michx.  Leaves  erect,  linear-subulate,  semi-terete,  di- 
lated at  the  base  and  sheathing  the  base  of  the  terete  scape ;  flowers  numerous, 
on  short  pedicels ;  sepals  oval,  dcci<luous  ;  petals  none  ;  anthers  and  ovaries  3; 
fruit  glol)<)se-triangular,  pointless,  when  dry  3-winged  by  the  compressed  3- 
riljbed  aclienia;  embryo  oblou<^. — Salt  marshes  along  the  coast.  August - 
Sept.  —  Scape  aud  leaves  i'^-  1°  high. 

2.    ALISMA,  L.     W.vTER-Pr.AN-TAix. 

Flowers  perfect  in  a  whorled  panicle.  Sepals  3.  Petals  3,  involute  in  the 
bud,  deciduous.  Stamens  6 -12.  Ovaries  numerous  in  a  simple  wliorl.  Style 
short.  Achenium  1-seeded,  2 -3-keeled  on  tiie  l)ack.  —  Koots  flinous.  Leaves 
mostly  oval  or  cordate,  nerved,  shorter  than  the  scape.     Flowers  white. 

1.  A.  PlantagO,  L.  Leaves  long])etioled,  ovate  or  oblong,  acute, 
rounded  or  cordate  at  the  ba.«e,  3-9-nerved;  panicle  large,  lax,  the  whorled 
branches  and  elongated  filiform  pedicels  bracted  at  the  base;  aclienia  ol)tuse, 
1.5-20  in  a  whorl.  —  Ditches  and  margins  of  ponds  in  tlie  upper  districts. 
July  -  August.  —  Leaves  2' -4'  long.     Panicle  l°-2°  long. 


ALISMACE^.       (water-plantain    FAMILY.)  473 

3.     ECHINODORUS,  Richard. 

Flowers  perfect.  Sepals  3.  Petals  3,  imbricated  in  the  hud,  witliering. 
Stanieus  few  or  uumerous.  Ovaries  few  or  mauy,  imbricated,  furmiug  ribbed 
achenia  in  fruit,  usually  beaked  with  the  persistent  style.  —  Herbs,  with  peti- 
oled  nerved  leaves.     Heads  mostly  bur-like. 

1.  E.  parvulus,  Eugelm.  Small;  leaves  lanceolate  or  spatulate,  com- 
monly shorter  than  the  I-6-tlowered  scape;  pedicels  mostly  clustered,  i*e- 
curved  in  fruit;  stamens  9;  achenia  few,  obovate,  flatteued  at  the  sitles,  and 
surrounded  with  5  prominent  ribs,  beakless.  —  Margins  of  sliallow  jjonds, 
Florida,  and  westward.  July- August. — Scapes  T- 4' high.  Achenia  black 
and  sliiuing. 

2.  E.  rostratus,  P'ngelm.  Leaves  ovate,  rounded  or  con  hate  at  tiie  base, 
5-nervetl,  about  as  long  as  the  petiole;  scape  rigid,  longer  tiiau  the  leaves; 
whorls  few  ;  pedicels  erect  or  spreading  ;  sepals  ovate,  shorter  than  the  oval 
bur-like  head;  stamens  12;  achenia  numerous,  strongly  3-ribbed  on  the  back, 
beaked.  —  South  Florida,  and  westward.  —  Scape  simple,  3'  -8'  high,  or  occa- 
sionally 2°  high  and  paniculately  branched.  Leaves  I' -2'  long.  Flowers  5" 
wide. 

3.  E.  radieans,  Engelm.  Leaves  large,  long-petioled,  ovate,  cordate  or 
truncate  at  the  base,  7  -  9-ribbeti ;  scape  long,  prostrate,  rooting,  and  proliferous ; 
whorls  several,  remote  ;  pedicels  spreading  or  recurved;  stamens  aliout  20  ; 
heads  globose;  achenia  very  numerous,  short-beaked,  ribbed  and  slightly  den- 
ticulate ou  the  back.  —  Swamps.  July -Sept.  —  Scape  2°-4°  loug.  Leaves 
3' -8'  long.     F^lowers  8"-  12"  wide. 

4.     SAGITTARIA,  L.    Arrow-grass. 

Flowers  monoecious,  racemose,  tlie  upper  ones  sterile.  Sepals  3,  persistent. 
Petals  3,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  withering.  Stamens  few  or  many.  Ovaries 
crowded  in  a  globular  head.  Achenia  flat,  membranaceous,  winged.  —  Marsh 
or  aquatic  herbs,  with  scape-like  stems,  and  variously  shajied  nerved  and 
reticulated  sheathing  leaves,  whicli  are  often  without  a  blade.  Flowers  white, 
commonly  three  in  a  whorl  from  the  axils  of  persistent  bracts. 

*  Filaments  loiuj  and  slender. 

1.  S.  lancifolia,  L.  Tall;  leaves  erect,  rigid,  from  broadly  to  linear 
lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  pinnately  nerved,  on  long  and  stout  petioles; 
scape  longer  than  the  leaves,  often  branching  above;  pedicels  of  the  sterile 
flowers  slender,  longer  than  those  of  tlie  fertile  ones;  bracts  and  sepals  ovate, 
obtu.se,  granular-roughened  ;  stamens  numerous,  with  hairy  filaments  ;  achenia 
obliquely  obovate,  wing-keeled,  strongly  beaked.  —  Lakes  and  rivers,  Florida 
to  South  Carolina,  and  westward.  June  -  Sept.  —  Scape  2°-  5°  high.  Leaves 
l°-  2°  long.     Flowers  1'-  1^'  wide. 

2.  S.  variabilis,  Engelm.  Leaves  mostly  sagittate,  acute  or  obtuse, 
varying  from  linear  to  hroadly  ovate,  smooth,  or  rarely,  like  the  scape,  bracts, 
and  sepals,  pubescent;    bracts  acute;    flowers  mostly  large;   pedicels  of  the 


•171  ALISMACE.E.       (WATKK-rLANTAIN     lAMlLV.) 

sterile  llowers  twice  ns  long  as  those  of  the  fertile  ones;   acheuia  ohovato 
heakeii  :  lilaiiieiils  smooth.     (S.  sagittifulia,  iiastala,  puliesccns,  ole.  uf  authors.) 

—  Marslies,  ditches,  etc.     July  -  Sept. — Scape  l°-3^  higli,  augled.     Leaves 
•2'-  12'  Inllg. 

♦  ♦  Filaments  short,  thirknK  d  at  the  base. 

.'5.  S.  heterophylla,  rmsli.  Scape  weak;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate, 
ami  acute  at  eacii  end,  or  elliptical, and  nhtuse  (»r  sagittate  at  the  base;  bracts 
obtu,«ie;  .sterile  flowers  on  long  and  slender  pedicels;  the  fertile  ones  nearly 
sessile;  achenia  narrowly  ohovato,  loug-lieaked.  —  Schurlock's  Spring,  West 
Florida,  Tennessee,  rare. —  Leaves  2' -4'  long.  Scape  few-flowered,  the  low- 
est whorl  only  bearing  fertile  flowers. 

4.  S.  graminea,  Michx.  Scajic  slemler,  commonly  pro.strate  in  fruit, 
simple  or  branched  ;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  3-nerved, 
erect,  the  earliest  mostly  destitute  of  a  blade  ;  bracts  membranaceous;  flowers 
small, all  ou  long  filiform  pedicels;  stamens  10- 12,  hairy  at  the  base;  achenia 
ohovate,  wing-keeled,  beakless.  —  Shallow  ponds  in  the  pine  barreu-s.  May- 
Oct.  —  Scape  10'-  15'  high,  usually  longer  than  the  leaves. 

■'.  S.  filiformis,  J.  G.  Smith.  Leaves  filiform,  bladeless  ;  scape  filiform, 
much  branched,  2°-3°  long;  whorls  6-10,  remote;  fertile  flowers  1-2; 
stamens  7  ;  mature  achenia  not  seen.  —  Aquatic, floating  in  Stillwater,  Florida 
and  Alal)ama  (./.  G.  Smith). 

6.  S.  macrocarpa,  J.  G.  Smith.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate ;  scape  simple, 
10'-  12'  high  ;  whurls  3  -  5  ;  bracts  ovate,  connate  ;  fertile  flowers  1  -3  ;  sta- 
mens about  12;  achenia  oblong-obovate,  broadly  winged,  short-beaked,  the 
sides  eveu.  —  Margins  of  ponds.  South  Carolina  {Curtis). 

7.  S.  teres,  Watson.  Leaves  terete,  mostly  bhideless  ;  scape  simple,  6'- 
15'  liigli.  few-Howered  ;  bracts  ovate,  obtuse ;  fertile  flowers  1  -  2  ;  stamens  12 ; 
achenia  round-ol)ovate,  short-beaked,  creiiately  crested  on  the  back  and  sides, 

—  Shallow  water.    South  Carolina  {Smith),  and  northward. 

s.  S.  natans,  Miilix.  Small;  leaves  floating,  ovate-oblong  or  elliptical, 
obtuse  at  each  end  or  the  lowest  slightly  cordate,  5-7-nerved,  about  as  long 
as  the  few-flowered  scape  ;  bracts  membranaceous,  acute;  pedicels  of  the  fer- 
tile flowers  stouter  tlian  those  of  the  sterile  oues,  recurved  in  fruit ;  stamens 
7  or  8  ;  achenia  ol)ovate,  3-ril)l)ed  on  the  back,  short-lieaked.  —  Sliallow  ponds 
and  streams,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  June-Sej)t.  —  Scapes  3' -6' long. 
Leaves  1 '  -  2'  long. 

Yar.  lorata,  Chapm.  Leaves  strap-shaped,  olituse,  without  a  blade,  nerve- 
less; scapes  floating  or  erect;  flowers  sometimes  dioecious;  aclienia  consjjicu- 
ously  l)eaked,  pimpled.  —  Bracki.sh  water,  along  the  coast.  May -Sept. — 
When  growing  in  deep  water  the  floating  scapes  are  2° -3°  long;  wheu  on 
muddy  banks,  only  3'-  5'  high. 

Var.  pusilla.  Still  smaller  {\'-V  high)  ;  leaves  linear  or  sulmlate, 
mostly  with  a  short  blade,  longer  than  the  2-9-flowered  scape. —  With  the 
preceding. 


HYDKOCHAKIDACE^.       (fROG'S-BIT    FAMILY.)  475 

Order  142.     HYDROCHARIDACE^.     (Frog's-bit 
Family.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers,  from  a  mem- 
bi'anaceous  spathe.  Sepals  and  petals  3,  or  the  latter  wanting,  distinct 
in  the  sterile  flower,  united  into  a  tube  in  the  fertile,  and  coherent 
with  the  1-9-celled  ovary.  Stamens  3-12.  Ovules  numerous,  as- 
cending, orthotropous.  Stigmas  3-9.  Fruit  indehiscent,  many- 
seeded.     Embryo  straight,  without  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

*  Ovary  l-celled.     Stigmas  3 -5. 

1.  ELODEA.     Flowers   polygamo-dioecious.     Spathe  sessile.     Stamens  9.     Leaves  short, 

opposite  or  whorled. 

2.  VALLISNERIA.     Flowers  dicecious.     Spathe  peduncled.     Stamens  3.      Leaves  long, 

linear. 

3.  HALOPHILA.     Flowers  dioecious,  axillary.     Leaves  opposite.     Marine  herbs. 

*  *  Cells  of  the  ovary  and  stigmas  6-9. 

4.  LIMNOBIUM.     Flowers  monoecious.     Stamens   G  -  9,   monadelphous.     Leaves   cordate 

petioled. 

1.    ELODEA,  Michx. 

Flowers  dioeciously  polygamous,  enclosed  in  the  bud  in  a  2-cleft  axillary 
sessile  spathe.  Sterile  flowers  minute.  Sepals  and  petals  .3.  Anthers  9. 
Fertile  flowers  pistillate  or  perfect.  Sepals  and  petals  united  into  a  very 
long  and  slender  6-parted  tube.  Stamens  3-6,  perfect  or  sterile.  Ovary  1- 
celled,  with  three  parietal  placeutte,  few-ovuled.  Style  capillary,  aduate  to 
the  tube.  Stigmas  3,  each  2-lobe(I,  exserted.  Fruit  oblong,  coriaceous. — 
Perennial  herbs,  with  elongated  filiform  branching  immersed  stems,  and 
small  and  very  numerous  opposite  or  whorled  leaves.  Fertilization  effected 
by  the  sterile  flowers  breaking  away  from  the  stem,  and  expanding  at  the  sur- 
face among  the  floating  stigmas.  * 

1.  E.  Canadensis,  Michx.  Stem  much  branched;  leaves  3-4  in  a 
whorl,  sessile,  varying  from  linear  to  elliptical,  1-nerved,  pellucid  and  mi- 
nutely serrulate.  —  In  slow-flowing  streams  and  ponds.  Cherokee,  North 
Carolina  ( Curtis),  and  northward.     July  -  August.  —  Leaves  3"  -  6"  long. 

2.     VALLISNERIA,  Micheli.     Tape-grass. 

Flowers  dicecious.  Sterile  flowers  numerous,  minute,  crowded  on  a  spadix, 
whicli  is  enclosed  in  an  ovate  3-leaved  short-stalked  spatlie.  Calyx  3-parted. 
Corolla  none.  Stamens  3.  Fertile  flowers  solitary,  enclosed  in  a  tubular 
spathe,  and  borne  on  a  very  long  and  mostly  spiral  scape.  Sepals  and  smaU 
l)etals  3,  united  and  coherent  with  the  cylindrical  I-celled  many-ovuled  ovary. 
Stigmas  3,  each  2-lobed.  Seeds  numerous,  fixed  to  three  parietal  ])laceutae. 
—  Aquatic  herl)s,  with  creeping  stems,  and  elongated  strap-shaped  leaves. 
Fertilization  effected  mostly  as  in  Elodea. 


47l>  in   liMANM.Vl'K.K.        (lUU.MANMA     KAMII.V.) 

I.  V.  spiralis,  1-  —  Slnwlluwini;  streams  ami  ]miihIs.  July  -  Sept. 
21.  —  riant  iTiMpiii^,  pn/lifurous.  jA-aves  olitiisc,  5  -  '.(-iicivfil,  sharjily  scnu- 
Intc,  1°-.'J°  loiij^,  ()"-12"  wide.  Scape  of  the  sterile  flowers  r-4'luug;  of 
the  fertile,  sj)iral,  2'^-5^  l«.ii^'.     rniil  I'  -3'  lim^',  often  curved. 

8.     HALOPHILA,   riiouars. 

I'lowers  didH-ious,  axillary,  solitary.  I'eriantli  '2-leaved.  Stamens  .3,  mon- 
adeli)lioii.s  ;  anthers  1-celled.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  niunerou.s  jiarietal  ovules. 
Style  long,  liliforin ;  stignia.s  3-5,  penicillate.  Capsule  indehiseent.  Seeds 
glohular.  Knil)ryo  in  copious  aliiunien.  —  >farine  herlis,  with  creeping  stems, 
and  o])pi)site  pellucid  stijiidate  leaves. 

1.  H.  (  0  Engelmannii,  Aschcrson.  Stem  filiform,  much  hranclied ; 
leaves,  seemingly  whorled  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  linear-oblong,  3-uerved, 
sharply  .serrulate  (V  or  less  long);  flowers  and  fruit  unknown.  —  Muddy 
coves  along  the  west  coast  of  Florida. 

4.     LIMNOBIUM,  Kichard. 

Flowers  monoecious,  from  a  membranaceous  UKJstly  sessile  spathe,  peduncled. 
Sterile  spatlie  entire,  2-3-tlowered  ;  the  fertile  3-leaved,  l-f1owereil.  Sepals 
and  petals  3,  united  in  the  fertile  flower,  and  coherent  with  the  ovary.  Star 
mens  6-12,  monadeljdious :  anthers  linear.  Ovary  6— 9-celled,  with  as  many 
central  placenta",  forming  a  many-seeded  ben-y  in  fruit.  Stigmas  6-9,  each 
2-parted.  —  A  floating  aquatic  herb,  with  copious  pendent  roots,  loug-petioled 
rouud-cordate  and  many-nerved  leaves,  and  small  white  flowers. 

1.  L.  Spongia,  liichard.  Stems  extensively  proliferous  ;  leaves  purplish 
bcneatli,  ami  with  air-cells  near  the  ba.se;  sterile  peduncles  tender,  soon  van- 
ishing; the  fertile  conimoidy  short  and  thick,  recurved  in  fruit;  petals  ob- 
long, alternating  in  the  fertile  flower  with  a  pair  of  minute  sterile  filaments. 
—  Still  water,  Florida,  and  northward.  July -August.  2/  —  Leaves  2' -4' 
wide. 


Order  U3.     BURMANXIACE/T:.     (Bi-rmaxxia  Family.) 

Small  lierb.s,  with  filiform  stems,  scale-like  leaves,  and  regular  per- 
fect dowers.  —  Sepals  atid  petals  united  to  form  a  tubular  unequally 
6-cleft  corolla-like  perianth,  with  the  tube  coherent  with  the  1-  or  3- 
celled  many-ovuled  ovary.  Stamens  3  or  6,  inserted  on  the  tube  of 
the  perianth  :  anther  cells  separate,  2-Iobed,  opening  crosswise.  Style 
slender:  stigmas  3,  dilated.  Placentae  3,  central  or  parietal.  Capsule 
many-seeded.     Seeds  minute,  with  a  loose  or  reticulated  testa. 

1.    BURMANNIA,  L. 

Tube  of  the  perianth  mostly  3-angled  or  3-winged,  withering-persistent; 
the  three  interior  lol)cs  smaller.  Stamens  3,  very  short.  Ovary  3-celled, 
with  three  thick  2-lobed  central  placentae.      Stigmas  globose,  dilated  or  2- 


ORCHIDACE.E.        (ORCHIS    FAMILY.)  477 

lobed.  Capsule  splitting  at  the  apex  into  three  valves.  —  Radical  leaves 
crowded  and  grass-like,  or  none ;  those  of  the  stem  minute,  scale-like.  Flow- 
ers racemose  or  clustered. 

1.  B.  biflora,  L.  Stem  simple,  or  forked  above,  1  -  several-flowered ; 
leaves  subulate,  scattered  ;  periantii  blue,  broadly  3-winged ;  seeds  oblong, 
striate.  —  Gra.ssy  or  mossy  margins  of  swamps  and  ponds,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina.  Sept.  -  Nov.  —  Stem  T  -  5'  high.  In  this  and  the  following  species 
the  seeds  escape  through  irregular  lateral  fissures. 

2.  B.  capitata,  Chapm.  Stems  setaceous,  simple;  leaves  subulate, 
scattered ;  flowers  several  in  a  terminal  cluster,  wiiite,  tinged  with  blue ;  peri- 
anth wingless ;  seeds  linear  oblong,  spirally  striate.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Flor- 
ida to  North  Carolina.     Sept.  -  Nov.  —  Stems  2'  -  6'  high. 

2.    APTERIA,   Nutt. 

Perianth  terete,  tnbular-bell-sliaped,  with  tiie  3  interior  lobes  smaller.  Sta- 
mens 3,  very  sliort ;  the  filaments  fiat  and  orbicular  at  the  apex :  anthers 
closely  adhering  to  the  globose  stigmas.  Ovary  1 -celled,  with  three  2-winged 
parietal  jjlacentie.  Capsule  obovate,  splitting  from  the  Ijase  into  three  valves, 
which  remain  attached  to  the  apex  of  the  persistent  placentae.  Seeds  ovoid. 
—  A  small  perennial  herb,  with  subulate  bract-like  leaves,  and  scattered  nod- 
ding flowers. 

1 .  A.  setacea,  Nutt.  —  Deep  shady  Avoods,  along  the  margins  of  swamps, 
Florida,  Georgia,  and  westward.  Sept. -Oct.  —  Stem  purple,  simple  or 
branched,  2'  -  8'  high.  Leaves  scattered.  Flowers  few,  distant,  on  nodding 
pedicels.     Perianth  white,  5"  long. 


Order  144.     ORCHIDACE^E.     (Orchis  Family.) 

Perennial  herbs,  with  simple  stems,  from  thick  fibrous  or  tuberous 
roots,  nerved  leaves,  and  irregular  often  showy  flowers.  —  Perianth  6- 
parted,  united  below  with  the  1-celled  ovary :  the  three  outer  divisions 
(calyx)  and  commonly  two  of  the  inner  ones  (petals)  similar  in  form  ; 
but  the  third,  posterior,  or,  by  the  twisting  of  the  ovary,  anterior  one 
(la helium  or  lip)  differs  from  the  others  in  form,  and  often  bears  a 
spur  or  prominence  at  the  base  beneath.  Stamens  3,  united  with  the 
style  into  a  column,  one  or  (in  Cypripedium)  two  only  bearing  a  2- 
celled  anther.  Pollen  grains  cohering  in  2,  4,  or  8  waxy  or  powdery 
masses  (pollinia).  Capsule  with  three  parietal  placentfe,  splitting  at 
the  sides  into  three  valves.  Seeds  very  numerous,  minute,  covered 
with  a  loose  membranaceous  testa.  Albumen  none.  —  Plants  mostly 
smooth  and  more  or  less  succulent.  Leaved  almost  always  alternate, 
sheathing  and  entire.  Stems  leafy  or  scape-like.  Flowers  bracted, 
solitary,  spiked,  or  racemed,  and  remarkable  for  their  various  and  sin- 
gular forms. 


478  <»i;riii  nAri:.!"..      (i'i;(  iiis    tamilv.) 

Synopsis. 

I.     Anthers  solitary,  fixed  to  tin-  apex  of  tlio  culuiiiii  like  a  liJ,  deciiluoug. 

Tribe  I.     M  ALAXIDK/IC.     Pollen  in  Hniuotli  waxy  niasiies,  without  stalks  or  connect- 
ing ti«sue.  —  Uoots  tuberous. 

•  Stems  leafy. 
1.    MICUOSTYLIS.     Lip  cordate  or  sagittate.     Column  minute,  "J-tootlied  at  the  apex. 
■J.    Lir.VKlS.     Lip  entire.     Column  elongated,  incurved,  margined  at  the  apex. 

•  •  Stems  sheathed. 

3.  COR.VLLORHIZA.     Spur  of  the  lij)  short  and  adnate  to  the  ovary.     Root  branching, 

toothed. 

4.  A  PLECTRUM.     Lip  spurless.     Root  of  two  solid  connected  tubers,  bearing  a  single  leaf. 

Tribe  II.     £PIDENDR£./li^'      Pollen  in  smooth  waxy  masses  connected  by  elastic 
tissue. 

5.  EPIDEN'DRUM.     Pollen  mas.ses  4.     Claw  of  the  si)urle8s  lip  adnate  to  the  column. 
(>.   TIPULARH.     Pollen  masses  4.     Lip  free,  .spurred.     Stem  sheathed. 

7.  BLETIA.     Pollen  masses  S.     Lip  free,  hooded,  spurless. 

8.  HEXALECTRIS.     Pollen  masses  8.     Lip  free,   obovate,   5-C-crested,  3-lobed.     Stem 

leafless. 

Tribe  III.     VANDEiE.     Pollen  in  smooth  waxy  masses,  fixed  by  an  elastic  stalk  to  the 
gland  of  the  stigma. 

9.  DENDROPHVL.IX.     Pollen  masses  2.     Lip  witli  two  long  spreading  lobes.     Epiphytes. 

10.  POLYST.\CHVA.     Pollen  masses  4.     Petals  smaller  than  the  sepals.     Epiphytes. 

11.  CYRTOPODIUM.     Pollen  masses  2.     Petals  and  sepals  equal.     Terrestrial. 

Tribe  IV.     AKETHUSE..E.     Pollen  in  loose  powdery  masses.     Lip  crested. 

12.  C.ALOPOGON.     Pollen  masses  2,  bipartible.     Column  incurved,  winged  at  the  apex. 

13.  POGONIA.     Pollen  masses  2.     Column  wingless,  club-shaped. 

14.  ARETHUSA.     Pollen  masses  4.     Column  petal-like.     Root  a  solid  tuber. 

1.0.    VANILLA.     Pollen  masses  2.     Stem  climbing.     Flowers  in  axillary  racemes. 

II.     Anther  solitary,  adnate  to  the  column,  erect,  persistent. 

Tribe  V.     OPHRYDE.E.     Anther  adnate  to  the  apex  of  the  column,  the  cells  separate. 
Pollen  cohering  in  numberless  waxy  grains,  which  are  collected  by  elastic  tissue  into 
a  large  mass,  and  attached  to  a  gland  of  tlie  stigma  by  an  elastic  stalk.     Lip  spurred. 
IC.   ORCHIS.     Anther  cells  contiguous,  parallel.     Glands  of  the  stigma  covered  with  a  com- 
mon hood-like  fold  of  the  stigma. 

17.  6YMNADENIA.     Anther  cells  contiguous,  parallel.     Glands  of  the  stig^ma  naked. 

18.  PLATANTHERA.     Anther  cells  diverging  from  the  base.     Glands  of  the  stigma  naked. 

19.  H.\BENARIA.     Anther  cells  diverging.     Glands  naked.    Throat  of  the  stigma  furnished 

with  variously  shaped  appendages. 

Tribe  VI.    NEOTTIE.-E.    Anther  attached  to  the  back  of  the  column,  parallel  with 
the  stigma ;  the  cells  approximate.     Pollen  powdery. 

*  Pollen  masses  2. 

20.  SPIRAXTHES.     Lip  nearly  entire,  clasping  the  column,  obtuse. 

21.  GOODl'ERA.     Lip  sessile,  entire,  contracted  above  the  middle,  slender-pointed. 

22.  PHYSURUS.     Lip  sessile,  dilated  above.     Cclunin  very  short.     Stem  leafy. 

23.  LISTER.\.     Lip  2-cleft.     Stem  with  a  pair  of  ovate  opposite  leaves. 

•  *  Pollen  masses  4. 

24.  PONTHIEVA.     Claws  of  the  petals  and  lip  adnate  to  the  column. 

III.    Anthers  two,  fixed  beneath  the  lateral  lobes  of  the  column. 
Tribe  VII.    CYPRIPEDIE.^.    Column  appendaged  by  the  petal-like  sterile  stamen. 

25.  CYPRIPEDIUM.    Lip  large,  inflated.    Leaves  large,  plaited. 


ORCHIDACE.E.       (orchis    FAMILY.)  479 

1.     MICROSTYLIS,  Nutt.     Adder's  Mouth. 

Sepals  oblong,  spreading.  Petals  filiform.  Lip  cordate  or  sagittate,  entire 
or  nearly  so,  sessile.  Column  minute,  2-toothed  at  the  apex.  Anther  lid-like. 
Pollen  masses  4,  collateral,  united  by  pairs  at  the  apex.  —  Low  herbs,  from 
bulbous  roots.  Stem  1  -  2-leaved,  sheathed  below.  Flower.';  racemed  or  spiked, 
minute,  greenish. 

1.  M.  ophiogloSSOid.es,  Xutt.  Leaf  solitary  near  the  middle  of  the 
5-angled  stem,  ovate,  clasping ;  raceme  short,  with  the  unexpanded  flowers 
crowded  in  a  globular  head,  elongated  in  fruit ;  pedicels  slender,  much  longer 
than  the  flowers ;  lip  auricled  at  the  base,  3-toothed  at  the  apex.  —  Low  shady 
woods,  Florida,  and  northward.  July -August. —  Stem  4' -8'  high.  Leaf 
1'- 2' long.     Flowers  ^"  wide. 

2.  M.  Floridana,  Chapm.  Leaves  2,  near  the  base  of  the  .3-angled 
stem,  unenual,  ovate,  or  ellijjtical,  sheathing ;  raceme  .slender,  acute,  elongated 
in  fruit,  many-flowered;  pedicels  longer  than  the  flowers;  sepals  oblong, 
spreading,  with  the  margins  revolute ;  petals  reflexed,  twisted ;  lip  rouud- 
auriculate-cordate,  abruptly  narrowed  and  entire  at  the  apex,  depressed  at  the 
sinus;  capsule  oblong  or  obovate.  —  Wet  shady  woods,  Florida.  July -Au- 
gust. —  Stem  6'- 12'  high.     Leaves  l'-4'  long.     Flowers  1"  wide. 

2.     LIPARIS,  Kichard.    Twatblade. 

Sepals  spreading.  Petals  linear  or  filiform,  spreading  or  reflexed.  Lip 
entire,  flat,  often  with  two  tubercles  above  the  base.  Column  long,  semi- 
terete,  incurved,  margined  at  the  apex.  Pollen  masses  4,  collateral,  united 
by  pairs  at  the  apex.  —  Low  herbs,  from  bulbous  roots.  Leaves  2,  sheathing 
the  base  of  the  scape-like  stem.     Flowers  racemed,  greeni,sh  or  purplish. 

L  L.  liliifolia,  Eichard.  Leaves  elliptical,  obtuse,  sheathed  at  the  base ; 
scape  3-angled,  1 0  -  20-flowered,  longer  than  tlie  leaves  ;  sepals  linear,  whitish ; 
petals  filiform,  reflexed,  yellowish  ;  lip  large,  wedge-obovate,  concave,  abruptly 
pointed,  brownish  purple.  —  Low  shady  woods  and  banks  in  the  upper  districts. 
June- July.  —  -Scape  5'-  10'  high.     Leaves  2'-  4'  long.     Lip  j'  long. 

3.     CORALLORHIZA,  Ilaller.     Coral-root. 

Sepals  and  petals  alike,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  connivent.  Lip  clasping  the 
base  of  the  straight  2-edged  column,  spreading  and  concave  above,  2-ridged 
near  the  base,  spurless,  or  with  the  spur  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Anther  lid-like. 
Pollen  masses  4,  incumlient.  —  Low  dull-colored  leafless  herbs,  with  coral-like 
roots,  sheathed  stems,  and  racemose  flowers. 

1.  C.  multiflora,  Nutt.  Root  branching,  toothed;  stem  .stout,  9'- 15' 
high;  racemes  many-flowered,  the  bracts  small,  rounded;  sepals  and  petals 
purplish  brown,  3"  long,  the  whitish  lip  3-lobed,  spotted  ;  spur  prominent,  ad- 
nate. —  Shady  woods,  Tennessee,  and  northward.  July.  —  Raceme  1 0  -  30- 
flowered. 

2.  C.  odontorhiza,  Nutt.  Root  pinnately  branched  and  toothed  ;  stem 
slender  above;  sheaths  3,  elongated;  racemes  10-15-flowered ;  sepals  and 
petals  erect,  lanceolate;  lip  entire,  distinctly  clawed,  oval,  with  two  rido-es  in 


4S0  OKI  iiinAcK.i:.     ((ii:<  iiis   i  amii,v.) 

the  tlim.'it,  wh'iU'  s]n)tt('il  witli  ])iir|)k';  tlie  margins  trcnulatc  below  the  niid- 
illo  aixi  involute  aliove;  capsule  <>\al,  muliliiif^.  —  Shady  wouils.  Feb. - 
Manh.  —  Siciii  8'  -  1  (>'  iiigli.     J.ip  4"  iDiig. 

.">.  C.  micrantha,  Ciiapni.  Hodt  toullied  ;  .stem  Iijw,  rigid ;  Hlieaths  2, 
abrniith  poiiiled  ;  liueiiie  (1- 12-rtowereil ;  llowers  very  small  (1"- 1^"  hjiig), 
ereet ;  se|)als  and  |)etals  nearly  ecpial,  lanceolate,  erect ;  lij)  short-clawed,  en- 
tire, (leuticiilate  on  the  mar;;ins,  witliout  teeth  or  ridges,  shorter  tiian  the 
.se]):ils,  white  spotted  witli  jmrple ;  capsule  obovate,  nodding.  —  Sliady  woods, 
Floriila  and  (Jeorgia.     August  -  .Sept.  —  Stem  3'  -  6'  higii. 

4.  APLECTRUM,   Nutt.     I'ittv-koot. 

Se]ials  and  petals  alike,  lincnr-ohlong,  erect.  I.ip  spurle.ss,  short-clawed, 
3-lobed  and  .'J  ridged  at  the  throat,  ("olunin  slraightish,  cylindrical.  Anther 
lid-like,  slightly  lateral.  I'olleu  masses  4.  —  Hoot  tulierous,  proliferous,  very 
glutinous  within,  lirst  bearing  a  single  large  plaited  ])etioled  leaf,  wliich  is 
jjersistent  thrfiugh  tlie  winter,  and  afterward  a  S-.sheathed  scape,  witli  a  raceme 
of  yellowisli  flowers  at  the  sunnnit. 

1.  A.  hiemale,  Nutt.  —  Rich  woods, diiefly  in  the  u])per  districts.  April- 
May. —  Leaf  oval,  niany-uerved,  4'-6'  long.  Scape  12'- 15'  high,  10-15- 
Howered.  Sepals  and  petals  tipped  with  browuish  purple.  Lip  whitish, 
spotted,  the  middle  lobe  rounded  and  creuulate  on  the  margins.  Capsule 
reflexed. 

5.  EPIDENDRUM,  L.     Tree  Orchis. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal  and  alike,  widely  spreading.  Lip  with  the 
claw  wholly  or  partly  aduate  to  the  elongated  margined  or  winged  column, 
entire  or  parted,  mostly  rigid  or  tuberded  on  tlie  face.  Spur  none,  or  ad- 
nate  to  the  ovary.  Column  prolonged  at  the  apex  into  a  toothed  or  fimliriate 
cup.  Anther  lid-like,  somewhat  4-celIed.  Pollen  masses  4,  lenticular,  stalked. 
—  Stemless  herbs,  from  a  tulierous  or  creeping  rhizoma,  clinging  to  the  bark 
of  trees  by  thick  matted  roots.  Leaves  sheathing,  rigid,  perennial.  Scape 
sheathed  or  bracted,  bearing  a  raceme  of  greenish  and  purplish  flowers. 

1.  E.  conopseum,  Ait.  Scape  few  -  many-flowered  ;  leaves  I -3,  cori- 
aceous, lanceolate,  acute,  spreading;  bracts  subulate,  the  lowest  somewhat 
leafy  ;  sepals  spatulate,  ohtu.se,  with  revolute  margins  ;  petals  linear-spatulate, 
obtuse;  lip  2-tubercled  at  the  base,  3-lobed,  the  lateral  lobes  rounded  and 
crenulate,  the  middle  one  notched  at  the  apex,  the  claw  wholly  adnate  to  the 
slightly  margined  column.  —  On  various  trees,  but  chiefly  on  Magnolias,  Flor- 
ida to  South  Carolina.  August.  —  Scape  2'- 8'  high.  Leaves  r-3'  long. 
I^lowers  4'' -5"  long,  green  tinged  with  purple. 

2.  E.  Tampense,  Lindl.  Scape  tumid  at  the  base,  5-7-flowered; 
leaves  2,  linear-lanceolate,  abruptly  pointed ;  bracts  short,  ovate ;  se])als  and 
petals  spatulate-lanceolate,  acute;  lip  3-parted,  2-crested  in  the  middle;  the 
lateral  lobes  oblong,  acute  ;  the  middle  one  wedge-shaped,  notched  at  the  apex, 
the  claw  partly  adnate  to  the  2-winged  column.  —  South  Florida  —  Scape  1° 
high,  invested  with  numerous  short  whitish  sheaths.  Leaves  4' -5'  long. 
Flowers  8"  long. 


ORCHIDACE^.       (orchis    FAMILY.)  481 

3.  E.  COChleatum,  L.  Stem  tuber-like,  ovate-lauceolate,  2-edged,  scaly, 
2  leaved  ;  leaA'es  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  as  long  as  the  few-flowered  scape ; 
flowers  racemose,  sliort-l)racted ;   sepals  aud  petals  greenish,  l)roadly  linear, 

■  recurved;  lip  much  shorter,  purple,  entire,  cordate-roundish,  cochleate,  acute, 
2-callous  at  the  base.  —  South  Florida  (Garber).  —  Stem  1°  high.  Leaves  1' 
wide.     Flowers  I'-H'loug. 

4.  E.  umbellatum,  Swai-tz.  Stem  leafy;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse  (2' -3' 
long) ;  flowers  umbellate,  greenish  ;  bracts  ovate ;  sepals  oblong ;  petals  lin- 
ear; lip  reniform-roundish,  obscurely  3-lobed,  veiny,  2-callous  at  the  base; 
colunm  denticulate.  —  Miami,  South  Florida  {Garber).  —  Stem  6'- 12' high. 
Flowers  6" -8"  long. 

5.  E.  nocturnum,  L.  Stems  leafy ;  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  obtuse ; 
flowers  1-2,  terminal,  white  or  yellowish,  long-peduncled ;  petals  large,  lin- 
ear, acuminate;  lip  3-cleft,  the  lateral  lobes  ovate-oblong,  the  middle  lobe 
longer,  linear-setaceous.  —  With  the  preceding.  —  Stem  1°-  2°  high.  Leaves 
2' -5'  long.     Flowers  l^'-2^'  long. 

6.     TIP  UL ARIA,   Nutt. 

Sepals  and  petals  oblong,  spreading.  Lip  long-spurred,  3-lobed  the  lateral 
lobes  short  and  triangular,  the  middle  lobe  linear.  Spur  filiform,  ascending. 
Column  slender,  wingless.  Anther  lid-like.  Pollen  masses  4,  stalked,  waxy. 
—  Root  tuberous,  proliferous,  first  producing  a  single  ovate  leaf,  on  a  sheathed 
petiole,  afterward  a  slender  sheathed  scape,  ending  in  a  long  raceme  of  nu- 
merous greenish  flowers. 

1.  T.  discolor,  Nutt. —  Shady  banks,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts. 
August.  —  Scape  about  1°  high.  Leaf  l'-2'  long,  acute,  somewhat  plaited 
and  many-nerved,  purple  beneath.  Flowers  small,  nodding,  bractless.  Spur 
about  1'  long. 

7.  BLETIA,    Ruiz  &  Pavon. 

Sepals  and  petals  alike  and  nearly  equal,  spreading.  Lip  spurless,  jointed, 
3-lobed,  crested  on  the  face.  Column  free,  elongated,  semi-terete.  Anther 
lid-like,  fleshy.  Pollen  masses  8,  by  pairs,  with  a  stalk  to  each  pair,  waxy, 
becoming  powdery.  —  Scape  from  tuberous  rootstocks,  sheathed  or  scaly, 
many-flowered.  Leaves  narrow,  plaited.  Flowers  spicate  or  racemose,  mostly 
showy. 

1.  B.  verecunda,  Swartz.  Scape  lateral,  sheathed,  many-flowered; 
leaves  mostly  3,  lanceolate ;  flowers  dark  green,  1'  wide ;  sepals  lanceolate, 
acute,  longer  than  the  obtuse  petals ;  lip  saccate  at  the  base,  dark  brown 
within,  the  lateral  lobes  short  and  rounded,  the  middle  one  wavy-creuulate, 
purplish,  crested  ;  column  stout,  half  as  long  as  the  sepals ;  anther  appeudaged 
on  the  back;  capsules  pendulous.  —  Low  pine  barrens.  South  Florida.  Oct. 
—  Scape  2°  high.     Leaves  12' -18'  long. 

8.  HEXALECTRIS,  Raf. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal.  Lip  not  saccate,  3-lobed,  5-6-crested. 
Pollen  masses  8.  —  Scape  leafless,  sheathed  Flowers  large,  in  a  terminal 
epike,  purplish. 

31 


482  OKririoArK.'K.      (okciiis   k\mii,v.) 

1.  H.  aphyllus,  Kiif.  Sc.xjip  stout,  terete,  tapering  into  the  many- 
flowereil  sjiike  ;  siieiillus  several,  short,  tiie  iipjxr  <ines  jiassiii-j  into  tlic  ovate 
acuniiiiiite  liracts;  flowers  spreading,  hrownish,  stri]ie<l  willi  ])ur])le;  sepals 
and  petals olilong-lanceolate,  oblique;  lij)  concave,  eniarginate,  with  aC-ridgcd 
crest  iilong  tho  middle,  the  lateral  lolies  erect. —  Rich  shaded  soil.  July- 
August.  —  Root  consisting  of  horizontal,  jointe<l  tubers.  Scjipe  1°-  1  J°  high, 
rerianth  }'  long. 

9.     DENDROPHYLAX,  IM.  l.enbach,  f. 

Sepals  and  jietals  spreading  Lip  erect,  .'S-lolied,  the  lateral  lobps  small 
angular,  the  middle  one  with  2  widely  spreading  lobes.  Spur  very  long,  tili- 
form.  Column  short.  I'oUeu  ma.sses  2.  —  JCjiipliytes  Scapo  leafless,  in  ours 
bearing  a  single  large  white  Howor 

1.  D.  Lindenii,  Reichenbach,  f.  Scape  filiform  (3' -4'  long);  sepals 
and  petals  lanceolate  ;  segments  of  the  middle  lobe  of  the  lip  lanceolate  curved, 
attenuate ;  capsule  stipitate,  oval,  smooth.  —  On  Oreodoxa  regia,  South  Flor- 
ida ( Ctirliss). 

10.  POLYSTACHYA,  Hook. 

Two  upper  sepals  broad,  gibbous,  conuivent.  Petals  small.  Lip  jointed, 
sessile,  a-lobed.  Anthers  lid-like,  free.  I'olleu  masses  4,  hemispherical, 
waxy.  —  Epiphytes.  Stem  leafy  near  the  base.  Flowers  small,  in  simple  or 
compounil  racemes. 

1.  P.  luteola,  Hook.  Stem  (1°- 2°  high)  tuberous  at  base,  longer  than 
the  few  lance-oblong  rigid  leaves;  raceme  compound;  flowers  greenish  yel- 
low :  the  lip  obovate,  oblong,  downy  within,  the  lateral  lobes  small,  the  middle 
one  broad  and  recurved,  —  On  various  trees,  Soutli  Florida. 

11.  CYRTOPODIUM,  ^^  Br. 

Sepals  and  petals  alike,  spreading.  Lip  clawed,  continuous  with  the  ba.se 
of  the  column,  incurved,  3-lobed.  Pollen  masses  2  the  short  stalk  linear. 
Gland  ovate. — Terrestrial.  Scape  sheathed,  sejiarate  from  the  leaves.  Flow- 
ers racemose  or  panicled. 

1.  C.  punctatum,  Lindl.  Scape  tall;  leaves  broadly  lanceolate, 
strongly  3-ribbed  (1^' wide);  flowers  bi  a  simple  panicle  (6"- 8"  long);  bracts 
leafy,  lanceolate,  undulate,  spreading;  sepals  and  petals  greei\ish  white, 
spotted ;  middle  lobe  of  the  lip  emargiuate.  —  Miami,  Soutli  Florida  ( Garher). 

2.  C.  Woodfordii,  Lindl.  ■?  Scape  more  slender  (2° -3°  high);  leaves 
rigid,  linear-lanceolate  (l°long);  racemes  rather  closely  flowered  (2' -4' 
long) ;  flowers  small,  shorter  than  tlie  linear  bracts;  sepals  and  petals  green; 
lip  crestless,  the  middle  lobe  cuneate-oblong;  capsule  erect.  (Bletia  vere- 
cuuda,  1st  edit,  in  part.)  —  Low  sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida. 

12.     CALOPOGON,   K.Br. 

Sepals  unequal,  the  two  lateral  ones  broader  and  oblique.  Lip  (by  the  un- 
twisted ovary)  brought  to  the  upper  (jr  inner  side  of  the  flower,  dilated  at  the 
apex,  bearded  on  the  face,  and  narrowed  into  a  hinge-like  claw.     Column 


ORCHIDACE.E.       (orchis    FAMILY.)  483 

long,  incurved,  winged  at  the  apex.  Anther  terminal,  lid-liice,  sessile.  Pol- 
len masses  2,  powdery.  —  Scape  erect  from  a  solid  tuber,  sheathed  at  the  base, 
bearing  below  the  middle  a  single  narrow  sheathing  leaf,  and  termiuated  with 
a  loose  spike  of  showy  flowers. 

1.  C.  pulchellus,  R.  Br.  Scape  2  -  8-flowered  ;  leaf  linear-lanceolate  ; 
flowers  large,  mostly  appro.ximate,  bright  purple  ;  lateral  sepals  ovate,  shorter 
than  the  lanceolate  obtuse  petals ;  lip  broadly  obcordate ;  filaments  of  the 
crest  decurrent  on  the  claw,  the  lower  ones  purple  and  united ;  ovary  straight, 
2-3  times  as  Itmg  as  the  lanceolate-subulate  bracts.  —  Swamps.  June. — 
Scape  1^°  -  2°  high.     Leaves  6'  -  12'  long.     Flowers  T  -  H'  wide. 

2.  C,  pallidas,  Chapm.  Scape  10-20-flowered ;  leaf  linear;  flowers 
scattered,  white  tinged  with  purple ;  lateral  sepals  oblong,  shorter  thau  the 
linear-lanceolate  acute  petals ;  lip  wedge-obovate ;  filaments  of  the  crest  mostly 
united  and  purple  at  the  base  ;  ovar}-  straight,  scarcely  longer  than  the  subu- 
late bract.  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  West  Florida,  near  the  coast,  to  North  Caro- 
lina. May. — Scape  1°-1^°  Wgh.  Leaves  6' -9'  long.  Flowers  9"- 12' 
wide. 

3.  C.  parviflorus,  Lindl.  Scape  3-6-flowered;  leaf  linear;  flowers 
approximate,  bright  purple ;  lateral  sepals  oblong,  longer  than  the  oblong- 
lanceolate  obtuse  petals;  lip  wedge-obovate,  emarginate,  winged  at  the  base  ; 
filaments  of  the  crest  all  yellow  and  distinct ;  ovary  curved,  four  times  as 
long  as  the  ovate-acuminate  bract.  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Caro- 
lina. March -April.  —  Scape  6'- 12'  high.  Leaves  3' -5'  long.  Flowers 
8"- 10"  wide. 

4.  C.  multiflorus,  Lindl.  Scape  7  -  14-flowered ;  leaves  mostly  two, 
linear,  rigid ;  flowers  approximate,  deep  purple ;  lip  wedge-shaped,  pointed, 
winged  at  the  base,  bearded  in  the  middle  with  uniform  fili£(jrm  hairs  ;  sepals 
and  petals  ovate,  acute.  —  South  Florida.  —  Plant  1°  high.  Leaves  3' -5' 
long.     Flowers  of  the  size  of  the  preceding. 

13.    POGONIA,  Juss. 

Sepals  and  petals  alike,  or  the  former  narrower  and  elongated.  Lip  mostly 
crested  and  3-lobed.  Column  club-shaped,  wingless.  Anther  lid-like,  stalked. 
Pollen-masses  2,  powdery.  —  Stems  erect  from  thick  fibrous  or  tuberous  roots, 
sheathed  at  the  base,  few-leaved,  1-  or  few-flowered.  Leaves  alternate  or 
whorled.     Flowers  nodding,  showy. 

*  Sepals  and  petals  nearJij  alike,  erect. 

1.  P.  ophioglossoides,  Nutt.  Root  fibrous;  leaves  2,  sessile,  lanceo- 
late, the  upper  one  terminal  and  smaller;  flower  mostly  solitar\-,  terminal, 
sessile,  pale  rose-color ;  sepals  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  oval  or  oblong  petals  ; 
lip  spatulate,  flat,  yellow-crested,  fimbriate  on  the  margins,  longer  than  the 
petals,  and  twice  as  long  as  the  thick  column.  —  Swamps.  April -May. — 
Stem  6'-  12'  high.     Flowers  |'  long. 

2.  P.  pendula,  Lindl.  Root  tuberous;  leaves  several,  short,  alternate, 
ovate,  clas])ing ;  flowers  3-7,  axillary,  long-peduncled,  drooping,  whitish; 
sepals  and  petals  lanceolate,  acute ;   lip  spatulate,  somewhat  3-lobed,  rough- 


484  C'Kciiin.vrK.K.     (oKciiis   family.) 

eiipd  hut  not  crested,  ratlier  shorter  tliaii  tlic  j)et!ils,  longer  than  the  column. 
—  Hich  sliaily  wood.s,  Mithlh'  Florida,  and  northward.  .Inly  -  Aupnst. — 
Stem  4' -8'  Ingh.      Leaves  6" -9"  long 

•  •  SeiHils   (broini)   linear,  spnailintf,   much    lotif/rr  thun  the   erect  jieltils :  lip 
cresteil,  3-lolH>fl. 

3.  P.  divaricata,  U.  lir.  Leave.**  2,  sessile,  lanceolate,  one  near  the 
mi<ldh'  of  till'  sttni,  the  other  smaller  and  bratt-like  at  the  hitse  of  the  solitary 
terminal  Hower;  sejjals  purplish  brown,  broadly  linear,  anil,  like  the  Hesh- 
cidored  lanceolate  j)etals,  recurved  at  the  a])C.\  ;  li|>  half-cylindrical,  wavy  and 
crenulate  on  the  margins,  3-lolied  at  the  apex,  greenish  veined  w  ith  purple  ; 
crest  beardless. —  Swamjis,  Floriila  to  North  ("aroliuiV.  May.  —  Stem  l°-2° 
high.     Leaves  2' -5'  loug.     Sejjals  1'-  U'  long. 

4.  P.  verticillata,  Nutt.  Leaves  .'),  obovate-oblong,  abruptly  jiointed, 
whorlcd  at  the  liasc  of  the  solitary  reddish  brown  flower;  se|)als  linear,  spread- 
ing, three  times  as  long  as  the  erect  oblong  yellowish  petals,  ami  yellowish  .3- 
lobed  wavy  lip. — l^ow  .^hady  wools,  rare.  May.  —  Stem  1°  high.  Leaves 
enlarged  in  fruit.     Flower  peduncled.     Sepals  2'  long. 

14.     ARETHUSA,  Gronov. 

Sepals  ami  petals  alike  and  nearly  equal,  cohering  at  the  base,  arching  and 
conuivent  over  the  column.  Lip  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  column,  dilated 
and  bent  downward  above  the  middle,  crested  within.  Column  incurved,  ex- 
panded and  petal-like  at  the  apex.  Anther  terminal,  lid-like,  with  the  cells 
approximate.  Pollen  masses  4,  powdery.  —  Scape  erect  from  a  solid  globular 
tuber,  sheatlied,  bearing  a  single  large  terminal  flower. 

1.  A.  bulbosa,  L.  —  Bogs  on  the  mountains  of  Carolina  (Micfiaux),  and 
northward.  May. —  Scape  6' -9'  high.  Sheaths  3-4,  the  uppermost  en- 
closing a  linear  late  developed  leaf.  Flower  l'-2'  long,  2-bracted,  bright 
purple  and  fragrant. 

15.    VANILLA,  Swartz. 

Lip  adnate  to  the  column,  convolute ;  perianth  jointed  at  the  base,  .«spread- 
ing.  Column  naked.  Pidlen  masses  2. — Stem  climbing  by  rootlets.  Leaves 
jointed  at  tlie  base.  Flowers  large,  in  axillary  racemes.  Capsule  pulpy 
within. 

1.  V.  planifolia,  Andr.  Stem  cylindrical ;  leaves  fleshy,  oblong,  acute, 
contracted  at  tlie  base  (5' -7' long);  bracts  leafy;  flowers  (2' long)  green, 
the  sepals  and  petals  lance-oblong ;  lip  serrate  at  the  apex,  thickened  below, 
slightly  crested  in  the  middle ;  capsule  cylindrical  (6'  long). —  Borders  of  the 
Everglades  (Curtiss). 

16.    ORCHIS,  L.    Orchis. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  ecjual,  arching  and  connivent  over  the  column,  or 
the  lateral  sepals  spreading.  Lip  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  column,  depend- 
ing, spurred  at  the  base.  Anther  terminal,  erect,  the  cells  contiguous  and 
parallel.  Pollen-masses  2,  waxy,  stalked,  and,  with  the  two  distinct  glands, 
enclosed  in  a  common  sac  or  fold  of  the  stigma.  —  Stem  mostly  scape-like, 
leafy  at  the  base.     Flowers  showy,  spiked. 


ORCHIDACE^.       (orchis    FAMILY.)  485 

1.    O.  spectabilis,  L.     Leaves  2,  obovate-oblong,  about  as  long  as  the 

3  -  5-fiowered  5-aiigled  scape  ;  bracts  lanceolate,  leafy,  mostly  longer  than  the 
flowers  ;  sepals  and  petals  conniveot,  oblong,  purple  ;  lip  white,  obovate,  en- 
tire, crenulate,  as  long  as  the  club-shaped  spur.  —  Rich  shady  woods  iu  the 
upper  districts.  May.  —  Root  of  thick  clustered  fibres.  Scape  4'- 6' high. 
Flowers  6" -8"  long. 

17.     GYMNADENIA,  R.  Br. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal,  the  lateral  sepals  spreading,  the  upper,  with 
the  rather  shorter  petals,  arching  and  connivent  over  the  short  column.  Lip 
adnate  to  the  base  of  the  column,  spurred  at  the  base.  Anther  erect,  the  cells 
contiguous  and  parallel.  Pollen  masses  waxy,  fixed  by  a  stalk  to  the  naked 
glands  of  the  stigma.  —  Stems  leafy.    Flowers  small,  spiked. 

*  Ovary  twisted  ;  the  lip  anterior. 

1.  G.  flava,  Lindl.  Stem  slender  (l°high);  lowest  leaf  (4' -6'  long) 
lanceolate,  sheathing,  the  others  (6-8)  small,  the  upjjermost  passing  into 
the  subulate  bracts  of  the  short  (T- 2' long)  oblong  densely  many-flowered 
spike ;  flowers  orange-yellow  ;  lip  ovate,  slightly  crenate ;  spur  filiform,  de" 
pending,  shorter  than  the  ovary.  —  Open  grassy  swamps,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward.    July  -  August. 

2.  G.  tridentata,  Lindl.  Stem  (9'- 12' high)  scape-like  above;  lowest 
leaf  (4' -6'  long)  lanceolate-oblong,  tapering  into  a  sheathing  base,  obtuse,  the 
others  small,  scattered,  passing  into  the  bracts;  spike  (V-2'  long)  loosely 

4  -  12-flowered  ;  flowers  yellowish  green  ;  lip  truncate,  3-toothed  at  the  apex, 
longer  than  the  petals ;  spur  slender,  club-shaped  at  the  apex,  curving  up- 
ward, longer  than  the  ovary.  —  Low  shady  woods  iu  the  upper  districts. 
July. 

*  *  Ovary  straight :   lip  posterior. 

3.  G.  nivea,  Gray  &  Engelm.  Stem  slender  (I°-U°  high) ;  leaves  nu- 
merous, one  or  two  of  the  lower  ones  linear  (4'  -8'  long),  the  others  small  and 
bract-like;  spike  (2' -4'  long)  cylindrical,  loosely  many-flowered;  flowers 
white  ;  lateral  sepals  ovate,  slightly  eared  at  the  base ;  petals  and  entire  lip 
linear-oblong ;  spur  filiform,  ascending,  as  long  as  the  white  roughish  ovary. 
—  Pine  barren  swamps,  Florida,  Georgia,  and  westward.     July. 

18.    PLATANTHERA,  Richard. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal,  the  lateral  sepals  mostly  spreading  or  re- 
flexed.  Lip  entire  or  variously  lobed  or  divided,  spurred  at  the  base.  Column 
short.  Anther  cells  diverging.  Stigma  without  appendages,  with  the  glands 
naked.  —  Root  composed  of  thick  fleshy  fibres.  Stems  mostly  leafy.  Flowers 
spiked  or  racemed,  commonly  showy. 

*  Lip  entire,  neither  toothed  nm- fringed. 
1.   P.  orbiculata,  Lindl.     Leaves  two,  at  the  base  of  the  scape-like 
bracted  stem,  large,  orbicular,  fleshy,  spreading  on  the  ground,  silvery  be- 
neath ;   flowers  greenish  white,  in  a  narrow  and  loose  raceme,  longer  than  the 
bracts;   lateral  sepals  obliquely  ovate,  spreading,  the  upper  orbicular;   petals 


JSr»  OKt  lIIliACK.K.        (Olii  HIS     KA:\1ILV.) 

narrower;  li|>  liiu>ar-sj)atnlate,  entire,  rci-urvcd  ;  spur  very  long,  cluh-sliaped, 
curved.  —  Sliady  woods  on  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina.  July -August. 
—  Si-ape  1^-  lk°  iiigii.     Leaves  .■)'-«'  in  diameter. 

2.  P.  Garberi.  Root  a  glolmlar  tulicr;  stem  ereit  (l°or  more  liigh) ; 
leaves  cMt-ni;  huueolate,  widely  sjireading  ;  spike  loosely  many-lloworod ; 
perianth  greeiii.sli  yellow,  lateral  sejcils  hroailly  ovate ;  petals  wedge-shaped, 
truncate  ;  lip  linear,  ohtu.se,  entire ;  spur  lus  long  as  the  ovary  (llaiteuaria, 
I'ortei).  —  Damp  shady  woods,  Manatee,  South  Florida  {(Jurber). 
*  *  Lip  3-toutlieil  or  3-lobi;d  :  Jlowers  spiked  :  stem  leafy. 

•?  P.  flava,  ( iray.  Leaves  3  -  4  ;  the  two  lower  ones  lanceolate  or  ohlong- 
laneeolate  (4'- 8'  long),  the  others  small  and  hraet-like;  flowers  small,  hrown- 
ish  green,  in  a  loose  and  sleniler  many-flowered  s])ike  ;  se])als  and  petals  oval ; 
li]i  ol)long,  hastate -3-lohed,  the  lateral  lol)os  short  and  rounded,  the  middle 
one  erenulate  at  the  apex  and  l)earing  a  tootii-like  appendage  at  the  throat; 
spur  eluiishaped,  mostly  shorter  than  the  short  ovary.  —  Low  shady  hanks, 
Floriihi,  and  northward.  July -August.  —  Stem  1°  high.  Flowers  2"  iu 
diameter. 

4.  P.  bracteata,  Torr.  Lower  leaves  ohovate,  the  others  smaller,  lan- 
ceol.ate  ;  flowers  small,  greenish  ;  sepals  and  narrow  petals  erect ;  lip  ohlong- 
linear,  slightly  3-toothed  at  the  tij),  longer  than  the  ohtuse  sac-like  spur. 
(Orchis  viridis,  Piirsh.)  —  High  mountains  of  Carolina  (Pursli).  —  Stem  low. 
Bracts  large,  conspicuous. 

*  »  *  Lip  undivided,  fringed :  flowers  spiked:  stems  leaf  if. 

5.  P.  ciliaris,  Liiull.  Leaves  numerous,  the  lower  ones  (4' -12'  long) 
lanceolate  or  obloug,  the  up])er  small  and  bract-like;  spikes  oval  or  oi>long, 
rather  hiosely  flowered  ;  flowers  large,  bright  yellow  ;  lateral  sepals  round- 
ohovate,  reflexed  ;  petals  lanceolate,  incised  or  slightly  fringed  at  the  apex  ; 
li))  clawed,  roundish  in  outline,  long-fringed  ;  spur  filiform,  commonly  longer 
than  the  long  tapering  ovary.  —  Swamps  and  bogs,  chiefly  in  the  pine  barrens, 
Florida,  and  northward.  August.  —  Stem  H°-2°  high.  Spike  l^'-2'  iu 
diameter.     <  )vary  9'^- 1.5"  long.     Flowers  6" -8"  wide. 

fi.  p.  blephariglottis,  Hook.  Flowers  usually  larger,  white;  fringe 
of  the  lip  shorter  and  coarser ;  spur  much  longer  than  the  ovary  ;  otherwi.>e 
like  the  ])receding. —  Swamps.     July  -August. 

7.  P.  cristata,  I>inill.  Leaves  numerous,  the  lower  ones  (4' -8' long) 
lanceolate,  the  uppermo.st  bract-like ;  spike  oblong  or  cylindrical,  densely 
flowered  ;  flowers  small,  yellow  ;  lateral  sepals  rounded,  spreading,  concave ; 
petals  oblong,  incised  at  the  apex  ;  lip  sessile,  ovate  in  outline,  pinnatifid- 
fringed;  spur  filiform,  half  as  long  as  the  tapering  ovary.  —  Hogs  and 
swamps  iu  the  lower  districts.  August.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Spike  V  in 
diameter.     Ovary  .5"  -  6"  long.     Flowers  2" -3"  wide. 

*  *  ♦  *  Lip  ^-parted,  fringed  or  denticulate :  flowers  in  spiked  racemes : 

stem  leafy. 

-t-  Flowers  yellowish  white. 

8.  P.  lacera,  Gray.  Stem  slender ;  lower  leaves  oblong,  the  uppermost 
small,  pa.ssing  into  the  lanceolate  bracts;   raceme  oblong,  loosely  flowered; 


ORCHIDACE^.       (orchis    FAMILY.)  487 

petals  oblong-linear,  entire;  lip  pendent,  the  wedge-shaped  lobes  deeply 
divided  into  few  spreading  capillary  filaments  ;  spur  as  long  as  the  ovary.  — 
Swamps  and  low  ground  in  the  upper  districts.  July.  —  Stem  l°-2°higii. 
Lower  leaves  3'  -  G'  long.     Raceme  3'  -  5'  long. 

■<-  -t-  Flowers  purple  :  lip  clawed. 
I  9.  P.  psycodes,  Gray.  Stem  stout ;  lower  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong, 
the  upper  small,  passijig  into  the  linear-subulate  bracts ;  flowers  pale  purple, 
crowded  in  a  dense  oblong  raceme ;  lateral  sepals  roundish,  obtuse ;  petals 
obovate,  minutely  denticulate  at  tlie  apex ;  lip  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the 
sepals,  spreading,  the  wedge-shaped  lobes  bordered  with  a  short  fringe.  — 
Swamps  and  shaded  banks,  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  July.  —  Stem 
2°  high.     Lower  leaves  3' -  6' long.     Lip  2" -3"  long. 

10.  P.  fimbriata,  Lindl.  Stem  stout ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  a 
few  of  tlie  upper  ones  small  and  Lanceolate  like  the  bracts  ;  raceme  oblong, 
rather  loosely  flowered ;  flowers  large,  pale  purple ;  lateral  sepals  ovate, 
acutish ,  petals  oblong,  denticulate  on  the  margins ;  lip  twice  as  long  as  the 
sepals,  spreading,  the  broad  wedge-shaped  lobes  long-fringed  ;  spur  longer 
than  the  ovary.  —  Wet  meadows.  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  June.  — 
Stem  2°  -  3*^  high.     Leaves  4'  -  6'  long.     Lip  6"  -  9"  long. 

11.  P.  peramoena,  Gray.  Stem  stout;  lower  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  the 
upper  lanceolate  like  the  bracts ;  raceme  oblong,  rather  loosely  flowered  ; 
flowers  large,  violet  purple;  lateral  sepals  broad-ovate;  petals  round-obovate, 
minutely  denticulate;  lip  spreading,  the  wedge-shajjed  lobes  finely  toothed, 
entire,  or  the  middle  one  2-lobed  ;  spur  longer  than  the  ovary.  —  ^lountains  of 
North  Carolina,  and  northward.     July.  —  Stem  2° -4°  high.     Lip  9"  long. 

19.    HABENARIA,  Willd. 

Sepals  nearly  equal,  the  lateral  ones  reflexed.  Petals  unequally  2-parted. 
Lip  pendent,  entire,  or  3-parted,  spurred.  Anther  cells  erect,  separate,  di- 
verging. Stigma  bearing  two  variously-shaped  appendages.  Glands  naked. 
Pollen  masses  2,  waxy,  stalked.  —  Herbs  with  tuberous  roots,  leafy  stems,  and 
spiked  flowers. 

1.  H.  repens,  Nutt.  Root  a  creeping  tuber;  stem  very  leafy;  leaves 
lanceolate,  3-ribbed ;  spike  many-flowered;  bracts  lanceolate,  the  lower  longer 
than  the  flowers ;  lateral  sepals  oblong,  acute,  the  upper  one  ovate,  erect ; 
lower  lobe  of  the  petals  capillary,  longer  than  the  linear  upper  one ;  lip  3- 
parted,  the  lateral  lobes  capillary,  the  middle  one  filiform;  spur  as  long  as 
the  ovary.  —  Swamps  and  ditches  in  the  lower  districts.  August  -  Sept.  — 
Stem  l''-2''  long.     Leaves  6' -12'  long.     Flowers  small,  greenish. 

2.  H.  Michauxii,  Nutt.  Root  a  globular  watery  tuber ;  leaves  oval  or 
oblong,  the  upper  smaller,  passing  into  the  ovate-lanceolate  clasping  bracts  ; 
spike  loosely  few-flowered ;  sepals  ovate;  lower  lobe  of  the  petals  capillary 
and  twice  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  upper  one ;  lip  3-parted,  the  capillary 
lateral  lobes  longer  than  the  linear  middle  one  ;  spur  twice  as  long  as  the 
ovary.  —  Dry  sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  August. — 
Stem  6'-  18'  high.     Leaves  2' -3'  long.     Spike  3'-  5'  long.     Flowers  white. 


4S8  ORCHIDACEiB.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.) 

3.  H.  distans,  Clrisch.  Stem  leafy  at  hase  (1°  liigh) ;  leaves  ellijttical- 
ol'loiijj,  aciitf  (4'  -  0'  long) ;  racemes  few-liuwcred  ;  brarts  oblong-lanceolate, 
shorter  tlian  the  ovary  ;  flowers  distant  (4"  long) ;  petals  2-parte(l,  the  upper 
loi)e  oblong,  tiie  lower  linear ;  lip  .'J-parted,  the  segments  linear,  spreading; 
spur  as  long  as  the  ovary.  —  South  Florida  ( Curtiss). 

4.  H.  macroceratitis,  Willd.  Stem  1°-  U°  high,  from  a  single  tuber  ; 
leaves  oMong  ;  sjiikc  Inoscly  few-tiowered  ;  bracts  oldong.jLs  long  iis  the  ovary  ; 
lateral  sejials  ovate-lanceolate,  the  upper  ovate;  lower  lolie  (jf  tlie  jietals  tili- 
form,  twice  tiie  lengtii  of  the  upper;  lateral  loljes  of  the  lip  tiliform,  longer 
tiiau  tiie  middle  one;  spur  4'-.')'  long.  —  Snniter  County,  Florida  {F.  L. 
Leivton). 

20.     SPIRANTHES,  Kichard.     Twisted  Orciiis. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  eijual  :  the  lateral  sepals  diverging,  dilated  at  the 
ba.se,  the  u])pcr  one  couuivent  with  tlie  petals.  Lip  clawed,  concave,  fur- 
nished with  two  callosities  near  tlie  base,  cla.sjjing  the  short  column  below. 
Stigma  ovate,  beaked.  Anther  attached  to  the  back  of  the  column.  Pollen 
mas,ses  2,  obovate,  2-eleft,  fi.\ed  to  a  common  gland  of  the  stigma,  powdery. 
—  Root  composed  of  few  clustered  tubers  or  fleshy  fibres.  Stem  leafy  at  the 
base,  slieathed  above.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  a  regular  1 -sided  or  spirally 
twistei!  spike. 

*  Flowers  on  all  sides  of  the  untwisted  spike. 

1.  S.  cernua,  Richard.  Stem  smooth  below,  the  upper  portion  and  thick 
crowded  spike  pubescent ;  lowest  leaves  long,  linear-lanceolate,  the  others 
bract-like  and  sheathing;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  longer  than  the 
capsule  ;  flowers  recurved  ;  lip  longer  than  the  sepals,  contracted  above  the 
middle,  wavy  at  the  recurved  obtuse  apex.  —  Grassy  swamps  and  meadows. 
Oct. — Stem  6'- 12'  high.  Leaves  4' -8'  long.  Flowers  yellowish  white, 
3" -4"  h)ng. 

Var.  parviflora.  Stem  more  slender  ;  leaves  sliorter  and  broader  (2'- 6' 
long,  4"  -  6"  wide) ;  spikes  narrower ;  perianth  2"  long,  white.  —  Low  shady 
woods,  near  Rome,  Georgia.     Sept. 

2.  S.  Storeri,  Chapm.  Root  of  four  thick  fibres;  leaves  3-4,  ovate, 
acute,  short-petioled,  1'  long;  scape  6'  high,  jiubescent  above;  sheaths  7,  free 
and  acuminate  at  the  apex;  spike  2'  long,  loosely  12-flowered,  glandular,  not 
twisted  ;  flowers  ^'  long,  longer  than  lanceolate  bracts;  perianth  1^"  long;  lip 
oblong,  not  recurved  nor  crenulate  ;  anther  ovate.  —  On  decaying  leaves,  in  a 
dense  hummock,  Enterprise,  Florida.     March.     (F.  A.  Storer.) 

3.  S.  simplex,  Gray.  Root  a  single  tuber  ;  stem  short  (6'  high),  with 
withered  leaves  at  the  base  ;  spike  not  twisted  ;  flowers  very  small,  white,  the 
lip  obovate  oblong,  crenulate,  with  slender  prominences  at  the  base.  — Nash- 
ville, Tennessee  ( Galtinger),  and  northward. 

#  *  Spikes  twisted,  bringing  thejlowers  into  a  single  straight  or  spiral  row. 

4.  S.  brevifolia,  Chapm.  Stem  pubescent  above ;  leaves  all  bract-like 
and  sheathing,  or  the  lowest  expanding  into  a  short  (l'-2')  lanceolate  or  linear 
early  witliering  blade  ;  flowers  all  on  one  side  of  the  rachis  or  sparingly  .spiral, 
horizontal,  pubescent ;   bracts  ovate,  acute,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ovary ; 


ORCHIDACE^.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.)  489 

sepals  and  petals  equal ;  lip  oblong  or  elliptical,  entire,  wavy  on  the  margins, 
recurved  at  the  apex.  —  Open  grassy  swamps  in  the  pine  barrens,  West 
Florida.  Oct.  -  Nov.  —  Root  of  3  fleshy  fibres.  Stem  l'^  high.  Flowers  10- 
20,  3" -4"  long,  white. 

5.  S.  odorata,  Nutt.  Stem  stout,  leafy ;  lower  leaves  from  linear  to 
obiong-lauceolate,  acute,  the  others  diminishing  upward  and  passing  into  the 
large  lanceolate  acuminate  bracts ;  spike  thick,  pubescent,  densely  flowered, 
spiral ;  bracts  much  longer  than  the  ovary,  the  lower  ones  as  long  as  the 
recurved  flowers :  sei)als  and  petals  equal ;  lip  entire,  recurved,  oblong, 
dilated  and  crenulate  at  the  apex.  —  Muddy  banks  of  rivers.  Oct.  —  Stem 
l°-2°  high.  Lowest  leaves  9'- 15' long.  Flowers  yellowish  white,  i' long, 
fragrant. 

6.  S.  prsecOX,  Wats.  Stem  tall  and  slender,  pubescent  above ;  lowest 
leaves  linear,  the  upper  small  and  bract-like ;  spike  slender,  pubescent,  spiral ; 
bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  longer  than  the  ovary ;  lip  oblong,  entire, 
recurved  and  crenulate  at  the  apex,  scarcely  longer  than  the  petals.  —  Low 
or  marshy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  May.  —  Stem  1°-  2°  high. 
Leaves  6'  -  1 0'  long.     Flowers  3"  long,  white. 

7.  S.  gracilis,  Bigelow.  Stem  very  slender,  smooth  throughout,  scape- 
like ;  lowest  leaves  (early  withering)  lanceolate  or  elliptical,  spreading  ;  spike 
very  slender ;  flowers  small,  on  one  side  of  the  rachis  or  sparingly  spiral, 
smooth ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  clasping,  shorter  than  the  capsule ;  lip 
finely  crenulate  on  the  margins,  recurved  and  acute  at  the  apex;  anthers 
4-cleft.  —  Low  ground.  April  -  May.  —  Stem  sheathed,  6'- 12'  high.  Lowest 
leaves  l'-2'  long.     Flowers  1"  long. 

21.     GOODYERA,  R.  Br.     Rattlesnake  Plantain. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal,  the  two  lateral  sepals  including  the  base  of 
the  sessile  lip,  the  upper  one  conniveut  with  the  petals.  Lip  concave  or  sac- 
like, contracted  above  the  middle  into  a  recurved  and  channelled  point.  An- 
ther attached  to  the  dorsal  apex  of  the  short  and  free  column.  Pollen  masses 
2,  entire,  powdery.  —  Stems  scape-like,  from  a  slender  creeping  rootstock, 
bearing  a  spike  of  small  white  flowers. 

1.  G.  pubescens,  R.  Br.  Scape  pubescent;  radical  leaves  thick, 
ovate,  discolored  and  reticulated  above,  contracted  into  a  spreading  petiole ; 
spike  lanceolate,  densely  many-flowered,  pubescent;  bracts  lauceolate;  sepals 
and  petals  roundish ;  lip  sac-like,  ending  in  a  short  ovate  point ;  stigma 
rounded.  —  Deep  shady  woods,  Florida,  and  northward.  August.  —  Scape  1° 
high.     Leaves  2'  long.     Spike  2' -4' long. 

2.  G.  repens,  R.  Br.  Low;  scape  slender,  pubescent;  radical  leaves 
ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  reticulated;  spike  slender,  loosely  few-flowereil,  1-sided 
or  somewhat  spiral ;  bracts  linear-lanceolate ;  lip  sac-like,  ending  in  an  oblong 
point ;  stigma  2-toothed.  —  Shady  woods,  on  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina, 
and  northward.     August.  —  Scape  5'-  8'  high.    Leaves  1'  long. 


490  ouciiidacejE.     (orchis  family.) 

22.     PHYSURUS,    lii.l.anl. 

St'piils  free,  the  lateral  s|)roailinj;,  tlin  iiiiddlo  one  erect,  aillieriiig  to  the 
j)Ptals.  Lij)  spurred,  concave  toward  the  ba.se,  dilated  ahove.  Coluiuu  very 
short.     Autlier  dorsal,  beaked.     I'ollen  masses  2,  eutire,  jxjwdcry. 

1.  P.  querceticola,  Lindl.  Stem  ascending;  leaves  thin,  ovate  or 
ohlong-nvatc,  aciUf,  on  slender  petioles,  wliidi  are  dilated,  membranaceous, 
and  slicathing  at  the  base;  spike  sliort,  obl(jiig,  densely  Ho\vere<l ;  bracts  sca- 
rious,  oblong-ovate,  mostly  sliorter  tlian  tlie  flowers ;  sepals  and  ])etals  oblong, 
oi)tuse ;  lip  concave,  ending  in  a  broadly  ovate  acuminate  and  recurved  point; 
spur  ])ouch-like,  shorter  than  the  ovary  ;  stigma  2-lobed.  —  Low  shady  woods, 
Florida,  and  westward.  August.  —  I'lant  tender,  G'- 12'  high.  Leaves  aud 
spike  1'  long. 

23.     LISTERA,  K.  Br. 

Sepals  and  petals  alike,  spreading  or  rellexed.  Lip  longer  than  the  sepals, 
2-cleft.  Column  short.  Stigma  with  a  rounded  beak.  Anther  ovate,  attached 
to  the  dorsal  summit  of  the  column.  Polleu  masses  2,  powdery.  —  Stems  low, 
from  clustered  fibres,  bearing  two  opposite  sessile  leaves,  aud  a  loose  raceme 
of  small  greenish  flowers. 

1.  L.  australis,  Lindl.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  closely  sessile; 
raceme  smoothish,  few  -  several-flowered ;  bracts  minute;  lip  linear,  3-4 
times  as  long  as  the  sepals,  deeply  2-cleft,  the  divisions  filiform  ;  colunm  very 
short.  —  Wet  shady  woods,  Florida,  and  northward.  July.  —  Stem  4'  -  8'  high. 
Leaves  i'-l'  long. 

2.  L.  COnvallarioides,  Hook.  Leaves  broadly  cordate  or  roundish; 
raceme  pubescent,  few-flowered ;  bracts  half  as  long  as  the  pedicels ;  lip  ob- 
long-obovate,  2-lobed  at  the  apex,  and  2-toothed  at  the  base,  twice  as  long  as 
the  sepals ;  column  manifest.  —  Damp  mossy  woods,  on  the  mountains  of 
North  Carolina.     July.  —  Stem  4' -8'  high.     Leaves  ^'-1'  long. 

24.    PONTHIEVA,  K.  Br. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  the  two  outer  sepals  spreading,  the  upper 
one  conuivent  with  the  petals.  Petals,  like  the  lip,  adnate  to  the  middle  of 
the  column.  Lip  posterior,  clawed,  ovate,  concave,  spreading.  Column  2- 
lobed,  beaked.  Anther  dor-sal,  linear,  stalked,  4-celled.  Pollen  masses  4, 
linear,  powdery.  —  Low  herl)S,  with  clustered  roots,  chiefly  broad  radical 
leaves,  and  greenish  flowers  on  a  pubescent  scape. 

1.  P.  glandulosa,  R.  Br.  Leaves  many-nerved,  oblong,  spreading, 
narrowed  into  a  short  petiole;  .scape  slender,  many-flowered;  bracts  lanceo- 
late ;  lateral  sepals  flat.  —  Low  shady  woods,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
Sept. -Oct.  —  Scape  1°-  1^°  high. 

25.     CYPRIPEDIUM,  L.     Lady's  Slipper. 

Sepals  3,  the  two  lower  ones  mostly  united  into  one  under  the  lip,  spreading. 
Petals  narrower.  Lip  large,  inflated,  and  .sac-like.  Column  slKjrt,  S-lobed, 
the  two  lateral  lobes  each  bearing  a  2-celled  anther  on  the  under  side,  the 


CANNACE^.       (CANNA    FAMILY.)  491 

middle  oue  (sterile  stameu)  petal-like.  Pollen  granular.  Stigma  thick,  tri- 
angular. —  Root  fibrous.  Leaves  large,  plaited,  sheathing.  Flowers  large, 
mostly  solitary,  leafy-bracted,  nodding. 

*  Stem  lecify  :  sepals  and  petals  longer  than  the  yellow  lip,  the  latter  linear  and 

twisted. 

1-  C.  pubescens,  Willd.  Pubescent;  stem  sheathed  at tlie  base ;  leaves 
4-6,  ovate-oblong,  acute  or  acuminate;  flowers  1-3;  sepals  greenish,  striped 
with  deeper  lines,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  lower  sometimes  2-cleft  at  the 
apex;  petals  linear,  spirally  twisted;  lip  large  (T- 1^' long),  laterally  flat- 
tened, spotted  within  ;  stigma  triangular,  obtuse.  —  Rich  woods  in  the  upper 
districts.  May -June.  —  Stem  1°-H°  high.  Leaves  4' -6'  long.  Flowers 
inodorous. 

2.  C.  parviflorum,  Salisb.  Very  near  the  preceding,  but  every  way 
smaller ;  lip  half  as  large,  depressed  above ;  stigma  triangular,  acute  ;  flowers 
fragrant.  —  Rich  woods  in  tlie  upper  districts.     May- June. 

*  *  Stem  leafy :  sepals  and  petals  white,  flat,  obtuse,  not  longer  than  the  lip. 

3.  C.  spectabile,  Swartz.  Pubescent;  leaves  6 - 7,  oval,  acute ;  sepals 
oval  or  oblong,  rather  longer  than  the  lanceolate  petals;  lip  (IV  lung)  much 
inflated,  white  tinged  with  purple,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals.  —  Mountains  of 
North  Carolina.  May  -June.  —  Stem  2°  high,  commonly  2-flowered,  Leaves 
4' -6' long.     Flowers  very  showy. 

*  *  *  Scape  naked,  l-Jiowered,  2-leaved  at  the  base. 

4.  C.  acaule,  Ait.  Pubescent ;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse ;  sepals  greenish, 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  nearly  as  long  as  the  linear  petals,  much  shorter  than 
the  large  (2'  long)  obovate  purple  and  veiny  lip.  —  Dry  woods  in  the  upper 
districts.     May  -June.  —  Scape  8'  - 12'  high.     Leaves  6'  long. 


Order  145.     CANNACE^.     (Caxxa  Familt.) 

Perennial  herbs,  destitute  of  aroma,  with  alternate  sheathing  leaves, 
the  very  numerous  nerves  parallel,  and  diverging  from  the  strong  mid- 
rib, and  superior  irregular  monandrous  flowers.  Sepals  3.  Corolla 
6-parted;  the  three  exterior  divisions  alike,  the  three  interior  ones 
very  unequal,  and  often  variously  imperfect.  Stamen  and  stigma 
mostly  petal-like.  Anther  1 -celled.  Ovary  1  -  3-celled,  with  1  to  many 
anatropous  or  campylotropous  ovules.  Embryo  straight  or  hooked,  in 
hard  albumen.  — Rhizoma  often  tuberous,  and  abounding  in  starch. 

1.    THALIA,  L. 

Calyx  minute.  Corolla  tul)ular ;  the  three  exterior  divisions  similar  and 
equal;  the  interior  unequal;  the  anterior  one  broad  and  liooded,  tlie  interior 
lateral  one  elongated  and  clawed,  the  exterior  lateral  one  furnished  with  two 
bristles  on  one  side,  and  partly  adnate  to  the  slender  stamen  on  the  other. 


49'2  A:\iAi:Yi,i.n)A('K.i':.     (amakylms  family.) 

Style  tliifk,  spiral :  stij^ma  perforated,  2-lipped,  the  lnwir  lip  loiij;  and  pendent. 
Capsule  utiiiiilar,  1-ielled,  1-seeded.  Seed  ovoid,  erect,  iaiii])ylotropou8. 
Embryo  hooked,  in  hard  albumen.  —  Stemle.sa  herbs  from  fibrous  roots. 
Scape  elongated.  reti<dcs  terete,  dilated  and  sheatliinj?  at  the  ba.se.  Flow- 
ers in  bracted  i)auicled  sjjikes,  commonly  two  togetiier,  and  included  in  a  2- 
valved  sjiatlie. 

1.  T.  dealbata,  Koscoe.  Plant  (lusted  over  with  a  (niiinte  white  pow- 
der, otherwise  smooth  ;  leaves  distichous,  long-petioled,  cordate-ovate,  acute  ; 
sea {)€  terete,  reed  like;  panicle  erect,  dense,  smooth,  the  branches  not  longer 
than  the  lanceolate  deciduous  bracts  at  their  base;  spikes  erect;  valves  of  the 
spatlie  unequal,  ovate,  coriaceous ;  flowers  small,  puri)lc.  —  Ponds  and  marshes, 
South  Carolina,  and  westward.  June -Sept.  —  Scape  3° -5°  high.  Leaves 
6'-9'  long,  on  petioles  l°-2°  long. 

2.  T.  divaricata,  Chapm.  Plant  not  powdery  ;  leaves  oblong-ovate, 
acute,  romided  at  the  base,  long-petioled;  panicle  large,  divaricate,  the 
branches  nmch  longer  than  the  linear  deciduous  bracts,  hairy  at  the  joints; 
spikes  6  -  10-flowered,  zigzag,  pen<lulous ;  valves  of  the  spathe  unetpial,  oblong, 
membranaceous,  liairy  ;  flowers  small,  purple ;  seed  ovoid,  enclosed  in  a  loose 
membranaceous  pericarp.  —  Ponds,  Apalachicola,  Florida.  Sept. -Oct. — 
Scape  5° -10°  high.     Leaves  l°-2°  long.     Panicle  2° -4'^  wide,  purplish. 

2.     CANNA,  L.    Indian  Shot. 

Sepals  3.  Corolla  6-parted  ;  the  three  exterior  divisions  equal ;  the  interior 
bilabiate,  with  the  upper  lip  2-3-parted,  or  sometimes  wanting,  the  lower  en- 
tire. Filaments  petal  like.  Anther  marginal.  Ovary  3-celled,  many-ovuled. 
Style  petal-like.  Stigma  marginal.  Capsule  covered  with  a  dense  bristly 
coat,  3-cellod,  loculicidally  3-valved.  Placenta  central.  Seeds  globose,  anatro- 
pous.  Em!>ryo  straight  in  horny  albumen.  —  Stems  leafy.  Leaves  narrowed 
into  a  sheathing  petiole.     Flowers  spiked,  showy. 

1.  C.  flaecida,  Roscoe.  Stem  erect  from  a  crec))ing  rootstock ;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  narrowed  into  a  sheathing  petiole ;  sjjike  few-flowered ; 
sepals  lanceolate,  half  the  length  of  the  tube  of  the  funnel-shaped  corolla ; 
inner  divisions  of  the  corolla  obovate,  flaccid  ;  capsule  few-seeded.  —  Miry 
swamps,  Florida -to  South  Carolina,  near  the  coast.  June -August.  —  Stem 
2°  -  4°  high.     Leaves  9'  - 1 5'  long.     Corolla  3'  -  4'  long. 


Order  UO.     A3IARYLLIDACE^.     (Amaryllis  Family.) 

Chiefly  stomless  smooth  and  succulent  herbs,  with  linear  leaves, 
and  smooth  (not  scurfy  or  woolly)  often  showy  flowers.  —  Sepals  and 
petals  united  to  form  a  6-parted  corolla-like  perianth,  imbricated  in 
the  bud,  the  tube  adnate  to  the  3-celled  ovary.  Stamens  6 :  anthers 
introrse.  Ovules  anatropous,  attached  to  the  central  placentae.  Style 
single.  Fruit  1  -  3-celled,  valvular  or  indehiscent.  Embryo  straight 
in  fleshy  albumen,  the  radicle  resting  on  the  umbilicus. 


AMARYLLIDACE^.       (AMARYLLIS    FAMILY.)  493 

Synopsis. 

*  Root  bulbous. 

1.  ZEPHTRAN.THES.     Tube  of  the  perianth  short,  crownless.     Stigmas  3. 

2.  HTMENOCALLIS.     Tube  of  the  perianth  elongated.     Stamens  connected  with  a  cup- 

shaped  crown.     Stigma  entire. 

3.  CRINUM.     Tube  of  the  perianth  elongated,  crownless.     Stigma  entire. 

*  *  Root  tuberous. 

4.  AGAVE.     Capsule  3-valved.     Flowers  spiked.     Leaves  thick  and  fleshy. 

5.  HYPOXYS.     Capsule  circumscissile.     Flowers  umbelled.     Leaves  grass-like. 

1.     ZEPHYRANTHES,  Herb. 

Perianth  corolla-like,  bell-shaped  or  funnel-shaped,  6-parted,  spreading 
above,  naked  at  the  throat,  the  tube  short  or  wanting.  Stamens  free  :  anthers 
versatile.  Style  elongated,  declining :  stigma  3-cleft.  Capsule  S-valved,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  black,  compressed  or  angled.  —  Scape  erect  from  a  coated 
bulb,  ending  in  a  1  -  2-leaved  1 -flowered  spathe. 

1.  Z.  Atamasco,  Herb.  (Atamasco  Lily.)  Scape  terete,  somewhat 
lateral,  1 -flowered  ;  leaves  linear,  concave,  fleshy;  spathe  1 -leaved,  2-cleft ; 
perianth  short-stalked,  bell-shaped,  white  tinged  with  purple ;  style  longer 
than  the  stamens  ;  seeds  angled.  —  Rich  damp  soil,  Florida,  and  northward. 
March  -  April.  ^—  Scape  6'  -  1 2'  high,  commonly  shorter  than  the  glossy  leaves. 
Flower  2' -3'  long. 

2.  Z.  Treatise,  Watson.  Bulb  small;  leaves  very  narrow  (I|"  wide), 
thick,  semiterete,  with  rounded  margin.s,  not  shining;  scape  4'- 12'  high; 
flowers  3'  long,  white,  the  segments  rather  obtuse ;  capsule  broader  than  long, 
its  peduncle  3"-  9"  long.  —  Low  ground.  East  Florida.     April  -  May. 

3.  Z.  Simpsoni,  Chapm.  Bulbs  1'  in  diameter,  globose  ;  leaves  concave, 
1"- 2"  wide;  scapes  1-3,  slightly  compressed,  9'- 12' high  ;  spathe  entire, 
half  as  long  as  the  perianth  ;  perianth  ii'  long,  pale  pink,  the  oblong-obovate 
divisions  apiculate  at  the  rounded  apex  ;  stamens  and  style  equal,  included  ; 
ovary  short-pedicelled,  many  ovuled.  —  Low  piue  barreu.s,  Soutli  Florida 
(J.  H.  Simpson). 

2.    HYMENOCALLIS,  Salisb.    Spider  Lilt. 

Perianth  corolla-like,  6-parted ;  the  narrow  divisions  spreading ;  the  tube 
slender  and  elongated.  Stamens  united  below  with  a  cup-shaped  or  funnel- 
shaped  variously  toothed  crown,  exserted :  anthers  versatile,  linear.  Style 
elongated,  declining:  stigma  entire.  Capsule  membranaceous,  3-ceIled,  burst- 
ing irregularly  before  the  maturity  of  the  conn-like  seed.  —  Scajie  from  a 
coated  bulb,  compressed  or  2-edged,  bearing  the  large  and  fragrant  leafy- 
bracted  white  flowers  in  a  cluster  at  the  ape.x.     Leaves  succulent. 

*  Scape  6  -  ]  2-JJoivered. 

1.  H.  OCcidentalis,  Kunth.    Glaucous ;  leaves  erect,  lanceolate,  1°  long ; 

scape  sligtitly  compressed  and  2-edged,  l^°-2°  high,  mostly  6-floAvered  ;  tube 

of  the   perianth  3'  long,  about  the   length  of  the   linear-lanceolate  widely 

spreading  divisions ;   crown  about  half  as  long,  the  broad   truncate  lobes 


404  AMAKVI.I,II)A(  K.K.        (aMAKVI.MS     lAMII-V.) 

coarsely    tmitlioil. —  Along   strciiins,   often    in    ilrv  soil,    Miildle    Floriila   to 
Tennessee.     .Inly. 

'2.  H.  Caribsea,  llerK.  Leaves  ereet-spreading.wiilening  upward,  2°-3° 
long,  3'  wide;  scape  longer  tlian  the  leaves,  strongly  compressed,  sharply 
2  eilged,  I'-l^'wide,  8- 12-Howere(l  ;  tulie  of  the  jierianth  6'  long,  mostly 
longer  than  the  linear  recurved  divisions;  crown  \  tlie  lengtli  of  the  divisions. 
funneisha|)ed,  truncate  and  slightly  toothed  hetweeu  tlie  stamens.  —  Sandy 
coast,  Soutli   Florida.     July- Augu.st. 

«  «  Sfdpc  1  -  A-jidwered. 

3.  H.  COronaria,  Kunth.  Bulh  without  runners ;  leaves  linear-strap- 
shaj)ed,  flat  at)ove,  half-cylindrical  near  the  hasc ;  scaj)e  solitary,  green,  2- 
edged,  4-flowered  ;  divisions  of  tlie  perianth  linear,  spreading,  wliite  ;  crown 
large,  funnel  shaped,  with  six  truncate  loltes  at  the  stamens,  and  se\eral  fine 
teeth  at  the  sinuses. —  Hocky  islets  in  the  Savannah  River  at  Augusta,  and 
in  the  Congaree  at  Columbia  {Lecuuli).  —  Scape  and  leaves  2°  long. 

4.  H.  laCGra,  Salisb.  Bulh  stoloniferuus  ;  leaves  erect,  widening  upward, 
1°- lA' long,  10"- 15"  wide,  as  lung  as  tlie  .slightly  compressed,  sharply  2- 
edged,2-  (rarely  3 -4-)  flowered  scajie  ;  divisi(nis  of  the  perianth  linear,  spread- 
ing or  recurved  ;  2' -4'  long,  about  e(|ualling  the  tube,  the  exterior  greenish  ; 
crown  soon  bowl  shaped,  lobed  and  coarsely  toothed  l)etween  the  stamens. 
(Pancratium  rotatum,  Auct.)  —  Marshes  and  wet  banks.     April -May. 

Var.  minor.  Widely  stoloniferous ;  leaves  6"-  10"  wide,  longer  than  the 
2-flowered  scape.  (P.  rotatum,  var.  minor,  Z,econ<e.)  — Miry  river  banks  along 
the  coast  of  Florida.    April. 

5.  H.  crassifolia,  Herb.  Bulb  large,  with  short  stolons;  leaves  erect, 
strapsliajied,  2^^  long ;  scape  thick,  glaucous,  ratlier  longer  than  the  leaves, 
2-flowered  ;  tube  of  the  perianth,  3' -4'  long,  thick,  shorter  than  the  greenish 
white  broadly  linear  spreading  divisions;  crown  large,  funnel-shaped,  one 
third  as  long  as  the  divisions,  coarsely  tootiied  between  the  filaments.  —  Wet 
pine  barrens,  Florida.     May. 

6.  H.  Palmeri,  Watson.  Bulb  small ;  leaves  very  narrow  (3"  wide) ; 
scape  slender  (8'- 10'  long),  1-flowered  ;  tube  of  the  perianth  as  long  as  the 
narrow  divisions  ;  crown  tubular-funnel-shaped,  sharply  toothed  between  the 
stamens.  —  Biscayne  Bay,  South  Florida  {Palmer). 

7.  H.  humills,  Watson.  Bulb  larger;  leaves  broader  ;  scape  1-flowered, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves;  perianth  greenish,  the  tube  much  shorter  than 
the  narrow  divisions;  crown  broadly  funnel-shaped  (8"  long),  truncate  be- 
tween the  stamens.  — Indian  Kiver,  South  Florida  (Palmer). 

3.     CRINUM,  L. 

Tube  of  the  perianth  crownless  at  the  apex.  Otherwise  like  the  preceding 
both  in  character  and  habit. 

1.  C.  Americanum,  L.  Leaves  strap-shaped,  remotely  denticulate; 
scape  2 -4-flowered;  flowers  large,  fragrant;  leaves  of  the  perianth  white, 
lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  green  tube  ;  ovules  3  in  each  cell,  erect ;  capsule 


AMARYLLIDACE^.       (AMARYLLIS    FAMILY.)  495 

glohose,  indehiscent ;  1  -  6-seeded  ;  seed  large,  corm-like.  —  Eiver  swamps, 
Florida,  and  westward.  May -Sept.  —  Scape  l°-2°  high.  Perianth  6'— 8' 
loug. 

4.    AGAVE,  L. 

Perianth  corolla-like,  funnel-shaped,  6-parted,  persistent.  Stamens  exserted : 
anthers  linear,  versatile.  Style  filiform,  exserted  :  stigma  .3-angled  or  3-lobed. 
Capsule  coriaceous,  3-lobed,  3-celled,  loculicidally  3-valved,  manv-seeded. 
Seeds  flat,  black,  and  shining,  attached  to  the  central  placentae. — Scape 
bracted.  Leaves  fleshy,  spiny  or  cartilaginous  on  the  margins.  Flowers  in 
simple  or  panicled  spikes,  bracted. 

1.  A.  Virginica,  L.  Stemless;  leaves  lanceolate,  thick  and  rigid,  spine- 
pointed,  denticulate  on  the  margins ;  scape  simple,  smooth ;  flowers  small, 
yellowish,  scattered  in  a  simple  spike ;  perianth  strongly  nerved ;  filaments 
and  style  spotted.  —  Sterile  soil.  July.  —  Scape  3°-5°  high.  Leaves  6"-12" 
long.     Capsule  globose,  3-lobed. 

2.  A.  rigida,  Miller,  var.  Sisalana,  Engelm.  Caulescent ;  leaves 
(4° -6°  long)  linear-lanceolate,  unarmed,  the  terminal  spine  not  decurrent; 
scape  leafy-bracted  (15° -20°  high) ;  panicle  horizontal,  the  clustered  flowers 
often  viviparous  ;  corolla  funnel-shaped ;  stamens  and  style  exserted.  —  Sandy 
coast  of  South  Florida. 

5.     HYPOXYS,  L.    Star-grass. 

Perianth  6-parted,  persistent,  the  spreading  divisions  colored  within.  Sta- 
mens short,  unequal :  anthers  erect.  Ovary  3-celled,  with  the  amphitropous 
ovules  attached  to  the  centr.il  placentJB  in  two  rows.  Style  short  and  thick : 
stigmas  3.  Capsule  opening  transversely  near  the  summit,  the  upper  portion, 
with  the  withered  perianth,  falling  off  like  a  lid.  Seeds  globular,  with  a  beak- 
like  projection  near  the  base.  Kadicle  inferior.  —  Low  pubescent  herbs,  from 
a  tuberous  root,  with  grass-like  leaves,  and  a  naked  scape,  bearing  the  few 
yellow  flowers  in  a  terminal  bracted  raceme. 

1.  H.  erecta,  L.  Hairy;  leaves  linear,  channelled  ;  scapes  1 -4.  filiform, 
2-4-flowered;  bracts  subulate,  much  shorter  than  the  slender  unequal  pedi- 
cels ;  divisions  of  the  perianth  oblong,  greenish  and  hairy  without,  yellow 
within. — Low  ground,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts.  March -April. — 
Scapes  2' -9'  long.  Leaves  at  length  much  longer  than  the  scape.  Flowers 
8"  wide. 

2.  H.  rigida,  Chapm.  Villous  ;  leaves  rigid,  erect,  channelled,  i"  -  2" 
wide;  scapes  1 -6,  compressed,  1 -3-flowered;  perianth  4" -8"  wide,  longer 
than  the  stout  erect  pedicel ;  capsule  globose,  few-seeded.  —  Low  pine  barrens, 
near  the  coast.  West  Florida.     May. 

3.  H.  decumbens,  L.  ■?  Leaves  glabrous,  spreading  or  prostrate,  3"- 
5"  wide  ;  scapes  3-5,  filiform,  sparsely  villous,  2-flowered  ;  perianth  as  long 
as  the  erect  pedicel,  ^'  wide;  capsule  linear-oblong,  many-seeded.  —  River 
banks,  Florida,  and  westward.    June. 

4.  H.  juncea,  Smith.  Sparingly  hairy;  leaves  filiform ;  scapes  1 -3,  fili- 
form,  l-2flowered;   bracts  bristle-like,  shorter  than  the  villous  pedicels; 


49G  lI.KMOnORACK.F,         (l{r,(»<il)\V(»l:T    FAMII.V.) 

ilivisioiiji  (if  tlio  jicriiiiitli  nhlonp,  hairy  witlunit  ;   socils  lilack,  iiiiimtely  pitted. 
Low  jiint'   liiiiTi'iis,  in   the   lower  districts.     Miircli  -  April.  —  Sc'aj)0  4' -  iK 
long,  at  length  pruiiunhent.     Flowers  9" -  12"  wide. 

Oin>EK  147.     H.l!:31()I)()UACE^K.     (Uloodwokt  Family.) 

Perennial  liliroii.s-rooted  herb.s,  with  leafy  or  scape-like  .stems, 
mostly  eqiiitant  and  sword-shaped  leaves,  and  regular  woolly  or  scurfy 
flowers.  —  Perianth  tubular,  G-cleft,  more  or  less  cohering  with  the  3- 
celled  ovary.  Stamens  3  or  6:  anthers  adnate,  introrse,  2-celled. 
Ovuli'S  mostly  few,  anatropous  or  anijthitropous,  attached  to  the  cen- 
tral ]dacenta3.  Styles  '').  united,  det-idiiou.'^,  or  persi.stent  and  separat- 
ing :  stigma  entire.  Capsule  enclosed  in  the  persistent  jierianth, 
loculicidally  3-valved  at  the  apex.     Embryo  small,  in  hard  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1.  LACHNANTHES.     Periantli   woolly:    stamens  3:    style   deciduous:    flowers  cymose : 

stem  leafy. 

2.  LOPHIOLA.     Perianth  woolly  :   stamens  G  :   style  persistent :  flowers  corymbose  :   stem 

leafy. 

3.  ALETRIS.     Perianth  scurfy  ;  stamens  G :   style  persistent :  flowers  spiked  :  stem  scape- 

Uke. 

1.    LACHNANTHES,  EU. 

Perianth  woolly  without,  Globed  ;  with  the  exterior  lobes  smaller;  the  tube 
adnate  to  the  ovary.  Stamens  3,  slender,  exserted  :  anthers  linear.  Style 
filiform,  declined,  deciduous :  stigma  entire.  Capsule  globu.se,  .3-angled. 
Seeds  aniphitropous,  few,  thin,  orbicular,  concave,  fixed  by  the  middle  to  the 
thick  globose  placenta;.  —  A  leafy-stemmed  perennial,  with  orange  colored 
juice. 

1.  L.  tinctoria,  T-ll.  Root  red,  fibrous;  stem  mostly  simple,  villous 
above  ;  leaves  linear-sword-shaped,  smooth,  the  lower  ones  crowded  and  equi- 
tant,  the  others  smaller  and  remote ;  flowers  2-ranked,  crowded  in  lateral  and 
terminal  compound  woolly  cymes,  yellow  within  ;  exterior  lobes  of  the  perianth 
linear;  valves  of  the  capsule  separating  from  the  placentJE  ;  seeds  l)lack. — 
I'ouds  and  ditches.  July -Sept.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.  Leaves  1°- 1^°  long. 
Flowers  Y  lo"g 

2.    LOPHIOLA,  Ker. 

Perianth  woolly  without,  and  at  the  throat  within,  nearly  equally  6-lobed, 
spreading ;  the  tube  adnate  to  the  lower  half  of  the  ovary.  Stamens  6,  slender  : 
anthers  oblong.  Style  subulate,  erect,  persistent  and  separable  :  stigma  entire. 
Capsule  ovate,  coriaceous,  3-ribbed  and  3-furrowed.  Seeds  anatropous,  few, 
linear-oblong,  curved,  fixed  at  the  base. 

1.  L.  auroa,  Ker.  Stem  erect,  finely  pubescent  above,  mostly  simple; 
lowest  leaves  linear-sword-shaped,  acute,  equitant,  the  others  diminishing  up- 
ward, remote;  flowers  small,  yellow  within,  in  corymbose  woolly  racemes. — 
Wet  pine  barrens,  Florida,  and  northward.  July.  —  Stem  2°  liigh,  creeping 
at  the  base.     Leaves  4'-  12'  long.     Flowers  3"  long,  nodding  in  the  bud. 


BROMELIACE^.        (PIXE-APPLE    FAMILY.)  497 

3.     ALETRIS,  L.     Star-grass. 

Perianth  tubular,  scurfy  and  viscid  without,  smooth  within,  6-cleft,  the 
tube  adnate  to  the  base  of  tlie  ovary.  Stamens  6,  very  short,  inchided :  an- 
thers sagittate.  Style  subulate,  erect,  persistent,  and  separable  :  stigmas  3. 
Capsule  ovate,  coriaceous.  Seeds  ovate,  ribbed,  fixed  at  the  base.  —  Peren- 
nial herbs,  with  slender  scape-like  linear-bracted  stems,  bearing  at  the  base  a 
cluster  of  flat  spreading  leaves,  and  at  the  summit  numerous  small  wliite  or 
yellow  flowers  in  a  spiked  raceme. 

1.  A.  farinosa,  L.  Leaves  lanceolate  ;  spike  short  (3'- 12'),  rigid  ;  peri- 
anth white  or  yellow,  cylindrical;  style  slender;  capsule  ovate-lanceolate. — 
Low  ground.  May -June.  —  Scape  2° -3°  high.  Leaves  3' -6'  long.  Peri- 
anth 4"  long. 

2.  A.  aurea,  AValt.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate;  vspike  elongated  (l°-2°), 
slender ;  periautli  white  or  yellow,  globose-ovate  ;  style  short ;  capsule  ovate. 
Low  sandy  soil.  May -June.  —  Scape  2° -3°  high.  Leaves  2' -4'  long. 
Perianth  2" -3"  long. 


Order  148.     BROMELIACE^JE.     (Pixe-Apple  Family.) 

Chiefly  scurfy  epiphytes,  with  fibrous  roots,  rigid  leaves,  and  regu- 
lar conspicuously  bracted  mostly  spiked  flowers.  —  Perianth  free,  or 
more  or  less  adnate  to  the  3-celled  ovary,  6-parted,  imbricated,  the 
three  outer  divisions  calyx4ike.  Stamens  6:  anthers  2-celled,  in- 
trorse.  Ovules  numerous,  anatropous,  erect  or  pendulous.  Placentce 
central.  Style  single :  stigmas  3.  Fruit  berrydike,  or  3-celled,  3- 
valved  capsule.  Seeds  stalked.  Embryo  small,  at  the  base  of  copious 
mealy  albumen. 

1.     TILLANDSIA,  L.     Long  Moss,  Air  Plant. 

Sepals  rigid.  Petals  imbricated  and  tube-like  below,  spreading  above. 
Stamens  filiform,  hypogynous.  Ovary  free.  Style  slender.  Capsule  linear 
or  linear-oblong,  cartilaginous,  septicidally  3-valved,  each  valve  separating 
into  2  plates.  Seeds  erect,  club-shaped,  pointed,  raised  on  a  long  and  hairy 
stalk.  —  Radical  leaves  mostly  crowded,  imbricated.     Petals  fugacious. 

*  Stem  rigid,  erect :  flowers  spiked. 

■<-  Floirers  scattered  :  spikes  flexuons. 

1.  T.  Utriculata,  Leconte.  Leaves  scurfy  and  glaucous,  subulate  and 
recurved  at  the  summit,  very  nutch  dilated,  concave  and  imliricated  at  the 
l)ase,  shorter  than  the  rigid  mostly  branching  stem ;  the  uppermost  small  and 
sheathing  ;  sepals  oblongdinear,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  bracts,  much  shorter 
than  tlie  capsule;  petals  white,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals;  stamens  exserted. 
—  South  Florida.     June  -  July.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 

2.  T.  flexuosa,  Swartz.  Scurfy  (U°- 2°  high) ;  leaves  rigid  (1°  long), 
A^ery  broad  and  spirally  imbricated  below  the  middle,  and  crossed  with  lines 

32 


498  r.i;<>MKi,iA(K.iv.      (I'lNK-Ari-Lr.  iamii.v.) 

of  "jrav  anil  rril,  aln'ii]>tly  atlcimatc  aliovo,  tlic  ii]i|icr  ones  oliloiifj,  acute; 
stt'in  ilaik  It'll,  i)raii(iiiiij^,  the  spiki'S  ft-w-Howcrcil  ;  lajisiilc  twiie  llic  leiifjth 
of  tlic  liiij^lit  red  sepals;  jietals  pale  reii.  —  Miami,  Smitli  VUmda.  ((JarUi). 

Sept.  -  ( hi. 

■i-  -t-   I'^iiwi'i's  coiilii/iions,  or  (lisliiliDUsI If  imhiirdted. 

**  Ijcaven  broad,  (tiliniKilc. 

3.  T.  Houzeavi,  Mon-en  (ineil.).  Seurfy  (10'-2(t'  liif^li);  loaves  rat lior 
tentler,  laiReulate-sulmlate,  concave,  .s|)rcailiiifj  (8'-  12'  Ion;;),  the  upper  ones 
passing  into  the  oblong  acute  bracts ;  stem  mostly  simple ;  sjiikos  linear, 
closely  mauy-Howeretl ;  capsule  linear,  thrice  the  length  of  the  lanceolate 
sejials  ;    jjctals  palo  blue. —  Shady  river  banks,  South  Florida.     Oct. 

4.  T.  fasciculata,  Swartz.  Leaves  scurfy,  concave,  gradually  narrowed 
u])\vard;  the  uppermost  reduced  to  ovate  pointed  bracts ;  stem  longer  than 
the  leaves;  spikes  3 -8,  compressed,  hedged,  red;  ])racts  ovate,  closely  imbri- 
cated in  two  rows,  keeled  on  tiic  back,  longer  than  the  linear  acute  keeled 
sepals.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  2°  high.  Leaves  1°- 1|°  long.  Petals 
blue. 

5.  T.  pruinosa,  Swartz.  Small,  very  scurfy  ;  leaves  broad  and  clasjiing 
at  the  l)ase,  concave,  iml)ricated,  nearly  ecjual,  shorter  than  the  spike ;  s|)ikc 
simple,  few-flowered;  bracts  oblong,  imbricated  in  two  rows,  longer  tlian  the 
sepals,  and  half  as  long  as  the  capsule.  —  South  Florida.  —  Stem  stout,  4' 
high.  S])ike  3' -4'  long,  G  -  7-llowered.  Leaves  3' -4'  long.  Corolla  pur- 
plish blue. 

->-••  ++  Letivps  linear  or  Jill  form  :  flowers  blue. 

6.  T.  angUStifolia,  Swartz.?  G  lab  rate ;  stem  simple,  lO'-l'/  high, 
leaves  longer  than  tlie  stem,  linear-filiform,  recurving,  the  uppermost  passing 
into  the  bracts;  spikes  1  -4,  2' -4'  long;  bracts  erect-spreading,  ovate-oldong, 
rounded  on  the  back,  4  as  long  as  the  corolla ;  calyx  with  two  of  the  sepals 
partly  united  ;  stigmas  fimbriate  ;  capsule  exserted.  (T.  juncea,  Zeco«<e.)  — 
Along  the  St.  John's  Eiver,  East  Florida. 

7.  T.  Balbisiana,  Schultes.  Nearly  glabrous;  stem  slender,  1°-U° 
high,  dark  n  d,  like  the  bracts  ;  leaves  exceeding  the  stem,  linear- filiform, 
dilated  at  the  concave  loosely  imbricated,  l)ulb-like  base  ;  spikes  1  -2,  2'-4' 
long,  few-flowered  ;  bracts  closely  imbricated,  cuspidate,  keeled,  as  long  as  the 
calvx,  and  \  as  long  as  the  linear  cajjsule.  —  Shady  liamniocks,  South  Florida. 
—  Petals  blue. 

8.  T.  setacea,  L.  Scurfy  or  glabrate,  csespitose ;  stem  drooping,  1°  long  ; 
leaves  spreading,  linear-setaceous,  as  long  as  the  stem,  the  upper  erect;  spike 
single,  2-4-flowered,  2' -3'  long;  liracts  distichous,  acute,  8'- 10' long, as  long 
as  the  calyx,  and  i  as  long  as  the  capsule.  —  Soutli  Florida.  —  Clusters  turn- 
ing red  in  sunny  exposure. 

Var.  tenuifolia.  Stem  and  leaves  erect,  scurfy;  spikes  1-4,  few-flow- 
ered. (T.  l>artrainii,  Ell.) — Kiver  swamps,  in  deep  shade,  Georgia  and 
Florida. 

*  *  Stem  branching:  spikes  peel  uncled :  flowers  blue. 

9.  T.  recurvata,  L.  Stems  cajspitose,  3' -6'  long;  leaves  2-ranked, 
recurved,  filiform,  scurfy,  2' -3' long;   peduncles  axillary,  1-2-leaved,  gla- 


iRiDACE^.     (iris  family.)  499 

brous,  1  -2-flowere(l,  longer  than  the  stem ;  style  short;  stamens  included.  — 
East  Florida,  and  westward. 

*  *  *  Stfiins  filiform,  pendent:  Jloioers  solitary,  green. 
10.  T.  usneoides,  L.  (Long  Moss.)  Scurfy  and  hoary;  stems  (l°-2° 
long)  branching,  spiral ;  leaves  2-ranked,  linear-awl-shaped,  recurved  ;  flowers 
small ;  peduncles  lateral,  .shorter  than  the  leaves,  small ;  sepals  longer  than  the 
bracts,  half  as  long  as  the  linear  recurved  green  petals.  —  Humid  situations 
in  the  lower  districts,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  June  - 
Sept. 

2.     CATOPSIS,  Griseb. 

Mostlv  like  Tillandsia,  but  the  stigmas  nearly  ses.^ile,  the  stipe  incurved, 
and  dissolved  into  flexuous  hairs  from  the  base,  the  pappus  spreading  from 
the  hilum,  and  the  pendulous  seed  ending  in  a  blunt  coma. 

1.  C.  nutans,  Griseb.  Not  scurfy  ;  stem  usually  nodding  (2° -3°  long) ; 
leaves  thin,  smooth,  ovate-lanceolate,  attenuate,  pale  (10'- 1.5' long) ;  calyx 
ovate,  sessile  on  the  flexuous  branches  of  the  simple  panicle,  longer  than  the 
ovate  bracts  ;  sepals  oblong- oval, obtuse,  enclosing  the  white  spatulate  petals; 
capsule  ovate. — Miami,  South  Florida  (Garber),  mostly  on  low  trees. 

Order  149.     IRIDACE^.     (Iris  Family.) 

Herbs,  with  linear  or  sword-shaj)ed  equitant  nerved  leaves,  and 
fugacious  often  showy  flowers  from  a  2-leaved  spathe.  —  Perianth 
6-parted,  the  divisions  spreading  and  equal,  or  the  inner  ones  smaller, 
convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  3,  distinct  or  united  :  anthers  ex- 
trorse.  Ovary  adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  perianth,  3-celled  ;  the 
numerous  anatropous  ovules  fixed  to  the  central  placentae.  Style 
single-:  stigmas  3.  Capsule  loculicidally  3-valved.  Embryo  in  the 
axis  of  fleshy  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1.  iris,     stigmas  petal-like,  covering  the  stamens  :   capsule  angular. 

2.  SISYRINCHIUM.     stigmas  filiform  :  capsule  globular  :   stem  flat. 

3.  NEMASTYLIS.     Stigmas  filiform,  2-parted  :  stem  terete. 

1.     IRIS,  L.     Blue  Flag,  Flo\ver-de-Luce. 

Perianth  corolla-like,  6-parted ;  the  exterior  divisions  recurved,  and  often 
crested  or  bearded  within,  the  interior  mostly  smaller  and  erect.  Stamens  3, 
opposite  the  outer  divisions  of  the  perianth,  concealed  by  the  dilated  petal- 
like 2-lipped  .spreading  stigmas.  Style  3-angled.  Capsule  3  -  6-angled. 
Seed  numerous,  flattened, packed  in  1  -2  row-sin  the  cells.  —  Perennial  herbs, 
with  creeping  or  tuberous  rootstocks,  simple  or  branched  stems,  linear  or 
sword-shaped  leaves,  and  showy  flowers  from  a  scarious  spathe. 
*  Stems  tall,  leafij:  divisions  of  the  perianth  uneqxud. 

1.  I.  versicolor,  L.  Stem  nearly  terete,  simple  or  branched  ;  leaves 
sword-sliaped  ;  flowers  terminal,  single  or  spiked,  crestless ;  periautli  pale  blue. 


500  lUlDACK.i:,       (IKIS    FAMILY.) 

varicpatod  with  wliito,  vcllow,  iuiil  jiiir|)lc,  tlic  iiitlaicil  tiiho  sliortor  fliaii  the 
ohtuselv  3-aii;;kMl  ovary  ;  lips  of  the  stijiiiias  cnlirc  or  slij^hlly  crciiate  ;  rajisiile 
obhMip,  olitusoly  ."J-aiipjlcd. —  Wet  places.  Ajiril-May.  —  Stem  14°-2°  high. 
Lowest  leaves  Ii°-2°  long,  1'-  1  J'  wide.     I'eriaiitli  '2'  long. 

2.  I.  Caroliniana,  Watson,  stem  .slender,  2°  high  ;  leaves  tliin,  bright 
green;  flowers  in  )iairs  ;  ])erianth  lilac,  veined  with  j)nrj)le,  the  tube  shorter 
than  the  ovary  ;  eaj>snle  oblong,  round-angled  ;  seeds  large  (4"-.'J"  broad),  in 
a  single  row  in  each  cell. —  Wilmington,  North  Carolina  {Watson).  —  Leaves 
3°  long.     I'l  riantli  .'!'  long. 

3.  I.  hexagona,  Walt.  Stem  terete,  sim])le  ;  leaves  linear-sword  shaped  ; 
flower-s  axillary  and  terminal,  solitary,  crested  ;  ])eriantli  deep  Idue,  variegated 
with  vvliite,  yellow,  and  purple;  the  cylindrical  angular  tube  longer  tlian  the 
6-angled  ovary;  stigmas  much  longer  than  tlieauthers,  the  largi;  lips  toothed; 
capsule  oldong-cylindrical,  fi-angled.  —  Swamps,  Florida  to  South  Carolina, 
near  the  coast.  April.  —  Stem  2° -3°  high.  Lowest  leaves  2°-3°  long. 
Flowers  4'  long. 

4.  I.  CUprea,  rursh.  Stem  simple,  furrowed  and  l-an;.'led  below ;  leaves 
linear-swordshaped  ;  flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  single  or  l>y  pairs,  crest- 
less,  dull  yellow^ ;  tube  of  the  perianth  somewhat  inflated,  as  long  as  the  6- 
angled  ovary ;  stigmas  scarcely  longer  than  the  anthers,  the  lips  nearly 
entire  ;  capsule  tumid,  G-angled.  —  Swamps  in  the  lower  districts  of  Georgia 
(Elliott),  and  westward.  April -May.  —  Stem  .3°  high.  Leaves  2°  long. 
Flowers  2'  long. 

5.  I.  tripetala,  Walt.  Stem  terete,  simple,  or  with  peduncle-like 
branches ;  leaves  rather  short,  sword-shaped,  glaucous ;  flowers  terminal, 
solitary,  crestless,  bine,  variegated  w^ith  yellow  and  pur])le  ;  inner  divisions  of 
the  perianth  very  short,  wedge-shaped  ;  stigmas  toothed  ;  capsule  oval,  3- 
angled. —  Pine  barren  swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  June -July. — 
Stem  l°-2'  high.     Leaves  1°  long.     Flowers  2' -3'  long. 

6.  I.  Virginica,  L.  Stem  slender,  simple  ;  leaves  elongated,  grass-like ; 
flowers  2-6,  terminal,  on  a  long  and  slender  peduncle,  crestless,  blue  and 
white  ;  ovary  3-angled,  2-furrowed  on  the  sides,  much  longer  than  the  very 
short  tube  of  the  .perianth  ;  capsule  3-angled,  acute  at  each  end.  —  Swamps, 
North  Carolina  to  Tennessee.  June.  —  Stem  and  lower  leaves  2°  long. 
Flowers  IV  long. 

*  *  Stems  low,  with  sheath-like  leaves:  divisions  of  the  perianth  nearli/  equal. 

7.  I.  verna,  L.  Stem  very  short,  concealed  by  the  short  spathe-like 
leaves,  l-flowered  ;  proper  leaves  linear-sword-shaped,  glaucous  ;  perianth  pale 
blue,  crestless,  the  divisions  about  as  long  as  the  filiform  partly  concealed 
tube;  capsule  3-angled.  —  Fine  barrens  of  tiie  middle  districts,  mo.stly  in  dry 
soil,  Alabama  to  North  Carolina.  Ajiril.  —  Leaves  5' -8'  long.  Limb  of  the 
perianth  1'  long. 

8.  I.  cristata,  Ait.  Stem  1  -3-flowered  ;  leaves  lanceolate  (3' -5'  long) ; 
outer  divisions  of  the  perianth  crested,  much  shorter  than  the  filiform  tube ; 
capsule  acutely  3-angled  ;  otherwise  like  tlie  preceding.  —  ^louiitaius  of  Geor- 
gia and  North  Carolina.     May. 


DIOSCOKEACEJE.        (yAM    FAMILY.)  501 

2.     SISYRINCHIUM,  L.    Blue-eted  Grass. 

Perianth  corolla-like,  6-parted,  the  divisions  nearly  equal,  spreading.  Sta- 
mens 3,  mouadelphous :  anthers  sagittate.  Style  short :  stigmas  3,  simple, 
filiform  and  involute.  Capsule  and  seeds  roundish.  —  Grass-like  herbs,  with 
fibrous  roots,  and  scape-like  2-edged  stems.  Flowers  small,  in  an  umbellate 
cluster,  successively  developed  from  a  rigid  2-leaved  .spathe.  Perianth  blue, 
with  a  yellow  centre. 

1.  S.  aneeps,  Cav,  Stem  branching  and  leafy  above.  10'- 1.5'  high; 
spathes  two  or  more,  long-peduncled,  its  leaves  nearly  equal.  —  Damp  soil, 
Florida,  and  northward.     July  -  Sept. 

2.  S.  angustifolium,  Mill.  Stem  simple,  leafless,  6'- 12' high;  spathe 
solitary,  terminal,  sessile,  its  leaves  very  unequal ;  flowers  and  fruit  larger.  — 
Mostly  in  dry  soil  in  the  upper  districts.     June  -  August. 

3.    NEMASTYLIS,  Nutt. 

Perianth  6-parted,  the  divisions  nearly  equal  and  spreading.  Stamens  3, 
distinct,  with  the  subulate  filaments  much  shorter  than  the  elongated  linear 
anthers.  Style  short,  3-lobed,  with  the  lobes  2-parted,  each  division  produced 
into  filiform  radiating  stigmas.  Capsule  oblong,  truncated.  —  Herbs  with 
coated  bulbous  roots,  linear  plicate  leaves,  and  very  fugacious  flowers  from  a 
2-leaved  spathe. 

1.  N.  COelestina,  Nutt.  Bulb  small,  roundish;  radical  leaves  few, 
elongated,  sheathing;  those  of  the  stem  diminishing  upward,  the  uppermost 
bract-like ;  flowers  mostly  solitary,  terminal ;  divisions  of  the  perianth  oblong- 
obovate;  capsule  obtusely  3-angled;  seeds  angular,  brown.  —  Pine  barrens, 
Florida,  and  westward.  May -June.  —  Stem  1^°- 2°  high.  Flowers  bright 
blue. 

The  Blackberry-Lily  of  the  gardens  (Balamcaxda,  Adans.)  is  occasion- 
ally seen  spontaneous  along  roads  and  in  waste  ground. 

Order  150.    DIOSCOREACE^E.     (Yam  Family.) 

Twining  herbs,  with  tuberous  roots,  ribbed  and  reticulated  leaves, 
and  small  regular  dicscious  flowers,  in  axillary  spikes  or  panicles.  — 
Perianth  6-parted,  the  tube  (in  the  fertile  flower)  adherent  to  the  8- 
celled  ovary.  Stamens  6 :  anthers  2-celled,  introrse.  Ovules  anatro- 
pous,  1-2  in  each  cell.  Styles  3,  more  or  le.ss  united  below.  Fruit 
mostly  capsular,  3-6-seeded.     Embryo  minute,  in  hard  albumen. 

1.    DIOSCOREA,  Plum.     Yam. 

Tube  of  the  perianth  3-winged.  Stamens  inserted  at  the  base  of  tlie  limb. 
Capsule  6-seeded,  membranaceous,  3-winged,  opening  septicidally  through  the 
wings.  Seeds  flat,  broadly  winged.  —  Leaves  ]jetioled,  mostly  cordate  and  en- 
tire.    Petioles  tumid  at  the  lja.se. 


502  SMILArK.K.        (SMII-AX     FAMILY.) 

1.  D.  villosa,  I-  Sti'in  smootli  (10°- I. "j^  loiij^)  ;  liiivis  iiltoniatf,  oppo- 
site, or  wliorli'd,  liroadly  oordutc!,  iicmiiinato,  7  -9-ncrvc(l,  siikmiIIi,  <>r  |nil)esieiit 
beneath  ;  llowors  very  small,  whitish  ;  the  sterile  ones  in  scattered  clusters  on 
the  very  slender  branches  of  the  axillary  ]mnicles;  the  fertile  in  a  simple 
si>ike;  capsule  oval  or  obovate,  stron{,'ly  Swinged,  nodding. — Margins  of 
swamjjs.     July. 


OitDKi:  l.')l.     SMILACEvE.     (Smilax  Family.) 

Herbs  or  cliiiil>ing  slinilis,  not  e.sseiitially  distinct  from  the  Lily 
Family,  but  with  ribbeil  and  veiny  reticuhited  leaves,  and  separate 
styles  or  stigmas.  —  Leaves  not  slieatliing,  often  bearing  tendrils. 
Fruit  baccate. 

SinoKDKU  I.  EUSMILACI'LE.  (Smilax  Family.)  Flowers  dioecious, 
in  axillary  and  umbel-like  clu.ster.s.  Anthers  1-celled.  Stigmas  1  -.'5,  sessile 
or  nearly  so.  Ovules  1  -2  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary,  orthotropou.s,  suspended. 
—  'I'cudril-bearing  vines.     Flowers  small,  leaves  alternate. 

1.  SMILAX.     Cells  of  the  ovary  1-ovuled.     Woody  vines. 

2.  COPROSMANTHUS.     Cells  of  the  ovary  2-ovuled.     Climbing  herbs. 

Suborder  II.  TRILLIACEyE.  (Trillium  Family.)  Flowers  perfect, 
terminal.  Anthers  2-celled.  Styles  or  stigmas  3.  Ovules  .several  in  each 
cell  of  tlie  ovary,  anatrojious,  horizontal.  —  Erect  herbs.     Leaves  wiiorled. 

3.  TRILLIUM.     Exterior  leaves  of  the  perianth  calyx-like,  persistent.     Stem  l-flowered. 

Leaves  3  in  a  whorl,  terminal. 

4.  MEDEOLA.     Leaves  of  the  perianth  alike,  deciduous.     Stem  few-flowered.     Leaves  3  - 

7  iu  a  whorl,  lateral  and  terminal. 

1.     SMILAX,  Tourn.     China  Brikk. 

Flowers  dicccious.  I'erianth  bell-shajied,  6-leaved,  the  leaves  nearly  equal 
and  alike,  deciduous.  Stamens  6,  inserted  ou  the  base  of  the  perianth :  an- 
thers erect,  1-celled.  Ovary  free  from  the  perianth,  1  -3-celled,  with  a  single 
orthotropous  pendulous  ovule  iu  each  cell.  Stigmas  1-3  (mostly  3),  sessile  or 
nearly  so,  slender,  spreading  or  recurved.  Berry  l-3celled,  1-3-seeded. 
Seeds  globular  or  angled.  Embryo  minute,  in  horny  albumen.  —  Woody 
and  commonly  thorny  or  prickly  vines,  climbing  by  means  of  a  pair  of  ten- 
drils attached  to  the  petioles.  Leaves  alternate,  ribbed,  and  reticulate-veined, 
mostly  smooth  and  sliiniug.  Flowers  small,  greenish,  iu  stalked  axillary 
clusters. 

*  Peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles  or  pedicels. 
■*-  Peduncles  flattened :  berry  black. 

1.  S.  tamuoides,  L.  Stem  scurfy  wlien  young,  armed  with  stout  sub-: 
ulate  prickles ;  branches  mo.stly  uuarmed,  compressed -4-angled  ;  leaves  del- 
toid-ovate, or  hastate -3-lobed,  truncate  or  slightly  cordate,  rarely  acute,  at 
the  base,  .5-7-ribl)ed,  often  discolored  ;  the  margins,  ribs,  and  petiole  smooth, 
or  fringed  with  fine  i)rickles :   peduncles  about  twice  as  long  as  the  petioles, 


SMILACE.E.       (SMILAX    FAMILY.)  503 

Stigmas   1-3,   mostly   solitary;    berry   commonly    I-seeded. —  Swamps   aud 
thickets.     May. 

2.  S.  Pseudo-China,  L.  Lower  part  of  the  stem  beset  with  numerous 
black  ueedle-shajied  prickles  ;  brauches  uuariued,  slightly  angled;  leaves  ovate 
or  round-ovate,  ofteu  contracted  in  the  middle,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base, 
abruptly  pointed,  more  or  less  bristly-ciliate  on  the  margins,  5-uerved ;  pedun- 
cles three  times  as  long  as  the  petioles,  many-flowered ;  stigmas  •'? ;  berry  3- 
seeded.     (S.  panduratus,  Pu/'a'A.)  —  Woods  and  tliickets.     April -May. 

3.  S.  glauca,  Walt.  Stem  armed  witli  few  aud  scattered  prickles,  very 
slender;  branches  terete,  unarmed;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  entire,  obtuse,  mu- 
crouate,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  white  beneath,  3  -  5-ribbed, 
the  margins  entire ;  peduncles  very  slender,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  petiole, 
few-fiowered ;  stigmas  3;  berry  3-seeded,  glaucous.  (S.  caduca,  irt'/W.)  — 
Shady  margins  of  swamps.     May.  —  Leaves  2' -4'  long. 

■*-  ■*-  Peduncles  terete :  berr//  oratu/e-i/e/!ow. 

4.  S.  puniila,  Walt.  Softly  pubescent ;  stem  low  (l°-3°  high),  terete, 
unarmed ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  cordate,  mucronate,  persistent,  mostly  dis- 
colored and  at  length  smooth  above,  pale  beneath,  5-ribbed  ;  peduncles  about 
twice  as  long  as  the  petioles,  rigid,  dense-flowered  ;  stigma  single ;  berry  ovoid, 
1-seeded.  (S.  pubera,  Michx.) — Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  South  Carolina, 
in  the  lower  districts.     Oct.  —  Rootstock  creeping.     Leaves  2' -4'  long. 

*  *  Peduncles  not  longer  than  the  petioles. 
-t-  Berries  red. 

5.  S.  Walteri,  Pursh.  Stem  low,  armed  with  few  scattered  prickles 
near  the  base,  otherwise  unarmed  ;  branches  obscurely  4-angled ,  leaves  decid- 
uous, membranaceous,  varying  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  oval,  mucronate, 
acute,  rounded  or  rarely  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  .5-ribbed  ;  peduncles  flat- 
tened, as  long  as  the  petioles  and  pedicels;  perianth  rather  large  (3"  long), 
brownish;  stigmas  3  ;  berry  globular,  3-seeded.  (S.  caduca,  ^^/.)  —  Tine  bar- 
ren ponds  aud  swamps.  March -April.  —  Rhizoma  creeping.  Leaves  2' -4' 
long. 

•*-  1-  Berries  black. 

6.  S.  laurifolia,  L.  Stem  stout,  armed  with  strong  prickles;  branch- 
lets  I -angled,  unarmed';  leaves  coriaceous,  varying  from  ovate  to  lanceolate, 
obtuse,  mucronate,  3-nerved;  stigma  solitary;  berry  globular,  1-seeded. — 
Swamps  and  margins  of  ponds.  July -August.  —  Stem  climbing  high. 
Leaves  3' -5'  long.  Berries  maturing  in  the  autumn  of  the  succeeding  year, 
very  abundant. 

7.  S.  auriculata,  Walt.  Stem  commonly  low  and  straggling,  armed 
with  short  ])rickles  ;  branches  flexuous,  4-angled ;  leaves  rigid,  strongly  3- 
ribbed,  varying  from  lanceolate  to  ovate,  entire  or  hastate -3-lobed,  acute  at 
each  end;  stigmas  2-3;  berry  small,  2 -3-seeded. — Dry  sand-i-idges  along 
the  coast.  May-Juue.  —  Stem  trailing,  or  covering  small  bushes.  Leaves 
l'-2'  long,  strongly  reticulated.     Plowers  small,  very  fragrant. 

8.  S.  rotundifolia,  L.  Stem  climliing  high,  arniod  with  scattered 
prickles;   branchlets  4-angled ;    leaves  thin,  ovate  or  round-ovate,  entire,  ab- 


504  SMILACKaC.       (SMII.AX     rAMIl.V.) 

riiptlv  ]»iiiilc'<l,  iiiosth-  rouinU'd  or  sliylitly  cnrdato  at  the  Itase ;  pcdmidrs  few- 
flow  ficd,  llatU-uod  ;  berry  .■J-sci'ded,  Idiu'-hhuk. — Swamps  in  tlie  middle  ami 
iij)jter  districts.     June.  —  I'laut  yellowish  ;;reeii.     J^eaves  2' -4'  long. 

!•.  S.  lanceolata,  L.  Slem  tail,  mostly  unarmed  ;  hranilies  terete ;  leaves 
everjircin,  rather  tliin,  varying  i'roin  lanceolate  to  ohlong-ovatc,  acute  at  each 
end,  5-ribi)ed,  paler  beneath ;  peduncle  terete,  as  long  jus  the  petiole,  niany- 
Howered;  stigiuiw  3;  berry  globular,  .'l-seeded.  —  Hich  woods  and  margins  of 
swamps.  August.  —  Stem  climbing  high.  Kootstock  tuberous.  Leaves  3'- 
4'  long. 

10.  S.  Havanensis,  Ja^i.  Hrauches  angular,  jnickly;  leaves  coria- 
ceous, ovate  or  roundish,  obtuse  or  eniarginate,  H'-2'  long,  the  thick  margins 
mostly  prickly  ;  jieduncles  as  long  as  tiie  ])etioles ;  flowers  small,  globose  in 
the  bud  ;   berries  "  purple."  —  Coast  of  South  Florida  (Curtis). 

2.     COPROSMANTHUS,  Torr. 

Cells  of  the  ovary  2-ovuled.  —  Stems  iierl>aceou.s  unarmed.  Peduncles  and 
petioles  elongated.     Berry  blue-black.     Otherwise  like  Smilax. 

1.  C.  ecirrhatUS.  Stem  erect  (l°-3°  high),  mostly  simple, leafy  above; 
leaves  few ,  oblong  or  oval,  mucronate,  pubescent,  5-nerved,  the  upper  ones 
whorled,  the  lower  bract-like  ;  peduncle.s  few  (3'-4'  long),  below  the  leaves; 
berrv  2-3-.-<eeded.     (Smilax  ecirrhata,  Watson.)  —  Dry  fertile  soil.     June. 

2.  C.  peduncularis,  Kunth.  Stems  curving  or  climbing  (3°-^°  long), 
branched,  Icafv ;  leaves  alternate,  round-cordate,  acuminate,  smooth  ;  peduncles 
numerous,  axillary  (4'-C'  long);  berry  6-seeded.  (Smilax,  Mii/il.)  —  Rich 
soil  in  the  ujiper  districts.     June.  —  Flowers  fetid. 

3.  C.  tamnifolius,  Kunth.  Stems  erect  or  climbing ;  leaves  hastate, 
cordate,  olituse,  mucronate,  5-uerved,  smooth,  the  upper  ones  narrower  ;  pedun- 
cles longer  than  the  petioles;  herry  2-3-seeded.  (Smilax,  il/Zc/ia-.)  —  Pine 
barrens.  South  Carolina,  and  northward.    July. 

3.    TEILLIUM,   L. 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  6-leaved,  the  three  exterior  leaves  calyx-like, 
persistent,  the  interior  withering.  Stamens  6,  inserted  at  the  ba.se  of  the 
perianth.  Filaments  short :  anthers  adnate,  linear,  2-celled.  Ovary  6-ribbed, 
3-celled,  with  numerous  anatropous  horizontal  ovules  in  each  cell.  Styles  or 
stigmas  3,  slender,  stigniatic  within,  recurved,  persi.stent.  Fruit  a  roundish 
6-,«ided  many-seeded  purple  berry.  —  Low  peremiial  herbs,  with  tuberous 
rootstoeks,  and  simple  mostly  solitary  stems,  which  are  sheathed  at  the  base, 
and  terminated  with  a  whorl  of  three  broad  leaves  and  a  single  sessile  or  pe- 
duncled  showy  flower. 

»  Floicer  sessile,  erect. 

1.  T.  sessile,  L.  Rootstock  horizontal;  leaves  sessile,  broadly  oval, 
widest  in  the  middle,  abrujjtly  short-pointed,  narrowed  at  the  base,  3-5- 
nerved,  variegated  above  with  paler  and  deeper  green  ;  petals  dark  purple, 
lanceolate,  erect,  much  longer  than  the  lanceolate  spreading  sepals.  —  Rich 
shady  woods,  in  the  upper  districts,  and  northward.     March -April.  —  Stem 


SMILACE.E.        (SMILAX    FAMILY.)  505 

6'- 12'  high.     Leaves   l'-3'  long.     Petals   10"- 15"  long,  rarely  green  or 
yellowish. 

2.  T.  discolor,  Wray.  Rootstock  tuberou-s,  vertical ;  stem  stout ;  leaves 
sessile,  varying  from  ovate-lanceolate  to  broadly  ovate,  tapering  from  near 
tiie  base  to  the  apex,  3  -  7-nerved,  variegated  above  with  green  and  brown  or 
dark  purple  ;  petals  erect,  oblong,  obtuse,  narrowed  below,  dark  purple  vary- 
ing iuto  green,  rather  longer  than  the  lanceolate,  spreading  sepals  ;  filaments 
very  short,  purple.  —  liich  woods,  in  the  middle  and  lower  districts.  Feb.- 
March.  —  Stem  6'  -  1 2'  high.     Leaves  3'  -  .5'  long.     Petals  1  ^'  -  2'  long. 

3.  T.  recurvatum,  Beck.  Stem  (1°  high)  erect  from  a  horizontal  tuber ; 
leaves  oblong-ovate,  acute,  contracted  into  a  short  petiole,  faintly  mottled ; 
petals  purplish  brown,  erect  (1^'  long),  linear-spatulate,  twice  as  long  as  the 
lanceolate  reflexed  sepals ;  filaments  as  long  as  the  incurved  anthers  and  the 
spreading  stigmas.  —  Rich  valleys  of  the  mountains  of  Georgia.     April. 

Var.  ?  laneeolatum,  Watson.  Leaves  sessile,  lanceolate ;  sepals  less 
strictly  reflexed ;  petals  almost  linear  ;  filaments  longer.  —  Georgia  and  Ala- 
bama, in  the  upper  districts. 

*  *  Flower  on  an  erect  or  declining  peduncle. 

4.  T.  pusillum,  Michx.  Leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  or  o1)long,  obtuse, 
3-nerved ;  peduncle  erect,  shorter  than  the  spreading  flower ;  petals  lanceolate, 
pale  flesh-color,  acutish,  one  third  longer  than  the  lanceolate  obtuse  sepals ; 
filaments  slender,  as  long  as  the  anthers  ;  stigmas  united  below  into  a  slender 
style,  longer  thau  the  filaments.  —  Pine  barrens  in  the  low  country  of  South 
and  Xorth  Carolina.  —  Stem  6'-  8'  high.  Leaves  1  J'-  2'  long.  Flower  8"- 
10"  long. 

5.  T.  ereetum,  L.  Leaves  sessile,  broadly  rhomboidal,  al)ruptly  acumi- 
nate, acute  at  the  base  ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  spreading  flowers  (l|'-3' 
long),  at  length  declined ;  petals  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish,  dark  purple, 
rather  longer  tliaii  the  lanceolate-ovate  acute  sepals ;  filaments  shorter  than 
the  anthers,  or  the  short  and  distinct  stigmas.  —  Varies  with  smaller  white  or 
yellowish  flowers.  —  Shady  woods  on  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina.  May, 
—  Stem  1°  high.  Leaves  3'-5'  long,  and  of  the  same  width.  Flowers  l'-l|' 
long,  fetid. 

6.  T.  grandiflorum,  Salisb.  Leaves  rhombic-ovate,  abruptly  acumi- 
nate, nearly  sessile;  peduncle  longer  than  the  erect-spreading  flower,  erect  or 
slightly  declined ;  petals  obovate,  white,  much  longer  and  broader  than  the 
lanceolate  acutish  sepals ;  filaments  slender,  shorter  than  the  anthers,  nearly 
equalling  the  short  recurved  stigmas.  —  Shady  woods  on  the  mountains  of 
Carolina  (£'///o/f).  May.  —  Stem  1°-1^°  high.  Leaves  3' -5' long.  Petals 
2'  long,  changing  to  rose-color. 

7.  T.  erythrocarpum,  Michx.  Leaves  ovate,  long-acuminate,  rounded 
at  the  base,  short-petioled ;  peduncle  (l'-2'  long)  erect,  longer  than  the 
widely-spreading  flower  ;  petals  oblong,  acutish,  wavy,  mncli  longer  than  the 
lanceolate  sepals,  white,  striped  with  purjjle  at  the  base ;  .stigmas  slender, 
longer  than  the  anthers;  berry  red.  —  Rich  shady  woods  in  the  upper  dis- 
tricts. April- May.  —  Stem  1°  high.  Leaves  3' - 5' long.  Flowers  9"- 12" 
long. 


TiOG  JioxiiiKciiiiACK.i-:.      (uoxitiijiiiiiA  ka:milv.) 

»  *  •  Flower  on  a  recurved  jieduitrh  . 

8.  T.  cerilUlim,  L.  sums  clustered  ;  leaves  hniiully  rli<iiiil)uiilal,:ilpru|)tly 
iieiiininalc,  .shurijuaioleil ;  iieiluiiele  iiioslly  sliorler  ihaii  tlie  small  liuwer ; 
petals  while,  ulilmig-ovate,  aiiile,  wavv,  reeurved,  rather  lunger  tliau  the 
liiiiceulale  sepals ;  siif^inas  short,  tlistiiiet,  exceeding  the  short  ereet  anthers. 
—  Shady  woods  in  the  upper  districts.  April-iMay.  Steins  1'^- 1^°  high. 
Leaves  2'  -  G'  long,  and  nearly  as  broad.     I'etals  8"-  12"  long. 

y.  T.  Stylosum,  Num.  Leaves  oval  or  oljlong,  aeute,  shorl-iictiolcd  ; 
peilnnele  shorter  lliaii  the  large  (lower;  ftetals  rose-eolor,  oM(jng,  ohtiise  <jr 
aiiruptly  ]»ointed,  wavy,  spreading,  much  longer  and  broader  tiian  the  lanceo- 
late sepals ;  stignuis  sleuiler,  united  below  the  middle,  much  sluirter  than  the 
long  reeurved  anthers.  —  Low  shaily  woods  iu  the  ndddle  and  u])per  distriets, 
Georgia  to  North  Carolina.  ..Vjjril- May.  —  Stem  l-"- l^'' high.  Leaves  4' 
loug.    I'etals  1^'- 2' loug. 

4.    MEDEOLA,  (Jronov. 

Flowers  perfect.  Leaves  of  tlie  iieiiantii  (J,  similar,  deciduous.  Stamens  6, 
ereet,  hypogynous :  anthers  linear  oljlong,  fi.xed  near  the  base,  introrse.  Ovary 
globose,  3-celled,  with  six  auatropous  ovules  iu  each  cell.  Styles  3,  slender, 
recurved,  stigmatic  within.     I5erry  globose. 

\.  M.  Virginica,  L.  liidzoma  horizontal,  tuberous;  stem  sinijde,  .slen- 
der, clothed  witli  loose  deciduous  wool,  bracted  below,  bearing  above  the 
middle  a  whorl  of  6-8  oblong  lanceolate  acute  leaves,  and  at  the  summit  a 
smaller  whorl  of  3-4  ovate  leaves,  wiiicli  surround  the  2-8  small  greenish 
nodding  flowers  ;  styles  red.  —  Slia<ly  banks.  Middle  Florida,  and  northward. 
June.  —  Stem  2"  hiijh. 


Oi!i>KH  ir52.     ROXBURGHIACE^.     (Roxhuroiiia 
Family.) 

Ilerh.s  or  tvviuini;'  shrubs,  with  petioled  parallel-nerved  reticulated 
leaves,  and  perfect  axillary  racemose  flowers.  —  Perianth  4-leaved  or 
4-parted.  Stamens  4,  hypogynous  :  anthers  2-celled,  introrse.  Ovary 
free,  or  united  with  the  base  of  the  perianth,  1-celled.  Stigma  sessile. 
Ovules  few  or  numerous,  auatropous.  Placenta  parietal.  Capsule  2- 
valved.  Seeds  fixed  to  hairy  or  fibrillous  cords,  erect  or  pendulous. 
Embryo  minute  or  .slender,  in  flesliy  albumen. 

1.     CROOMIA,  Torr. 

Perianth  deeply  4-parted,  ])ersistent.  Stamens  4,  opposite  the  lobes :  an- 
thers short,  oljlique.  Ovary  globose-ovate,  sessile.  Stigma  2dobed.  Ovules 
4-6.  Fruit  follicular,  beak-pointed,  at  length  2-valved.  Seeds  1  -4,  obovate, 
suspended  from  the  a])ex  of  the  nerve-like  at  length  free  placenta,  nearly  cov- 
ered by  the  fibres  of  the  cord.  Embryo  miinite.  —  A  low  pereninal  herb,  from 
a  slender  creeping  rhizoma.     Stem  simple,  sheathed  at  the  base,  leafy  at  the 


LiLiACE.^.     (lily  family.)  607 

summit.     Leaves  4-6,  alternate,  oblong-cordate,  5  -9-ribbed.     Peduncles  ax- 
illary, few-flowered.     Flowers  small,  greenish,  on  jointed  nodding  pedicels. 

1.  C.  pauciflora,  Torr.  —  Shady  woods,  Florida,  Georgia,  and  Alabama. 
April.  —  Stem  6'-  12'  high.     Leaves  2' -4'  long,  thin,  spreading. 


Order  153.     LILiIACE^E.     (Lily  Family.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  with-  sessile  or  sheathing  parallel-nerved  leaves,  and 
perfect  flowers.  —  Perianth  corolla-like,  6-  (rarely  4-)  leaved  or  lobed, 
free  from  the  2-o-celled  ovary.  Stamens  6  (rarely  4),  hypogynous 
or  perigynous  :  anthers  introrse  (except  in  No.  10).  Styles  united. 
Stigmas  3,  distinct  or  miited.  Fruit  a  capsule  or  berry,  few  -  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  anatropous  or  amphitropous.  Embryo  small,  in  fleshy 
or  hard  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe  I.     ASPARAGE^.     Fruit  a  berry.     Dhisions  of  the  perianth  more  or  less 
united  (except  No.  4). — Leaves  broad. 

1.  POLYGONATUM.     Flowers  axillary.     Perianth  tubular.     Stems  leafy. 

2.  SMIL.\CINA.     Flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme.     Perianth  spreading.     Stems  leafy. 

3.  CONVALLARIA.     Flowers  racemed.     Perianth  C-lobed.     Scape  naked. 

4.  CLINTONIA.     Flowers  umbelled.     Perianth  Cleaved.     Scape  naked. 

Tribe  II.     ASPHODELE.^.     Fruit  a  capsule.     Divisions  of  the  perianth  united  at 
the  base.  —  Stems  scape-like.     Leaves  linear,  rarely  lanceolate. 
*  Root  a  coated  bulb. 

5.  ALLIUM.     Flowers  umbelled,  from  a  scarious  spathe.     Seeds  smooth  and  black. 

6.  NOLINA.     Flowers  racemed,  white.     Stigmas  3.     Seeds  roughened,  brown. 

7.  CAMASSIA.     Flowers  racemed.     Style  slender.     Capsule  few-seeded. 

*  *  Root  a  tuberous  rhizoma. 

8.  SCHCENOLIRION.      Flowers    racemed,    white.      Seeds    smooth    and    black.     Leaves 

equitant. 

Tribe  III.     TULIPACE^.     Fruit  a  cap.sule.     Divisions  of  the  perianth  distinct,  de- 
ciduous. —  Stems  leafy. 

«  Bulbous-rooted  herbs.     Seeds  pale. 

9.  ERYTHRONIUM.     Seeds  ovoid,  with  a  membranaceous  appendage  at  the  apex.     Stem 

2-leaved. 

10.  LILIUM.    Seed  flat,  winged,  not  appendaged.     Stem  many-leaved. 

*  ♦  Palm-like  arborescent  plants.     Seeds  black. 

11.  YUCCA.     Stigmas  3,  nearly  sessile.     Capsule  dry  or  pulpy.     Leaves  spmy-pointed. 

1.     POLYGONATUM,  De.sf.     Solomon's  Skal. 

Perianth  tubular,  6-cleft.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  middle  of  the  tube, 
included  :  anthers  sagittate,  fixed  at  the  base.  Ovary  3-celled,  with  .3-6  ovules 
in  each  cell.  Style  slender:  .stigma  obtuse.  Berry  few-seeded.  —  l»hizoma 
creeping.  Stem  simjde,  leafy.  Leaves  oval  or  oblong.  Peduncles  axillary, 
1  -few-flowered.     Flowers  drooping,  on  bractless  pedicels,  greenish. 

1.  P.  giganteum,  Dietrich.  Smooth;  stem  tall  (3° -8° high), curving; 
leaves  ovate,  partly  clasping,  many-nerved  ;  peduncles  3  -  .5  flowered,  the  lower 


O08  LILIACK.E.        (l,II-Y     KAMIKV.) 

i);ii's  liiilf  as  l"iiix  as  tlic  leaves  ;   (ilaiiieiits  sii ill.  —  Kuekv  cliffs  of  the  iiioun- 

taiiis  <»f  (ieipii;ia,  aii<l  imrtliwanl. —  Kluwers  ij'  long. 

'2.  P.  biflorum,  Kll.  Stem  smooth,  eiirviiig  ahove;  leaves  'ininkeil, 
sessile  or  slightk  elasj)iiig,  olilong,  '.i  -  7-nen  eil,  smooth,  or  puiieseeut  lieneath  ; 
peiluiKles  imieli  shorter  than  the  leaves,  1 -4-llowereil ;  lilaments  granular- 
rongiiened  ;  herry  dark  liliie.  —  JSiiadv  itaiiks.  May. —  Sleui  1^-2°  high 
uaked  helow.     Leaves  3' -4'  long.     Flowers  4" -5"  loug. 

2.     SMILACINA,  Desf.     Solomon's  Skal. 

Pcriantli  4-  or  (i  jiarlcd,  siinailiiig,  tleeiduuiis.  Stamens  4  or  6,  inserted  on 
the  base  of  the  perianth:  autlicrs  ovate.  Ovary  2-3-celled,  with  two  ovules 
in  each  cell.  Style  short  and  thick;  stigma  obscurely  S-lobed.  Herry  globu- 
lar, 1  -  2-seeded.  —  Stems  simple,  erect,  leafy.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  a  ter- 
minal raceme  or  panicle. 
§  1.     Smii.ac'IX.x.  —  Divisions  of  the  iterianth  and  stamens  6.     Oca>\ti  ^-celled. 

1.  S.  racemosa,  Desf.  Pubescent;  rhizoma  thick;  stem  flexuous,  curv- 
ing and  leafy  aliov  e ;  leaves  numerous,  2-ranked,  oidoiig,  acuminate,  nearly 
sessile,  strongly  ribbed  ;  flowers  numerous,  in  a  close  raceme  or  panicle ;  berry 
red,  spotted.  —  Rich  soil  in  the  upper  districts.  June- July. —  Stem  l°-2° 
higli.     Leaves  3' -  5' long. 

§  2.     ^1aiaxtiie.mum.  —  Divisions  of  the  perianth  and  stauwns  4.     Ocary 

2-relled. 

2.  S.  bifolia,  Ker.  Smooth  ;  rhizoma  slender ;  stem  low,  erect,  2-leaved 
above  ;  leaves  ovate,  cordate,  sessile  or  clasping,  finely  nerved ;  raceme  simple, 
few-flowered  ;  berry  red,  spotted.  —  High  mountains  of  Xortli  Carolina.  June. 
—  Stem  3'  -  G'  high.     Leaves  1 '  -  2'  long. 

3.     CONVALLARIA,  L.    Lily  of  the  Valley. 

Perianth  l)oll-slia])ed,  6-cleft,  deciduous.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  base  of 
the  periaiitli,  included :  anthers  fi.xed  at  the  base.  Ovary  3-celled,  tapering 
into  the  thick  style.  Ovules  4-  6  in  each  cell.  Stigma  truncate.  Berry  glo- 
bose, few-seeded.  —  A  perennial  stemless  herb,  with  a  creeping  rhizoma,  and 
white  racemose  flowers. 

1.  C.  majalis,  L.  —  High  mountains  of  North  Carolina.  May.  — 
Smooth.  Khizoina  slender.  Leaves  two,  oblong,  their  long  petioles  convo- 
lute, one  within  the  other.  Scape  semi-terete,  bearing  a  1-sided  raceme  of 
fragrant  nodding  flowers.     Berry  red. 

4.     CLINTONIA,  Raf. 

Perianth  bell-.shapetl,  Cleaved,  deciduous.  Stamens  G,  inserted  on  the  base 
of  the  periantii.  Filaments  filiform;  anthers  linear-oldong.  Ovary  2-3- 
celled,  with  two  or  more  ovules  in  each  cell.  Style  elongated  :  stigma  obtuse. 
Berry  2 -many-seeded.  —  Stemless  herbs,  with  creeping  rootstocks,  large  rad- 
ical sheathing  leaves,  and  an  umbel  of  white  or  greenish  flowers  terminating 
the  naked  scape.     Berries  blue. 


LILIACE.E.       (lily    FAMILY.)  509 

1.  C.  umbellata,  Ton.  Leaves  2-4,  obloug,  ciliate  on  the  keel  and 
margins;  scape  [lubesceut ;  umbel  many-flowered ;  flowers  small  (3" -4"  long), 
white  spotted  with  green  or  purple  ;  ovules  2  in  each  cell.  —  Shady  woods  on 
the  mountains,  Georgia,  and  northward.  June.  —  Scape  8'- 12' high,  rather 
longer  than  the  leaves. 

2.  C.  borealis,  Raf.  Leaves  obovate-oblong,  ciliate  on  the  margins, 
acute  ;  scape  and  2  -  7-flowered  umbel  pubescent ;  flowers  (6"-  9"  long)  green- 
ish yellow;  ovules  numerous.  —  Cold  swamps  on  tlie  high  mountains  of  North 
Carolina.     June.  —  Sca])e  and  leaves  8'-  10'  high. 

5.     ALLIUM,   L.     Onion. 

Perianth  6-parted,  spreading,  persistent.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  base 
of  the  perianth.  Filaments  subulate,  the  interior  ones  more  or  less  dilated  at 
the  base.  Ovary  3-celled.  Style  filiform :  stigma  entire.  Capsule  loculici- 
dally  3-valved.  Seeds  anatropous  or  campylotropous,  single  or  few  in  each 
cell,  angled,  black.  —  Strong-scented  stemless  lierbs,  with  bulbous  roots,  and  a 
naked  scape,  ending  in  an  umbel  of  small  flowers,  from  a  1  -3-leaved  spathe. 
—  Flowers  sometimes  changed  into  bulblets. 

*  Ovules  sol i tar  1/  in  the  cells. 

1.  A.  tricOOCUm,  Ait.  Leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  acute,  flat,  long-ta- 
pering toward  the  base,  early  withering ;  umbel  small,  dense,  many-flowered, 
erect;  leaves  of  the  perianth  oblong,  obtuse,  longer  tiian  the  stamens. — 
Mountains  of  North  Carolina.  July.  —  Bulbs  clustered.  Scape  1°  high. 
Flowers  white. 

*  *  Ovules  2  in  each  cell. 

2.  A.  cernuum,  Koth.  Leaves  linear,  channelled ;  scape  angled ;  um- 
bel many-flowered,  nodding;  leaves  of  the  perianth  acute:  stamens  exserted; 
ovary  6-tootiied.  —  Mountains  of  South  Carolina.  July  —  Scape  1°-  1  i°  high. 
?<'lowers  rose-color,  on  slender  pedicels. 

3.  A.  Canadense,  Kalm.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  concave ;  scape  te- 
rete; umbel  erect,  bearing  a  cluster  of  bulblets,  intermingled  with  a  few 
stalked  rose-colored  flowers ;  spathe  1  -  2-leaved ;  leaves  of  the  perianth  obtuse, 
as  long  as  the  stamens ;  ovary  6-toothed.  —  Banks  of  rivers.  June.  —  Scape 
1°  high.     Outer  coats  of  the  bulb  white  and  scarious. 

4.  A.  mutabile,  Miclix.  Leaves  very  narrow,  concave;  scape  terete; 
umbel  erect,  many-flowered ;  spathe  3-leaved ;  leaves  of  the  perianth  acute, 
{IS  long  as  the  stamens,  white  changing  to  rose-color.  —  Dry  soil,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.  May -June.  —  Scape  1°  high.  Outer  coats  of  the  bulb 
composed  of  a  network  of  fine  fibres. 

5.  A.  vineale,  L.  Scape  leafy  at  base  {l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  terete,  hol- 
low ;  umbel  often  bulb-bearing ;  alternate  filaments  3-cleft.  —  North  Carolina 
{Curtis).     Introduced. 

*  *  *  Ovules  several  in  each  cell. 

6.  A.  striatum,  Jacq.  Leaves  linear,  concave ;  umbel  erect,  3- 10-flow- 
ered ;   spatlie  2-leaved  ;  perianth  longer  than  the  stamens,  white,  the  exterior 


510  MLIACE.K.        (l.Il.V     KAMILV.) 

leave."*  ixrcen  on  tlie  keel.  —  Low  pine  harrens,  Kloridn  to  North  Carolina. 
Martli -April.  —  Sia])e  G'- I'J' iii<;h.  rediceLs  I'-a'long.  Flowers  5"  long. 
Nearlv  inodorous. 

6.    NOLINA,  Mi'lix. 

reriaiitli  ti-j)art(d,  withcrini^  pcrsi.-itiMit ;  the  divisions  oldoug-lanceolate,  I- 
nerved.  Stamens  (1,  inserted  on  tlie  iiase  of  tiie  perianth  ;  filaments  suhnlate  ; 
antliers  eordate.  Style  very  sliort,  persistent:  stigmas  3,  rernrved.  (Jvary 
3-angled,  3-telled,  witli  two  anatropons  collateral  ascending  ovnles  in  eacii 
cell.  Capsule  ohovate,  wing-angled,  3-valved,  mostly  1 -seeded.  Seed  ohlong- 
obovate,  longitudinally  grooved  on  the  inner  face.  Embryo  straight,  shorter 
tiian  the  fleshy  all)umen.  —  Koot  tuberous.  Leaves  numerous,  all  radical, 
very  long  and  narrow,  recurved,  keeled,  rougli  on  the  margins.  Scape  branch- 
ing above.  Flowers  polygamous,  small,  wiiite,  ci'owded  in  long  bracted  ra- 
cemes.    Pedicels  j<jinted,  retiexed  in  fruit. 

1.  N.  Georgiana,  Miclix.  —  Dry  ))ine  barrens  in  tiic  middle  districts  of 
Georgia  and  Sunt  ii  Carolina.  April  -  May.  —  Scape  2°  -  3°  high.  Leaves  1°- 
2°  long,  dry  and  harsh. 

7.    CAMASSIA,  Lindl. 

Perianth  bell-shaped,  6-leaved,  deciduous.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  base 
of  the  perianth.  Style  filiform.  Capsule  3-augled,  3-celled,  luculicidally  3- 
valved,  several -seeded.  —  Scape  from  a  coated  bulb.  Leaves  radical.  Flowers 
racemose,  blue  or  purple. 

1.  C.  Fraseri,  Torr.  (Wild  Hyacinth.)  Leaves  linear;  scape  1° 
high  ;  raceme  many-flowered  ;  flowers  showy,  pale  blue  ;  cells  of  the  ovary  6  - 
9-ovuled.  —  Hich  valleys  of  the  mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward.    April. 

8.     SCHCENOLIRION,  Torr. 

Perianth  6-parted,  withering-persistent ,  the  divisions  3 -5-nerved.  Stamens 
6,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  perianth  :  filaments  subulate.  Style  subulate? 
persistent :  stigma  minutely  3-lobed.  Ovary  globose,  3-celled,  with  two  anat- 
ropous  ascending  ovules  in  each  cell.  Capsule  coriaceous,  obtusely  3-angled, 
luculicidally  3-valved,  1  -6  seeded.  Seeds  globose  or  angular,  smooth,  black, 
and  shiniug.  Embryo  straight,  as  long  as  the  fleshy  albumen.  —  Perennial 
herbs.  Root  a  tuberous  rhizoma.  Scape  simple,  or  branching  above.  Radi- 
cal leaves  smooth,  equitant,  linear,  the  others  small  and  bract  like.  Flowers 
small,  white,  in  loose  bracted  racemes.     Pedicels  spreading,  jointed. 

1.  S.  Elliottii,  Feay.  Scape  often  sparingly  branched  (l°-2°  high); 
leaves  concave,  tiie  upper  ones  small  and  di.stant ,  ra<emes  loosely  many- 
flowered,  bracts  thick,  subulate,  appressed  ;  leaves  of  the  perianth  oblong-oval, 
5-nerved,  whitish  ;  filaments  subulate.  (S.  Michauxii,  1st  edit.) — Wet  pine 
barrens,  Georgia  and  Florida.     May -June. 

2.  S.  croceum,  Gray.  Scape  simple  (12'- 15'  high),  leafless;  leaves 
narrow-linear,  flat,  as  long  as  the  scape  ;  raceme  3' -4'  long  ;  bracts  thin  and 
scariou.s,  oval,  obtuse;  leaves  of  the  perianth  saffron-yellow,  lance-oblong, 
3  nerved.  (Phalangium  croceum,  J/Zc/kt  J — Low  ground,  Soutiiern  Georgia 
to  Tennessee.    June. 


LILIACE.E.        (lily    FAMILY.)  511 

9.  ERYTHRONIUM,  L.  Dog's-Tootii  Violet. 
Periantli  corolla-like,  with  six  spreading  or  recurved  deciduous  leaves;  the 
three  inner  ones  grooved  and  2-t.oothed  at  the  base,  rarely  toothless.  Stamens 
6,  slender:  anthers  oblong-linear,  erect.  Style  slender ;  stigma  3-lobed.  Cap- 
sule obovate,  3-augled,  many-seeded.  Seeds  ovoid,  with  a  loose  membrana- 
ceous appendage  at  the  apex.  —  Low  herbs  from  a  scaly  bulb.  Stems  scape- 
like, bearing  near  the  middle  a  pair  of  oblong  spotted  sheathing  leaves,  and 
at  the  apex  a  .single  nodding  flower. 

1.  E.  Americanum,  Smith.  Bulbs  deep,  the  younger  ones  bearing 
only  a  single  leaf ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  tapering  into  the  sheathing 
base,  variegated  with  pale  and  deep  green;  flowers  (V  long)  yellow,  spotted 
near  the  base  ;  style  club-shaped,  3-angled  ;  stigma  obscurely  3-lobed.  —  Kich 
woods,  chiefly  in  tlie  upper  districts.     Feb.  -  March. 

2.  E.  albidum,  Nutt.  Leaves  not  spotted  ;  flowers  bluish  white  ;  style 
slender,  the  three  stigmas  distinct,  spreading.  —  Summit  of  Roau  Mountain, 
Xorth  Carolina  (Canbij). 

10.     LILIUM,  L.     Lily 

Perianth  corolla-like,  6-leaved,  deciduous,  the  leaves  spreading  or  recurved 
above,  sessile  or  clawed,  with  a  nectariferous  groove  near  the  base.  Stamens 
6,  elongated  ;  anthers  linear,  extror.se  in  the  bud,  versatile.  Style  filiform, 
elongated ;  stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule  oblong,  mauy-seeded.  Seeds  flat,  mem- 
branaceous, horizontal,  crowded  in  the  cells.  —  Leafy  herbs,  from  scaly  bulbs. 
Leaves  scattered  or  whorled,  sessile.  Flowers  large,  erect,  or  nodding. 
*  Floirers  erect :  leaves  of  the  perianth  sjtreadnig,  c/nired. 

1.  L.  Philadelphieum,  L.  Leaves  lanceolate,  the  upper  whorled; 
flowers  I  -  3,  reddish  orange  spotted  with  purple ;  leaves  of  the  perianth 
lanceolate,  abruptly  pointed.  — Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward. 
July.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high.     Flowers  2'  long. 

2  L.  Catesbsei,  Walt.  Leaves  linear-lanceo]a*;e,  all  scattered  and  erect; 
flower  solitary,  terminal,  scarlet,  variegated  with  yellow  and  purple;  leaves  of 
the  perianth  lanceolate,  acuminate,  with  the  margins  of  the  claws  involute ; 
the  three  inner  ones  broader  and  ribbed  on  the  back  ;  capsule  oblong,  nearly 
terete  — Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  August -Sept. — 
Stem  l°-2°  high.     Leaves  l'-2'  long.     Flowers  3' -4'  long. 

*  *  Flowers  nodding  ,•  lenres  of  the  perianth  recurred,  sesslfe. 

3.  L.  Canadense,  L.  Stem  commonly  few-flowered  ;  leaves  in  remote 
whorls,  lanceolate,  3-nerved,  hairy  on  the  nerves  beneath  ;  flowers  long- 
peduncled;  leaves  of  the  perianth  yellow  spotted  with  purple. — Mountain 
meadows,  Georgia,  and  northward.  June  -  July.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  liigh.  Leaves 
and  flowers  2'  -  3'  long. 

4.  L.  superbum,  L.  Stem  commonly  many-flowered;  leaves  smooth, 
lanceolate,  3-nerved,  the  lower  ones  whorled,  the  upper  scattered  ;  leaves  of  the 
perianth  revolute,  rather  obtuse,  orange  spotted  with  purple.  —  Kich  soil  in 
the  middle  and  upper  district.*,  Georgia,  and  northward.  June  -  July.  —  Stem 
3°-6°high.     Flowers,  when  numerous,  disposed  in  a  pyramidal  raceme. 


512  LILIACK.K.        (lily     KAMII.V.) 

^■ar.  Carolinianum.  (L.  riiroliniuuum,  Mirli.r.)  Leaves  often  all 
si'atleruil,  luoaiU'r,  iiioru  taiieiing  at  tlio  liasc,  faintly  nerved;  tinwcrs  1  -."J; 
leaves  of  tlie  perianth  acute.  —  Swamps  in  tiiu  lower  ilistrieis.  .Inly.  — Stem 
2^-3^  lii,i;li. 

5.  L.  Grayi,  Watson.  Loaves  lanceolate  {'2'  or  less  lonj^),  in  wliorl.s  of 
4-8,  not  aenniiuale  ;  lUnvers  often  solitary,  horizontal  (l^'-2i'  lonj;),  the 
sofjinents  oManceolate,  spreailing  Imt  not  recurved,  deep  reddish  orange, 
purple-s]iolted.  —  Summit  of  Hoan  Mountain,  North  Carolina. 

11.     YUCCA,  L.     Spanish  Bayonet. 

Perianth  cup-shaped,  corolla-like,  G-leaved.  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike, 
late  deciduous.  Stamens  G,  with  thick  granular  club-shaped  lilameuts  :  an- 
thers small,  oval.  Ovary  3-celled,  3-sided,  gi-ooved  at  the  angles.  Stigmas  3, 
nearly  .sessile,  oblong,  concave,  2-cleft.  Ovules  numerous,  in  two  rows,  the 
rows  separated  by  a  false  partition.  Capsule  oblong,  6-celled,  pulpy  and  in- 
dehiscent,  or  dry  and  loculicidally  3-valved  at  the  apex.  Seeds  numerous, 
flat,  horizontal,  smooth  antl  itlack.  — Plants  with  a  thick  palm-like  leafy  stem 
(caudex),  numerous  rigid  and  s])ine-poiuted  leaves,  and  white  showy  jjanided 
flowers. 

*  Stem  short:  capsule  dry,  S-valred. 

1.  Y.  filamentosa,  L.  (Bear-grass.)  Stem  short  and  leafy  ;  leaves 
from  linear  to  broad-lanceolate,  green  or  glaucous,  with  threadlike  filaments 
on  the  margins  ;  scape  branching  and  pubescent  above  ;  capsule  with  3  rounded 
angles,  at  length  separating  at  the  inflexed  sutures  into  tliree  2-celled  carpels. 
—  Light  or  sandy  soil.  June.  —  Stem  rarely  more  than  a  foot  above  the 
ground.     Leaves  l°-2°  long.     Scape  4°-  6"  high. 

*  *  Stem  tall :  capsule  coriaceous  or  pulpij,  6-angled,  indekisceiit. 

2.  Y.  gloriosa,  L.  Stem  mostly  simple,  leafy  at  the  summit ;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  riii^id,  smooth  on  the  margins;  panicle  large,  smooth,  py- 
ramidal, short-peduncled  ;  flowers  single  or  clustered  ;  leaves  of  the  perianth 
white,  lanceolate,  acute ;  capsule  coriaceous.  —  Dry  sandy  coast,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.  May- June.  —  Stem  2°-4°  high.  Leaves  r-H^  long. 
Panicle  2" -3°  long. 

3.  Y.  aloifolia,  L.  Stem  mostly  branching,  leafy  above  ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  very  rigid,  strongly  spine-pointed,  very  rough  on  the  margins,  the 
lower  ones  reflexed  ;  panicle  short,  smooth,  densely  flowered,  nearly  sessile  ; 
divisions  of  the  ])erianth  ovate-lanceolate,  white  tinged  with  purple ;  capsule 
pulpy.  —  With  the  preceding.  May  -  June.  —  Stem  4°  -  8°  high.  Leaves  and 
jianicle  1°-U°  long. 

The  Grape  Hyacixtm  (Muscari),  Star  op  Bethlehem  (Orxithoga- 
i.vsi),  Asparagus,  and  Day  Lily  (Hemerocallis),  which  have  escaped 
from  cultivation,  are  occasionally  found  spontaneous  near  homesteads,  and 
along  roadsides. 


MELANTHACE.E.       (COLCHICUM    FAMILY.)  513 

Order  154.     MELANTHACE^E.     (Colchicum  Family.) 

Perennial  herbs,  with  parallel-nerved  leaves,  and  regular  flowers. 
Perianth  of  6  nearly  equal  divisions,  free  from  or  coherent  with  the 
base  of  the  3-ceUed  ovary.  Stamens  6  (in  Pleea  9  - 12),  inserted  on 
the  base  of  the  perianth  :  anthers  extrorse  (except  in  Tofieldia  and 
Pleea).  Styles  3,  distinct,  or  more  or  less  united.  Fruit  a  capsule  or 
berry.     Seeds  anatropous.     Embryo  minute,  in  copious  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder  I.  UVULARIE^.  (The  Bell  wort  Family.)  Perianth 
corolla-like,  bell-shaped,  the  divisions  distinct  and  deciduous.  Styles  partly  or 
wholly  united.  Fruit  a  few-seeded  capsule  or  berry.  —  Stems  forking  and 
leafy  above,  sheathed  below.  Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  sessile  or  clasping. 
Flowers  perfect,  solitary,  nodding. 

1.  UVULARIA.     Fruit  a  3-lobed  loculicidal  capsule.     Flowers  on  short  lateral  branches. 

2.  PROSARTES.     Fruit  a  3-G-seeded  berry.     Flowers  terminal,  on  straight  peduncles. 

3.  STREPTOPUS.     Fruit  a  many-seeded  berry.     Flowers  axillary,  on  bent  peduncles. 

Suborder  II.    MELANTHIE.E.     (The  Colchicum  Family.)    Perianth 

spreading ;    the  divisions  mostly  distinct,  often  clawed,  withering-persistent. 

Styles  separate.     Fruit  a  3-celled  capsule. —  Stems  leafy  at  the  base,  simple 

or  branched.     Flowers   in    racemes   or   panicles,  sometimes  polygamous  or 

dioecious. 

*  Anther  cells  confluent. 

•<-  Leaves  of  the  perianth  biglandular  near  the  base. 

4.  MELANTHIUM.     Flowers  polygamous.     Filaments  partly  adhering  to  the  claws  of  the 

perianth. 

5.  ZYGADENUS.     Flowers  perfect.     Filaments  free  from  the  perianth. 

■*-  1-  Leaves  of  the  perianth  glandless. 

6.  STEN ANTHIUM.     Leaves  of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  acute,  coherent  with  the  base  of 

the  ovary,  longer  than  the  stamens. 

7.  VERATRUM.     Leaves  of  the  perianth  oblong  or  obovate,  free  from  the  ovary,  longer 

than  the  stamens  and  short  styles.     Flowers  polygamous. 

8.  AMIANTHIUM.     Leaves  of  the  perianth  obovate,  free,  shorter  than  the  stamens  and 

slender  styles.     Flowers  perfect,  racemed. 

9.  SCHffiXOCAULON.     Leaves  of  the  periantli  oblong,  shorter  than  the  stamens,  much 

longer  than  the  very  short  styles.     Flowers  perfect,  spiked. 
*  *  Anther  cells  distinct^ 
■(-  Capsule  loculicidal. 

10.  XEROPHTLLUM.     Flowers  perfect.     Capsule  C-seeded.     Radical  leaves  grass-like. 

11.  CHAM^ELIRIUM.     Flowers  dioecious.     Capsule  many-seeded.     Radical  leaves  obovate. 

•t-  *■  Capsule  septicidal.     Leaves  equitant.     Anthers  introrse. 

12.  PLEEA.     Stamens  9 -12.     Anthers  versatile.     Bracts  spathe-like. 

13.  TOFIELDIA.     Stamens  6.     Anthers  erect.     Bracts  short. 

1.     UVULARIA,  L.    Bellwort. 

Perianth  bell-shaped,  corolla-like,  the  divisions  distinct,  grooved  at  the  base 
within,  deciduou.'?.  Filaments  short ;  anthers  linear,  adnate.  Style  deeply  3- 
cleft:  stigmas  spreading.     Capsule  3-lobed  or  3  angled,  loculicidally  3-valved 

33 


514  MKLAXTIIACK.K.        (COLCII ICIM     I    \.MII.V.) 

at  ilie  apex.  RoeiU  few,  oliovoiil,  half  eiuinled  In' tlu- tuiniil  raphe.  —  Low 
hcrli.s,  from  a  .xlciider  creejiinf^  rliizoiiia.  Leaves  se.xsile  or  iierfoliatc.  Flowers 
uoddiiiii,  solitary,  lateral  or  at  llie  apex  uf  a  lleaved  briuieli,  yelhnv. 

♦  Leaves  rounded  at  the  Ixifie,  perjuliale. 

1.  U.  perfoliata,  L.  Leaves  ovate  or  ol)loii<;,  gl.iueoii.s  beneath,  the 
sides  revnlute  wjieii  young;  leaves  of  tiie  periaiitli  laiicenlate.  acute,  granular- 
roughened  within,  ])alo  yellow  ;  capsule  oliovate,  truncate.  —  Woods  and  thick- 
ets.    April.  —  Stem  8'-  12'  liigh.     Leaves  1.^'-^^'  1""K-     Flowers  I'  long. 

2.  TJ,  grandiflora,  Smith.  Leaves  oblong,  j)ale  or  closely  pubescent 
beneath,  tlie  yimng  ones  revohite  on  the  margins  ;  leaves  oi  the  jjerianth  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute,  smootli  within,  greenish  yellow;  anthers  olitn.-je ;  capsule 
ol)ovate.  —  Woods  and  thickets  in  the  ujiper  districts  of  Georgia,  and  nortii- 
ward.  April.  —  Larger  than  the  preceding.  Le.aves  2' -5'  long.  Flowers 
1^'  long. 

*  »  Leaves  narrowed  at  the  base,  sessile. 

•3.  U.  sessilifolia,  L.  Smooth ;  leaves  lanceolate-obloMg,  glaucous  be- 
neath;  flowers  on  short  naked  peduncle-like  brandies,  opposite  tiie  leaves; 
leaves  of  the  periantii  lanceolate,  obtuse,  barely  longer  than  the  3-cleft  style: 
anthers  obtuse;  capsule  obovate,  stalked.  —  Kich  soil  in  the  middle  and  upper 
districts.     April.  —  Stem  6'-  12'  high.    Leaves  T-  H'  long.    FloM'ers  8"  long. 

4.  U.  Floridana,  Chapm.  Smooth ;  leaves  oblong,  slightly  clasping, 
glaucous  beneath  ;  flowers  on  a  .slender  1 -leaved  branch  ;  leaves  of  the  ])erianth 
linear-lanceolate,  .acuminate,  twice  as  long  as  the  .3-cleft  style ;  anthers  jjolnted. 
—  Low  shady  woods.  Middle  Florida.  Marcli.  —  Stem  4' -6' high.  Leaves 
thin,  1'  long.     Flowers  8"  long,  pale  yellow. 

5.  IT.  puberula,  Michx.  slightly  pubescent;  leaves  green  on  both 
sides,  oval,  rounded  at  the  i)ase  and  somewhat  clasping,  rough  on  the  margins; 
style  3-parted  nearly  to  the  base,  as  long  as  the  short-pointed  anthers ;  capsule 
ovate,  sessile.  —  Mountains  of  Xortli  Carolina.  —  Flowers  yellowish  white. 

2.     PROSARTES,  Don. 
Perianth  bell-shaped,  corolla-like,  tlic  divisions  distinct,  deciduous.     Fila- 
ments filiform,  much  longer  than  the  linear-oblong  obtuse  anthers.     Stvles 
united :  stigmas  spreading.     Berry  ovoid,  acute,  3  -  6-seeded. —  A  low  forking 
herb.     Peduncles  terminal,  not  bent  nor  twisted. 

1.  P.  lanuginosa,  Don.  Leaves  2' -3' long,  sessile,  ovate-oblong,  acu- 
miuate,  oblitpie  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  5-nerved,  pubescent.  Pedun- 
cles 1-2,  terminal,  slender,  pubescent.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  -J'  long, 
l.ancecdate,  acuminate,  3-nerved,  greenish.  Style  smooth.  Perry  red.  — 
Mountains  of  Georgia  and  North  Carolina.     June. 

2.  P.  maculata,  Buckley.  Stem  and  leaves  of  the  preceding ;  flowers 
rather  larger ;  leaves  of  the  perianth  yellowisli,  dotted  with  fine  black  spots,  a 
third  longer  than  the  stamens.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina. 

3.     STREPTOPUS,   Michx. 

Perianth  bell  shaped,  corolla-like,  with  the  divisions  distinct,  deciduous,  the 
inner  ones  keeled.     Anthers  sagittate,  fixed  near  the  base,  entire,  or  2-pointed 


MELANTHACEJS.        (COLCHICUM    FAMILY.)  515 

at  the  apex,  longer  than  tlie  fihxments.  Styles  nnileil:  stigma  3-cleft  or  en- 
tire. Berry  nearly  globose,  many-seeded.  —  Erect  herbs  with  spreading 
branches.  Leaves  clasping.  Peduncles  opposite  the  leaves,  bent  or  twisted 
in  the  middle. 

1.  S.  roseus,  Michx.  Stem  much  branclied  ;  leaves  ovate,  or  the  upper- 
most lanceolate,  acuminate,  slightly  clasping,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  5-7- 
nerved ;  flowers  mostly  solitary,  rose-color,  nodding ;  anthers  2-poiuted  at  the 
apex ;  stigma  3-cleft.  —  Shady  woods  on  the  mountains  of  Georgia,  and  north- 
ward.    May.  —  Stem  2°  liigh.     Leaves  2' -4'  long.     Flowers  3" -4"  long. 

2.  S.  amplexifolius,  DC.  '  Margins  of  the  leaves  smooth,  flowers 
greenish  white ;  anthers  entire  ;  style  filiform  ;  stigma  entire ;  otherwise  like 
the  last.  —  Shady  woods  on  tlie  mountains  of  North  Carolina. 

4.    MELANTHIUM,  L. 

Flowers  mouoeciously  polygamous.  Divisions  of  the  perianth  spreading, 
long-clawed,  soniewliat  cordate  or  hastate  and  biglandular  at  tlie  base ;  the 
filaments  partly  adhering  to  their  claws :  anthers  reniform,  becoming  peltate, 
the  cells  confluent.  Styles  3,  subulate.  Capsule  membranaceous,  3lobed,  the 
cells  separating  and  opening  down  the  inner  suture,  several  seeded.  Seeds 
flat,  winged.  —  Stems  tumid  at  the  base,  rough-pubescent  above.  Leaves 
long,  linear.     Flowers  panicled,  cream-color,  tui-uing  brownish. 

1.  M.  Virginieum,  L.  Stem  tall,  simple,  the  upper  portion,  like  the 
loose  panicle,  pul)esceut  and  somewhat  hoary ;  lowest  leaves  long,  broadly 
linear  and  clasping,  the  upper  small  and  sessile ;  flowers  shorter  than  the 
pedicels,  the  upper  ones  perfect ;  leaves  of  the  perianth  oblong  or  roundish, 
often  acute,  the  slender  claw  adnate  to  the  lower  half  of  the  filaments  ;  glands 
conspicuous.  —  Swamps.  July  -  August.  —  Stem  3°  -  4°  liigh.  Lowest  leaves 
1°- 1-1°  long. 

2.  M.  latifolium,  Desrouss.  Very  near  the  preceding,  but  leaves 
wider,  flowers  smaller,  the  divisions  2" -3"  long,  orbicular,  undulate;  the 
claw  bearing  the  stamens  below  the  middle ;  glands  connivent  or  obscure. 
(M.  hybridum,  Walt.)  —  Open  woods  in  the  upper  districts.     August. 

5.    ZYGADENUS,    Michx. 

Flowers  perfect.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  ovate  or  oblong,  spreading,  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  1  -  2-glandular  at  the  base.  Filaments  free  from  the  perianth, 
and  of  equal  length:  anthers  broadly  cordate,  becoming  peltate.  Styles  3, 
."lender,  spreading.  Ca])sule  membranaceous.  3-angled,  septicidal  at  the  ape.x, 
many-seeded.  Seeds  oblong,  wingless,  or  slightly  margined.  —  Stems  smooth 
and  simple.     Leaves  linear.     Flowers  white,  in  crowded  panicles. 

1.  Z.  glaberrimus,  Michx.  Stem  rigid,  leafy;  lowest  leaves  broadly 
linear,  glaucous  beneath,  the  upper  small  and  scattered ;  panicle  small,  rigid ; 
bracts  ovate ;  leaves  of  the  perianth  oblong,  short-clawed,  often  with  a  white 
callus  on  one  or  both  sides  at  the  base ;  glands  prominent ;  stamens  and  styles 
subulate ;  seeds  oblong.  —  Pine  barren  swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
June- July.  —  Stem  2°-3°  higii.  Lowest  leaves  1°-U°  long.  Panicle  6'- 
12'  long,  commonly  dense.     Flmvers  1'  in  diameter,  as  long  as  the  jicdicels. 


r»lG  iMKI.ANTlIAtlwlC.        (<  ULCIIICIM     lA.MIl.V.) 

'2.  Z.  lci[na.IlthoideS,  (iray.  Stoin  sleiulor,  Hoincwliat  naked  above; 
leaves  iiaiTiiwlv  linear,  {(I'eeii  on  liotli  sides ;  ])aiiiele  slender;  hraets  laiiceu- 
latc ;  leaves  of  llie  ])eriaiitli  oval  or  ol>o\ ate,  sessile,  tlie  ^land.s  ol)seure  or 
w.uitinii;  stamens  and  styles  lilifunn  ;  seeds  narrowly  niarf^ined,  winf;;3d  at 
llie  apex.  —  Low  hanks  in  tlie  npper  distriets.  .Inly- Angust.  —  Stem  2''-4° 
iii>i;li.  Lowest  leaves  l°-2^  1'""^.  I'aniele  8-12'  long.  I'"lowers  4"  in  di- 
ameter, nmeli  shorter  tlian  tlie  slender  pedicels. 

6.     STENANTHIUM,  Gray. 

Flowers  jjerfcet  or  ])i)lygamons.  Leaves  of  tlie  ])eriantii  laneeolate,  arumi- 
nate,  united  at  the  base,  and  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary,  longer  than  the 
stamens.  Glands  none.  Anthers  roundish,  becoming  peltate.  Styles  short, 
sui)ulate :  stigmas  minute.  Capsule  ovate,  membranaceous,  septieidal  at  the 
apex,  several-.seeded.  Seeds  nearly  wingless.  —  Stem  smooth,  slender,  tumid 
at  the  base.  Lowest  leaves  elongated,  channelled.  Flowers  .small,  greenish 
white,  in  a  simple  jtaniile. 

1.  S.  angUStifolium,  Gray.  Stem  2° -.3°  high;  lowest  leaves  l°-2° 
long;  panicle  1°- 2"^  long,  composed  of  simple  sjiiked  racemes;  the  lower 
flowers  often  sterile ;  perianth  about  4"  in  diameter,  nearly  sessile,  twice  as 
loug  as  the  stamens.  —  Shady  woods  in  the  upper  districts.     June  -  July. 

2.  S.  robustum,  Watson.  Stem  .'^tout,  leafy,  3°-5°  high  ;  leaves  4"- 
10"  l)road  ;  ])anicle  large,  often  compound;  segments  of  the  perianth  3"- 4" 
long ;  capsule  erect,  witli  a  recurved  beak,  4"  long.  —  South  Carolina  and 
Tennessee  (  Wdtson). 

7.     VERATRUM,   Tourn.     False  IIellkbore. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  spreading,  distinct,  oblong  or 
obovate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  free  from  the  ovary,  glandless,  longer  than  the 
stamens.  Stvles  short,  subulate.  Capsule  oblong,  memljrauaceous,  3-pointed, 
the  cells  opening  above  at  the  inner  suture.  Seeds  few,  flat,  broadly  winged. 
—  Stems  leafv,  tumid  at  the  base,  pubescent.  Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  plaited. 
Flowers  in  ample  panicles,  green  or  ])ur])lish  brown. 

1.  v.  viride,  L.  Stem  stout,  leafy  throughout;  leaves  broadly  oval, 
acute,  clasping,  pubescent  iieneath  ;  panicle  pyramidal,  compo.sed  of  numerous 
dense  racemes;  divisions  of  the  perianth  oldong,  smooth,  yellowish  green.  — 
Mountain  meadows,  Georgia,  and  northward.  April -May.  —  Stem  3° -7° 
high.     Lower  leaves  1^  long.     Flowers  large. 

2.  V".  intermedium,  Chapm.  Stem  slender,  feufy  ;  lowest  leaves  lance- 
olate or  oblong,  acute,  narrowed  into  a  long  sheathing  petiole,  the  upper  small, 
lanceolate,  scattered,  pubescent  l)eneath ;  panicle  large,  composed  of  long  and 
slender  loosely-flowered  racemes ;  leaves  of  the  ])erianth  spatulate-oblong,  dark 
brown  within,  hoary  pul)erulent  without ;  ovary  woolly ;  capsule  3-winged ; 
seeds  linear-oblong,  broadly  winged.  —  Rich  shady  hummocks.  Middle  Florida. 
Julv.  —  Stem  3° -5°  high.     Lower  leaves  1°  long.     Flowers  6"-  8"  wide. 

3.  V.  parviflorum,  Michx.  Stem  slender,  naked  above:  leaves  vary- 
ing from  lanceolate  to  oval,  smooth,  narrowed  into  sheathing  petioles;  panicle 


MELANTHACE^.       (COLCHICUM    FAMILY.)  517 

slender,  loug  aud  spreading,  loosely  flowered ;  leaves  of  the  perianth  greenish, 
spatuhite,  smooth,  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens;  ovary  smooth.  —  Mountains 
of  North  Carolina.  July.  —  Stem  2°-5°higli.  Lowest  leaves  9'- 12' long. 
Flowers  4" -5"  wide. 

8.     AMIANTHIUM,  Gray.     Fly  Poison. 

Flowers  perfect.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  oblong  or  obovate,  sessile,  spread- 
ing, glandless,  shorter  than  the  slender  stamens.  Anthers  kidney-shaped,  be- 
coming peltate.  Styles  slender  ;  stigmas  minute.  Capsule  membranaceous, 
3-lobed,  the  cells  separating  and  opening  down  the  inner  suture,  few-seeded. 
Seeds  oblong  or  linear,  wingless.  —  Stems  simple,  smooth,  tumid  or  bulbous 
at  the  base,  scape-like  above.  Lowest  leaves  long  and  crowded.  Flowers 
white,  in  a  simple  raceme. 

1.  A.  muscaetoxicum,  Gray.  Stem  bulbous  at  the  base,  somewhat 
angled ;  lowest  leaves  strap-shaped,  obtuse,  channelled,  the  uppermost  small 
and  bract-like  ;  i-aceme  cylindrical,  densely  flowered  ;  leaves  of  the  perianth 
oblong,  nearly  equalling  the  stamens  ;  styles  spreading  ;  seeds  ovoid,  red.  — 

—  Rich  woods.  May -June. — Stem  l°-2°  high.  Flowers  small,  turning 
greenish. 

2.  A.  angUStifolium,  Gray.  Stem  tumid  at  the  base,  slender,  terete; 
leaves  linear,  acute,  ciiannelled,  somewhat  glaucous,  the  lowest  very  long,  the 
uppermost  small  and  bract-like ;  raceme  oblong,  mostly  densely  flowered ; 
leaves  of  the  perianth  oval,  shorter  than  the  stamens ;  styles  erect ;  seeds 
linear.  —  Low  pine  barrens.  May  -  June.  —  Stem  2°  high.  Flowers  turning 
purple. 

3.  A.  ?  aspericaule,  Gray.  Stem  and  flowers  pulverulent-roughened ; 
stem  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  flat;  flowers  in  a  small  (2'  long)  spike-like  pani- 
cle, composed  of  spiked  racemes.  —  Near  Columbia,  South  Carolina  (Curtis). 

—  Imperfectly  known. 

9.  SCHCENOCAULOlSr,  Gray. 

Flowers  perfect.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  somewhat  spreading,  linear-oblong, 
glandless ;  filaments  subulate,  at  length  twice  as  long  as  the  perianth :  an- 
thers kidney-shaped,  becoming  peltate.  Ovary  6-8-ovuled.  Styles  very 
short :  stigmas  minute.  Capsule  oblong,  obtusely  3-angled,  3-valved,  the  cells 
1-seeded.  Seeds  linear,  nearly  terete.  —  Scape  very  slender,  bulbous  at  the 
base.  Leaves  all  radical,  very  long  and  narrow,  dry,  channelled.  Flowers 
small,  pale  green,  crowded  in  a  slender  spike. 

I.    S.  gracile,  Gray.  —  Dry  sands,  Georgia  and  Florida.     April  -  May. 
Leaves  l°-2°  long,  scarcely  1"  wide.     Scape  2° -3°  high,  rush-like.     Spike 
3' -10'  long. 

10.  XEROPHYLLUM,  Michx. 

Flowers  perfect.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  widely  spreading,  se.<5sile,  oval,  as 
long  as  the  subulate  filaments.  Anthers  round-ovate,  2-ce]led.  Styles  fili- 
form :  stigmas  decurrent  within.  Capsule  roundish,  3-lobed,  loculicidaily  3- 
valved.     Seeds  2  in  each  cell,  collateral,  oblong,  wingless.  —  Stem  bulbous  at 


518  MKLAM'IIACK.E.        (COLCHK/LM    KAMII^V.) 

the  hasc.  simple,  leafv.  I.caM'S  iln,  ri;;iil,  r()iij:;li  un  tlic  iiiarLciiis,  very  nar- 
row, (lilati'd  at  till'  l)iuse  ;  lliusc  uf  llii-  stem  verv  iiiiiiiitdhs  and  iiec(lli;-.sliai)ed. 
Fli)\ver.<  white,  in  a  simj)l('  dt-nsc  raeeme. 

1.  X.  asphodeloides,  (iray.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  North  Carolina,  and 
northwaril.  May -June.  —  Stem  ."5°- 5°  high.  Hadical  leaves  spreading, 
I''  or  more  long,  very  sleuder-poiuted.  Flowers  2"  long.  Stamens  dilated 
Ijclow. 

11.     CHAM^LIRIUM,  Willd.     Blazino  Star. 

Flowers  di(ei'iuiis.  Leaves  uf  the  |)eriaiitii  linear-spatulate,  shorter  than  the 
filiform  filaments.  Anthers  2-eelled,  roundish.  Styles  eluh-shajied  :  stigmas 
deeurreiit.  Capsule  ovoid,  3-angled,  loeulieidally  3-valveil,  many-seeded. 
Seeds  linear-oldong,  winged  at  the  end.s.  —  Stem  simple,  from  a  thiek  rhizonia, 
leafy.  Lowest  leaves  spatuiate  or  ohovate,  tlie  others  linear  or  lanceolate. 
Flowers  small,  white,  in  a  simjile  s)jiked  raeeme. 

1.  C.  Carolinianum,  Willd.  —  Low  grounds.  May  -  June.  —  Stem  1°- 
2°  high,  furroweil.  Kadieal  leaves  clustered,  2' -4' long, spreading;  the  up- 
permost small  and  Ijraet-like.  Haeemes  6'- 12' long,  the  sterile  slender  aud 
drooping  at  the  summit ;  the  fertile  rigid  and  erect.     Perianth  inconspicuous. 

12.    PLEEA,  Michx. 

Flowers  perfect.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  sessile,  widely  spreading,  lanceo- 
late, rigid.  Stamens  9-12,  shorter  than  the  perianth:  filaments  slender: 
anthers  linear,  introrse,  2-cleft  at  the  base,  versatile.  Styles  short,  subulate  : 
stigmas  simple.  Capsule  coriaceous,  ovate,  3-lobed,  many-.seeded  ;  the  cells 
opening  down  the  inner  suture.  Seeds  oblong,  bristle-pointed.  —  Stems 
smooth  and  slender,  from  clustered  rootstocks.  Leaves  chiefly  radical,  very 
narrow,  2-edged,  equitant.  Flowers  few  in  a  simple  raceme,  white.  Bracts 
spathe-like,  elas])ing. 

1.  P.  tenuifolia,  Miclix. — Fine  barren  .swamps  and  bogs,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.  Oct. —  Stem  rush-like,  2°  high.  Kadieal  leaves  erect,  rigid, 
perennial,  6'  -  9'  long.  Kaceme  rigid,  6  -  9-flowered,  the  erect  pedicels  enclosed 
in  the  rigid  clasping  bracts.     Flowers  1' wide,  greenish  without. 

13.     TOFIELDIA,  Hudson. 

Flowers  perfect.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  spreading,  sessile,  oblong  or  obo- 
vate.  Filaments  subulate  ;  anthers  innate  or  introrse,  2-celled.  Styles  subu- 
late :  stigmas  terminal.  Capsule  3-aiigled,  scpticidally  3-partible,  many-seeded. 
Seeds  oblong.  —  Stems  simple,  scape-like,  from  creeping  rootstocks.  Leaves 
linear,  2-edged,  equitant.  Flowers  small,  whitish,  in  spikes  or  racemes.  Pedi- 
cels commonly  minutely  3-bracted  under  the  flower. 

§   1.     ToFiELDiA   proper.  —  Racemes  simple,  the  flowers  successh-eli/  opening 
from  the  base  iipirnrd  (centri/tetal) :    unlhcrs  introrse  :  seeds  tvillioiit  append- 
ages. —  Smooth  herbs. 
1 .   T.  glabra,  Nutt.     Stem  leafy  at  the  base,  and  sparingly  above ;  leaves 

linear;    racemes   densely  flowered;   stamens   slightly  exserted;   styles  very 


JUNCACE.E.        (rush    FAMILY.)  519 

short.  —  Low  piue  barrens,  iu  the  middle  and  lower  districts  of  North  and 

South  Carolina.     Oct.  —  Stem  l°-2°  liigh.     Raceme  2' -4'  long.     Flowers 

white. 

§  2.  Triantha.  —  Racemes  compound,  the  flowers  successively  opening  from 
the  apex  downward  {centrifugal)  :  anthers  innate:  seeds  with  tail-like  append- 
ages at  each  end.  —  Pubescent  herbs. 

2.  T.  pubens,  Ait.  Stem  and  pedicels  rough-puberulent ;  leaves  long, 
linear;  racemes  (.3' -6'  long)  loosely  flowered;  pedicels  mostly  three  in  a 
cluster,  longer  than  the  greenish  white  flowers  ;  capsule  as  long  as  the  peri- 
anth.—  Low  piue  barrens.  Sept.  —  Stem  1°-1^°  high.  Leaves  6'— 12' 
long. 

3.  T.  glutinosa,  Willd.  Stem  and  pedicels  clammy-pubescent ;  leaves 
short,  linear-sword-shaped;  racemes  (T  long)  dense-flowered;  pedicels  3-5 
in  a  cluster,  shorter  than  the  yellowish  flowers  ;  capsule  longer  than  the  peri- 
anth. —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  June.  —  Stem  1°- 1^° 
high.     Leaves  4'  -  6'  long. 


Order  155.     JUNCACE^E.     (Rush  Family.) 

Tough  grass-like  herbs,  with  naked  or  leafy  and  jointed  stems,  flat 

or  terete  leaves,  and  regular  cymose-clustered  or  panicled  flowers.  — 

Perianth  of  six  nearly  equal  calyx-like  persistent  divisions.     Stamens 

3  or  6,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  sepals  :    anthers  2-celled,  introrse, 

fixed  at  the  base.     Ovary  free  from  the  perianth,  1  -  3-celled,  3  -  many- 

ovuled.     Style  single :   stigmas  commonly  3,  hairy.     Capsule  loculi- 

cidally  3-valved.     Seeds  anatropous.     Embryo  minute,  at  the  base  of 

the  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1.  LUZULA.     Capsule  1-celled,  3-seeded.     Leaves  mostlj'  hairy. 

2.  JUNCUS.     Capsule  many-seeded  ;  the  placentae  separating  with  the  partitions.     Smooth 

herbs,  with  alternate  leaves. 

1.    LUZULA,  DC.     Wood  Rush. 

Sepals  flat.  Stamens  6.  Style  very  short :  stigmas  filiform,  villous.  Cap- 
sule 1-celled,  3  valved,  3-seeded.  Seeds  erect  from  the  base  of  the  cell.  — 
Perennial  herbs,  with  flat  mostly  hairy  leaves,  and  umbellate  or  spiked 
flowers. 

1.  L.  campestris,  DC.  Stem  leafy;  leaves  linear,  hairy ;  flowers  in 
dense  ovoid  umbellate  spikes;  capsule  roundish  ;  seeds  with  a  conical  append- 
age at  the  base.  —  Dry  woods  and  banks,  Florida,  and  northward.  March  - 
April.  —  Stems  clustered,  1°  high. 

2.  L.  pilosa,  Willd.  Stem  leafy;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate-linear,  hairy ; 
flowers  single,  umbellate  ;  capsule  ovate,  ol)tu.-<e  ;  seeds  with  a  curved  append- 
age at  the  a]iox. — Mountaiii.s  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  May. — 
Plant  6'  -  9'  high. 


520  JUNCACEiE.       (bush    FAMILY.) 

3.  L.  CarolinaB,  Watson?  Villous;  lowest  loaves  broadly  liucar,  as 
long  as  till'  stem  ;  stem  leaves  :?,  short  (T  long),  distant ;  umbel  nearly  sinijile, 
the  setaceous  hranelies  spreading  or  dronping,  1-flowered;  sepals  ovate-lauce- 
olate,  very  acute,  as  long  an  llui  ovate-aeule  capsule  ;  seed  uot  appendaged.  — 
Shaded  rocks  ou  the  mouutaius  of  Georgia.     Ai)ril. 

2.    JUNCUS,  L.     Ulsii. 

Outer  .sepals  keeled.  Stamens  ;!  or  tj.  Style  very  short :  stigmas  villous. 
Capsule  3-celled,  or  im])erfectly  ;3-celled  ;  the  partitions  adherent  to  the  valves, 
and  hearing  the  jdacenta;  at  their  inner  edges.  Seeds  numerous,  ofteu  ap- 
pendaged, horizontal.  —  Chiefly  ])erennial.  Leaves  alternate,  often  knotted 
by  cross  partitions.     Flowers  mostly  green,  clustered,  cymose,  or  panided. 

§  1.    Stems  scape-like,  jointless,  sheathed  or  leafij  at  the  base:  stamens  6. 

*  Panicles  lateral:  stem  sheathed  at  the  base. 

1.  J.  effusus,  L.  Stem  soft  and  spongy  ;  sheatlis  dark  brown  ;  panicle 
diffuse  or  contracted ;  flowers  single  ;  se])als  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  obovate 
obtuse  obscurely  .3-angled  light  brown  capsule.  —  Bogs  and  swamjjs;  common. 
May -Sept.  —  Stems  tufted,  2° -4°  high. 

*  *    Panicles  lateral :  stem  leaf//  at  the  base:  leaves  terete. 

2.  J.  setaeeus,  TJostk.  Stem  and  leaves  slender  ;  sheaths  light  brown  ; 
panicle  simple,  fow-tiowered  ;  flowers  single ;  sepals  rigid,  lanceolate-ovate, 
rather  longer  than  the  globose-pointed  green  capsule.  —  Low  grounds  and 
swamps.  May -July. —  Stems  growing  in  small  tufts,  l°-3°  high.  Cap- 
sule coriaceous. 

3.  J.  Roemerianus,  Scheele.  Stem  and  leaves  stout  and  rigid,  hard- 
pointed  ;  ]ianicl(;  conijjound  ;  flowers  small,  4-8  in  a  cluster,  dicecious  ;  sepals 
lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  small  obovate  obtuse  dark  brown  cajisule.  —  Rrack- 
ish  marshes  along  the  coast.     April  -  May.  —  Stem  4°  -  5°  high. 

*  *  *  Panicles  terminal,  forking/ :  leaves  rhanneUed  or  grooved ;   the  upjier  ones 
forming  an  involucre  under  the  panicle  :  flowers  single. 

4.  J.  tenuis,  Willd.  Stems  tough,  not  tumid  at  the  base,  several-leaved  ; 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  channelled;  involucre  longer  than  the  panicle;  sepals 
lanceolate,  very  acute,  one  tliird  longer  than  the  ovoid  capsule.  —  Low  grounds. 
May -June.  —  Stem  6'- 12' high.  Panicle  small,  the  flowers  mostly  on  one 
side  of  the  branches.     Capsule  light  green. 

.").  J.  dichotomus,  Ell.  Stem  tumid  at  the  base,  1  -  3-leaved  ;  leaves 
filiform,  nearly  terete,  slightly  grooved  on  the  inner  side;  involucre  mostly 
shorter  than  the  cymose  ])anicle ;  sepals  rigid,  ovate-lanceolate,  very  acute,  as 
long  as  the  globose  dark  green  capsule.  —  Low  grounds,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina.     May -June.  —  Stem  l°-3°  high.     Panicle  dense  or  elongated. 

6.  J.  Gerardi,  Loisel.  Stem  terete  (l°-2°high)  ;  leaves  linear  ;  panicle 
contracted  ;  sej)als  oval-ol)long,  obtuse,  tlie  margins  brown,  rather  longer  than 
the  oval  light  broA\n  capsule.  —  Salt  marshes,  Florida,  and  northward. 


JUXCACEiE.       (rush    FAMILY.)  521 

§  2.     Steins  jointed,  lea/ij  :  clusters  or  panicles  terminal. 
*  Leaves  terete  or  somewhat  flattened ,  knotted :  stamens  3. 

7.  J.  SCirpoides,  Lam.  Rigid  ;  stem  stout,  erect  ,•  leaves  terete,  panicle 
erect,  contracted,  tlie  few  large  globose  green  or  brownish  heads  composed  of 
several  more  or  less  distinct  smaller  ones  ;  sepals  lanceolate-suljulate,  as  long 
as  the  lanceolate  tapei'-poiuted  3-angled  capsule  ;  seed  ovoid,  reticulated,  with- 
out appendages.  (J.  echinatus,  Ell.)  — Varies  with  the  smaller  more  numer- 
ous and  crowded  heads  conspicuously  lobed  by  the  more  distinct  clusters,  and 
with  broader  aud  shorter  sepals  and  capsules.  —  Sandy  swamps,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.  July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  high,  from  a  thick  creeeping  rhi- 
zoma.     Heads  4"- 7"  in  diameter. 

8.  J.  polycephalus,  Ell.,  Michx.  in  part.  Stem  tall,  virgate,  com- 
pressed near  the  base  ;  leaves  long,  flattened,  and  often  somewhat  sword- 
shaped  ;  panicle  large,  widely  spreading,  the  numerous  globose  many-flowered 
pale  heads  sessile,  or  on  loug  diverging  peduncles  ;  sepals  linear-subulate, 
shorter  than  the  lanceolate-subulate  3-angled  capsule ;  seeds  oblong,  striate, 
barely  pointed.  — Ponds  and  miry  margins  of  streams,  Florida  to  North  Caro- 
lina. July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  long.  Leaves  weak,  l°-2°  long,  sometimes 
Y  wide. 

9.  J,  braehycarpus,  Engelm.  Stem  erect  (1^-2°  higli),  mostly  2- 
leaved,  heads  2-10,  globular,  closely  mauy-flowered,  pale  green ;  sepals  linear- 
subulate,  unequal,  the  outer  ones  longer ;  capsule  ovoid,  acute,  1-celled, 
shorter  than  the  sepals;  style  very  short.  —  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and 
westward . 

10.  J.  diffusissimus,  Buckley.  Stem  leafy  (6' -3°  long),  weak;  leaves 
compressed,  knotted ;  panicle  decompound,  widely  sjireading,  the  clusters 
."5  -  7-flowered ;  sepals  equal,  lanceolate,  acute ;  capsule  (4"  long)  oblong-linear, 
barely  acute,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals  ;  seeds  ovoid  obtuse.  —  New  Orleans, 
Tennessee,  and  westward. 

11.  J.  Elliottii,  Cliapm.  Stem  slender,  nearly  terete;  leaves  terete, 
grooved  near  the  base  within  ;  panicle  erect,  simple  or  compound  ;  heads  (1"  — 
2"  long)  .5  -  8-flowered ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  ovoid  obscurely 
angled  olrtuse  dark  brown  capsule ;  seeds  reddish  brown,  oblong,  striate,  with- 
out ap])eudages.  (J.  acuminatus,  £■//.,  not  of  Michx.) — Bogs  and  ditches, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina.  June -August.  Root  fibrous,  often  bearing 
small  tubers.  Stem  l°-2°  high.  Heads  commonly  very  numerous.  Cap- 
sule 1"  long,  shining. 

12.  J.  acuminatus,  Michx.  Stems  clustered,  3' -2°  high;  leaves  fili- 
form, terete;  panicle  simple  or  compound;  clusters  few  -  many-flowered ; 
sepals  subulate-lanceolate  ;  capsule  triangular,  acute,  equalling  or  longer  than 
the  sepals  ;   seeds  not  appendaged.  —  Low  or  marshy  ground  ;   common. 

Var.  debilis,  Engelm.  Stems  weak,  erect  or  declining,  1°  or  le.ss  long; 
panicles  mostly  sinijde;  heads  2-5-flowered;  sepals  shorter  than  the  capsule. 
—  Wet  places,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts. 

13.  J.  Canadensis,  Gay.  Stems  clustered;  leaves  terete;  heads  few  or 
numerous,  in  an  open  or  den.se  panicle ;  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  the  ex- 


o22  Jl'XCACE.E.       (itlSH     FAMILY.) 

terior  slmrtcr;  capsule  triaiij^nlar,  Iniifjor  tliaii  tlie  sejial.s  ;  scoils  aj)|)(/n(lage(L 
—  Wt't  iiiMiiiiil  ;   (•(•imiiuii.     Aiii^ust- Sept. 

Var.  subcaudatUS,  Kiij^olm.  Stem  slcmler,  1"  -  2°  lii^^li ;  ])aiiirlf  s])rca(l- 
iii<2;;  heads  8-2()-tl()WiTeil ;  sepals  verv  aeiite ;  seeds  sliurt-ajjpeudaged. — 
S«ani]is,  (Jei^rgia  and  South  Carolina. 

Var.  longecaudatus,  Kngclm.  Stem  stout,  2°  -3^  liigli ;  panicle  erect, 
conipomid,  tlie  iiiany-llouered  liea<ls  se|)arate  or  clustered;  seeds  longap- 
pendaged  at  hoth  ends.  —  Svvami)S  and  shallow  jK^nds,  Georgia  to  North 
Carolina. 

«  *  Leaves  terete,  kuolted :   utinnfus  6  (rmUihle  in  No.  14) ;  Jluwers  clustered. 

14.  J.  caudatUS,  Clia))m.  Rigid  throughout ;  stem  stout,  from  a  thick 
and  creej>ing  rliizonia;  leaves  commonly  3,  sliort  and  pungent;  panicle  erect, 
compound,  mostly  contracted;  clusters  numerous,  more  or  less  crowded,  2-4- 
Howered  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  unequal,  the  inner  ones  half  as  long  as  the 
oblong  obtuse-angled  acute  capsule ;  seeds  with  along  and  tail-like  ap])endage 
at  each  end,  white  and  shining. — Tine  barren  swamps  and  bogs  Sejit. — 
Stem  2"^  iiigh.  Lea^es  2' -6'  loug,  strongly  knotted.  Capsules  liglit  brown, 
turning  ahnust  black. 

15.  J.  asper,  Kngelm.  Rigid,  erect  (2°-3°  high),  papillose-scabrous; 
leaves  terete  ;  panicle  erect ;  heads  2  -  6-flowered ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate, 
strongly  nerved,  very  acute,  the  inner  ones  longer,  and  barely  shorter  than 
the  beak-pointed  capsule;  seeds  oblong,  finely  ribbed.  —  Swamps,  Henderson 
County,  North  Carolina  {Canbjj),  and  northward. 

16.  J.  militaris,  Bigel.  Stout  (2° -4°  high),  1 -leaved  ;  heads  panicled, 
5-  10-flowered  ;  sejials  lanceolate,  acute,  as  long  as  the  ovate,  taper-l^eaked,  l- 
cellcd  capsule  ;  stamens  6  ;  seeds  gloliose-ovate,  abruptly  pointed.  —  In  water, 
Alabama  (l)nniimond),  and  northward.  —  Probably  not  within  my  limits. 

»  *  *  Leaves  terete,  ohsrurelij  knotted:  stamens  6:  Jlowers  solitary,  in  slender 
l-slded  ci/mose  panicles,  mostly  transformed  into  a  tuft  of  rudimentary  leaves. 
1".  J.  pelocarpus,  E.  Mey.  Rhizoma  creeping,  filiform;  .«tems  slen- 
der (6'- 10' high) ;  leaves  filiform,  tender;  panicle  compound,  diffu.se;  the 
small  flowers  somewhat  scattered  ;  sepals  acutish,  shorter  than  the  oblong 
taper-pointed  capsule ;  seeds  without  appendages.  —  Sandy  margins  of  ponds 
and  swamps,  South  Carolina,  and  northward.     July. 

Var.  crassicaudex,  Eugelm.  Rhizoma  thick;  stems  taller  (l°-2°); 
panicles  larger,  and  diffuse.  —  Grassy  margins  of  ponds  near  the  coast.  West 
Florida.     July -Sept. 

*  *  *  *  Leaves  knolless,  concave  or  flattened. 

18.  J.  marginatus,  Rostk.  Stems  flattened  (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  linear, 
flat  or  concave  ;  jjanicle  mostly  simple  ;  heads  few-  many-flowered,  rarely  soli- 
tary or  b}'  pairs ;  flowers  triandrous ;  exterior  sepals  lanceolate  or  ovate-lance- 
olate, awn-pointed  ;  the  interior  oblong,  obtuse,  broadly  margined,  about  as 
long  as  the  glolmlar  dark  brown  capsule;  seeds  oblong,  acute  at  each  end. 
(J.  cvlindricws,  Curtis,  tlie  many-flowered  heads  cyliiulrical.)  — Var.  biflorus. 
Stems  taller  (2°  -  3°  high) ;  panicle  decompound,  diffuse ;  heads  very  numer- 


POXTEDERIACE.E.        (piCKEREL-WEED    FAMILY.)  523 

ous,  2  -  4-flo\vered  ;   seeds   narrower    and   more-pointed.  —  Ditches   and   low 
grounds.     July  -  Sept.  —  The  variety  in  the  lower  districts. 

19.  J.  bufonius,  L.  Annual;  stems  low  (2' -8'  high),  tufted;  often 
branched  ;  leaves  very  narrow  ;  panicles  forking ;  flowers  solitary  or  3  -  6  in  a 
cluster  ;  sepals  whitish,  lanceolate,  acute,  longer  than  the  oblong  obtuse  pale 
capsule.  —  Damp  cultivated  ground,  apparently  introduced.     April-  May. 

20.  J.  leptocaulis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stems  low  (6'- 12'  higli),  caespitose, 
slender  ;  leaves  flat,  shorter  than  the  stem  ;  heads  1  -  5,  3  -  6-flowered  ;  sepals 
ovate-lanceolate,  nearly  equal,  awn-pointed,  longer  than  the  3  -  G  stamens, 
and  obovate  capsule;  seed  obovate,  apiculate. — Georgia,  Tennessee,  and 
westward. 

21.  J.  repens,  Michx.  Stems  mostly  creeping  or  floating  ;  leaves  linear- 
sword-sliajied,  those  of  the  stem  nearly  opposite ;  heads  cymose,  scattered,  top- 
shaped,  several-flowered  ;  sepals  rigid,  lanceolate-subulate,  sleuder-pointed,  the 
exterior  strongly  keeled,  and  as  long  as  the  linear-oblong  obtuse  capsule, 
much  shorter  than  the  flat  interior  ones  ;  filaments  exserted.  — Miry  banks  of 
streams  and  ponds,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     July.  —  Stems  6'-  2°  long. 

Order  156.    PONTEDERIACEyE.    (Pickerel-weed  Family.) 

Perennial  aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  with  perfect  mostly  irregular 
flowers  from  a  1-leaved  spathe.  —  Perianth  corolla-like,  unequally  6- 
cleft  or  6-parted,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  witliering-persistent.  Stamens 
3-6,  more  or  less  unequal,  and  unequally  inserted  on  the  throat  of 
the  perianth :  anthers  2-celled,  erect,  introrse.  Ovary  free.  Style 
single:  stigma  3-6-lobed.  Capsule  1-3-celled,  1  -  many-seeded. 
Seeds  anatropous.     Embryo  slender,  in  mealy  albumen. 

1.     PONTEDERIA,    L.      Wampee.  Pickerel-weed. 

Perianth  funnel-shaped,  2-lipped,  with  the  upper  lip  S-lolied,  the  lower  3- 
parted,  the  curved  tube  fleshy  and  coiled  in  fruit.  Stamens  6,  uneijually  in- 
serted; the  three  lower  ones  exserted,  the  three  upper  short  and  often 
imperfect :  anthers  oval,  blue.  Ovary  3-celled,  two  of  the  cells  empty,  the 
other  with  a  single  suspended  ovule.  Style  slender.  Capsule  (utricle)  1- 
seeded.  —  Rhizoma  thick  and  creeping.  Stem  erect,  bearing  above  the  mid- 
dle a  single  short-petioled  leaf,  and  at  the  summit  a  hairy  spike  of  blue  flow- 
ers, from  a  1-leaved  spathe.     Radical  leaves  long-petioled,  sheathing. 

1.  P.  oordata,  L.  Stem  and  terete  petioles  erect  (2° -.3°  high);  leaves 
(3'  -  8'  long)  varying  from  round-cordate  to  lance-oblong,  obtuse,  finely  nerved ; 
spike  dense,  cylindrical  (2'-4'  long),  the  peduncle  enclosed  in  the  convolute 
spathe  ;  upper  lobe  of  tlie  hairy  perianth  spotted  with  yellow,  the  tube  6-ribbed. 
—  Miry  margins  of  ponds  and  rivers,  Florida,  and  northward.     July -Sept. 

2.     HETERANTHERA,   Ruiz  &  Pavon. 

Perianth  salver-form,  6-lobed,  the  tube  long  and  slender.  Stamens  3,  nearly 
equal.     Capsule  l-celled,  with  3  parietal  placcntic,  many -seeded. 


524  (OMMKLYXAC'E.i:.        (si'l  DKKWc  »UT    KA.MII.V.) 

•  Flutnrs  I'l  iliiiirlid :  lohts  of  the  perianth  une(iHiil :  anthers  oj  2  J'ornis :  capsule 
iiii/"  I  fictli/  '.l-ecHcd :  leaves  oUlontj  or  renijhriii,  lonij-pi-tiuled. 

1.  H.  reniformis,  K.  &  1*.  Leaves  roniform;  sjKillies  3  - S-llowered ; 
pciiantii  wliilf.  —  North  Caroliua  and  'reuiiessfc.     August. 

2.  H.  limosa,  \'alil.  Li-avesuliloug;  spatlius  l-ttuworeil ;  i)criaiith  blue. 
—  Tennessee,  ami  iKiriliwai'l.     August. 

»  *  Flowers  sessile :  lobes  of  the  perianth  nearli/  ei/ital :  anthers  alike,  sagittate  : 
ca]>siile  l-celled :  ai/uatic  :  leaves  linear,  sessile. 

3.  H.  graminea,  \'alil.  Stem  long  (l°-3°J  and  slender;  spathe  1 -flow- 
ered ;  peiiaiitli  vcUdw.  (Sclinllcra,  Srhreb.)  —  Pouds  and  lakes,  Florida,  near 
tlie  coast,  and  uortliward.     July  -  August. 


Ordek  157.     COMMELYNACEyE.     (Si-ideuwokt  Family.) 

Herbs,  with  chiefly  fibrous  roots,  jointed  and  leafy  steins,  and  perfect 
or  somewhat  polygamous  often  irregular  flowers.  —  Perianth  of  three 
herbaceous  or  colored  persistent  sepals,  and  three  fugacious  petals. 
Stamens  6,  hypogynous,  perfect,  or  a  part  of  them  sterile :  anthers  2- 
celled,  often  of  two  forms.  Styles  single :  stigma  entire.  Ovary  free 
from  the  perianth,  2- 3-celled,  with  1- several  orthotropous  ovules  in 
each  cell.  Capsule  loculicidally  2-3-vah'ed,  1  -  several-seeded.  Em- 
bryo pulley-shaped,  placed  in  a  cavity  of  the  albumen  opposite  the  hi- 
lum.  —  Plants  somewhat  succulent.  Stems  often  branching.  Sheaths 
of  the  leaves  entire  or  open. 

1.     COMMELYNA,   Dill.    Day-flowkr. 

Flowers  irregular.  Sepals  juostly  colored.  Petals  fugacious,  two  of  them 
kidney-sliaped  and  long-clawed,  the  other  smaller.  Stamens  unequal,  three 
of  them  fertile,  the  others  with  4dobed  sterile  anthers;  filaments  beardless. 
Capsule  1  -3-celled,  the  cells  1  -2-seeded,  or  one  of  them  frequently  empty. — 
Stems  branching.  Leaves  flat,  oblung,  or  lanceolate,  on  sheathing  petioles; 
the  floral  ones  cordate  and  sp.athe-like,  folded,  and  enclosing  the  few-flowered 
peduncle.     Flowers  blue. 

1-  C.  nudiflora,  L.  Stem  smooth,  filiform,  and  creei>ing;  leaves  .short 
(I'-S'  long),  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse;  sheaths  fringed  at  the  throat;  spathes 
nearly  crescent-shaped,  obtuse  at  the  base,  lateral  and  terminal :  peduncles  by 
pairs;  one  of  them  bearing  3-4  small  fertile  flowers  included  in  the  spathe; 
the  other  long-exscrted,  filiform,  l-flowered;  odd  petal  ovate,  sessile ;  seeds 
reticulated.  —  Low  grounds,  P"lorida  to  North  Carolina.  July  -  Sept.  (T)  1 
—  Stem  l°-2°loiig. 

2.  C.  Virginica,  L.  Pubescent ;  stem  erect ;  sheaths  hairy ;  leaves 
(4'-6' long)  olilong-lanceolate,  acununate,  thin,  rough  above;  spathe  (when 
opened)  round  ovate,  contracted  at  the  base ;  sterile  pedun<de  included  ;  petals 
large,  the  odd  one  lanceolate ;  capsule  2  -  3-seeded .  (C.  erecta,  Ell. )  —  Varies 
(C.  augu.stifolia,  Michx.)  with  the  stems  smooth,  ascending;  leaves  narrowly 


COMMELYNACE^.        (SPIDERWORT    FAMILY.)  525 

lauceolate,  rather  rigid,  and  like  the  sheath  nearly  smooth ;  flo'wers  smaller, 
seeds  pulverulent.  —  Liglit  or  sandy  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  May  - 
Sept.  11  —  Stem  1°- 2^  high.  The  spathes  contain  a  viscid  secretion  until 
the  seeds  mature. 

3.  C.  hirtella,  Vahl.  Stem  stout,  erect ;  leaves  (3'  -  5'  long)  lanceolate 
or  oblong,  acute,  very  rough  above,  the  sheaths  fringed  with  brown  hairs ; 
spathes  crowded,  short-stalked,  hooded,  narrowed  at  the  base ;  sterile  peduncle 
included;  petals  nearly  alike,  the  odd  one  smaller;  seeds  transversely  oblong. 

—  Shady  swamps,  Florida,  and  northward.  August -Sept.  2/  —  Stem  \° - 
ir  high. 

4.  C  erecta,  L.  Upper  sheaths  and  spathes  pubescent,  otherwise  gla- 
brous;  stems  mostly  clu.stered  and  simple,  l°high;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
3' -4' long;  spathes  single,  hooded;  cells  of  the  capsule  1-seeded,  all  dehis- 
cent ;  seeds  smooth.  —  Dry  sandy  soil  in  the  lower  districts.     July-  Sept. 

2.     TRADESCANTIA,   L.    Spiderwort. 

Flowers  regular.  Sepals  herbaceous.  Petals  similar,  ovate,  fugacious. 
Stamens  all  fertile,  the  filaments  hairy :  anthers  kidney-shaped.  Ovary  3- 
celled,  with  two  ovules  in  each  cell,     Capsule  2  -  3-celled,  the  cells  1  -  2-seeded. 

—  Perennial  herb.s,  with  narrow  keeled  leaves,  both  the  floral  ones  and  those 
of  the  stem.  Flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters,  axillary  and  terminal,  expanding 
in  the  morning.     Fruiting  pedicels  recurved. 

1.  T.  Virginica,  L.  Smooth,  or  villous  with  glandless  hairs;  leaves 
linear,  broadest  at  tlie  liase,  mostly  purple-veined ;  clusters  axillary  and  ter- 
minal, sessile,  many-flowered ;  flowers  closely  packed  in  2  rows  in  the  bud, 
each  with  an  ovate  scarious  bract  at  the  base ;  petals  blue,  like  the  style  and 
densely  bearded  filaments,  twice  as  long  as  the  lanceolate-ovate  sepals.  —  Dry 
sandy  soil.     JNIarch  -  May.  —  Stems  |°-  2°  high.     Flowers  1'  in  diameter. 

2.  T.  pilosa,  Lehm.  Stem  often  branched,  and,  like  the  sheaths,  villous 
or  nearly  smooth ;  leaves  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  ba.se,  pubescent  on  both 
sides ;  clusters  axillary  and  terminal,  sessile,  dense,  many-flowered  ;  the  pedi- 
cels and  oblong  sepals  villous  with  glandular  hairs  ;  seeds  transversely  ol)long, 
pitted  on  the  back ;  petals  blue.  —  Light  soil  in  the  upper  districts.  May  - 
July. — Steml°-l|°  high.     Leaves  1'- 1^' wide.     Flowers  f  in  diameter. 

3.  T.  rosea,  Vent.  Stem  simple,  slender,  smooth;  leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late, fringed  on  the  margins;  clusters  solitary  or  by  pairs,  on  long  (3' -6') 
terminal  peduncles,  few-flowered  ;  petals  bright  rose-color,  three  times  as  long 
as  the  ovate-lanceolate  sepals.  —  Light  fertile  soil  in  the  lower  districts. 
June -August.  —  Stem  6' -8' high.     Flowers  ^  in  diameter. 

4.  T.  Floridana,  Watson.  Stem  (4'- 8' long)  tender,  ascending  from 
a  creeping  base,  branching;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  ciliate  at 
the  l)ase  (f  or  less  long),  the  floral  ones  bract-like;  flowers  very  small  (2"- 
3"  wide),  terminal,  shorter  tlian  their  pedicels;  sepals  pubescent.  —  Coast  of 
East  Florida  (Curtiss). 


ni'C)  XVKIDACK.E.       (VKM,0\V-KYKI)    fJUASS     KAMII.V.) 

Oki.kk  1.j8.     MAYACACE^l^:.     (Mavaca   Family.) 

Creeping  moss-like  marsh  herbs,  with  very  inuiierons  narrow  and 
pclhicid  leaves,  and  solitary  axillary  flowers.      Represented  only  by 

1.     MAYACA,   Aul.let. 

Flowers  regular,  perfeit.  S(|);ils  .{,  liiiireolate,  herbaceous,  persistent. 
Petals  3,  ohuvate,  deciduous  or  witlieringiiersisteiit.  Stamens  .'3,  free,  inserted 
on  the  base  of  tlie  sepals,  persistent:  anthers  erect,  sjwon-sliaped,  imperfectly 
2-celled,  emarginate  at  the  apex,  introrse.  Ovary  l-celled.  Ovules  few,  or- 
thotropous,  fixed  to  three  parietal  placentaj.  Style  siugle,  terminal,  persist- 
ent :  stigma  minutely  S-lobed.  Capsule  rugose,  3-valved ;  the  valves  l^earing 
the  placeutiE  in  tlie  middle.  Seeds  globose,  furrowed  and  pitted,  pointed  at 
the  apex.  Embryo  minute  at  the  apex  of  the  albumen.  —  Stems  branching, 
tender.     Leavos  alternate,  linear,  emarginate.     Flowers  white  or  purjile. 

1.  M.  Michauxii,  Schott  &  Endl.  Fruiting  peduncles  longer  tlian  the 
leaves,  recurved;  capsule  few-seeded;  flowers  (3" -4"  wide)  white  or  pale 
purple.  —  Springy  places,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  June -July. — Stems 
2'  -  6'  long.     Leaves  3"  -  4"  long. 

Order  159.     XYKIDACE^.     (Yellow-eyed  Grass 
Family.) 

Perennial  stemless  marsh  herbs,  with  fibrous  roots,  sword-shaped 
equitant  leaves,  and  perfect  irregular  fugacious  flowers,  collected  in 
a  dense  imbricate-bracted  spike.  Sepals  3 ;  tlie  two  lateral  ones  glu- 
maceous,  keeled,  persistent;  the  inner  one  hyaline,  enfolding,  in  the 
bud,  the  petals  and  stamens.  Petals  3,  rounded,  distinct,  or  united  by 
their  long  claws.  Stamens  3,  and  inserted  on  the  summit  of  the  claws 
of  the  petals,  or  6,  and  the  alternate  ones  sterile,  hypogynous,  and 
commonly  bearded  with  jointed  hairs :  anthers  erect,  2-celled,  extrorse. 
Ovary  free,  1  -  3-celled.  Style  single,  3-parted.  Capsule  3-valved, 
many-seeded.  Seeds  minute,  orthotropous.  Embryo  minute,  at  the 
apex  of  the  albumen.  —  Scape  commonly  twisted  or  spiral,  2-edged 
near  the  summit,  with  a  spathe-like  sheath  at  the  base.  Spikes 
mostly  solitarj'. 

1.     XYRIS,  L.    Yellow-eyed  Grass. 

Petals  distinct.  Stamens  6,  the  alternate  ones  hypogynous,  sterile,  com- 
monly bearded  at  the  summit,  and  slightly  cohering  with  the  claws  of  the 
contiguous  petals.  Stigmas  entire.  Capsule  l-celled,  3  valved,  the  valves 
bearing  the  placentae  in  the  middle.  Seeds  very  numerous,  finely  ribbed.  — 
Spikes  ovoid  or  oblong.  Bracts  coriaceous  or  somewhat  crustaceous,  rounded, 
closely  imbricated,  convex  and  discolored  on  the  back  ;  the  lower  ones  empty. 
Keel  of  the  lateral  sepals  mostly  winged  and  variously  lacerated.  Flowers 
yellow. 


XYRIDACE.E.        (yELLOW-F.YED    GRASS    FAMILY.)  527 

§   1.     Sheath  of  the  scape  longer  than  the  leaves.     Biennials? 

1.  X.  brevifolia,  Michx.  Scape  uearly  terete,  smooth ;  leaves  Larrowly 
linear,  smooth  ou  the  edges  ;  spike  globose,  light  browu,  few-flowered ;  bracts 
soon  lacerated  at  the  apex ;  lateral  sepals  lanceolate,  rigid,  creuulate  ou  the 
wingless  keel ;   petals  obovate,  rounded  ;   sterile  filaments  sparingly  bearded. 

—  Low  sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  April- May.  —  Plant 
light  brown.  Scape  6'- 12'  high,  clustered.  Leaves  l'-3'  long.  Spike  2"- 
3"  long.     Petals  2"  long. 

2.  X.  flabelliformis,  Chapm.  Scape  filiform,  smooth,  terete  below, 
slightly  coni])ressed  above  ;  leaves  very  short,  linear-lanceolate,  smooth,  spread- 
ing like  a  fan,  laterally  curved ;  spikes  oblong,  mostly  acute,  few-flowered, 
angular;  bracts  light  brown, entire ;  lateral  sepals  lanceolate, short-fringed  on 
the  wingless  keel ;  petals  obovate;  sterile  filaments  often  beardless. — Low 
pine  barrens,  near  the  coast.  West  Florida.  April -May.  —  Scape  4' -  12' 
high.     Leaves  I'- 1' long.     Spikes  2" -4"  long.     Petals  2"  long. 

§  2.     Sheath  of  the  scape  shorter  than  the  leaves.     Perennials. 

*  Sterile  filaments  bearded:  sepals  included. 

-I-  Lateral  sepals  fringed  on  the  keel. 

3.  X.  ambigua,  Beyr.  Scape  rigid,  finely  furrowed,  rough,  2-edged 
above,  1-angled  below;  leaves  lineai'-lanceolate,  rough  on  the  edges;  spike 
ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  even,  often  acute,  many-flowered  ;  bracts  light 
brown,  oval,  not  crowded  ou  the  spike  ;  lateral  sepals  lanceolate,  tapering  at 
each  end,  shining,  narrowly  winged;  petals  round-obovate ;  seeds  ovoid. — 
Open  grassy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  July  -  Sept.  —  Scape 
2°-3"'  high,  mostly  solitary.  Leaves  6'- 12'  long.  Spikes  9"- 15"  long. 
Petals  k'  long. 

4.  X.  striata,  Chapm.  Scape  flattened  and  broaiUy  margined,  rough- 
edged  above,  smooth  and  1  -  2-angled  below,  slightly  striate ;  leaves  long, 
linear,  .smooth ;  spikes  oblong  or  cylindrical,  obtuse,  many-flowered  ;  bracts 
dark  brown,  orbicular,  crowded  on  the  spike  ;  lateral  sepals  broadly  winged 
above  the  middle,  narrowed  below;  petals  small,  wedge-obovate ;  seeds  ovoid. 

—  Shallow  ponds  in  the  pine  barrens.  West  Florida.  July -Sept.  —  Scapes 
slender,  clustered,  2° -3°  high.  Leaves  l°-H°loug.  Spikes  9"- 12"  long. 
Petals  2"  long. 

5.  X.  flexuosa,  Muhl.  Somewhat  bulbous ;  scape  smooth,  2-edged 
above,  nearly  terete  below;  leaves  linear,  smooth;  spikes  globose,  few- 
flowered  ;  lateral  .«epals  lanceolate,  wingless.  (X.  bulbosa,  Knufh.)  —  Swamps 
in  the  upper  districts  of  Georgia,  and  northward.  Julv-Sept. —  Scape  6'- 
12' high.     Leaves  4' -8' long.     iSpike  3"-5"  long. 

-I-  ■<-  Lateral  sepals  broadlij  winged,  and  cariouslij  toothed  or  fimbriate. 

6.  X.  Elliottii,  Chapm.  Scape  slender,  flattened  and  2-edged  through- 
out, or  1 -edged  below,  roughish  and  mostly  spiral;  leaves  narrowly  linear, 
sharp  edged,  twisted;  spike  few-flowered,  elliptical,  obtuse;  lateral  sepals 
linear,  the  wing  cut-toothed  above  the  middle;  petals  obovate.  (X.  brevi- 
folia, Ell.  ex  descr. )  —  Wet  grassy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina. 
July.  —  Scape  \°-\\°  high.     Leaves  6'- 9'  long.     Petals  3"  long. 


528  XYlilDACK.K.       (VKLLOW-KYKI)    (iKASS    KA.MILV.) 

7.  X.  difFormis,  < 'li:i|iin.  Sciijics  clnslercd,  skMidcr,  Himmtli,  widely  2- 
edgeil  aliovc,  tfiuto  ur  1  - i!-aiiglcii  lulow;  leaves  tliiii,  liiiciir  laiicenlate, 
sniuutli ;  spikes  iiiiiiiy-Huwered,  ovate,  acute,  eveu,  often  2-4-eleft;  lateral 
sepiUs  laiieeolale,  with  the  i)roadly  winged  keel  iiicised-linihriate  ;  jjctals  oho- 
vate ;  seeds  elliptieal,  smooth.  —  Swamps  near  the  coast,  West  Florida. 
.Inly.  —  Scapes  1°-!^^  higli.  Leaves  'J' -15'  lung.  Sjiikes  6"- 9"  long. 
Petals  small. 

8.  X.  serotina,  ('lia])ni.  Scajies  elustorefl,  twisted,  and  mostly  spiral, 
rough-angled  and  li-edged  above,  striate  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  rigid,  rough 
on  the  edges;  spikes  many-Howered,  ovoid,  obtuse,  dark  hrown,  even  ;  liracts 
ruund-obovate,  closely  imbricated ;  lateral  sepals  linear,  narrowly  winged 
above,  fimbriate  and  at  length  incised  ;  petals  small,  obovate  ;  seeds  ovoid, 
pulverulent.  —  Varies  witli  shorter  leaves  {2'-3'),  and  smaller  globo.se  or 
ovate  heads.  —  I'ine  barren  swamps.  West  Florida.  Sept. -Oct.  —  Scapes 
1°  -  1  ;^°  high.     Leaves  8'  -  12'  long.     Spikes  6'  -  9'  long.     I'etals  2"  long. 

9.  X.  elata,  Chajim.  Scapes  elongated,  slender,  smooth,  terete  below,  2- 
edged  above  ;  leaves  long,  linear,  smooth  ;  spikes  rugose,  oblong  or  oval,  often 
acute,  many-tlowered ;  scales  dark  brown ;  lateral  sepals  linear-lanceolate, 
sparingly  toothed  on  the  narrowly  winged  keel ;  petals  wedge-oiiovate ;  seeds 
elliptical,  smooth. —  Sandy  swamps  near  the  coast.  West  Florida.  Julyr- 
August.  —  Scapes  3°--!°  high.  Leaves  I^°-2*'  high.  Spikes  ^'-1'  long. 
Petals  2"  long. 

10.  X.  Caroliniana,  Walt.  Scapes  several,  smooth,  rigid,  1  -  2-angled 
below,  compressed  and  2-edged  above  i  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate, 
smooth;  spikes  rugose,  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  many-flowered;  bracts  light 
brown,  thick,  the  margins  thin  and  soon  lacerate  ;  lateral  sepals  linear-lanceo- 
late, acute,  the  narrowly  winged  keel  cut-fringed  above  the  middle ;  petals 
obovate;  seeds  ovoid.  —  Shallow  ponds  and  swamps,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward. July- August.  —  Scapes  \°-2^  li'gh.  Leaves  6'- 15'  long.  Spikes 
6"-  12"  long. 

11.  X.  iridifolia,  Chapm.  Rigid,  smooth  and  shining;  scape  stout, 
terete  or  1-angled  below,  dilated  and  2-edged  above  ;  leaves  long,  strap-shaped  ; 
spikes  oval  or  oblong,  olituse,  rugose,  many-flowered  ;  bracts  dark  brown,  very 
thick,  strongly  convex ;  lateral  sepals  linear,  membranaceous,  the  keel  fimbri- 
ate and  at  length  incised  throughout ;  petals  round-obovate  ;  seeds  lanceolate, 
angled,  pulverulent.  —  Shallow  ponds,  Florida.  August  -  Oct.  —  Scape  2°  - 
3°  high,  2"-3"  in  diameter.  Leaves  2°-2i°  long,  ^'- 1' wide.  Spikes  1' 
long.     Petals  3"  long. 

12.  X.  platylepis,  Chapm.  Scapes  mostly  twisted  and  spiral,  angular 
below,  2-edged  above,  roughish  ;  leaves  linear  and  lanceolate,  twisted,  smooth; 
spikes  large,  oblong  or  cylindrical,  obtuse,  many-flowered ;  bracts  pale  brown 
or  whitish,  orbicular,  thin,  closely  imbricated  ;  lateral  sepals  linear,  the  keel 
narrowly  winged,  fimbriate  toward  the  apex  ;  petals  small ;  seeds  elliptical, 
smooth  (X.  flexuosa,  Ell.  ^)  —  Low  sandy  places,  Florida  to  South  Carolina. 
July  -  Sept.  —  Scape  2'='-3°  high.  Leaves  9'- 15'  long.  Spikes  f'-U' 
long. 


ERIOCAULOXACE.E.        (PIPEWORT    FAMILY.)  529 

*  *  Sterile  filaments  bearded :  sepals  exserted. 

13.  X.  fimbriata,  Ell.  Not  bulbous;  scape  tall,  furrowed,  rough,  2- 
edged  above ;  leaves  long,  strap-shaped,  smooth ;  spikes  ovate,  acute,  many- 
flowered  ;  lateral  sepals  long  fimbriate  above  the  middle  ;  petals  small.  — 
Ponds  and  miry  places,  Florida,  and  northward.  Sept. -Oct.  —  Scapes  3° -4° 
high.     Leaves  li°- 2°  long.     Spikes  9"- 12"  long.     Petals  3"  long. 

14.  X.  torta,  Smith.  Bulbous;  scape  nearly  terete,  1-edged,  smooth, 
mostly  spiral ;  leaves  linear,  rigid,  concave,  with  rounded  edges,  mostly  spiral ; 
spikes  pale,  lanceolate  or  cylindrical,  acute;  lateral  sepals  winged  and' fimbri- 
ate above  the  middle ;  petals  large,  round-obovate.  —  Sandy,  often  dry  soil, 
Plorida,  and  northward.  July -Sept.  —  Scape  l|°-2°  high.  Leaves  few, 
6'- 12'  long,  tumid  and  dark  brown  at  the  base.  Spikes  T-  I3'  long.  Petals 
9"  long,  expanding  at  midday. 

*  *  *  Sterile  filaments  beardless  :  leaves  filiform. 

15.  X.  Baldwiniana,  R.  &  S.  Smooth;  scape  sleuder,  terete  or  1- 
angled  ;  leaves  filiform  or  bristle-like,  compressed  ;  spikes  ovoid,  few-flowered ; 
lateral  sepals  lanceolate,  the  narrowly  winged  keel  cut-serrate  ;  petals  obovate ; 
seeds  linear-oblong,  smooth.  —  Open  grassy  pine-barren  swamps,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.  July -Sept.  —  Scapes  clustered,  10'- 12' high.  Leaves  4'- 
6' long.     Spikes  2" -4"  long.     Petals  3"  long. 


Order  160.     ERIOCAULONACE^.     (Pipewort  Family.) 

Perennial  chiefly  stemless  marsh  herbs,  with  narrow  tufted  leaves, 
and  minute  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers,  collected  in  a  dense  hairy 
chaffy-bracted  head. —  Stam.  Ft.  Sepals  2-3.  Corolla  tubular,  bi- 
labiate or  3-toothed,  or  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  2  -  6  :  anthers 
introrse.  —  Pist.  Fl.  Sepals  and  petals  2-3.  Ovary  2  -  3-celled,  with 
a  single  orthotropous  ovule  in  each  cell.  Style  2  -  3-parted.  Capsule 
loculicidally  2  -  3-valved,  1  -  3-seeded.  Embryo  minute  at  the  apex 
of  the  albumen. — Leaves  concave  and  partly  clasping  at  the  base. 
Scape  furrowed  and  commonly  twisted,  with  a  spathe-like  sheath  at 
the  base.  Exterior  scales  broader,  empty,  and  involucrate.  Flowers 
fringed  with  white  club-shaped  hairs.     Corolla  white. 

Synopsis. 

1.  ERIOCAULON.     Stamens  4.    Anthers  2-celled.    Style  2-parted.     Corolla  2-lipped. 

2.  P^PALANTHUS.     Stamens  3.     Anthers  2-celled.     Style  3  parted,  the  lobes  entire. 

3.  LACHNOCAULON.    Stamens  3.    Anthers  l-celled.    Style  2  -  3-parted,  the  lobes  entire, 

or  2-cleft. 

1.    ERIOCAULON,  L.    Pipeavort. 

Flowers  monoecious,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  scale-like  bract.  Sepals  2-3.  Co- 
rolla of  the  staminate  flowers  tubular,  2-lipped  or  3-lobed ;  of  the  pistillate 
flowers  2  -  3-petalous.  Stamens  4  or  6  :  anthers  2-celled.  Style  2-3-i)arted  : 
stigmas  2  -  3.     Capsule  2  -3-celJed,  1  -  3-seeded.  —  Scapes  single  or  numerous, 

34 


530  KKKMAl'l-ONACK/K.        ( PI  I'l.WOUT    lAMILY.) 

niMStly  friim  a  slmrt  :iiicl  villous  rootstnck.  Lulies  of  the  corolla  fiiriiisliod 
witli  a  idackish  j^laiid  on  the  inner  fare,  eonmionly  lieanled  with  club-sliaj)ed 
hairs.  —  The  following  sjM'cii-s  arc  :ill  tciruinlrons,  with  a  -J  partcil  st\\f  and  a 
2-re]led  capsule. 

1.  E.  decangulare,  L.  Leaves  from  lanceolate  to  lincar-sul)ulaLe,  con- 
cave, ohtu.-^e ;  siapes  siiigle  or  clustereil ;  head  compact,  hemispherical,  at 
length  globose;  scales  of  tlie  involucre  numerous  small,  ohloug,  acutish, 
straw-colored,  or  light  brown,  passing  into  the  linear  spatulate  acuminate 
bearded  bracts,  these  longer  than  tlic  flower.  —  Bo;L^gy  j)laces,  Florida,  and 
northward.  July-Sept.  —  Scapes  2° -3°  high.  Leaves  4'- 12' long,  2"-6" 
wide. 

2.  E.  gnaphalodes,  Michx.  Leaves  lanceolate-subulate,  flat,  very 
acute,  rigid,  or  tlie  immersed  ones  thin  and  pellucid;  8ca])es  few  or  single; 
head  Iiemisplicrical ;  scales  of  the  involucre  few,  oblong  or  roundisli,  very  ob- 
tuse, turning  lead-color;  bracts  shorter  than  the  flower,  s)>atulate,  their  l>road 
and  bearded  summit  turning  blackish.  —  Swamps  and  shallow  ponds,  Florida, 
and  northward.     April- June.  —  Scapes  l^°-2°  high.     Leaves  2'- 6'  long. 

3.  E.  septangulare,  Withering.  Leaves  short  (l' -2' long),  subulate- 
linear,  pellucid;  scape  weak  and  slender;  head  small,  hemi.spherical,  densely 
white-bearded  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  rounded ;  bracts  spatulate.  —  Wet  pine 
barrens,  Mississi|)))i  (Prof.  Hilyard). 

4.  E.  Ravenelii,  Chapm.  Smooth  throughout ;  root  fibrous ;  leaves 
linear,  acute,  flat;  scapes  low  and  slender,  clu.stered";  heads  small  (l"-2"  in 
diameter),  globose;  scales  of  the  involucre  few,  oblong,  very  obtuse,  whitish, 
pellucid  ;  bracts  dark  brown,  beardless.  —  Wet  places,  Florida  to  South  Car- 
olina.—  Scapes  l'-6'  high.     Leaves  l'-2'  long. 

2.  PJEPALANTHUS,   Martins. 

Flowers  monojcious.  Slamiudte  Fl.  Sepals  3.  Corolla  tubular,  3-toothed. 
Stamens  3 :  anthers  2-celled.  Pistillate  Fl.  Sepals  and  petals  3.  Style  3- 
parted,  tlie  divisions  entire :  stigmas  3.  Capsule  3celled.  —  Habit  of  the 
preceding. 

1.  P.  flavidulus,  Kunth.  Leaves  short  (T -2' long),  subulate,  smooth, 
or  sparingly  puhesceiit ;  scapes  numerous,  filiform,  5-furrowed,  hairy ;  heads 
hemis])herical,  yellowish  white ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oblong,  acute,  smooth  ; 
flowers  slender,  pe<iicelled;  sepals  linear,  acute;  stamens  and  styles  exserted. 
( Eriocaulon,  Micltx.)  —  Low  sandy  pine  barrens.  April  -  May.  —  Scape  6'  - 
12'  high. 

3.  LACHNOCAULON",  Kunth. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Staminate  Fl.  Sepals  3,  equal.  Corolla  none.  Sta- 
mens 3,  with  the  filaments  united  below  into  a  club-shaped  tube :  anthers  I- 
celled.  Pistillate  Fl.  Sepals  3,  equal.  Corolla  none,  or  reduced  to  tufted 
hairs.  Style  club-shaped,  2-3-parted,  the  divisions  entire  or  2-cleft:  stigmas 
2-6.  Capsule  2-3-celled.  —  Habit  of  the  two  preceding.  Bracts  and  sepals 
blackish,  fringed  with  club-shaped  hairs. 


CYPERACE^       (SED.GE    FAMILY.)  531 

1.  L.  Michauxii,  Kunth.  Leaves /liuear  (l'- 2' long),  hairy,  becoming 
smoothish;  scapes  slender,  hairy,  4-fuiT0)fc'ed  (1*^  high) ;  heads  globose ;  bracts 
and  sepals  spatiilate,  obtuse,  fringed  with  white  hairs  ;  divisions  of  the  style  3, 
each  2-cleft.  —  Low  grassy  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  May- 
June,  growing  in  tufts.  —  Heads  2" -3"  wide. 

Var.  minor.  Scapes  2' -3'  higli ;  heads  1|"  wide. — Low  pine  barrens, 
Bristol,  Florida.     May -July. 

2.  L.  glabrum,  Kovnieke.  Cffispitose;  leaves  linear,  smooth  (1' long) ; 
scapes  numerous,  smooth,  5-furrowed  (3'- 5'  high) ;  heads  globose,  becoming 
oblong,  dark  brown ;  bracts  and  sepals  spatulate-obovate,  obtuse,  slightly 
fringed  with  short  brownish  hairs;  divisions  of  the  style  3,  entire.  —  Sandy 
springy  places,  Florida,  and  westward.     June  -  Oct.  —  Heads  3"  long. 


Order.     161.     CYPERACE^.     (Sedge  Family.) 

Slender  herbs,  with  simple  solid  mostly  3-angled  stems  (culms),  and 
grass-like  leaves,  with  closed  sheaths.  Flowers  spiked,  each  in  the 
axil  of  a  single  (rarely  2-4)  scale-like  bract  (scale).  Perianth  com- 
posed of  hypogynous  scales  or  bristles,  or  none.  Ovary  1-celled,  with 
a  single  erect  anatropoiis  ovule,  forming  in  fruit  a  lenticular  or  3- 
angled  achenium  (nut),  which  is  often  crowned  with  the  persistent 
jointed  base  of  the  style  (tubercle).  Stamens  1  - 12 :  anthers  erect. 
Style    2-3-cleft   or   parted.      Embryo   minute    at   the   base   of    the 

albumen. 

Synopsis. 

TRrBE  I.     CYPERE^.    Flowers  perfect:  spikelets  1  -  many-flowered  :   scales  one  to 
each  flower,  imbricated  in  2  rows  :   periantli  bristly,  or  none. 
*  Perianth  none  :   nut  beakless. 

1.  CYPERUS.     Spikelets  few- many-flowered  :   inflorescence  terminal. 

2.  KTLLINGIA.     Spikelets  1-flowered  :   inflorescence  terminal,  capitate. 

*  *  Perianth  bristly  :   nut  beaked. 

3.  DULICHIUM.     Spikes  lateral  and  terminal :   spikelets  many-flowered. 

Tribe  II.  L,IPOCARPHE^.  Flowers  perfect  :  spikes  many-flowered  :  scales  2 -4 
to  each  flower ;  the  exterior  ones  imbricated  in  many  rows  :   perianth  none. 

4.  HEMICARPHA.     Inner  scale  1  :   involucre  mostly  1-leaved,  erect. 

5.  LIPOCARPHA.     Inner  scales  2  :   leaves  of  the  involucre  2  or  more,  spreading. 

Tribe  III.  SCIKPEjE.  Flowers  perfect  :  spikes  commonly  many-flowered  :  scales 
one  to  each  flower,  imbricated  in  several  (rarely  2)  rows,  all  fruitful,  or  the  lowest 
empty  :   perianth  bristly,  hairy,  or  wanting. 

*  Perianth  of  3  bristles,  alternating  with  3  stalked  scales. 

6.  FUIRENA.     Nut  pointed  :   scales  of  the  clustered  axillary  and  terminal  spikes  awned. 

*  *  Perianth  bristly,  occasionally  wanting. 

7.  ELEOCH.\RIS.     Nut  tubercled  :   culms  leafless,  sheathed  at  the  base,  bearing  one  ter- 

minal spike. 

8.  SCIRPUS.      Tubercle  none  :   culms  mostly  leafy  at  the  base  or  throughout :   spikes 

commonly  numerous  :   perianth  of  3  -  C  bristles. 

9.  ERIOPHORUM.     Perianth  of  numerous  long  and  woolly  hairs  :   otherwise  like  Scirpus.  , 


Oo- 


CYI'KUACK.K.      (si:i)(;i':   ia.mii. v.) 


*  *  *  I'eriuiith  none  :   stylu  tuiiiiil  ut  tin-  l>;u«.'. 

<-  Scales  iiubriuuted  iu  »cver<tl  rowij :  spikeH  terete. 
U).    KIMBKISTVLIS.     Style  deciduous  :   stigiuas  •_' :   nut  lenticular  or  globose. 
11.   TKICHKLOSTVLIS.     Style  deciduous  :   stignuiH  3  :   nut  3-aiiglcd. 
I'J.    ISOLKl'lS.     Style  per.sistent  at  the  base  :   stigmus  3  :   nut  it-ungled. 

■t-  ■>-  Si-ales  imbricated  iu  2  rows  :  spike  compressed. 

13.  ABILDG.V.VRDIA.     Style  3-cleft,  jointed  to  the  3-ougled  nut. 

Tbibe  IV.     KHYNCHOSPORE.^.     Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous  :  spikelets  com- 
mouly  few-flowered  :   scales  one  to  each  flower,  imbricated  in  few  -  several  rows,  the 
lower  ones  empty,  the  upper  mostly  sterile  ;   periantli  bristly,  or  none. 
*  Perianth  bristly  (occasionally  wanting  in  Rhynchospora). 

14.  RHYNCHOSPORA.     Style  2-eleft  or  entire,  dilated  and  persistent  at  the  base  :  nut  len- 

ticular or  globose. 

15.  CH.ETOSPORA.     Style  3-cleft,  deciduous  :   nut  3-angled  :   spikelets  terminal. 

*  *  Perianth  none. 
IC.   PSILOCARYA.     Spikes  terete,  many-flowered,  cymose  :  flowers  perfect. 

17.  DICHROMENA.     Spikes  compressed,  capitate  :   most  of  the  flowers  imperfect. 

18.  CLADIUM.     Spikes  few-flowered,  only  the  uppermost  flower  perfect :  nut  globose. 

Tribe  V.  SCLERIE^.  Flowers  monoecious :  sterile  spike  many-flowered :  scales 
one  to  each  flower,  imbricated  iu  few  rows  :  fertile  spike  1-flowered,  with  two  or 
more  scales  :   perianth  none. 

19.  SCLERIA.     Style  3-cleft,  deciduous.     Nut  bony,  globose  or  3-angled. 

Tribe  VI.  CARIC£.i£<  Flowers  monoecious,  very  rarely  dioecious  :  sterile  and  fer- 
tile flowers  on  the  same  spike,  or  on  separate  spikes :  scales  one  to  each  flower, 
imbricated  in  few  -  many  rows  :   nut  enclosed  in  a  sac  :   periantli  none. 

20.  CAREX.     Bristles  within  the  sac  none.     Spikes  axillary  and  terminal. 

1.    CYPERUS,  L. 

Spikelets  2 -many-flowered,  commonly  flat  or  compressed.  Scales  imbri- 
cated in  two  opposite  rows,  often  decurrent  on  the  jointed  rachis,  deciduous. 
Perianth  none.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  2  -  3-cleft,  deciduous.  Nut  lenticular 
or  3-aiigled. —  Culms  3  angled  (rarely  terete),  jointless,  leafy  or  occasionally 
sheathed  at  the  base.  Spikelets  numerous  (rarely  1-2),  disposed  in  single 
or  umbellate  heads  or  spikes,  and  surrounded  with  a  leafy  involucre.  Rays 
sheathed. 

§  1.     Pycrecs.  —  Stijle  2-clefl:   nut  lenticular. 

*  Spikelets  clustered  on  the  common  rachis,  or  capitate. 

1.  C.  flavescens,  L.  Umbel  sessile  or  of  2-4  rays,  shorter  than  the 
spikelets;  spikelets  3 -.several  in  a  cluster,  oblong-linear,  acute,  spreading, 
20  -  30flowered ;  scales  yellowish  brown,  ovate,  obtuse,  appressed;  rachis 
margined  ;  stamens  3;  nut  orbicular,  black,  smooth  or  papillose;  culms  clus- 
tered, 4'- 10'  high;  leaves  and  3-leaved  involucre  narrowly  linear.  —  Low 
grounds.     July- Augu.st. 

2.  C.  diandrus,  Torr.  Uml)el  of  2-5  .short  and  unequal  ray.s,  the 
longer  ones  longer  than  the  spikelets;  spikelets  lanceolate-oblong,  acute, 
brownish  or  dark  brown,  spreading ;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  appressed,  green  on 
tlie  keel ;    rachis  margined  ;   stamens  2 ;  nut  oblong-obovate,  rougliish,  dull 


CYPERACE^.       (sedge    FAMILY.)  533 

gray.  —  Wet  places,  North  Caroliua,  and  northward.     August.  —  Culms  4'  - 
10'  high.     luvolucre  3-leaved.  \ 

3.  C.  leucolepis,  Carey.  Spikelets  capitate,  ovate-lanceolate,  flat,  acutV 
5  _7. flowered  ;  scales  ovate,  niucrouate,  compressed-keeled,  7-nerved,  the  scari\ 
ous  sides  broadly  decurreut;  style  deeply  2-parted;  stamens  2-3;  nut  (imma- 
ture) oblong,  lenticular;  culms  low  (2' -3'),  tufted,  obtuse-angled,  shorter 
than  the  smooth  keeled  leaves.  —  Damp  cultivated  grounds,  Quincy,  Middle 
Florida.  August.  —  Head  3" -4"  in  diameter,  composed  of  3-4  compact 
clusters;   sjjikelets  I"  long,  white. 

*  *  Spikelets  scattered  on  the  common  rachis  (sjjiked). 

4  C.  Nuttallii,  Terr.  Umbel  sessile  or  of  3  -  6  rays,  r-2'  long  ;  spike- 
lets spreading,  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  light  or  yellowish  brown,  12-20- 
flowered,  the  lower  ones  commonly  compound;  scales  rigid,  oblong-ovate, 
acute  or  mucrouate,  appressed ;  stamens  2  ;  nut  obloug-obovate,  very  obtuse, 
grayish  and  minutely  pitted  ;  culms  clustered,  3-angled,  4'-  15'  higli ;  leaves 
and  involucre  narrowly  linear.  —  Salt  or  brackish  soil,  Florida,  and  northward. 
July  -  Sept. 

5.  C.  flavicomus,  Michx.  Umbel  compound,  many-rayed  ;  spikelets 
crowded,  linear,  acute,  1 2  -  30-flowered ;  scales  loosely  imbricated,  yellowish, 
round-obovate,  emarginate,  with  broad  scarious  margins,  at  length  spreading ; 
rachis  broadly  margined  ;  stameus  3  ;  nut  obovate,  black,  smooth  and  shining, 
barely  sliorter  than  the  scale ;  culms  thick,  obtuse-angled,  l°-3°  high  ;  leaves 
broadly  linear,  as  long  as  the  culm.  —  Low  grounds  and  ditches,  Georgia  and 
South  Carolina.    May-  Sept.  —  luvolucre  3  -  .5-leaved.    Spikelets  6"  -  9"  long. 

6.  C.  polystaehyus,  Rottb.  Umbel  of  4-8  rays,  simple  or  somewhat 
compound;  spikelets  crowded,  linear,  acute,  15 -25-flowered ;  scales  thin, 
ovate,  acute,  closely  imbricated  ;  rachis  slightly  margined  ;  stamens  2  ;  nut 
linear-oblong  or  somewhat  club-shaped,  .short-pointed,  grayish  and  minutely 
pitted  ;  culms  filiform,  3-angled,  6'-  12'  high  ;  leaves  and  elongated  involucre 
very  narrow.  —  Margins  of  ponds  and  streams,  Florida  to  North  Caroliua. 
July  -  Sept.  —  Rays  1'  -  2'  long.     Spikelets  4"  -  7"  long. 

§  2.     Cyperus  proper.  —  Style  3-cleJi:  nut  3-angled. 
1.    Umbel  simple  or  compound:   spikelets  spreading,  forming  loose  or  compact 
spikes  at  the  summit  of  the  rays:  scales  rigid,  7  -  ll-nerved :  joints  of  the 
rachis  commonly  conspicuously  winged:  stamens  3. 

*  Spikelets  approximate  or  crowded  on  all  sides  of  the  common  rachis. 
■^-  Spikelets  compressed. 

7.  C.  StrigOSUS,  L.  Umbel  large,  4- 8-rayed,  simple  or  compound,  much 
shorter  than  the  involucre  ;  involucels  bristly,  shoi'ter  than  the  dense  oblong 
spikes  ;  spikelets  linear,  acute,  6-  10-flowered  ;  scales  somewhat  scattered  on 
the  very  slender  rachis,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  much  longer  than  the  linear- 
oblong  acute  minutely  dotted  dull  nut ;  culms  (l°-3°  high)  tumid  at  the  base, 
as  long  as  the  broadly  linear  leaves.  —  Swamps  and  damp  soil.  July -Sept, 
—  Rays  4'  -  6'  long.     Spikelets  i'  -  f  long.     Sheath  of  the  rays  bristle-pointed. 

8.  C.  Stenolepis,  Torr.  Umbel  simple  or  compound,  6  -  9-rayed,  shorter 
than   the   3  -  6-leaved   involucre ;   sheaths  of  the    rays  truncate  ;   involucels 


r»;>4  OYl'KKACE.E.        (.SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

hii^llv,  sliurlor  tliiiii  tin-  ovate  fdinjj.^ct  ."Spikes;  .s])ikflet.s  liiioar,  nculo,  5 -8- 
Ho\vor(!tl ;  scales  linear  laiieeulale,  acute,  iii\  ulute,  s|)reaclinj;,  laucli  longer 
tliaii  tlic  ohliiiig  linear  iiciue  dull  ami  luiiuitely  pitted  nut;  culnia  snioutli 
(2'^-;i^  liigli) ;  loaves  very  nnigli  on  the  margins,  whitish  beneath.  —  .Swanips 
and  wet  places,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  August- JSept.  —  Culm  rather 
slender,  longer  than  the  leaves.     Spikelets  G"-8"  long. 

'J.  C.  bruuneus,  Swartz.  L'mitel  compound,  of  4-G  rays;  spikes  ovate 
or  ohloug,  dense ;  spikelets  .spreading  (4"  long),  liuear-lanceolate,  8-  10-fiow- 
ered,  acute;  scales  obloug-ovate,  acute,  si)readiug,  'J-11-nerved,  thrice  the 
length  of  the  obloug-obovate  poiuted  blackish  nut;  culms  oblu.se-angled,  shorter 
than  the  (.3^-4°  long)  whitish  long-tajjcring  leaves.  —  Sandy  shores,  South 
Florida.  Oct.  2/ —  Culm  2° -3°  high,  Leaves  njugh-edged.  Kays  2' -3' 
long.     Sjiikelets  light  liruwn.     Joints  of  the  rachis  broadly  winged. 

10.  C.  erythrorhizos,  -\Inhl.  Umbel  .3-12-rayed,  shorter  than  the 
involucre;  .-spikelets  very  numerous,  narrow-linear,  12-50  Howered ;  .scales 
minute,  oidong-ovate,  yellowish  and  glcjssy  on  the  .sides ;  wings  of  the  rachis 
at  length  free ;  nut  oval,  comjires.sed-J-angled  ;  culms  obtuse-angled;  leaves 
pale  beneatli ;  involucels  leafy,  longer  than  the  spikes.  —  Ponds  and  ditches. 
July-Sept.  (1)  — Culms  i^-4°  high.  Leaves  1"-14"  wide.  Spikelets 
2"  -  8"  long. 

11-  C.  Halei,  Torr.  Umbel  many-rayed;  spikes  densely  clu.stered,  cylin- 
drical, i'-'y  long,  the  involucels  few  and  linear;  sjiikelets  flat,  12-14- 
flowered  ;  scales  brown,  .sharply  keeled,  5-nerved ;  nut  tri(juetrous;  culms  2° - 
3°  higli,  round  angled.  —  Marshes,  Florida,  and  westward. 

12.  C.  dissitiflorus,  Torr.  Umbel  simple,  3  -  4-rayed  ;  spikelets  scat- 
tered along  the  upper  portion  of  the  slender  rays,  lanceolate,  compressed, 
acute,  5-7-flowered;  scales  oblong- lanceolate,  acute;  nut  obloug-obovate, 
compressed-triangular;  culms  filiform  (l°-2°high);  leaves  narrow-linear. — 
Missi.s.sippi,  Tennessee,  and  westward. 

■1-  H-  Spikelets  terete  or  anrjular. 
■<-*  Srahx  close! ji  imbricate :  spikelets,  short,  oblong. 

13.  C  tetragonus,  VAl.  Umbel  of  6- 12  slender  rays;  spikes  cylindri- 
cal, loose  ;  spikelets  horizontal,  short  (2"-3"  long),  4-angled,  4-G-flowered; 
.scales  ovate,  9-  ll-uerved,  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong  dull  nut;  culms  mostly 
slender,  l°-2°  high,  as  long  as  the  leaves;  involucre  many-leaved. — Dry 
.sandy  soil,  along  the  coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  August-  Sept.  ^  — 
Spikes  }'-lV  long,  .5"  wide,  those  on  the  longer  rays  commonly  compound. 
Kays  3'-  .5'  long. 

14.  C.  ligularis,  L.  T'mbel  many-rayed ;  spikes  compact,  cylindrical, 
compound,  ])ale  ;  sjiikelets  short  (2" -3"  long),  .spreading,  nearly  terete,  7- 
flowered  ;  scales  thin,  ovate,  acute,  7-nerved,  twice  the  length  of  the  obovate 
triangular  acute  nut ;  rachis  broadly  winged ;  culms  stout,  nearly  terete  (2°- 
3°  high),  glaucous,  like  the  broadly  linear  rough-edged  leaves.  —  Wet  sandy 
places,  Punta  Itassa,  South  Florida.. 

++  -M-^Scales  rather  distant:  spikelets  linear. 
1.5.  C.  speciOSUS,  Vahl.     L'mliel  4  -  6-rayed  ;  spikes  loose,  mostly  shorter 
than  the  leafy  involucels;   .spikelets  spreading  or  reflexed,  linear-subulate, 


CYPEKACE.E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  535 

terete,  10- 12-flowei-ed  ;  scales  oblong,  obtuse,  faintly  nerved,  appressed  ;  nut 
oblong,  conipressed-3-augled  ;  culms  slender,  obtuse-angled.  —  Swamps  and 
ditches.  August -Sept.  ®  —  Culm  2° -3°  high.  Spikelets  6" -8"  long, 
flexuous  in  fruit. 

16.  C.  distans,  L.  Umbel  large,  compound,  8- lO-rayed;  spikelets  fili- 
form, 4"- 6"  long,  spreading,  8- lO-flowered  ;  scales  oblong,  obtuse,  faintly 
nerved,  twice  as  long  as  the  winged  joints  ;  nut  oblong,  3-angled  ;  culms  2°  -  3° 
high.  —  Wet  pine  woods,  North  Carolina. 

17.  C.  refraetus,  Engelm.  Umbels  mostly  simple,  3-9-rayed,  3' -9' 
long  ;  spikes  loose  ;  spikelets  filiform,  terete,  6-  10-flowered,  9"-  12"  long,  at 
length  refracted  ;  scales  oblong,  obtuse,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  oblong 
triquetrous  nut  and  the  winged  joints  ;  culms  slender,  l°-2°  high,  commonly 
exceeding  the  rough-edged  leaves.  —  Georgia,  Tennessee,  and  westward. 

*  *  Sjiikekts  compressed,  somewhat  2-ranked,  mostly  few  and  scattered  on  the 
common  rachis  :  perennials,  with  creeping  tuberbearimj  rootstocks :  Jiowers 
mostly  abortive. 

18.  C.  eseulentus,  L.  Umbel  mostly  simple,  erect,  5-6-rayed,  shorter 
than  the  3-5-leaved  involucre;  spikelets  linear,  spreading,  1 2 - 24-fiowered, 
the  lower  ones  often  clustered ;  scales  oblong,  obtuse  or  short  mucronate, 
compressed-keeled,  thin-margined,  spreading  at  the  apex,  yellowish  brown ;  nut 
oblong,  triquetrous,  acute.  —  Sandy  soil  near  the  coast,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward. July  -  Sept.  —  Culms  1°  -  1|°  high,  acute-angled,  longer  than  the  erect 
smooth  leaves.  Rays  2' -4'  long.  Spikelets  6" -8"  long.  Whole  plant 
yellowish. 

Var.  macrostachyus,  BcEckl.  Larger  (2^-3°  high);  spikelets  longer 
(1'  long)  and  broader,  30-40  flowered;  scales  acute,  rounded  on  the  back. — 
Coast  of  Florida,  and  westward. 

19.  C.  rotundus,  L.  Umbel  simple  or  compound,  3-8-rayed,  mostly 
longer  tliau  the  3-leaved  involucre  ;  spikes  composed  of  3-9  scattered  linear 
flat  20 - 30-tlowered  spikelets;  scales  oblong,  obtuse,  appressed,  7-uerved  on 
the  green  keel,  the  membranaceous  sides  dark  chestnut ;  nut  obovate  ;  culms 
smooth,  slender,  longer  than  the  broadly  linear  crowded  spreading  rough 
leaves.  —  Sandy  soil,  along  the  coast.  August -Sept.  —  Culm  9'- 18'  high. 
Rays  slender,  2' -4'  long.     Spikelets  i'- 1'  long. 

2.  Umbel  compound :  spikelets  compressed,  many-Jlowered,  scattered  in  loose 
spikes  at  the  Jili form  summit  of  the  rays :  sccdes  thin,  5-uerved,  separate: 
joints  of  the  I'achis  slir/htly  margined :  stamens  2. 

20.  C.  Iria,  L.  Umbel  6- 8  rayed,  erect,  shorter  than  the  3-4-leaved 
involucre;  spikelets  erect-spreading,  oblong-linear,  12 -24  flowered ;  scales 
spreading,  nearly  orbicular,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  shortmucronate,  .5-nerved 
on  the  green  keel,  the  thin  whitish  sides  minutely  pitted  ;  nut  oblong-obovate, 
abruptly-pointed;  style  very  short;  culms  (1°  high)  slender,  acute-angled, 
longer  than  the  smooth  narrow  leaves.  —  South  Carolina  (Ravenel),  Mississippi 

(Tracey).     Probablv  introduced. 

/ 


636  cvPKRACE.'E.      (ski)(;k  family.) 

3.  UihIh'I  compound  or  ilecomjiouuil,  diffnue :  sjiikclets  2-runked,  compressed , 
muny-jlowered,  3-10  in  a  cluster  at  the  summit  of  the  (jenerul  tiud  partial 
rai/s  :  scales  closely  imbricated, 'S-1 -nerved,  decurrent  on  the  rachis :  sta- 
mens 3. 

*   Calms  terete,  knotted,  ledjltss  :    inrulitrre  very  short :    nut  obluiiy. 

'2\.  C.  articulatus,  L.  Umliel  cnmjxuuKl,  iiiaiiy-niycfl,  spreadiu^  or  re- 
furvid;  iiivulucre  of  tliree  bract-like  |imi{^oiit  leaves  ;  S]jikelet.s  long  (^' -  1.}' 
long),  linear,  jspreadiug,  30- 4U  Howered  ;  scales  whitisli,  oliiong,  obtuse,  7- 
nervecl  on  the  back,  thrice  tlie  leiigtli  of  the  linear-oblong  dull  nut ;  rliizonia 
creeping,  bearing  tuber-like  buds;  culms  stout  (3°- 5^  higb),  tumid  at  the 
slieatiied  base. —  Marshes  near  the  c<«ist,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  Au- 
gust-Sept.    ^  — Flowers  mostly  abortive. 

*  *  Culms  3-angled,  knotUss :  involucre  leafy  :  nut  ohovnte. 

22.  C.  Haspan,  L.  Umbel  many-rayed,  decompound,  spreading,  the 
filiform  rays  mostly  longer  than  the  2-leaved  involucre;  spikelets  small  (4"- 
5"  loug),3-5  in  a  cluster, linear,  acute,  20 - 40-tlowered  ;  scales  ligiit  reddish 
brown,  very  small,  oblong,  mucronate,  3-nerved,  free  at  tlie  apex  ;  nut  wliite, 
granular-rongliened ;  culms  teuder,  sharply  angled  ;  leaves  linear,  smooth, 
shorter  tliau  the  culms  (l°-  1^°),  often  reduced  to  membranaceous  sheaths. — 
Fonds  and  ditclies.     July  -  Sept. 

23.  C.  dentatus,  Torr.  Umbel  compound,  erect,  4-7-rayed,  shorter 
than  the  3-4-leaved  involucre;  spikelets  3-5  iu  a  cluster  {3"-7"  hmg), 
ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  flat,  12-30-tlowered ;  scales  ovate,  acute,  compre.ssed, 
7-nerved  ou  tlie  green  keel,  membranaceous  on  the  reddish  l)rown  sides,  spread- 
ing at  the  apex;  nut  nn'nute,  vvhitisii ;  rliizoma  creo])ing,  bearing  tul)ers; 
culms  slender  (1°  high),  obtu.se-angled,  longer  than  the  rigid  keeled  leaves. — 
Sandy  swamps  and  banks,  South  Carolina  ( Torrey),  and  northward.  Sept. 
2Z  — Kays  1'- 2' long. 

24.  C.  Lecontei,  Torr.  Umbel  compound,  erect,  6-12-rayed,  shorter 
than  tlie  3-leaved  involucre  ;  spikelets  commonly  three  in  a  cluster,  oblong  or 
linear-oldong,  obtu.se,  fiat,  30  -  70-flowere(l  (V-V  long)  ;  scales  closely  imliri- 
cated,  ovate,  obtuse,  compressed,  yellowish,  faintly  7-nerved,  appre.ssed  at  the 
apex  ;  nut  minute,  blackish  ;  culms  rigid,  obtuse-angled,  as  long  as  tlie  rigid 
leaves.  —  Low  sandy  ]ilaces  along  the  coast.  East  and  West  Florida.  July  - 
Sept.  %  —  Khizoma  creeping.  Culms  6'- 12'  high.  Rays  2'-6'  long. 
Itacliis  with  very  short  joints.     Whole  ])laiit  pale  straw-color. 

4.  L  mhel  simple  or  compound:  spikelets  mnnyflowr-red,  compressed,  numerous  in 
a  cluster,  forming  more  or  less  dt-nse  heads  at  the  summit  of  the  common  and 
partial  rays  :  rachis  wingless  :    stamen  solitary. 

*  Umbel  compound :  spikelets  ovate  or  oblong,  fat :  scales  3-nerved ,  concave  on 
the  back,  acute:   nut  minute,  lanceolate  or  oblong. 

25.  C.  virens,  Michx.  Umbel  spreading,  compound,  many-rayed  ;  invo- 
lucre 4  -  G-leaved,  many  times  longer  tlian  the  umbel  ;  spikelets  (4"-  6"  long, 
and  aT)out  20  in  a  cluster)  oblong,  30-40-flowere(l,  pale  green  ;  scales  oblong 
lanceolate,  straight ;   nut  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end;   culms  stout  (2° -4° 


CYPEEACE^.        (sedge    FAMILY.)  537 

high),  rough-angled  above;  leaves  broad,  elongated,  reticulated.  Miry  places, 
riorida  to  North  Carolina.  July -Sept.  2/  —  Plant  pale  green.  Rays  3'- 
4'  long.     Spikelets  turning  yellowish. 

26.  C.  calearatus,  Nees.  Umbel  often  decompound,  many-rayed,  widely 
spreading  ;  involucre  4-leaved,  many  times  longer  than  the  umbel ;  spikelets 
short  ( I ^" -2"  long),  ovate,  10- 15-flowered,  very  uunieruus  in  the  heads; 
scales  lanceolate,  incurved,  spreading  at  the  apex  ;  nut  minute,  linear- lanceo- 
late, slender-pointed;  culms  slender  (2°-3°  high),  obtuse-angled  or  nearly 
terete  ;  leaves  narrow,  rigid,  rough  on  the  margins  near  the  summit.  —  Low 
pine  barrens  and  margins  of  ponds,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  Sept.  1[.  — 
Culms  tumid  at  the  base.  Leaves  of  the  involucre  horizox^tal.  Heads  light 
brown. 

27.  C,  Surinamensis,  Rottb.  Umbel  compound,  of  4-6  primary  rays, 
and  as  many  smaller  ones,  shorter  than  the  4-leaved  involucre ;  spikelets  (10- 
20  in  a  cluster)  oblong  or  oblong-linear,  40-.50-flowered ;  scales  yellowish, 
ovate,  straight,  free  at  the  apex  ;  nut  oblong,  pointed,  abruptly  contracted  at 
the  base,  minutely  wrinkled;  culms  (6' -15'  high)  obtuse-angled,  very  rough, 
longer  than  the  narrow  leaves.  —  Sandy  swamps.  Middle  Florida,  and  west- 
ward.    Sept.     (l). 

*  «  Umbel  simple  or  sessile ;  spikelets  lanceolate  or  linear,  compressed :  scales 
8  -lO-7ieri'ed,  (aperiny  into  a  long  spreading  or  recurved  point:  nut  ohovate- 
oblong :   low  fuftud  annuals. 

28.  C.  aristatus,  Rottb.  Umbel  of  1-2  short  rays  or  sessile,  much 
shorter  than  tlie  2  -  3-leaved  involucre;  spikelet.s  very  numerous  in  the  clus- 
ters (green),  oblong-linear  (2"  long),  10-20-fiowered  ;  scales  thin,  oblong,  8- 
nerved,  gradually  pointed;  culms  weak,  acute-angled  (2''-G'  high),  as  long  as 
the  smooth  narrowly  linear  leaves.  —  Low  sandy  jjlaces  (apparently  intro- 
duced).    July  -  Sept.  —  Sheaths  of  the  leaves  green. 

Var.  versicolor,  Clarke.  Spikelets  8-20  in  a  cluster,  reddish  brown ; 
scales  rigid,  lO-nervecl,  abruptly  pointed;  sheaths  dark  brown. — South 
Florida. 

29.  C.  acuminatus,  Torr.  Spikelets  (whitish)  numerous  in  a  compact 
cluster,  oblong,  compressed,  20-30-flowered  ;  scales  thin,  keeled,  oblong, 
tapering  into  a  spreading  point,  faintly  3-nerved ;  nut  minute,  narrowly  obo- 
vate  ;  culms  clustered  ;  leaves  one  or  two,  very  narrow,  like  the  3-leaved  in- 
volucre. —  Low  ground,  Tennessee,  and  westward.  —  Culms  4'-  8'  high. 

5.  Umbel  simple  or  sessile  :  spikelets  inserted  on  all  sides  of  the  common  racliis, 
forming  clusters  or  heads :  joints  of  the  rachis  mostli/  winged :  scales  rigid, 
5-1  l-nerved:   stamens  3. 

*  Spikelets  few  in  loose  clusters. 

30.  C.  flliformis,  Swartz.  Clusters  sessile ;  .spikelets  6  - 12,  erect,  terete, 
subulate,  6  -  12-flowered  ;  scales  scattered,  appressed,  oblong,  mucronate,  finely 
nerved ;  rachis  very  slender,  flexuous  ;  nut  oblong,  acute ;  culms  tufted,  fili- 
form, acute-angled,  longer  than  the  bristle-like  leaves ;  involucre  2-leaved,  the 
lower  one  elongated  and  erect. —  Key  West.  Nov.  2/ —  Culms  4'- 10" 
high,  tumid  at  the  base.     Spikelets  4"  -  6"  long. 


r)38  CYl'KKACE.K.       (sKDUE    FAMILY.) 

."51.  C.  compressus,  r..  rmliel  simple  or  CDinpouiKl,  often  sessile,  shorter 
tli.iii  till' 4  -  (1  Ifiufil  involiiere  ;  .spikeieis  spreailiiiy,  linear,  Hat,  12 -.'JO-liow- 
ered  ;  stales  ovate, aeiuninato,  closely  inilniiated,  keeled  ;  nut  broadly  (d)ovato, 
aeiite-aiiji^led,  Mark  and  shining ;  culms  olituseangle<l,  longer  tiian  the  palo 
green  leaves.  —  Cultivated  grounds.  July-Sept,  (l)  —  Culms  4'- 12'  iiigh. 
Umbel  spreading,  .sometimes  reduced  to  few  spikelets  or  a  single  one.  Sjjike- 
lets  somewhat  glaucous,  4" -6"  long,  serrated  by  the  jjrojecting  points  of  the 
scales. 

32.  C.  viSCOSUS,  Ait.  I'lMliel  siinjile,  of  3  -  .5  short  erect  rays  ;  involucre 
elongated,  Sleaved  ;  spikelets  several  in  a  cluster,  lanceolate,  compressed, 
12-20-Howcred  ;  scales  whitish,  ovate,  acuminate,  lu<jsely  imbricated  in  fruit, 
hispid-serrulate  on  the  keel,  the  l)road  margins  embracing  the  pi'ar-sha|)ed 
acutely  angled  nut ;  culm  flattened  on  one  side,  rounded  on  the  other,  as  long 
as  the  slender  keeled  leaves.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  South  Fhjrida.  Jlay  -  ><ov. 
—  Culms  9'-  15'  high,  straw-color,  like  the  leaves.     Spikelets  i'  long. 

*  *  Spihelets  numerous  in  compact  globular  ohlonrj  or  cylindrical  heads. 

33.  C.  fuligineus,  Cliapm.  Head  solitary,  globose,  sliorter  than  the 
2-leaved  involucre;  s])ikes  lanceolate,  acute,  conijjressed,  8  -  12-Howered;  scales 
( black)  ovate,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  mucrouate;  nut  oblong-obovate ;  culms 
filiform,  obtuse  angled,  thrice  the  length  of  the  narrow  rigid  leaves.  —  Key 
West.  Nov.  —  Culms  ^^-1°  high.  Sheatlis  of  the  leaves  blackish.  Head 
5"  in  diameter.     Scales  9-nerved. 

34.  C.  filiculmis,  Vahl.  Umbel  of  1  -2  s])reading  rays  or  none  ;  involu- 
cre 3- 4-leaved  ;  spikelets  15-20,  in  a  dense  globose  head,  linear-lanceolate, 
6- 10-Howered  ;  joints  of  tlie  rachis  barely  margined;  scales  (greenish)  ovate, 
obtuse  or  emarginate,  sliort-mucronate,  loosely  imbricate<l ;  nut  obovate; 
culms  (10'- 15'  high),  slender,  wiry,  longer  than  the  linear  leaves.  —  Dry 
sandy  soil.     July -Sept.  —  Heads  ^' iu  diameter. 

35.  C.  Martindalei,  Britton.  Allied  to  the  ju-eceding,  but  taller  (1^°- 
2°  high)  ;  umbel  2  -  8-rayod,  spikelets  compressed,  acute  ;  scales  closely  imbri- 
cated ;  racliis  winged. —  Dry  pine  barrens  near  the  coast,  West  Flc^rida. 

36.  C.  Gl'ayii,  iurr.  Umbel  of  4-6  erect  rays,  shorter  than  the  3-4- 
leaved  involucre  ;  spikelets  6-9  in  a  rather  loose  head,  linear  or  linear-lanceo- 
late, 5-7-flowered;  joints  of  the  rachis  winged;  scales  (brownish)  closely 
imbricated  (s]jreading  in  fruit),  ovate  or  oblong,  o])tuse ;  nut  obovate;  culms 
(8'- 12'  higli)  filiform,  wiry,  longer  than  the  bristle-slinped  leaves. — Dry 
sandy  pine  barrens,  North  Carolina  (Curtis),  and  northward.  August - 
Sept. 

37.  C.  OVUlaris,  Torr.  Umbel  3  -  0-rayed,  rarely  wanting  ;  heads  small, 
globose  or  oblong;  spikelets  (H"- 2"  long)  angular,  obtuse,  2-4-flowered  ; 
scales  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate,  closely'  imbricated  ;  nut  oblong  ;  culms 
smooth,  rather  acute-angled,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves.  —  Wet  or  dry 
soil,  common  and  varialile.  August  -  Sept.  —  Culms  i°  -  2°  high.  Heads  2"- 
3"  in  diameter. 

38.  C.  retrofractus,  Torr.  Umbel  of  about  8  slender  (2' -6'  long' 
rays,  longer  tlian  llie  involucre;    heads  obovate;    spikelets  subulate,  reflexed- 


CTPEBACE.E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  539 

terete  ;  scales  4-5,  the  two  lower  ones  ovate  and  empty,  the  upper  lanceolate, 
acute  ;  nut  linear-oblong  ;  culm  tall  (2°  -  4°),  downy  and  rougljish,  like  the 
broadly  linear  leaves.  —  Barren  sandy  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  July  - 
Sept.  —  Leaves  much  shorter  than  the  culm. 

39.  C.  retl'Orsus,  Chapm.  Umbel  simple,  8-rayed  ;  spikes  clavate-obo- 
vate ;  spikelets  lanceolate,  acute,  reflexed,  2  -  3-flowered,  the  lowest  Hower  fer- 
tile ;  scales  oblong,  7-uerved,  scarcely  longer  than  the  oblong  triangular  nut ; 
rachis  very  slender,  broadly  winged  ;  culm  smooth  (2°  high);  leaves  linear, 
involucre  longer  than  the  umbel.  —  Koberts's  Key,  Caximbas  Bay,  South 
Florida. 

40.  C.  Baldwinii,  Terr.  Umbel  6  -  12-rayed,  shorter  tlian  the  involucre ; 
heads  globose  or  olilong ;  spikelets  linear,  somewhat  compressed,  acute,  6-12- 
flowered  ;  scales  (greenish  or  yellowish)  oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate,  closely  im- 
bricated ;  uut  oblong;  culms  (l°-2°high)  obtuse  angled,  longer  than  the 
linear  leaves.  (Mariscus  echinatus,  Ell.)  —  Cultivated  ground,  Florida  to 
Xorth  Carolina,  and  westward.     July  -  Sept.  —  Spikelets  3"  -  6"  long. 

41.  C.  Lancastriensis,  T.  C.  Porter.  Culms  triangular  {\°-2°  high); 
leaves  rather  broadly  linear;  umljel  6-9-rayed;  spikelets  subulate,  numerous 
in  au  oval  or  globular  head,  soon  reflexed,  3  -  6-flowered  ;  scales  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, twice  the  length  of  the  linear-oblong  uut;  rachis  broadly  winged. — 
Alabama  {Porter),  and  northward. 

42.  C.  cylindricus,  Chapm.  Umbel  3  -  6-rayed,  simple,  erect ;  heads 
oblong  or  cylindrical;  spikelets  very  numerous,  lanceolate,  7-9-flowered; 
scales  oblong,  7  -  9-nerved,  pale,  twice  the  length  of  the  oblong  triangular  nut ; 
rachis  very  slender,  narrowly  winged  ;  culms  (l°-2°  high)  triangular,  smooth  ; 
leaves  broadly  linear,  as  long  as  the  culm.  —  Sandy  keys  of  Caximbas  Bay, 
South  Florida. 

43.  C.  Blodgettii,  Britt(m  ?  Umbel  3-5-rayed,  simple,  longer  than  the 
3-leaved  involucre;  heads  globose,  den.se,  3" -4"  in  diameter;  spikelets  6-8- 
flowered  ;  scales  oval,  obtuse,  little  longer  than  the  ovate-oldong  triangular 
nut ;  rachis  strongly  winged  ;  culms  6'  -  12'  high,  much  longer  than  the  smooth 
linear  leaves.  —  Keys  of  Caximbas  Bay,  South  Florida. 

2.    KYLLINGIA,  L. 

Spikelets  compressed,  mostly  1 -flowered.  Scales  commoidy  4,  imbricated 
in  two  rows,  the  two  lower  ones  small  and  empty, the  third  perfect,  the  fourth 
imperfect.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  elongated,  2-cleft.  Nut 
lenticular.  —  Culms  jointless,  3-angled,  leafy  at  the  liase.  Involucre  .^-5- 
leaved.  Spikelets  collected  in  single  or  clustered  sessile  heads.  Plants 
odorous. 

1.  K.  pumila,  Michx.  Heads  (green)  mostly  3,  globose  or  ovate  ;  spike- 
lets 1-flowered,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end  ;  scales  3,  the  lowest  minute, 
the  micklle  one  ovate,  compressed,  mucronate,  mostly  serrulAte  on  the  keel, 
enclosing  the  uj)per  one ;  nut  obovate  ;  stamens  2  ;  culms  weak,  acute  angled  ; 
leaves  and  3-4-leaved  involucre  linear. —  Wet  places,  Florida  to  North  Caro- 
lina.    July  -  Sept.     0  —  Culms  tufted,  4'  -  1 0'  high. 


540  CYPEKACE.i;.        (sKlMii;     FA  M  I  I,  V.) 

2.  K.  odorata,  Vahl.  Heads  (while)  1  -  3,  ovate  oroliloiig;  8|)ikelets 
ovate-olilnii;;,  :itiitc,  l-lloweretl.or  iiii|K'rfeetly  :i  flowered  ;  scales  4-5,  tlie  two 
lower  ones  iiiiiiute,  tlie  tliird  and  fourtli  alike,  ovate,  aeute,  smooth,  the  fifth 
enclosed  in  tlie  fonrtli ;  stamens  2  ;  nnt  ohuvale  ;  enlms  ereet,  ohl use-angled  ; 
leaves  and  3-5-leaved  involucre  broadly  linear.  —  Low  exposed  jtlaces  and 
along  roads.  Middle  Florida.  August-iSept.  ^— Culms  4'- 12'  hitrh 
I'lant  j)ale  green,  pletisaut-sceuted. 

.'?.  K.  monocephala,  L.  "  Heads  single,  globose,  comjjact  ;  spikelets 
l-Howeied,  miiiiaiitirous,  ovate,  acuminate,  tiie  2  superior  scales  striate,  nearly 
smootli  on  the  sides,  serrulate-ciliate  on  the  keel,  the  two  inferior  minute  ;  nut 
somewhat  orbicular ;  involucre  3-leaved,  oue  of  the  leaves  erect,  the  others 
horizontal."  Tuir.  —  Low  moist  jjlaces  near  the  coast,  Georgia  and  Florida. 
—  Hhizoma  creeping.  Culms  1°  high.  Head  greenish,  generally  inclined. 
Leaves  abruptly  pointed. 

3.  DULICHIUM,  Kichard. 

Spikelets  linear,  compressed,  many-flowered.  Scales  imbricated  in  2  rows, 
decurrent  on  the  joints  of  the  rachis.  I'eriauth  coniijosed  of  6-9  downwardly 
hispid  rigid  bristles.  Stamens  3.  Style  2-cleft.  Kut  lanceolate,  compressed, 
long-beaked.  —  Perennial.  Culms  terete,  jointed,  leafy.  Leaves  numerous, 
3-ranked,  linear  or  lanceolate,  short  and  spreading.  Spikes  numerous,  soli- 
tary in  the  upper  axils,  simple  or  the  lower  compound.  Spikelets  8-  14,  2- 
ranked,  spreading,  6- 10-flowered.  Scales  lanceolate,  many-nerved,  closely 
imbricated.  Bristles  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  compressed  or  concave 
uut. 

L  D.  spathaceum,  Eichard.  —  Tonds  and  ditches,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward. August-Sept.  — Culms  1°- 2°  high.  Leaves  1' -3'  long.  Spikelets 
6"-  12"  h)ng.     reduucles  of  the  lower  spikes  longer  than  the  sheaths. 

4.  HEMICARPHA,  Xees. 

Spikes  many-flowered,  ovate,  one  or  few  in  a  terminal  (apparently  lateral) 
cluster.  Scales  imbricated  in  many  rows,  ovate  or  obovate.  Inner  scale 
single,  behind  tlie  flower,  very  thin,  minute.  Periantli  none.  Stamens  1-2. 
Stvle  2-cleft.  —  Small  tufted  annuals  with  naked  culms,  narrow  radical  leaves, 
and  an  erect  mostly  1 -leaved  involucre. 

1.  H.  SUbsquarrosa,  Nees.  Culms  nearly  terete  (2' -4'  high);  leaf 
solitary,  shorter  tlian  the  culm;  involucre  1-2-leaved,  the  lower  erect,  the 
other  short  and  ref^exed  or  wanting;  spikes  2  (rarely  one);  scales  brown, 
ovate-oblong,  acuminate ;  stamens  2 ;  style  deeply  2-parted,  smooth ;  nut  ob- 
long-obovate,  minutely  pitted  in  lines.  — Low  sandy  places,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward.    Augu.st  -  Sept.  —  Sheaths  brown.     Spikes  2"  -  3"  long. 

5.     LIPOCARPHA,  K.  T5r. 

Spikes  many-fiowered,  terete.  Scales  spatulate,  imbricated  in  many  rows, 
deciduous,  the  lowest  empty.  Interior  scales  2,  parallel  to  the  exterior  ones, 
membranaceous,  enclosing  the  floAver  and  nut.     Stamens  1-2.     Style  2-3- 


CYPERACE^.       (sedge    FAMILY.)  541 

cleft.     Nut  compressed,  3-angled.  —  Culms  joiutless,  leafy  at  the  base.     Spikes 
iu  a  terminal  cluster.     luvolucre  leafy. 

1.  L.  maculata,  Torr.  Annual;  culms  clustered,  terete  ;  leaves  much 
shorter  than  the  culm,  linear,  concave,  smooth ;  involucre  2  -  6-leaved,  spread- 
ing or  recurved  ;  spikes  small,  ovate,  3-9  iu  a  cluster;  scales  spotted  ;  scales 
of  the  perianth  very  thin,  the  nerves  at  length  free  and  bristle-like  below  ; 
nut  oblong,  contracted  into  a  short  neck.  —  Springy  or  miry  places,  Florida 
to  North  Carolina.  July -Sept.  —  Culms  4' -8'  high.  Spikes  l"-2"  lung, 
green. 

6.    FUIRENA,  Rottb. 

Spikes  many-flowered.  Scales  imbricated  in  many  rows,  awned  at  the  apex. 
Perianth  consisting  of  three  petal-like  stalked  scales  alternating  with  as  many 
bristles.  Stamens  3.  Style  3-cleft.  Nut  3-angled,  raised  on  a  stalk,  and 
pointed  with  the  persistent  base  of  the  style.  —  Culms  terete,  jointed.  Spikes 
single  or  clustered,  lateral  and  terminal.     Scales  hairy. 

1.  F.  SCirpoidea,  Vahl.  Rhizoma  thick  and  creeping  ;  culms  slender ; 
leaves  reduced  to  pointed  sheaths,  smooth  ;  spikes  1  -3,  terminal,  ovate,  sup- 
ported by  a  small  bract-like  involucre ;  scales  obovate,  9-nerved,  pointed  with 
a  short  erect  awn  ;  stalks  of  the  oval  barely  pointed  petal-like  scales  longer 
than  the  hispid  bristles.  —  Wet  sandy  places  near  the  coast,  Florida  and 
Georgia.     May -Sept.     2/  —  Culms  1°  high. 

2.  F.  longa,  Chapm.  Glabrous;  culms  weak,  declining,  2^-4°  long; 
lower  sheaths  leafless,  the  upper  short-leaved ;  umbel  terminal,  sessile ; 
spikes  2-4  in  a  cluster,  oblong-ovate;  scales  hairy,  obovate,  awned  ;  petal- 
like scales  ovate,  barely  longer  than  their  stalks  ;  bristles  sligbtlv  hispid  ; 
nut  acutely  triangular,  pointed.  —  Low  pine  barrens  near  the  coast,  West 
Florida. 

3.  F.  squarrosa,  Michx.  Culms  clustered,  smooth,  or  pubescent  near 
the  summit ;  leaves  flat,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  the  margins,  like  the  lower 
sheaths,  hairy  ;  spikes  oblong,  in  lateral  and  terminal  clusters ;  scales  oblong- 
obovate,  with  the  long  pale  awn  recurved ;  petal-like  scales  ovate,  acute ; 
bristles  as  long  as  the  stalk  of  the  obovate  nut.  —  Var.  hispida.  (F.  hispida, 
Ell.)  Leaves,  sheaths,  and  upper  portion  of  the  culm  bristly-hairy:  petal-like 
scales  acuminate  ;  bristles  nearly  as  long  as  the  nut.  —  Swamps,  Florida,  and 
northward.  July -Sept.  %  —  Culms  1°- 2°  high.  Leaves  2' -  5' long.  Ter- 
minal cluster  occasionally  compound. 

7.    ELEOCHARIS,  R.  Br.    Spike  Rush. 

Spikes  many-  (rarely  2-4-)  flowered.  Scales  imbricated  on  all  sides  of  the 
rachis,  or  somewhat  2-ranked,  the  lowest  usually  empty,  l)ractdike,  and  per- 
sistent. Perianth  of  3  -  8  bearded  bristles,  occasionally  wanting.  Stamens 
1-3,  Style  2  -3  cleft.  Nut  compressed,  biconvex,  or  3-angled,  crowned  with 
the  persistent  jointed  base  of  the  style  (tubercled).  —  Commonly  perennials, 
with  creeping  rootstocks.  Culms  jointless,  leafless,  sheathed  at  the  base, 
bearing  at  the  ai)ex  a  single  spike. 


n42  cYPEUArK.T:.     (skdcf.  family.) 

§    1.      I'.i  ijoriiAifis   ]n-o])iT. ^/likes  711(111  i/-J}iiiftic(l :    scahs   iiiihiitdlfil  in  xt  r- 

eral  rows. 
*  Sinkcs  cijlhiilriciil,  scitrrelji  thicker  than  the  soft  cd/iilar  riiJms :   nut  hironrcr, 

jiilUtl  or  wrinkled  in  lonrjilmliuiil  lines. 

t-  Scales  ronnih  (I,  thick  ami  faintli/  n<  rved :  stifle  ti-t-lejl:  bristles  Q,  sjiarint/li, 

liciirilril  or  smodthish,  as  lonij  as  the  mil.     (Liiiiuocliloa,  Nec'8.) 

1.  E.  equisetoides,  Torr.  Culms  stout,  terete,  knotted  by  cross  jiarti- 
tions,  rougliisli ;  scales  pale,  rouud-ovate,  obtuse  or  the  U])])(;r  acute,  scarioua 
ou  the  margins;  bristles  his]»i(l ;  nut  pale  browu,  obscurely  wrinkled,  shiniug, 
crowned  with  a  sessile  conical-l)eaked  acute  tubercle.  (Scirjius  e(|uisotoide.s, 
Ell.)  —  Tonds,  Florida,  and  northw.ard.  July -Sept.  ^  — Culms  l°-2° 
high,  3"  in  diameter.     Sheaths  brown.     Spikes  1'  long. 

2.  E.  quadrangulata,  K.  Br.  Culms  unequally  4-sideil,  with  the  angles 
acute;  scales  pale,  roundish,  very  obtu.se,  scarious  on  the  margins;  bristles 
slender,  bearded,  uuecjual ;  nut  broadly  obovate,  finely  pitted,  dull  white, 
tubercle  ovate  or  conical,  free  around  the  base,  mucli  slujrtcr  tlian  the  uut. 
—  Ponds  and  ditches,  Florida,  and  northward.  July -Sept.  ^  —  Culm  2° - 
3°  high,  \"  -2"  in  diameter.     Sheatiis  purplish.     Sjdkes  T  long. 

3.  E.  cellulosa,  Torr.  Culms  obscurely  3  angled  below,  terete  above  ; 
scales  pale  brown,  round-obovate,  white  and  scarious  on  tiie  margins;  bri.stles 
rather  rigid,  nearly  or  quite  smooth  ;  nut  oblong-obovate,  conspicuott.sly  pitted, 
narrowed  into  the  conical  (at  length  flattened)  tubercle.  —  Marshes,  Florida, 
and  westward,  near  the  coast.  August  —  Sept.  "21 — T\ootstocks  creeping, 
slender.  Culms  I°-2°  high,  li"  in  diameter.  Upper  slicath  elongated. 
Spikes  y-l'  long,  spirall}'  twisted. 

-t-  •<-  Scales  ohlonfj,  nerved  on  the  hark,  thin  on  the  mnrfjins :    .<tli/le  2  -  3-cleft  • 
bristles  7,  stronijli/  bearded,  longer  than  the  nut. 

4.  E.  Robbinsii,  Oakes.  Culms  erect,  rather  slender,  acutely  3-angled, 
intermixed  witli  hair  like  abortive  ones;  spike  G  -  8-flowercd.  acute  ;  scales 
greenish,  obtuse,  rather  distant  on  the  flattened  rachis,  closely  imbricated  ; 
style  2-cleft ;  bristles  unequal,  as  long  as  the  nut  and  tubercle  ;  nut  (1"  long) 
deeply  pitted  in  lines,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  subulate  tubercle.  —  Shallow 
ponds,  near  Quincy,  Florida,  and  northward.  Augu.st. —  Khizoma  filiform. 
Culms  6'-  12'  high.     Spikes  V  long. 

5.  E.  elongata,  Chapm.  Culms  floating,  .slender,  terete,  mingled  with 
hair-like  at)ortive  ones  ;  spike  12-20-fiowered,  acute  ;  scales  rather  distant  on 
the  compressed  rachis,  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  green  on  the  bacjv,  dark  brown 
on  the  sides  ;  style  3-parted  ;  bristles  rather  longer  than  the  obovate  biconvex 
cr  somewhat  3-angled  faintly  pitted  nut ;  tubercle  minute.  —  In  still  water, 
Floriila.  July.  ^  —  Rootstocks  filiform.  Culms  2°  - 3°  long,  all  but  the 
summit  immersed.     Spikes  6" -9"  long.     Xut  i"  long. 

*  *  Spikes  thicker  than  the  ctdm :  sti/le  3-cle/f :  nut  3-nngled. 
•*-  Bristles  6,  as  tongas  the  nut  and  tubercle:  nut  lonqitiidinalhj  furrowed  and 

pitted. 

6.  E.  tuberculosa,  R.  Br.  Culms  somewhat  compressed,  tough  and 
wiry;  spikes  pale,  ovate  or  oblong,  acute;  scales  oblong,  rigid,  1-nerved  ;  nut 


CYPERACE.E.       (SEDGK    FAMILY.)  543 

ohovate,  as  large  as  tlie  ovate  compressed  3-aiigled  tuhercle  ;  bristles  rigid, 
Iiispitl.  —  Varies  with  larger  spikes  aud  pubescent  bristles.  —  Wet  places, 
cliietly  along  the  coast,  Florida,  and  northward.  March  -  Sept.  2/  —  Culms 
6'  -  1 2'  high.     Spikes  3"  -  4"  long  (6"  -  8"  in  the  var.).     Nut  shining. 

7.  E.  tortilis,  Schultes.  Culms  unequally  3-sided,  acute-angled ;  spikes 
short,  ovate,  acute ;  scales  ovate-oblong,  whitish,  with  brownish  .sides ;  nut 
obovate,  flat  on  the  inner  face,  twice  as  long  as  the  conical-beaked  compres.sed 
acute  tubercle;  bristles  rigid.  (Scirpus  simplex,  Ell.) — Miry  places  along 
streams,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  May -Sept.  %  —  Culms  1°-1^°  high, 
very  slender,  twisted  when  dry.     Spikes  2" -3"  long,  angular,  few-flowered. 

8.  E.  prolifera,  Torr.  Culms  filiform,  diffuse  or  floating,  compressed ; 
spikes  ovate-lauceolate,  acute,  proliferous  or  rooting ;  scales  whitish,  thin, 
oval,  obtuse ;  nut  obovate,  compressed-Sangled ;  tubercle  half  as  long  as  the 
nut,  conical,  3-angled,  free  at  the  base ;  bristles  stout.  —  Marshy  borders  of 
ponds  and  streams,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  May  -  Sept.  2^  —  Culms 
10' -20'  long,  tough  and  wiry.     Spikes  2" -4"  long,  very  rarely  fruiting. 

^-  f-  Bristles  4-6,  longer  than  the  smooth  nut. 

9.  E.  intermedia,  Torr.  Culms  bristle-form,  diffuse,  furrowed;  spikes 
oblong-ovate,  acute,  8- lO-flowered  ;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  rather  acute,  thin, 
brown  on  the  siiles  ;  nut  (3'ellowish)  obovate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  flat  on  the 
inner  face,  backed  Avith  the  subulate  tubercle ;  bristles  6,  stout,  as  long  as 
the  nut  and  tubercle.  —  Wet  places  and  in  shallow  streams,  Georgia,  and 
northward.  —  Culms  5°  long.     Spikes  2"  -  3"  long.     Nut  minutely  striate. 

10.  E.  albida,  Torr.  Culms  terete,  spongy  ;  .spikes  p.ale,  oval  or  oblong, 
obtuse,  many-fl(iwered  ;  scales  rigid,  oval,  obtuse,  white  or  brownish  ;  nut 
broadly  obovate,  whitish,  flat  on  the  inner  face,  smooth  and  shining  ;  tubercle 
minute,  free  at  the  base  ;  bristles  6,  reddish,  longer  than  tlie  nut.  —  Wet  sandy 
places  along  the  coast.  May -Sept.  IJ. — Rhizoma  filiform,  creeping.  Culms 
2' -6'  high.     Spikes  2" -3"  long. 

11.  E.  rostellata,  Torr.  Culms  compressed,  furrowed,  wiry;  spikes 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  1 2  -  20-flowered  ;  scales  rigid,  oval,  obtuse,  light  brown  ; 
nut  ol)ovate,  flat  on  the  inner  face,  tapering  into  the  conical  Ijeaked  tuiiercle  ; 
bristles  4-6,  stout,  twice  as  long  as  the  nut.  —  South  Carolina,  and  north- 
ward. —  Culms  1°-  ip  high.     Spikes  3"-4"  long. 

■4-  -1-  -1-  Bristles  2-6,  not  exceeding  the  nut,  often  vantiiig. 

12.  E.  melanocarpa,  Torr.  Culms  compressed,  furrowed,  tough  and 
wiry ;  spikes  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  many-flowered  ;  scales  thin,  ovate, 
obtuse,  white  on  the  broad  margins  ;  style  2  -  3-cleft ;  nut  black,  obconical,  3- 
angled  or  biconvex,  truncate  at  the  apex,  and  capped  with  the  triangular 
minutely  pointed  white  tubercle ;  bristles  3,  as  long  as  the  nut,  sometimes 
wanting.  —  Pine  barren  swamps,  Florida,  and  northward.  June  -  Sept.  21  — 
Culms  1°  -  H°  high.     Spikes  4"  -  .5"  long,  2"  thick,  occasionally  proliferous. 

13.  E.  arenicola,  Torr.  Rhizoma  long  and  creeping;  culms  slender 
slightly  compressed,  striate,  tough  and  wiry  ;  spikes  ovate,  or  at  length  oblong 
or  cylindrical,  obtuse,  many-flowered;  scales  thin,  oblong,  obtuse,  brown  at 
the  summit,  Avhite  on  the  margins;    nut  (yellowish)  obovate,  compressed-3- 


544  CVlMCltACK.E.       (SKDGK    FAMILY.) 

niijiflcd,  ciin.ractcil  ijito  :i  ni'ck  :it  the  liase  uf  tlie  short  cciiiic:il  hcaked  tubercle; 
bristli'S  4-6,  rudilish,  nut  loiij^er  than  the  nut.  —  SjukIv  sca-hlmru,  West  Flor- 
ida to  South  Carolina.  .May -Sept.  "ij.  —  Uhhoiwii  anil  sheaths  i)lack. 
Culms  G'-l')'  hiu;li.  Spikes  3"-0''  l<>njr.  oi'ca.'^ionallv  2-3  cleft.  .Nul  nii- 
uutely  pitted. 

14.  E.  tricostata,  Torr.  Ulii/.oma  stout,  creeping;  culms  nearly  terete, 
Htriate,  wiry;  .•<])ikes  cylindrical  oblong,  aculish,  inauy-tlowered ;  scales  thin, 
oblong,  green  on  the  keel,  dark  brown  on  the  sides,  white  on  the  margins : 
nut  obovate,  witli  strong  and  rib-like  angles,  contracted  into  the  minute  conical 
tubercle;  Ijri.^tles  none.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida,  and  northward.  May- 
Sept.  ^  —  Hhizoma  and. slieatbs  pale.  Culms  l°-l.i°  iiigh.  .Spikes  2"- -i" 
long.     Nut  wry  small,  minutely  wrinkled. 

15.  E.  tenuis,  Schultes.  Culms  filiform,  acutely  4  angled,  the  sheaths 
purple;  ."pikes  elliptical,  obtuse  or  acute,  many-flowered ;  scales  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, green  on  the  keel,  d.ark  brown  on  the  sides,  white  on  the  margins;  nut 
obovate,  3-angled,  transversely  wrinkled  and  pitted,  crowned  with  tiie  broad 
depressed  short-pointed  tubercle;  bristles  2-3,  much  shorter  than  the  nut, 
fugacious.  —  Wet  places,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts.  —  Culms  8'-  12'  high, 
almost  bristle  form.     Spikes  3"- 4"  long.     Nut  pale  brown. 

16.  E.  microcarpa,  Torr.  Culms  bristle- or  hair-like,  4-angled;  .«pikes 
ovate  or  oblong,  ol)tu.<e.  10- many-flowered,  often  proliferou.s  ;  scales  oblong, 
obtuse  or  acutish,  membranaceous,  brownish,  with  wliite  margins;  nut  very 
minute,  white,  obovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  and  crowned  with  the  depressed 
minutely  pointed  tubercle;  bristles  3-6,  rarely  as  long  as  the  nut,  occasion 
ally  wanting.  —  Wet  sandy  places,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward. 

17.  E.  Torreyana,  Boeckl.  Spikes  many-flowered,  dark  brown;  nut 
obovate,  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  ape.v,  and  crowned  with  the  conical  3-angled 
tubercle  ;  bri.-<tles  rigiil,  rather  longer  than  the  nut.  —  Low  sandy  places,  Flor- 
ida, and  northward,  chiefly  near  the  coast.  May-  Sept.  —  Culms  tufted,  3'- 
9'  high.  Spikes  r'-2"  long.  Lowest  scale  larger  and  persistent.  Nut 
strongly  3-angled. 

*  »  »  Sj'ikes  thicker  than  the  culm  :  style  2-3-cleJ} :  nut  lenticular. 
•*-  Culms  A-angled,  bristle-like. 

18.  E.  bicolor,  Ch.apm.  Culms  erect  or  procumbent,  4-angled  or  4fur- 
rowed  ;  spikes  ovate,  obtuse,  8- 12-flowered  ;  scales  thin,  loosely  imbricated, 
ovate,  obtuse,  white  on  the  keel  and  margins,  the  sides  dark  brown;  style  2- 
3-cleft ;  nut  very  minute,  white,  obovate,  lenticular,  smooth,  twice  as  long  a."", 
the  three  fugacious  bristles ;  tubercle  broadly  conical,  compressed,  one  third 
as  long  as  the  nut.  —  Sandy  margins  of  ponds,  near  Quincy,  Florida.  August. 
(l)  —  Culms  tufted,  1'-  6'  long,  when  growing  in  water  finely  knotted.  Spikes 
\i"  long. 

19.  E.  atropurpurea,  Kunth?  Culms  tufted,  erect,  4-furrowed,  the 
sheaths  dark  brown ;  spikes  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  at  length  very  many- 
(70-100-)  flowered;  scales  oval,  very  obtuse,  thin,  brown  on  the  sides,  white 
on  the  margins  ;  stainens  2  ;  style  2-cleft ;  nut  very  minute,  pear-shaped,  com- 
pressed, almost  truncate  at  the  apex,  tipped  with  the  somewhat  peltate  tuber- 


CYPEKACE^.       (sedge    FAMILY.)  545 

cle ;  bristles  none.  —  Margins  of  ponds  and  streams,  Florida,  and  westward. 
June -August,  (l)  —  Culms  3' -5'  high.  Spikes  l"-2"  long,  the  lower 
scales  deciduous  as  new  flowers  are  developed.  Nut  black,  smooth  and 
shining. 

•t-  -f-  Culms  terete  or  compressed,  more  or  less  spongtj. 

20.  E.  capitata,  R.  Br.  Culms  tufted,  nearly  terete;  spikes  globose- 
ovate,  closely  many-flowered ;  scales  chartaceous,  oval,  pale,  or  brown  near 
the  rounded  summit;  nut  black,  smooth  and  shining,  broadly  obovate,  bicon- 
vex, rather  shorter  than  the  stout  bristles ;  tubercle  white,  depressed,  apicu- 
late.  —  Low  ground  near  the  coast,  Georgia,  and  westward.  —  Culms  4' -6' 
high.     Spikes  2"  long. 

21.  E.  OChreata,  Xees.  Rhizoma  slender,  creeping ;  culms  compressed ; 
spikes  sliort,  ovate,  4- 16-flowered  ;  scales  membranaceous,  whitish,  oblong, 
obtuse,  deciduous ;  nut  black  and  shining,  broadly  obovate,  biconvex,  tipped 
with  the  short  conical  tubercle;  bristles  6,  as  long  as  the  nut.  —  Springy  or 
miry  places.  South  Carolina,  and  westward.  June -Sept.  Jl — Culms  l'-4' 
high.    Spikes  1"- 2"  long.     Scales  often  brown  when  young.    Nut  very  small. 

22.  E.  olivacea,  Torr.  Culms  compressed,  furrowed,  diffuse ;  spikes 
ovate,  acutish,  many-flowered;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  thin,  purplish  on  the  sides, 
green  on  the  keel,  the  margins  white;  nut  obovate,  dull,  dark  olive;  tubercle 
distinct,  conical-beaked  ;  bristles  6-8,  about  as  long  as  the  nut.  —  Wet  sandy 
places,  Florida,  and  northward.  August  -  Sept.  —  Culms  2'  -  5'  long.  Spikes 
3"  long,  20  -30-flowered. 

23.  E.  palustris,  R.  Br.  Rhizoma  creeping;  culms  slender,  terete, 
striate;  spikes  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  many-flowered;  scales  oblong, 
membranaceous,  brown  on  the  sides,  at  length  whitish,  the  upper  ones  acute; 
nut  dull  yellow,  obovate,  tumid,  minutely  dotted ;  tubercle  short,  triangular- 
ovate,  compressed  ;  bristles  4,  slender,  commonly  as  long  as  the  nut.  —  Marshes 
and  wet  places,  Florida,  and  northward.  June-  Sept.  11  —  Rhizoma  black. 
Culms  1°  -  3°  long.     Spikes  3"-  fy"  long. 

24.  E.  Obtusa,  Schultes.  Culms  tufted,  terete,  thick  and  spongy ;  spikes 
ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  many-flowered  ;  scales  thin,  oblong,  obtuse,  commonly 
brown  on  the  sides,  green  on  the  keel,  with  broad  and  white  margins ;  style 
2-3-cleft ;  nut  (light  brown)  obovate,  lenticular,  smooth  and  shining,  scarcely 
wider  than  the  short  compressed  acute  tubercle ;  bristles  6,  rigid,  twice  the 
length  of  the  nut.  (E.  Engelmannii,  Stendl.,  spikes  cylindrical,  4" -6"  long ; 
bristles  shorter.)  —  Muddy  margins  of  ponds  and  streams.  Common  and  va- 
riable.    June -Sept,  —  Culms  6'-  18'  high.     Spikes  2' -4'  long. 

25.  E.  COmpressa,  Sulliv.  Culms  flat,  from  a  creeping  rootstock  (l'^- 
2°  high) ;  spikes  ovate-oblong,  many-flowered  ;  scales  oblong,  acute,  dark  pur- 
ple, the  margins  white ;  nut  obovate,  compressed,  the  small  tubercle  acute ; 
bristles  1  -  4,  very  slender,  about  the  length  of  the  nut,  often  wanting.  —  Wet 
places  mountains  of  Georgia,  Tennessee,  and  northward. 

§2,   Ch^toctperxjs.  —  Spikes  few-flowered,   compressed:   scales  membrana- 
ceous, imbricated  in  2-3  rows:  style  3-cle/t.     Culms  capillary. 

26.  E.  aciCUlaris,  R.Br.  Culms  (2' -1 2' high)  angled;  spikes  ovate, 
5-6-flowered    acute;  scales  oblong,  with  reddish  sides;    nut  oljlong,  white, 


546  CYPERACEJE.       (SEDOE    FAMILY.) 

nearly  terete,  loiiRituilinally  rihbeil  and  pitted,  jjointed  witli  tlie  conical  or 
dei)ressed  tubercle;  bristles  3-4,  shorter  than  tlie  nut,  sometimes  wanting. - 
Marj^ins  of  ponds,  Florida,  ami  nortliward.     June -Sept. 

127.  E.  pygmoea,  Torr.  Culms  short  (T- 2' hi<^li),  grooved  on  one  side; 
spi lies-ovate, .}  -  ti  flowered  ;  scales  wliitisii,  ovate ;  nut  ovate,  pale,  prominently 
3-auglcd,  smooth  and  shining,  narrowed  abcjve  into  tlie  minute  tubercle;  bris- 
tles 6,  longer  tiian  the  nut,  sometimes  wanting.  —  Muddy  or  sandy  banks 
near  the  coiist,  Florida,  and  northward.  April  -  July.  —  Khizoma  very  slender, 
bearing  minute  tuber-like  buds.     Spikes  l"-2"  long. 

28.  E.  Baldwinii,  Torr.  Culms  (-t'-fi'  long)  grooved,  diffuse,  wiry ; 
spikes  oblong,  Hat,  3-5-rtowcred,  pndiferou.s  and  rooting;  scales  4-6,  2- 
ranked,  lanceolate,  obtuse,  finely  nerved,  the  lower  ones  longer;  nut  smooth, 
oblong,  strongly  3-angled,  crowned  with  the  conical  3  angled  sessile  tubercle; 
bristles  4-6,  une(|ual,  the  longest  as  long  as  the  nut.  — Swamps,  Florida  and 
Georgia.    June -Sept.     ^  —  Sheaths  light  brown.     Spikes  2"  long. 

8.     SCIRPUS,  T>.     Hi-Lursii. 

Spikes  terete,  single,  or  oftener  in  clusters  or  umbels,  which  are  subtended 
by  a  1  -many -leaved  involucre.  Scales  inil)ricated  in  several  rows.  Nut  ob- 
tuse, or  pointed  by  the  persistent  jointless  base  of  the  style.  Tubercle  none. 
—  Culms  jointed  and  leafy,  or  leafy  or  sheathed  ouly  at  the  base.  Otherwise 
like  Eleocharis.  —  All  perennial  except  No.  2. 

§  1.    Culms  jointless :  leaves  or  sheaths  radical. 
*  Spilre  solitarij,  terminal. 

1.  S.  caespitOSUS,  L.  Culm  tufted  C6'-10' high),  terete,  wiry;  sheaths 
numerous,  rigid,  imbricated,  the  uppermost  ending  in  a  short  leaf;  spike  3- 
8-flowered  ;  involucre  2-leave(l,  as  long  as  the  spike,  pointed  ;  nut  oblong,  com- 
pressed-3-anglcd,  abrujjtly  pointed,  half  as  long  as  the  smootli  capillary  bris- 
tles. —  High  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  July.  —  Rhizoma 
thick  and  creejung.     Spike  I" -2"  long. 

*  *  Spikes  2-mani/,  apparentli/  lateral:  the  l-leaved  involucre  erect  and 

continuous  with  the  culm. 

-1-  Spilces  in  sessile  clusters. 

2.  S.  debiliS,  Pursh.  Culm  terete,  slender,  commonly  leafless ;  spikes 
2 -.5,  oblong-ovate  or  cylindrical:  involucre  elongated;  scales  round-ovate, 
obtuse,  mucronate ;  style  2  -  3-cleft ;  nut  broadly  obovate,  plano-convex,  smooth, 
shorter  than  the  4-6  strongly  hispid  bristles.  —  Borders  of  ponds  and  streams. 
South  Carolina,  and  northward.  (T)  —  Culms  i°-  H°  high.  Spikes  3"- 5" 
long. 

3.  S.  pungens,  Vahl.  Culm  stout,  acutely  3-angled,  two  of  the  sides 
concave,  leafv  at  the  base ;  leaves  channelled,  sharply  keeled  ;  involucre  slen- 
der (3' -4' long) ;  spikes  3-6,  light  brown,  oblong;  scales  membranaceous, 
oval,  2-cleft,  mucronate-awned,  slightly  ciliate;  anthers  slender-pointed;  style 
2-cleft ;  nut  round-obovate,  plano-convex  or  lenticular,  as  long  as  the  3-5  his- 
pid bristles.     (S.  Americauus,  Pers.)  —  Sandy  marshes  along  the  coast,  West 


CYPERACE^.        (sedge    FAMILY.)  547 

Florida,  and  northward.      June- Sept.  —  Culm  2°-3°  high.      Leaves  2-3, 
mostly  shorter  than  the  culm.     Spikes  4" -6"  long. 

4.  S.  Olneyi,  Gray.  Culm  stout,  with  three-winged  angles,  and  three 
deeply  channelled  sides,  leafless,  or  the  sheaths  ending  in  short  pointed  leaves ; 
involucre  short  (^'- 1' long),  rigid;  spikes  7-13,  short,  ovate,  dark  brown; 
scales  smooth,  orbicular,  2-cleft,  mucronate ;  anthers  obtuse ;  style  2-cleft ; 
nut  rouud-obovate,  plano-convex,  as  long  as  the  6  hispid  bristles.  — Brackish 
marshes.  West  Florida,  and  northward.  June -Sept.  —  Culm  2^-4^  high. 
Leaves  2' -  4' long.     Spikes  2"  long. 

-1-  -f-  Spikes  umhelled. 

5.  S.  lacustris,  L.  Culm  tall  (3°-8°  high),  terete,  leafless,  or  the  rad- 
ical sheaths  leafy-pointed ;  involucre  1-leaved,  pungent,  shorter  than  the 
decompound  umbel ;  spikes  ovate  or  oblong,  mostly  clustered ;  scales  ovate, 
emarginate,  rough-awned,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  pubescent  on  the  back  and 
green  keel ;  style  2-cleft ;  nut  obovate,  pointed,  plano-convex,  shorter  than  the 
3-6  strongly  hispid  bristles.  —  Varies,  with  the  broader  keeled  and  fimbriate 
bristles  rather  shorter  than  the  round-obovate  nut.  —  Fresh  or  brackish 
marshes  and  ponds,  Florida,  and  northward.     July -Sept. 

6.  S.  leptolepis,  Chapm.  Culms  3-angled,  2° -3°  high;  leaves  long, 
sharply  keeled,  triangular-compressed  near  the  obtuse  curved  apex,  the  im- 
mersed ones  flat  and  pellucid  ;  involucre  slender  (7'  long),  leaf-like,  with 
shorter  ones  at  the  divisions  of  the  compound  umbel ;  spikes  single,  oblong  or 
cylindrical,  many-flowered,  acute  ;  scales  liglit  brown,  lanceolate-oblong,  acute, 
smooth,  membranaceous,  mucronate,  and,  like  the  three  obtuse  anthers,  finely 
spotted  ;  style  3-parted  ;  nut  whitish,  3-angled,  oblong-obovate,  long-pointed, 
shorter  than  the  5  slender  and  minutely  denticulate  bristles.  (S.  Canbyi, 
Gray.)  —  Lakes  and  ponds,  Middle  Florida,  and  westward.     Sept. 

§  2.     Culms  jointed,   leafij  throughout:  tanhel  terminal:    involucre  2 -several- 
leaved,  spreading. 

*  Bristles  hispid,  downward. 

7.  S.  raaritimus,  L.  Culm  sharply  3-angled,  rough  above;  leaves 
longer  than  the  culm,  keeled  ;  umbel  simple,  I  -3-rayed,  bearing  single  or  2  -3 
spikes  in  a  cluster,  or  the  spikes  all  clustered  and  sessile ;  involucre  2  4-leaved, 
much  longer  than  the  umbel ;  spikes  large,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  dull  brown  ; 
scales  thin,  ovate,  pubescent,  tipped  with  a  spreading  awn  ;  nut  round-obovate, 
plano-convex  or  lenticular,  smooth  and  shining,  twice  the  length  of  the  4  weak 
bristles.  —  Saline  marshes,  Florida,  and  northward.  August  -  Sept.  —  Culm 
2°  -3°  high.     Spikes  6"-  10"  long,  4"  in  diameter. 

8.  S.  polyphyllus,  Vahl.  Culm  obtuse-angled,  smooth  ;  leaves  long, 
rough  on  the  margins  ;  umbel  decompound,  spreading  ;  spikes  small,  3  -  8  in  a 
cluster,  ovate,  yellowish- brown  ;  scales  ovate,  mucronate,  keeled  ;  bristles  6, 
slender,  hispid  near  the  summit,  mostly  tortuous,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  pale 
compressed-3-angled  pointed  nut.  (S.  exaltatus,  Pursh.) — Shady  swamps, 
North  Carolina,  and  northward.  July.  —  Culm  2°-5°  high.  Spikes  1" 
long. 


548  CYl'KKACE.K.        (SKPOE    FAMILV.) 

9.  S.  atrovircns,  .Muhl.  Culin  2°-4^  ImkIi,  ohtuse-anplpii  :  loavfs  pule, 
6"-  10  '  wide  ;  iiiiil)el  ereit ;  dusters  of  spikes  elosely  packed  in  liir^o  jrieeii- 
isli  brown  heads  ;  scales  oblong,  ])<iinloil ;  bristles  rather  longer  tiian  the  wiiite 
conipresseil  ol)()vate  jminted  nut,  naked  lielow  tiie  middle. — Marsiies  and 
wet  banks  in  the  npper  districts.     July. 

10.  S.  divaricatUS,  Kll.  ('nlm  rumid  ani:;lod,  many-juinted  ;  leaves  flat, 
broailly  linear;  umbel  larj^e,  widely  s]>readin;^  or  dru(jpiiig,  decompuund, 
longer  tiian  the  .'Meaved  involucre;  spikes  all  single, oi)lon{^-linear,  scattered  : 
scales  ovate,  obtuse,  3-nerve(l,  brown  on  the  sides  ;  bristles  iiair-like,  rather 
roughened  than  hispid,  crisped  at  the  summit,  longer  than  the  obovale  pointed 
oqual-sideti,  acute-angled  nut.  —  Muddy  banks  of  the  C-hipola  Hiver,  and  of 
Flat  Creek,  near  Aspalaga,  Florida  to  South  Carolina  ;  not  common.  Au- 
gust.—  Culm  2° -4°  higli,  often  proliferous  at  the  j(jints.  Umbel  6' -12' 
long.     Sjjikes  2"-3"  long. 

11.  S.  ( ?)  SUbmersus,  Sauvalle.  Culm  floating,  terete,  sheathed;  um- 
bel large,  dccom])ound,  leafy,  the  leaves  short,  capillary,  clustereil  like  tiie  1- 
flowered  pedicelled  spikes;  scales  two,  linear,  the  lower  empty  ;  style  2-cleft; 
nut  obovate,  lenticular,  puncticulate,  pointed  by  the  persistent  liase  of  the 
st^'le,  shorter  than  the  6-10  capillary  liristles.     (Websteria  linmopliila,  iS. //. 

Wiifjht.)  —  I^akes  and  pond.s,  Volusia  County,  Florida  {G.   W.   [Vebster). — 
Culm  1  °  -  3°  loug.     Leaves  1'  -  3'  long.     Spikes  4"  -  6"  long. 

*  *  Bristles  6,  rapil/ari/,  smooth,  crisped  and  entaiKjItd.     ('rrichopliorum.) 

12.  S.  Eriophorum,  Michx.  Culm  nearly  terete,  with  the  joints  re- 
mote ;  leaves  linear,  elongated,  keeled ;  umbel  terminal,  decompound,  sjjread- 
ing  or  recurved,  shorter  than  the  3-5-leaved  involucre;  spikes  single  or 
clustered,  ovate ;  scales  thin,  lanceolate,  obtuse  ;  bristles  many  times  longer 
than  the  oblong  compressed-3-angled  beak-pointed  nut,  at  length  exserted,  and 
covering  the  spike  with  woolly  down. — Swamps  and  low  grounds,  Florida, 
and  northward.    July  -  Sept.  —  Culm  2°-  4°  high. 

13.  S.  lineatus,  Michx.  Culm  3-angled  ;  leaves  flat,  linear-lanceolate  ; 
umbels  lateral  and  terminal,  longer  than  the  1  -  3-leaved  involucre  ;  spikes  all 
single,  cylindrical ;  scales  rigid,  keeled,  mucronate  ;  bristles  barely  exserted  ; 
nut  as  in  the  preceding.  Swamps,  Georgia,  and  northward.  June -August. 
—  Culm  2°  -  3°  high.     Spikelets  3"  -  4"  long. 

§  3.     Cidms  jointless :   leaves  radical :  spikes  capitate  :  involucre  several-Ieived. 

14.  S.  Cubensis,  Poepp.  &  Kunth.  Culm  acutely  3-angular,  leafy  at 
base  (8'- 12'  high),  shorter  than  the  leaves  and  the  involucre;  spikes  obo- 
vate, compressed,  1 2-flowered,  closely  packed  in  a  terminal  globular  head; 
scales  rigid,  oblong-obovate,  tapering  into  a  stout  spreading  point,  13-nerved; 
stamens  3  ;  style  deeply  2-parted  ;  nut  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  concavo- 
convex  ;  bristles  none.  —  Marshes,  New  Orleans  (Dr.  Hale),  Mobile  (Mokr). 

9.     ERIOPHORUM,  L.    Cotton-Grass. 

Spikes  many-flowered.  Scales  imbricated  in  many  rows.  Perianth  com- 
posed of  numerous  (rarely  6)  smooth  and  flat  hairs,  much  longer  than  the 


CYPERACE^.       (sedge    FAMILY.)  549 

scale,  and  forming  a  woolly  or  silky  tuft.  Stamens  commonly  .3.  Style  3- 
cleft,  deciduous.  Nut  3-angled  or  lenticular.  —  Perennials,  with  leafy  culms, 
in  our  species,  and  clustered  or  umbelled  spikes. 

1.  E.  Virginicum,  L.  Culm  nearly  terete,  rigid;  leaves  narrowly 
linear,  elongated  ;  spikes  densely  clustered,  nearly  sessile,  erect ;  involucre  2  - 
3-leaved ;  wool  reddish,  thrice  the  length  of  the  brownish  scales ;  nut  com- 
pressed-3-angled,  acute.  —  Bogs  and  swamps,  Florida,  and  northward.  June  - 
August. —  Culm  2°  -  3°  high.     Leaves  10'  -  18'  long. 

2.  E.  polystachyon,  L.  Culm  terete;  leaves  broadly  linear,  3-augled 
at  the  summit ;  spikes  umbelled,  distinct,  on  slender  at  length  nodding  pedun- 
cles ;  involucre  2-leaved,  shorter  than  the  umbel ;  wool  white,  many  times 
longer  than  the  dark  brown  scales  ;  nut  obtuse.  —  Meadows  and  bogs  in  the 
upper  districts,  Georgia,  and  northward.  August  -  Sept.  —  Culm  1°-  2°  high. 
Leaves  3'  -  6'  long. 

10.    FIMBRISTYLIS,  Vahl. 

Spikes  many-flowered.     Scales  imbricated  in  several  rows.     Perianth  none. 

Stamens  1-3.     Style  2-cleft,  commonly  flat  and  fringed   on  the   margins, 

tumid  at  the  base,  deciduous.     Nut  lenticular.  —  Culms  jointless,  leafy  at  the 

base.    Involucre  1  -  several-leaved.     Spikes  terminal,  umbellate  or  clustered. 

*  Spikes  umbelled. 

1.  F.  spadicea,  Vahl.  Perennial;  culms  clustered,  nearly  terete,  rigid 
•  (2'^ -3°  high) ;  leaves  long,  linear  or  filiform,  concave,  rough  on  the  margins ; 

umbel  simple  or  compound,  erect ;  involucre  2 -3-leaved;  spikes  ovate  or  ob- 
long, dark  brown ;  scales  smooth,  rigid,  rounded ;  nut  obovate,  acute,  slightly 
furrowed  and  pitted.  —  Salt  marshes,  Florida,  and  northward.  August  -  Oct. 
Var.  puberula.  (Scirpus  puberulus,  Michx.)  Culms  single,  slender 
(l°-2°high);  leaves  filiform,  involute,  and,  like  the  spikes,  densely  pubes- 
cent and  somewhat  hoary  ;  nut  round-obovate,  obtuse.  —  Low  pine  barrens. 

2.  P.  laxa,  Vahl.  Annual;  culms  (6' -18' high)  slender,  and,  like  the 
narrowly  linear  leaves,  often  pubescent ;  umbel  mostly  simple ;  involucre  2-4- 
leaved ;  spikes  oblong-ovate ;  scales  orbicular,  mucronate ;  nut  obovate,  strongly 
furrowed  and  pitted,  warty  on  the  edges.  (Scirpus  sulcatus.  Ell.)  —  Low 
grounds,  in  fields  and  waste  places,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  August - 
Sept.  —  Umbel  occasionally  reduced  to  a  single  spike. 

*  *  Spikes  clustered,  sessile. 

3.  F.  Vahlii,  Link.  Annual;  culms  densely  tufted  (3' -6' high),  bris- 
tle-like, like  the  rough  leaves;  spikes  .5-10  in  a  terminal  cluster,  oblong  or 
cylindrical,  pale,  or  at  length  yellowish  brown ;  involucre  4-leaved,  erect- 
spreading,  longer  than  the  culm  ;  scales  lanceolate,  tapering  into  a  slender 
spreading  point;  nut  oblong-obovate,  crossed  with  faint  lines.  —  River  banks, 
Florida,  and  westward.     Augu.st  -  Sept.  —  Spikes  2"  -  3"  long. 

11.     TRICHELOSTYLIS,  Lestib. 
Spikes  terete,  many-flowered.     Scales  imbricated  in  few  (4-8)  rows.    Peri- 
anth none.     Style  3-cleft,  tumid  at  the  base,  deciduous.      Nut  3-angled.  — 
Culms  jointless,  leafy  at  the  base.     Spikes  umbelled. 


550  CYPERACEiE.       (SEDOE    FAMILY.) 

1.  T.  autumnalis,  Nees.  ("ulms  .slciidor,  flat,  2-e(I<Te(l,  6' -12'  liigli. 
tuftt'd  ;  iiivohaTo  2-K'iivuii,  iiiDStk  slmrtcr  than  tlio  siiii]ile  t-()iii|)<niiiil  oi  dc- 
coniiMiiuid  uiiil)el;  spikes  linear  laiiciMjlatu;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  niucrunate, 
iniliiicated  in  4  rows ;  stamens  2  ;  nnt  white,  ohovate,  ohtiise,  often  warty, 
(Scii|iMs  autumnalis,  A.) — Low  grounds,  very  common.     July -Oct.     '^). 

-'  T.  miliacea,  Nees.  Culm  weak,  conij)rt'.s.sed-4-anglcd  (6' -  12' high)  ; 
leaves  ensiform,  straight,  erect ;  nmliel  decompound,  sjireading;  spikes  small 
(I"  wide),  glohular,  tlie  scales  uhlong,  obtuse,  3-uerved ;  nut  obovate,  roughish. 

—  Bogs  aud  ditches,  Florida.  ' 

12.     ISOLEPIS,   H.  Br. 

Spikes  few -many-flowered.  Scales  imbricated  in  few -several  rows.  Peri- 
antii  none.  Style  3-cleft,  the  tumid  base  persistent  at  the  ape.x  of  the  ."i-angled 
nut.  —  All  annuals  (in  our  species),  with  filiform  or  bristleform  culms  and 
leaves.    Spikes  umbelled  or  clustered.     Leaves  radical. 

*  Sjiikes  umbelled  or  solitnri/. 

L  I.  capillaris,  R.  &  S.  Culm  (4'-6'  high)  smooth,  furrowed,  and, 
like  the  rough-edged  leaves,  bristle-like;  spikes  .3-4,  in  a  simple  umbel,  ob- 
long, 6  -  8-flovvered  ;  scales  oblong,  obtuse,  strongly  keeled,  brown  on  the  sides, 
imbricated  in  4  rows;  nut  obovate,  obtuse,  nearly  equal-sided,  transversely 
wrinkled;  stamens  2.  —  Moist  sandy  places,  Florida,  and  northward.  June- 
Sept.  —  Sheaths  of  the  leaves  bearded  at  the  throat.  Involucre  2  -  3-leaved, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  umbel. 

2.  I.  ciliatifolia,  Torr.  Culms  tufted,  filiform,  angled  (6'- 12' high) ; 
leaves  bristle-form,  liispid  on  the  edges,  the  sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat; 
umbel  compound  ;  spikes  several  (l"-2"  long),  6-  12-flowered,  linear-oblong; 
scales  oval,  strongly  keeled,  brown  on  the  sides ;  nut  obovate,  very  obtuse, 
nearly  equal-sided,  obscurely  wrinkled.  —  Dry  sandy  places,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina.     Augi^t  -  Sept. 

3.  I.  coarctata,  Torr.  Culms  (1°  high)  terete,  filiform;  leaves  bri.stle- 
forin,  smooth,  with  the  sheaths  bearded  ;  umbel  compound,  contracted  ;  spikes 
(3"  long)  linear-oblong,  10-  I5-fiowered  ;  scales  ovate,  acutish,  iml)ricated  in 
4  rows  ;  nut  flat  on  the  inner  face,  obtuse-angled  in  front,  obscurely  dotted. — 
Dry  sandy  soil,  (Georgia  and   South  Carolina,  near  the  coast.     Sept. -Oct. 

—  Rays  of  tlie  uml)el  I'  long. 

4  I.  carinata,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Culms  setaceous,  with  a  single  setaceous 
leaf  at  the  base,  (■;es])itose;  sjiike  solitary,  apparently  lateral,  ovate,  6-8-flow- 
ered ;  scales  ovate,  acute,  strongly  keeled,  twice  as  long  as  the  acutely  3- 
angled  roughish  nut.  —  New  Orleans  {Dr.  Hale),  and  northward. 

*  *  S/iikes  clustered  in  a  terminal  head. 

5.  I.  Stenophylla,  Torr.  Culms  (2' -4' high)  densely  tufted,  .^-angled, 
and,  witli  the  bristle-form  leaves  and  involucre,  bristly -ciliate;  involucre  much 
longer  than  the  head,  3-4-leaved,  dilated  and  ciliate  at  theba.se;  spikes  4-6, 
oblong-linear,  8  -  1 0-flow-ered ;   scales  lance-ovate,  slender- pointed,  hispid   on 


CYPERACE^.       (sedge    FAMILY.)  551 

the  3-uerved  keel;   nut  (bluish)  obovate,  obtuse,  wrinkled.  —  Dry  sandy  soil, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina.     August  -  Sept. 

6.  I.  Warei,  Torr.  Culms  filiform  (1°-1J°  high),  smooth,  3-angled, 
much  longer  than  the  bristle-form  hispid  leaves ;  sheaths  bearded  at  the 
throat  with  long  silky  hairs ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  rigid,  twice  as  long  as 
the  head,  orbicular  and  cut-fringed  at  the  base ;  spikes  8  - 10  in  a  head,  ovate, 
many-llowered ;  scales  ovate,  mucronate,  many-nerved ;  nut  obovate,  obtusely 
angled,  obscurely  wrinkled.  —  Dry  sands  near  the  coast,  Florida.  Sept.  — 
Heads  ^'  in  diameter. 

13.    ABILDGAARDIA,  Vahl. 

Spikes  many-flowered.  Scales  imbricated  in  2  or  (by  the  twisting  of  the 
rachis)  3  rows,  keeled,  decurrent  on  the  rachis,  deciduous.  Perianth  none. 
Stamens  1-3.  Style  3-cleft,  tumid  at  the  base,  deciduous.  Nut  3-angled. — 
Culms  joiutless,  leafy  at  the  base.     Spikes  solitary,  clustered  or  umbelled. 

l.'A.  monostaehya,  Vahl.  Culms  fQiform,  tufted  (6'- 10'  high); 
leases  shorter  than  the  culm,  filiform,  obtuse,  concave  ;  spikes  solitary  (rarely 
by  pairs),  ovate,  acute,  compressed,  8- 12-flowered,  much  longer  than  the 
bract-like  mucronate  1-leaved  involucre;  scales  broadly  ovate,  acute  or  mu- 
cronate, compressed-keeled,  with  broad  and  white  margius;  stamens  3 ;  nut 
somewhat  pear-shaped,  3-angled,  warty,  yellowish  white.  —  South  Florida 
{Dr.  BlodgeLt). 

14.    RHYNCHOSPORA,  Vahl.    Beak  Rush. 

Spikes  1  -  several-flowered.  Scales  imbricated  in  few  rows,  the  lowest 
empty,  the  upper  usually  bearing  imperfect  flowers.  Perianth  of  3-6  (rarely 
12-20)  hispid  or  plumose  bristles,  occasionally  wanting.  Stamens  mostly  3. 
Style  2-cleft  Nut  lenticular  or  globose,  crowned  with  the  dilated  and  persist- 
ent base  of  the  style  (tubercled).  Perennials,  with  jointed  and  leafy  culms. 
Spikes  small,  disposed  in  axillary  and  terminal'  corymbs  or  clusters. 

§  1.     Erioch^ete.  —  Bi-istles  of  the  perianth  6,  plumose. 

1.  R.  plumosa,  Ell.  Culms  (6' -12' high)  and  leaves  filiform;  spikes 
few,  in  about  tliree  small  clusters  at  the  summit  of  the  culm  ;  nut  nearly  glob- 
ular, strongly  wrinkled,  pointed  with  the  short  ovate  smooth  tubercle ;  bris- 
tles rather  longer  than  the  nut,  plumose  throughout  or  nearly  to  the  summit. 
—  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     June-Jul3^ 

Var.  intermedia.  Culms  taller  (1°- 2°  high);  leaves  narrowly  linear ; 
clusters  4-6,  forming  an  interrupted  spike  at  the  summit  of  the  culm;  nut 
obovate,  pointed  with  the  conical-beaked  pubescent  tubercle  ;  bristles  plumose 
only  at  the  base,  or  below  the  middle.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  often  in  dry 
places,  Florida. 

2.  R.  semiplumosa,  Cray.  Cnlms  erect,  rigid  (l°-2°  high);  leaves 
narrowly  linear ;  spikes  oblong-ovate,  dark  brown,  crowded  in  a  terminal 
head,  or  rarely  in  a  remote  axillary  one  ;  mit  g]ol)ose-obovate,  faintly  wrinkled, 
pointed  with  the  short  broadly  conical  smooth  tubercle ;   bristles  exceedirg 


652  CYPEItACK.K.       (.SKI)(;K    I  A.MIl.V.) 

the  tubercle,  plumose  below  the  middle.  —  Dry  s;uidy  ridges  near  the  coast, 
Floritlii.  July- August.  —  Tiie  leaves,  like  liiose  of  the  jiroLediiig  species, 
have  a  joiut-like  coutractiou  uear  the  middle. 

3.  R.  oligautha,  Gray.  Culms  (C- 12' high)  and  smooth  leaves  bristle- 
like, reclining;  curymb  terminal,  of  3-6  large  (4"  long)  ovate-lauceolate 
wiiitisli  stalked  spikes;  nut  oval,  lenticular,  faiutly  wrinkled  ;  tniiercle  dilated 
Jit  tiie  base,  conical,  fiat ;  bristles  longer  or  shorter  tiian  the  nut,  plumo.se  be- 
low the  middle.  —  Low  opeu  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  Juuc- 
July. 

§  2.     KiiYNCHospoKA  prcjpor.  —  liiistles  of  the  perianth  3-20,  smooth, 
scabious,  ur  litsjiid. 

*  Nut  transversely/  wrinkled  or  uneven:  bristles  denticulate  or  hispid  upward. 

•^  Bristles  shorter  than  the  nut. 

4.  R.  rariflora,  Ell.  Culms  and  leaves  bristle-form;  corymbs  2-3,  re- 
mote, spreading ;  spikes  few  and  scattered,  ovate ;  nut  broadly  obovate,  bicon- 
vex, strongly  wrinkled,  twice  as  long  as  the  6  fragile  bristles;  tubercle  flat, 
broadly  conical,^  as  long  as  the  nut.  —  Low 'gra.ssy  ])ine  i)arrcns.  June- 
July.  —  Culms  1°-  H°  l<->ug,  commonly  reclining.     Spikes  pedicelled. 

5.  R.  Torreyana,  (Jray.  Culms  erect,  slender,  nearly  terete;  leaves 
narrowly  linear  or  bristle-form;  corymbs  1-3,  remote,  erect;  nut  ol)ovate, 
flat,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  6  bristles;  tubercle  compressed-conical,  ililated 
at  the  base,  ^  the  length  of  the  nut.  —  Wet  ground,  South  Carolina,  and  north- 
ward. July.  —  Culm  l°-3°  high.  Corymbs  many-flowered  and  somewhat 
spreading,  or  few-flowered  and  capitate. 

6.  R,  eymosa,  Nutt.  Culms  (2° -3°  high)  3-angled ;  leaves  narrowly 
linear ;  corvmbs  mostly  3,  distant,  open  or  contracted  ;  spikes  ovate,  clustered, 
light  brown;  scales  mucronate;  nut  broadly  obovate,  biconvex,  faintly  wrin- 
kled, twice  as  long  as  the  3-6  bristles;  tubercle  broadly  conical,  compressed, 
i  as  long  as  the  nut.  —  Var.  globllaris.  Smaller  (6'-  15'  high) :  corymbs 
reduced  to  few  globose-ovate  dark  l)r()wn  clustered  spikes ;  nuts  smaller,  and 
decjjer  furrowed.  —  Low  ground,  Florida,  and  nortlnvard.     June- July. 

7.  R.  compressa,  Carey.  Culms  stout,  3-angled  (2°-3°high);  leaves 
linear,  rigid:  corymbs  3-5,  remote,  spreading;  spikes  ovate,  numerous,  in 
dense  bracted  clusters;  scales  acute;  nut  obovate;  the  flat  or  somewhat  de- 
pressed sides  strongly  wrinkled  and  pitted,  twice  as  long  as  the  6  itristles; 
tubercle  conical-beaked,  with  tlie  dilated  base  wider  than  the  nut.  —  Margins 
of  pine  barren  ponds,  Florida.  June -July.  —  Radical  leaves  numerous,  1° 
long. 

+-  -t-  Bristles  crpialling  or  lonrjer  than  the  nut  {in  No.  9  variable). 

8.  R.  stenophylla,  Chapm.  Culms  and  leaves  setaceous ;  corymbs  1- 
2,  small,  erect ;  sjjikes  5-7,  distinct,  lanceolate-oblong ;  nut  obovate,  Iticonvex, 
stronglv  wrinkled,  twice  as  long  as  the  conical-beaked  tubercle;  bristles  6, 
slender,  nearly  as  long  as  tlie  nut  and  tubercle.  —  Low  grassy  jiine  barrens, 
Florida.    June  -  July.  —  Culms  tufted,  1"  hmg. 


CYPERACEiE.        (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  553 

9.  R.  microcarpa,  Baldw.  Culms  (2°  high)  erect,  slender,  nearly  te- 
rete;  leaves  narrowly  linear;  corymbs  4-6,  slender,  spreading,  compound ; 
spikes  small,  round-ovate,  scattered;  nut  round-obovate,  lenticular,  strongly 
wrinkled,  tipped  with  the  very  short  and  broad  tubercle;  bristles  5-6,  as 
long  as  the  nut.  —  Varies  with  the  spikes  clustered,  and  the  .3  bristles  not  half 
the  length  of  the  nut.  —  Margins  of  ponds,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  July  - 
August. 

10.  R.  inexpansa,  Vahl.  Culms  nearly  terete,  slender  (2°-3°high); 
leaves  narrowly  linear ;  corymbs  4  -  5,  narrow,  remote,  compound,  drooping ; 
spikes  scattered,  lanceolate ;  nut  lanceolate-oblong,  compressed,  twice  as  long 
as  the  conical-beaked  tubercle ;  bristles  6,  very  slender,  twice  the  length  of 
the  nut.  —  Swamps  and  banks  of  streams  in  the  middle  districts.  July- 
August. 

11.  R.  decurrens,  Chapm.  Culms  (2°-.3°high)  erect,  nearly  terete, 
very  slender  and  bending  near  the  top;  leaves  linear,  elongated,  flat  and 
somewhat  glaucous ;  cor_vml)s  5-6,  remote,  compound,  the  bristle-like  branches 
spreading  or  drooping ;  spikes  (1"  long)  ovate,  scattered,  pedicelled;  nut  ob- 
ovate,  lenticular,  slightly  wrinkled  and  pitted ;  tubercle  compressed,  crescent- 
shaped,  with  the  edges  decurrent,  ^  the  length  of  the  nut ;  bristles  6,  as  long 
as  the  nut.  —  Marshy  banks  of  lakes  and  rivers,  West  Florida.     June- July. 

12.  R.  patula,  Gray.  Culms  3-angled  (2° -3°  high),  slender  above; 
leaves  linear;  corymbs  3-5,  remote,  compound,  widely  spreading;  spikes 
scattered,  ovate,  on  slender  stalks;  nut  round-obovate,  lenticular;  tubercle 
flat,  conical,  half  the  length  of  the  nut,  ciliate  on  the  edges ;  bristles  6,  rather 
longer  tliau  the  nut.  —  Varies  with  the  spikes  lanceolate,  the  narrower  nut 
contracted  at  the  base,  and  the  bristles  twice  the  length  of  the  nut  —  River 
swamps,  Florida  and  Georgia.     June  -  July. 

13.  R.  Elliottii,  Dietr.  Culm  (2°-. 3°  high)  3-angled;  leaves  linear 
(\"-2"  wide);  corymbs  3-5,  compound,  the  lower  ones  remote;  spikes 
small,  ovate,  crowded ;  imt  obovate,  flattened,  strongly  Mrinkled ;  tubercle 
broadly  conical,  flat,  \  as  long  as  the  nut;  bristles  6,  strongly  hispid,  as  long 
as  the  nut  and  tubercle.  (Scirpus  schcenoides,  Ell.)  —  Margins  of  ponds  in 
the  pine  barrens,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward.  June  -  July.  —  Nuts  ^" 
long,  several  on  a  spike, 

14.  R.  caduea,  Ell.  Culms  stout  (3^^- 4°  high),  3  angled  ;  leaves  broadly 
linear  (3" -4"  wide) ;  corymbs  4-6,  compound,  remote,  the  branches  and 
short  pedicels  erect;  spikes  very  numerous,  approximate,  ovate;  scales  cadu- 
cous ;  nuts  4  -  8  on  the  spike,  obovate,  biconvex,  faintly  wrinkled ;  tubercle  flat, 
conical,  ciliate,  J  as  long  as  the  nut ;  bristles  6,  slender,  twice  as  long  as  the 
nut.  —  Swamps  and  wet  banks  of  streams.  August.  —  Spikes  2"  long.  Nut 
twice  as  large  as  in  No.  13. 

15.  R.  stipitata,  Chapm.  Culms  tall  (3° -5°  high),  triangular,  bend- 
ing; leaves  linear;  corymbs  4-5,  compound,  drooping;  spikes  (4"  long) 
ovate-lanceolate,  the  scales  persistent;  nuts  stipitate,  1  -3  in  a  spike, roundish, 
biconvex,  finely  wrinkled,  twice  as  long  as  the  compressed-conical  tubercle ; 
bristles  6,  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  nut;  stamens  3.  —  Ki'er  banks, 
South  Florida. 


554  CYPERACEiE.        (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

16.  R,  miliacea,  Gray.  Culms  tall  (3°-4°  high),  3-angled;  leaves  flat 
(3" -4"  wide) ;  lorvmlis  6 -8,  distant,  compound ;  tlie  liranclics  and  slender 
pedicels  spreading  ii(jrizontall\  ;  sjiikes  ovate;  scales  caducous;  nuts  4-8  on 
the  spike,  round-oliovate,  biconvex;  tubercle  compressed,  conical;  bristles  6, 
slender,  as  long  ius  tiie  imt  and  tubercle.  —  Hogs  and  deep  mirv  places,  Flor- 
ida to  N(jrth  Carolina.  June -July. —  Tlie  nuts  of  tiiis  antl  the  jirecediug 
species  remain  on  tlie  spike  after  the  scales  have  fallen  away. 

17.  R.  punctata,  Kll.  Culms  (I°-2°  high)  slender,  3-angled;  leaves 
siiort,  linear-lanceolate;  corymijs  3-4,  cluster-like,  tlie  lateral  ones  simple, 
distant,  and  long-pcduncled ;  spikes  ovate ;  nut  obovate,  compressed,  with 
transverse  pitted  furrows,  rather  shorter  than  the  6  slightly  hispid  l)ristles; 
tubercle  conical,  compressed,  sliorter  than  tlie  nut.  —  Kear  SavanuaJj  and 
St.  Mary's,  (ieorgia  {Elliott).    May -June. 

18.  R,  Grayii,  Kunth.  Culm  solitary,  3-angled  (2°-.'3°  higli) ;  leaves  lin- 
ear, rigid,  siiiuing ;  corymbs  3-4,  distant,  capitate  ;  sjjikes  few,  large,  ovate; 
nut  rouud-obovate,  tumid,  slightly  pitted,  dull ;  tubercle  short-conical,  dilated 
at  the  base ;  bristles  6,  as  long  as  the  nut  and  tui>ercle  ;  stamens  3-6.  ( li.  dis- 
taus.  Ell.)  —  Ury  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Caroliua.    June -July. 

*  *  JSut  smooth  and  even :  bristles  hisfid  upward. 

19.  R.  megalocarpa,  Gray.  Culms  stout  (2°-3°  high),  3-angled; 
leaves  rigid,  linear,  sliining ;  corymbs  4-6,  distant,  spreading  or  somewhat 
contracted;  spikes  (3"  long)  ovate,  single;  nut  large  (2"  long),  orbicular- 
obovate,  biconvex,  liglit  brown,  turning  blackish  ;  tuliercle  short-conical  from 
a  spreading  base;  bristles  6-10,  commonly  sliorter  than  the  nut;  stamens  12. 
(K.  dodecandra,  Baldir.)  —  Dry  sands  along  the  coast  of  Florida,  and  Wil- 
mington, North  Carolina.     May -August. 

20.  R.  Baldwinii,  Gray.  Culms  (2° -3°  high)  sharply  3-angled,  rough; 
leaves  short,  glaucous,  smooth,  very  acute ;  corymbs  1  -3,  contracted  or  nearly 
capitate;  spikes  ovate,  dark  chestnut;  nut  ovate,  lenticular,  twice  as  long  as 
the  flat  conical  tubercle  ;  bristles  12-14,  longer  than  the  nut ;  stamens  6.  — 
Wet  pine  barrens,  Georgia  and  Florida.     June -July. 

21.  R.  ciliata,  Vahl.  Culms  blunt-angled  (\°-2°  high);  leaves  short, 
glaucous,  linear  lanceolate,  obtuse,  fringed  on  the  mai-gins  ;  corymbs  mostly 
solitary,  capitate ;  spikes  light  brown,  ovate;  nut  oval,  lenticular,  minutely 
roughened  ;  tubercle  flat,  conical ;  bristles  6,  \  the  length  of  the  nut ;  stamens 
3.  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  June -August.  —  Leaves 
2' -4'  long.     Lateral  corymb  (when  present)  remote. 

22.  R.  fascicularis,  Nutt.  Culms  obscurely  3-anglcd,  commonly  slen- 
der (2°  -3^  high)  ;  leaves  pale,  narrowly  linear  ;  corymbs  2-3.  distant,  capitate, 
or  sometimes  compound  ;  bracts  conspicuous ;  spikes  light  brown,  oblong  ovate, 
densely  clustered  ;  scales  mucronate-awned  ;  nut  oval  or  orbicular,  lenticular, 
dark  brown,  usually  pale  in  the  middle  and  on  the  prominent  edges ;  tubercle 
white,  broadly  or  narrowly  conical,  obtuse,  com))ressed,  one  third  to  one  half 
the  length  of  the  nut ;  bristles  4-6,  varying  from  one  half  to  nearlv  twice  the 
length  of  the  nut.  (R.  distans,  Nutt.,  the  form  with  longer  bristles.) — Low 
pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     June -July. 


CYPEEACE^.       (sedge    FAMILY.)  555 

23.  R.  fuSCOides,  Boekl.  Closely  allied  to  the  preceding,  but  every  way 
smaller  ;  culms  6'  -  18'  high,  coespitose ;  corymbs  capitate,  by  pairs  at  the  sum- 
mit of  the  culm,  and  ofteu  a  distaut  lateral  one  ;  spikes  ovate  ;  bristles  6,  as 
loug  as  the  uut,  rarely  twice  as  long.  (R.  fascicularis,  var.  distans,  Flora.)  — 
Low  piue  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     July  -  Sept. 

24.  R.  brachychaeta,  Sauv.  Culms  caespitose,  prostrate,  6' -12' long, 
setaceous,  like  the  leaves  ;  corymb  solitary,  terminal,  capitate  ;  spikes  few, 
pale;  nut  minute,  orbicular,  thrice  the  length  of  the  .3-6  bristles.  (R.  fas- 
cicularis, var..  Flora.)  —  Wet  pine  barrens.  West  Florida. 

25.  R,  filifolia,  Gray.  Culms  (1°- 2°  high)  filiform,  erect ;  leaves  seta- 
ceous; corymbs  2  -  4,  distant,  capitate ;  spikes  densely  clustered,  lanceolate ; 
nut  minute,  obovate,  lenticular,  smooth  and  shining,  twice  as  long  as  the  com- 
pressed triangular-ovate  ciliate  tubercle  ;  bristles  6,  rigid,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
uut  and  tubercle.  —  Margins  of  pine  barren  ponds,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
July  -  August.  —  Culm  nearly  terete.  Spikes  brown.  Nut  pale,  with  thick- 
ened edges. 

26.  R.  pallida,  M.  A.  Curtis.  Culms  rigid,  acutely  3-angled,  glaucous 
green,  rough  above  ;  leaves  erect,  ciliate-serrulate ;  corymb  terminal,  capitate, 
compact;  spikes  very  pale  ferruginous,  lanceolate,  1 -flowered ;  nut  obovate, 
smooth,  compressed,  reddish  brown,  with  a  paler  disk ;  tubercle  very  short, 
depressed,  apicuLvte;  bristles  3,  one  fifth  the  length  of  the  nut ;  stamens  3  ; 
style  2-cleft.  —  Wilmington,  North  Carolina  (  Curtis).  June.  —  Culm  12'  -  20' 
high.     Nut  1"  long. 

27.  R.  gracilenta,  Gray.  *  Culms  and  leaves  filiform  or  setaceous ;  cor- 
ymbs 2-3,  distant,  capitate,  brown ;  spikes  densely  clustered,  ovate-lanceo- 
late ;  nut  oval,  dull,  as  long  as  the  slender  subulate  tuliercle  ;  bristles  6,  twice 
as  long  as  the  nut.  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  Florida,  and  northward.  July  -  Au- 
gust. —  Culms  1=  -  2°  high. 

*  *  *  Nut  smooth  and  even:  bristles  hispid  downirnrd. 

28.  R.  alba,  Vahl.  Culms  (l°-2°  high)  slender,  3-angled  above;  leaves 
narrowly  linear  or  setaceous ;  corymbs  mo.stly  2,  capitate,  white,  turning 
brownish,  the  lower  one  long-peduncled  ;  spikes  ovate-lanceolate,  l-Howered; 
nut  obovate,  lenticular,  twice  as  long  as  the  compressed  subulate  tubercle ; 
bristles  10-20,  rigid,  as  long  as  the  nut  and  tubercle,  ciliate  at  the  base. — 
Wet  springy  places,  Florida,  and  northward.     August  -  Sept. 

29.  R.  glomerata,  Vahl.  Culms  (2°-3°  high)  .3-angled;  leaves  nar- 
rowly linear ;  corymbs  4-12,  often  by  pairs,  capitate,  dark  brown;  spikes 
ovate-lanceolate  ;  nut  obovate  from  a  stalk-like  base,  lenticular ;  tubercle  sub- 
ulate, as  long  as  the  nut,  with  its  dilated  base  equalling  it  in  width;  bristles 
6,  stout,  nearly  as  long  as  the  nut  and  tubercle.  —  Var.  paniculata.  (R. 
paniculata,  Grai/.)  Culms  stout  (3° -4°  high);  leaves  flat  (2" -3"  wide); 
corymbs  compound,  paniculate,  with  the  very  numerous  spikes  clustered  at  the 
summit  of  the  branches.  —  Bogs  and  springy  places,  Florida  to  North  Caro- 
lina, and  westward.     July-  Sept. 

30.  R.  cephalantha,  Gray.  Culms  (2° -3°  high)  nearly  terete;  leaves 
narrowly  linear  ;  corymbs  4-8,  mostly  by  pairs,  globose,  compact;  spikes  nu- 


556  CYPEKACE-E.       (sEDGE    FAMILY.) 

iiicrous,  lam't'oliite-olilidij,',  dark  brown  ;  nut  hroaiUy  ottovate  from  a  stalk-like 
biise,  conii>ios.sc'il,  almost  truncate  at  tlio  ajM'X,  ami  much  wider  tiiau  the  base 
of  the  sul)ulate  tulierele  ;  bristles  G,  iis  Ion;;  as  tiio  nut  and  tubercle.  —  Bogs 
and  shadv  swam]is,  Flori<la,  and  nortliwanl.     July -August. 

§  :i.     ILvLosciicENUS.  —  Pcriaiit/i  none. 

31.  R.  pusilla,  (liapni.  Culms  (G'-12'  hi^rh)  and  leaves  bri.-itlc-furm  ; 
corymbs  '2-:i,  distant,  erect-sjireading,  tiie  upper  one  compound  ;  spikes  mi- 
nute, ovate,  mostly  scattered  on  the  brandies,  3-flowercd  ;  scales  ovate,  brown  ; 
nut  white,  oblong-oi)ovate,  conipres.sed-lenticular,  ccmtracted  at  tlie  l)ase,  trans- 
versely wrinkled  ;  tubercle  depressed-conical,  free  at  the  base.  —  Margins  of 
))inc  barren  )M)nds,  Middle  and  West  Florida.     June. 

32.  R.  divergens,  Ciiapm.  Culms  (6'- 12'  higii)  ami  leaves  filiform  or 
bri.stle-form  ;  corymbs  2-3,  distant,  spreading  ;  spikes  small,  scattered,  pe<li- 
celled,  3-llowered ;  scales  brown,  ovate ;  nut  obovate,  biconvex,  minutely 
pitted  ;  tubercle  depressed,  sessile,  minutely  pointed  in  the  centre.  —  Low  pine 
barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.     June. 

33.  R.  Chapmanii,  .M.  A.  Curtis.  Culms  ( 12'  -  20'  high)  densely  tufted, 
erect,  setaceous  or  filiform,  like  the  short  and  fiat  leaves  ;  corymb  .solitary, 
terminal,  cai)itate  ;  spikes  whitish,  lanceolate,  densely  clustered,  1 -flowered  ; 
scales  .5,  the  uppermost  fertile ;  nut  oval,  lenticular,  smooth  and  shining  ; 
tubercle  short,  sessile,  broadly  conical;  stamens  1-2.  —  Flat  pine  barrens, 
Florida  to  South  Carolina.     July  -  August. 

§  4.     Ckhatoschcenus.  —  Perlcudh  ofi-G  brisf/i's:    style  entire,  or  sUyhtly 
2-cleft:   tubercle  subulate,  2-4  times  lonijcr  titan  the  nut. 

34.  R.  cornieulata,  Gray.  Culms  stout  (3°-4°  high),  3-augled;  leaves 
flat,  scalircnis  on  the  edges  (6"- 10"  wide) ;  corymbs  3- .5,  erect,  com])Ound  ; 
spikes  brown,  ovate-lanceolate  ;  style  very  long,  the  lower  and  persistent  por- 
tion upwardly  scabrous  ;  nut  narrowly  obovate,  smooth,  the  sides  concave  and 
minutely  dotted  ;  bristles  5-6,  rigid,  smoothish,  half  as  long  as  the  nut ; 
tubercle  subulate,  3-4  times  the  length  of  the  nut.  (Hbynchosi)ora  longiro.s- 
tris,  Ell.)  —  Ponds  and  ditches,  Florida,  and  northward.  July  -  Sept.  —  Leaves 
1°-  2°  long.     Nut  and  tubercle  nearly  1'  long. 

35.  R.  macrostaehya,  Torr.,  var.  patula.  Corymbs  very  large 
decom])ound,  diffn.se ;  .style  minutely  2-cleft;  nut  i)roa(lly  obovate;  bristles 
slender,  twice  as  long  as  the  nut ;  otherwise  like  the  preceding.  —  Ponds  and 
ditches,  Florida.  Augu.st.  —  Culms  3°-4°  high.  Terminal  corymbs  often  1° 
in  diameter. 

36.  R.  cyperoides,  Mart.  ?  Culms  (2°-  3°  high)  nearly  terete,  straight, 
like  the  long  narrow  erect  and  channelled  leaves;  spikes  densely  clustered  in 
1-6  globular  heads,  the  lateral  heads  long-pednncled  and  somewhat  corym- 
bose ;  scales  about  9  {the  fourth  fertile),  whitish  ;  style  very  long,  minutely 
2-cleft;  nut  obovate,  lenticular,  obscurely  wrinkled,  hispid  on  the  margins 
above,  shorter  than  the  6  slender  bristles  ;  tubercle  bristle-awl-shaped,  twice 
as  long  as  the  uut.  (C.  capitatus,  Flora.)  —  Pine  barren  ponds,  Florida,  and 
westward.  June  -  August.  —  Leaves  2"  -  4"  wide,  as  long  as  the  culm.  Head 
composed  of  30  or  more  spikes.     Kut  and  tubercle  3"  long. 


CYPEBACE^.       (sedge    FAMILY.)  557 

15.  CHiETOSPORA,  E.  Br. 

Spikes  few- (1 -8-)  flowered.  Scales  imbricated  in  two  rows;  the  lower 
ones  empty,  the  npper  bearing  perfect  flowers.  Perianth  of  3-6  scalirous  or 
plumose  bristles.  Stamens  3.  Style  3-clett,  not  dilated  at  the  base,  nearly 
deciduous.  Nut  triangular,  mostly  pointed  by  tlie  persistent  base  of  the  style. 
—  Leaves  radical,  narrow.  Spikes  in  a  terminal  cluster,  subtended  by  a  1  -  2- 
leaved  involucre. 

1.  C.  nigricans,  Kunth.  Culms  tufted,  jointed  near  the  summit ; 
leaves  rigid,  erect,  semi-terete,  shorter  than  the  culms;  sheatlis  black;  in- 
volucre 2-leaved,  the  lower  longer  than  the  ovoid  dark  brown  head ;  spikes 
ovate-lanceolate,  compressed,  6  -  8-flowered  ;  scales  ovate,  keeled  ;  rachis  zig- 
zag ;  bristles  6,  unequal,  dilated  at  the  base,  hispid  upward,  longer  than  the 
globose-3-angled  white  and  polished  nut.  (Schoenus  nigricans,  L.) — Damp 
soil,  chiefly  along  the  coast,  Florida.     May.     %  —  Culms  1°-  H°  high. 

16.  PSILOCARYA,  Torr. 

Spikes  many-flowered,  terete.  Scales  imbricated  in  several  rows,  mem- 
branaceous, all  bearing  perfect  flowers.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  2.  Style 
2-cleft  Nut  biconvex,  transversely  wrinkled,  crowned  with  the  persistent 
base  of  the  style.  —  Culms  leafy.  Spikes  ovate,  disposed  in  spreading  lateral 
and  terminal  corymbs. 

1.  P.  rhynchosporoides,  Torr.  Culms  nearly  terete  (i°-2°high); 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  longer  than  the  culm;  corymbs  2-3,  widely  spread- 
ing, the  terminal  one  mostly  compound ;  spikes  pedicelled ;  scales  ovate, 
acute ;  nut  orbicular,  strongly  wrinkled  ;  tubercle  compressed,  very  short,  ses- 
sile, but  not  decurrent  on  the  edges  of  the  nut.  (Scirpus  nitens,  Vahl.)  — 
Shallow  pine  barren  ponds,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  July.  (T)  —  Culms 
commonly  rooting  at  the  lower  joints. 

2.  P.  COrymbiformis,  Benth.  Corymbs  less  spreading  :  scales  of  the 
spikelets  tliinner  and  narrower,  obtuse  ;  nut  faintly  wrinkled  ;  tubercle  tri- 
angular, acuminate,  as  long  as  tlie  nut ;  otherwise  like  tlie  preceding.  — 
Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward. 

17.     DICHROMENA,  Eichard. 

Spikes  compressed,  few-flowered,  aggregated  in  a  terminal  head,  and  sur- 
rounded by  an  involucre  of  several  leaves,  which  are  commonly  white  at  the 
base.  Scales  imbricated  in  two  rows,  most  of  them  bearing  abortive  flowers. 
Stamens  3.  Style  2-cleft.  Nut  lenticular,  crowned  with  the  broad  and  per- 
si.stent  base  of  the  style.  Perianth  none.  Perennials.  Culms  jointless,  leafy 
at  the  base.     Scales  white,  membranaceous. 

1.  D.  leucocephala,  Michx.  Culms  (10-U°high)  slender,  3-angIed  ; 
leaves  narrowly  linear;  involucre  of  4-7  narrow  leaves;  nut  orbicular, 
wrinkled  ;  tubercle  flat,  broadly  conical,  sessile,  but  not  decurrent.  —  Damp 
soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  August- Sept,  —  Involucre  unchauged  in 
drying. 


558  CYl'KKACK/K.       (sKlxiK    K.V.MIKV.) 

-'.  D.  latifolia,  BaMw.  Ciilnis  stout  (2^-:)'^  liij^li),  iio;irly  torctc  ;  leaves 
broailly  linear,  eloiigate>l  ;  leaves  of  tlie  iiivolmre  «-'.»,  ta|ipriii;;  from  the 
broad  (.'J" -4"  wide)  base  to  tiii'  tdciider  snniiiiit,  liocoining  reddish  ;  nut  round- 
ohovate,  faintly  wrinkled  ;  tul)ercle  Hat.conieal,  olituso,  t  Ik;  sides  deeurrent  on 
the  ed;^es  of  tlie  nut.  —  Low  pine  liarrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  May- 
July.  —  Heads  larger  than  those  of  tlie  preceding. 

18.     CLADIUM,  1*.  Br. 

Spikes  ovate,  1-2-flowered.  Scales  loosely  imbricated,  the  lower  ones 
empty.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  2.  Style  2-3-cleft,  the  divisions  often 
2 -3-eleft,  deciduous.  Nut  globose-ovate,  the  pericarp  thickened  and  corky 
near  tlie  apex.  Tubercle  none.  —  Culms  tall.  Spikes  disposed  in  a.xillary 
and  terminal  cyme-like  panicles. 

1.  C. eflfusum, Torr.  (Saw-Grass.)  Culms  (4° -8°  high)  nearly  terete; 
leaves  linear,  elongated,  saw-edged  ;  panicles  numerous,  diffuse  ;  spikes  small, 
3-4  in  a  cluster,  deep  brown  ;  scales  about  6,  the  uppermost  bearing  a  per- 
fect flower,  the  next  below  staminiferous,  the  others  empty ;  nut  ovate,  pointed, 
wrinkled.  (Schoenus  effusus,  Su-artz.)  —  Fresh  or  brackish  marshes  along  the 
coast,  Florida  to  Xortli  Carolina,  and  westward.     July -August. 

2.  C.  mariscoides,  Torr.  Culms  nearly  terete ;  leaves  narrow-linear, 
sinoothish;  panicles  2 -3,  the  few  branches  erect;  spikes  3  -  8  in  a  cluster  ; 
nut  ovate,  acute,  faintly  wrinkled.  (Schoenus,  Muhl.)  —  Grassy  ponds,  West 
Florida,  North  Carolina,  and  northward. 

19.     SCLERIA,  L.    Nct  Rush 

Flowers  monoecious.  Sterile  spike  few  -  many-flowered.  Scales  loosely  im- 
bricated in  2-3  rows.  Fertile  flowers  solitary,  separate  or  at  the  ba.se  of  the 
sterile  spike.  Stamens  1  -3.  Style  3-cleft.  Nut  globose  or  ovate,  stony  or 
hony.  —  Chiefly  perennials,  with  creeping  rootstocks,  and  triangular  leafy 
culms.     Spikes  clustered,  lateral  and  terminal. 

§  1.     ScLERiA  proper.  —  Nut  supported  bi/  an  annular  or  3  -f>-lobed  disk. 

«  Nut  smooth  :  stamens  3. 

1.  S.  triglomerata,  Michx.  Culms  stout,  rough,  sharply  angled  (2°  -3° 
high);  leaves  broadly  linear,  smooth  or  hairy;  spikes  disposed  in  3 -6  clus- 
ters at  the  summit  of  the  culm,  and  1-2  distant  lateral  ones  on  long  and 
drooping  peduncles ;  disk  forming  a  complete  narrow  ring  at  the  base  of  the 
globose-ovate  yellowish  white  nut.  —  Low  grounds,  Florida,  and  northward. 
June-  August. 

2.  S.  Oligantha,  Ell.,  Michx.?  Culms  (l°-2°  high)  slender,  smooth, 
sharply  angled,  often  glaucous,  like  the  smooth  linear  leaves;  spikes  3-5,  sin- 
gle, scattered,  forming  a  terminal  interrupted  compound  spike,  and  1  -2  dis- 
tant lateral  ones,  on  long  drooping  peduncles;  bracts  leafy  ;  disk  of  9  minute 
globular  lobes  at  the  base  of  the  white  and  polished  ovate  nut.  —  Thickets 
and  margins  of  fields,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.     July. 


CYPERACE^.       (sedge    FAMILY.)  559 

*  *  Nut  reticulated :  dish  of  5  flattened  lobes:  stamens  2. 

3.  S.  reticularis,  Michx.  Culms  slender  (1'^- l|-°  high),  scabrous  be- 
low; leaves  narrowly  linear;  spikes  clustered,  axillary  and  terminal,  the 
lateral  ones  on  a  short  erect  peduncle ;  nut  globose,  small,  reticulated  and 
pitted  ;  lobes  of  the  disk  appressed  to  the  base  of  the  nut.  —  Margins  of  ponds, 
Florida  and  northward.     August -Sept. 

4.  S.  Torreyana,  Walpers.  Culms  weak,  rough  on  the  angles ;  leaves 
linear,  obtuse ;  spikes  separate,  the  axillary  ones  on  a  long  and  drooping 
peduncle  ;  nut  globose,  wrinkled  and  somewhat  hairy,  obscurely  pitted ;  lobes 
of  the  disk  appressed  to  the  nut.  —  Damp  pine  barrens,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward.    August-Oct.  —  Culms  \°-\^°  long.     Nut  l|"-2"  in  diameter. 

*  *  *  Nut  wartif  :  disk  bearing  3-6  globular  lobes  :  stamens  3. 

5.  S.  Ciliata,  Michx.  Culms  slender,  rigid  (l|°-2^  high),  smooth  below, 
sparingly  fringed  on  the  angles  above;  leaves  2,  narrowly  linear  (1"  wide), 
rigid,  smooth,  or  with  scattered  hairs  on  the  margins ;  sheatlis  pul)escent ; 
clusters  terminal ;  sterile  spikes  large,  many-flowered  ;  nut  globose,  pointed, 
closely  beset  with  unequal  warts,  these  corresponding  to  the  angles  of  the  nut 
and  at  the  base  larger  than  the  rest ;  lobes  of  the  disk  3,  globular,  entire.  — 
Dry  pine  barrens.  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  June -August.  —  Khizoma 
thick  and  creeping. 

6.  S.  Elliottii,  Chapm.  Culms  stout  (i°-l°  high),  densely  rough- 
fringed  on  the  angles  throughout ;  leaves  3-4,  broadly  linear  (2"-  3"  wide), 
closely  fringed  on  the  margins  and  midrib  beneath  ;  sheaths  pubescent ;  clus- 
ters 2,  the  lateral  one  remote,  on  a  short  erect  peduncle  ;  sterile  spike  small, 
few-flowered  ;  nut  globose,  deeply  wrinkled  or  pitted,  and  with  slender  warty 
projections  at  the  base;  lobes  of  the  disk  3,  globose,  2-lobed.  (S.  hirtella, 
Ell.)  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.     July. 

7.  S.  pauciflora,  Muhl.  Smoothish  or  hairy  or  villous  throughout ; 
culms  (6'-  12'  high)  slender;  leaves  narrowly  linear;  clusters  small,  of  1  -few 
spikes,  terminal,  and  also  a  remote  axillary  one  on  a  short  erect  peduncle ; 
sterile  spike  few-flowered;  nut  globose  (small),  pointed,  closely  beset  with 
minute  warts,  these  at  the  base  elongated  ;  lobes  of  the  disk  6,  distinct,  globose. 
(S.  Caroliniana,  Willd.,  the  villous  form.) 

Var.  glabra.  Smooth  throughout,  or  the  leaves  and  bracts  scabrous  at 
the  summit;  culms  erect  (1°  high),  rigid,  but  slender,  like  the  erect  leaves; 
clusters  terminal ;  spikes  many-flowered ;  lobes  of  the  disk  3,  each  2-lobed. 
This  also  varies,  with  longer  (2°-2|°)  diffuse  culms,  and  with  1-2  distant 
axillary  clusters  on  long  (5'- 10')  drooping  peduncles.  —  Low  sandy  pine 
barrens,  Florida,  and  northward ;  the  varieties  chiefly  southward.  May  - 
August. 

§  2.     Hypoporum.  —  Disk  none:  nut  concave  and  often  pitted  at  the  sides  of 
the  triangalar  base. 

*  Clusters  of  spikes  terminal,  leafg-bracted. 

8.  S.  Baldwinii,  Torr.  Culms  rough  above  (2°-3°  high) ;  leaves  mostly 
2,  linear,  rigid  ;  nut  large  (2"  long)  dull  white,  globose-ovate,  obscurely  angled, 


560  CYPERACE^.       (SEDOK    FAMILY.) 

even,  or  longimdinally  fuir(jwf<l,  coiu-ave  at  the  sides  of  the  abrHj)tly  con- 
tracted base,  slijjlitly  ])ointed.  —  I'ine  Imrreii  swamps,  Florida  and  (ieorjjia, 
near  tlie  coast.    June -July. 

9.  S.  gracilis,  I'-ll-  Culms  slender  (1*^  high),  smoutli,  like  the  filiform 
leaves;  nut  small  (1"  long),  ovate,  dull  white,  I'urrowL-d  k-ngtiiwise,  the  sides 
at  the  base  concave  and  pitted.  —  Low  jjiue  ijarreus,  Florida  to  South  Carolina. 
June— July. —  I'laiit  lirownish,  tufted. 

*  *  Clusters  of  sjiikfis  (sinull)  iiHineroiis,  scattered  near  the  summit  of  the  culm, 
JbrmiiKj  an  interniptecl  com/iound  spike :  bracts  mostly  short. 

10.  S.  filiformis,  Swartz.  Glaucous;  culms  slender  (li°-2°  high), 
smooth  ;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  rough  on  the  margins  and  keel,  ciliate  at  the 
throat ;  clusters  3-4,  erect,  few-flowered,  the  lowest  remote,  leafy-bracted ; 
scales  lanceolate,  rough  pointed  ;  stamens  3  ;  nut  obovate,  obscurely  3-augled, 
smooth  and  glassy,  concave  at  the  base,  not  pitted.  —  South  Florida.     Oct. 

11.  S.  verticillata,  .Muhl.  Culms  very  slender  (6'- 12' high),  smooth, 
like  the  narrowly  linear  or  filiform  leaves  and  sheaths;  clusters  3-5,  erect; 
scales  smooth  ;  nut  very  small,  globose-3-angled,  pointed,  rough  with  raised 
wavy  ridges,  not  pitted  at  the  base.  —  Varies  w  ith  hairy  sheaths,  more  numer- 
ous (6  -  9)  clusters,  and  reticulated  nuts.  —  Damp  soil,  Florida,  aud  northward. 
June -July. 

12.  S.  hirtella,  Swartz.  Culms  (6  -12'  high)  smooth;  leaves  linear, 
and,  like  tiie  sheaths,  hairy  ;  clusters  4  -  6,  nodding  ;  scales  bristle-awned  ;  nut 
globose-3-angled,  very  minute,  pointed,  smooth,  not  pitted  at  the  base.  —  Low 
pine  barrens,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.     July  -  August. 


20.     CAREX,  L.    Sedge. 

Flo^ver9  monoecious,  rarely  dioecious,  spiked  Sterile  and  fertile  flo-wers  in 
the  .same  spike  (amlmuj/nmis),  or  in  separate  spikes.  Scales  imbricated  in  few- 
many  rows.  Stamens  2-3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  exserted  from  a  sac  { perirjj/- 
niiim)  which  encloses  the  ovary  and  the  lenticular  biconvex  or  3-angled  nut. 
—  Perennials,  with  grass-like  leaves.  Spikes  from  the  axils  of  scale-like  or 
leaf-like  bracts,  simple  or  compound. 

§  1.     ViGN'EA.  —  Stigmas  two:  nut  lenticular,  or  more  or  lets  compressed. 

1.    Spikes  all  androgynous,  short,  sessile,  mostly  exceeding  the  bracts. 

*  Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  variously  disposed. 

1.  C.  bromoides,  Schk.  Spikes  4-6,  distinct,  oblong-lanceolate,  com- 
pressed ;  perigynia  Innceolate,  erect,  finely  nerved,  ending  in  along  flat  rough- 
margined  2-cleft  beak,  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  mncronate  scale.  — 
Swamps  and  bog.s,  Florida,  and  northward,  March -April.  —  Cnlms  tufted, 
weak  and  slender,  l''-H°  high.  Leaves  narrowly  linear.  Spikes  occasion- 
ally wholly  sterile  or  fertile.     Perigynia  somewhat  2-ranked. 


CYPERACE.E.        (sedge    FAMILY.)  561 

*  *  Spikes  with  the  upper  /lowers  sterile,  the  lower  fertile. 

•t-  Spikes  indejinite,  disposed  in  a.  dose  panicle. 

++  Perigynia  sessile. 

2.  C.  decomposita,  Muhl.  Panicle  long,  drooping,  the  upper  spike- 
like branches  densely  clustered,  the  lower  elongated,  distinct,  and  spreading ; 
perigynia  obovate,  biconvex,  nerved,  abruptly  short-beaked,  about  the  length 
of  the  ovate  pointed  white-margined  scale.  —  Wet  margins  of  ponds  and 
streams.  May.  —  Culms  erect,  stout,  2° -3°  high.  Panicle  4' -6'  long. 
Bracts  of  the  lower  spikes  lu-istle-form.     Perigynia  dark  brown  at  maturity. 

3.  C.  vulpinoidea,  Michx.  Panicle  spike-like,  erect ;  clusters  of  spikes 
8-12,  short,  oval,  the  upper  oues  densely  crowded  ;  perigynia  small,  ovate  or 
roundish,  compressed,  short-beaked,  2-cleft  at  the  orifice,  faintly  nerved  at  the 
broad  base ;  scales  yellowish,  raucronate.  —  Low  ground.  May.  —  Culms 
1^0  _90  high.  Panicle  2' -3'  long,  cylindrical.  Bracts  of  the  lower  spikes 
setaceous  or  leaf-like,  often  exceeding  the  panicle.  Perigynia  yellowish  at 
maturity. 

*+  ++  Perigynia  short-stalked,  truncate  at  the  base :  culms  acute-angled,  stout. 

4.  C.  crus-corvi,  Shuttleworth.  Panicle  very  large,  the  lower  branches 
long  and  distinct,  the  upper  short  and  crowded ;  perigynia  plano-convex, 
ovate,  strongly  nerved,  dilated  at  the  base,  tapering  into  a  long  and  slender 
rough-edged  deeply  2-cleft  beak,  thrice  the  length  of  the  ovate  mucronate 
scale.  —  River  swamps,  Florida,  and  westward.  May.  —  Culms,  like  the 
broad  {Y -  i'  wide)  leaves,  glaucous.     Panicle  4'  -  9'  long,  oblong  or  spike-like. 

■5.  C.  stipata,  Muhl.  Panicle  oblong ;  the  short  ovate  branches  densely 
clustered ;  perigynia  ovate-lanceolate,  strongly  nerved,  tapering  into  a  stout 
rough-edged  erect-spreading  2-cleft  beak,  2-3  times  the  length  of  the  scale. 
—  Swamps."  April -May.  —  Plant  yellowish.  Culms  l°-2°  high.  Leaves 
4" -9"  broad. 

■*-  t-  Spikes  4-10,  disposed  in  a  simple  spike  or  head,  or  (in  No.  6)  the  lowest 

ones  compound. 

6.  C.  sparganioides,  Muhl.  Spikes  6-10,  ovoid,  the  upper  crowded, 
the  lower  scattered  and  often  compound  ;  perigynia  flattened,  ovate,  acute  at 
the  base,  narrowly  margined,  nerveless,  spreading,  with  a  short  and  rough  2- 
cleft  beak,  twice  as  long  as  the  thin  ovate  scale.  —  Upper  districts  of  Georgia, 
and  northward.  —  Culms  stout.  2°  high.  Leaves  broadly  linear,  as  long  as 
the  culm.     Common  spike  2'  -  4'  long.     Perigynia  yellowish. 

7.  C.  Muhlenbergii,  Schkr.  Spikes  5-8,  OToid,  approximate,  or 
crowded  in  an  oblong  head;  perigynia  round-ovate,  plano-convex,  strongly 
nerved,  or  (in  var.  enervis,  Boott)  nerveless,  with  a  short  and  broad  rough- 
edged  2-cleft  beak,  barely  longer  than  the  ovate  short-pointed  scale.  —  Dry 
sterile  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  Culms  12'- 18'  high,  rigid,  rough  above, 
twice  as  long  as  the  narrow  leaves.  Head  or  spike  1'  long.  Bracts  bristle- 
form,  longer  than  the  spikes. 

8.  C.  cephalophora,  Muhl.  Spikes  5-6,  small,  crowded  in  a  compact 
ovoid  head ;  perigynia  broadly  ovate,  few-nerved,  short  and  rough-beaked,  as 

30 


i>C>2  cYi'KKACK.K,      (si:d(;k  kamilv.) 

long  as  tlie  ovatp  Imig-poiiitod  srale.  —  Dry  soil,  Fli>ri<la,  and  nortlnvard. — 
Culms  9'- IT)'  liigli,  naked  ahovc,  rougli  mi  the  angles,  tmigli  and  wiry. 
Leaves  narniw.      Head  J'  long,     liiaets  liristle-like. 

9.  C.  rosea,  Sehk.,  var.  radiata,  Dew.  spikes  2 -4,  3 -Gliuwered,  dis- 
tant; perigynia  <)hk)ng,  jjlano-convex,  rougli-heaked,  spreading  at  maturity, 
twice  as  long  as  the  broadly  ovate  ohtuse  or  short-mueronate  scale. —  I'pper 
districts,  Georgia,  and  northward.—  Culms  1°  high,  smooth,  longer  than  the 
narrow  leaves.  Common  spike  2' -3  lonir-  Bract  of  the  lowest  .'<pike  com- 
monly exceeding  the  culm. 

10.  C.  Texensis,  Bailey.  Spikes  4-5,  scattered,  few-flowered,  all  but 
the  u])perni()st  lealy-liracteil ;  perigynia  spreading,  lanceolate,  sjjongy  at  tiie 
base,  smooth,  more  tlian  twice  longer  tlian  tlie  ovate  acute  scale;  culms  very 
slender,  i°-l°  high,  exceeding  the  tender  leaves.  —  Mississij)pi  (  7Vacey),  and 
westward. 

11.  C.  retroflexa,  Mnhl.  Spikes  4-5,  crowded,  or  the  lower  ones  dis- 
tinct, ovoid,  the  lowest  short-bracted ;  perigynia  ovate-lanceolate,  smooth- 
beaked,  2-cleft,  at  length  widely  spreading  or  reflexed,  spongy  at  the  ba.<«e, 
barely  longer  than  the  ovate  long-pointed  scale.  —  Open  woods,  Florida,  and 
northward.  —  Culms  slender,  1°  higli,  rough-angled  above.  Leaves  narrow, 
shorter  than  the  culm.     Common  spike  about  1'  long. 

*  *  *  SpiJcps  lolth  the  lower  flowers  sterile,  the  upper  fertile. 

12.  C.  Stellulata,  Good.  Spikes  3-5,  obovoid,  di.stinct,  the  upjiermost 
club-shaped  at  the  base ;  perigynia  ovate,  rounded  at  the  base,  ta])ering  into  a 
short  and  rough  2cleft  beak,  finely  nerved,  spreailing  and  finally  recurved, 
rather  longer  than  the  ovate  pointed  scale.  (C.  scirpoides,  Schh.).  —  Shady 
river  swamps,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  Culms  6'-  12'  high,  weak.  Leaves 
narrow  and  tender.     Spikes  small. 

Var.  sterilis.  Sterile  and  fertile  spikes  on  separate  culms,'  or  some  of 
them  either  sterile  or  fertile  on  the  same  culm,  otherwise  like  the  preceding, 
and  growing;  in  similar  places.     (C  sterilis,  Wllld.) 

\&v.  conferta.  Culms  taller  (2°  high)  and  stouter;  s])ikes  larger  and 
more  crowded;  perigynia  round-ovate,  twice  as  long  as  the  broadly  ovate 
barely  pointed  scale.  —  Pine  barren  swamps. 

13.  C.  eanescens,  L.,  var.  alpicola,  "Wahl.  Spikes  5  -  7,  small,  scat- 
tered, roundish,  C- 10-flowered ;  perigynia  ovate,  jdano-convex,  short  and 
rough-beaked,  spreading  and  tawny  at  maturity,  rather  longer  than  the  ovate 
acute  white  scale.  —  High  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  — 
Culms  weak  and  slender,  10' -15'  high,  longer  than  the  narrow  tender  leaves. 

14.  C.  SCOparia,  Sclik.  Spikes  6-8,  apprf)ximate,  ovate  or  oldong, 
many-flowered  ;  ])erigynia  oblong-lanceolate,  narrowly  mai'gined,  acute  at  the 
base,  tapering  into  a  long  2-cleft  rough  beak,  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate 
pointed  scale,  turning  light  brown  at  maturity.  —  Swamps,  South  Carolina, 
and  northward.  —  Culms  l°-2°  high,  rough  above,  longer  than  the  narrow 
leaves. 

15.  C.  tribuloides,  Wahl.  Spikes  10  or  more,  crowded  in  an  oblong 
head,  oval  or  ohovate,  light  green ;  perigynia  lanceolate,  tapering  into  a  mar- 
gined serrulate  beak,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  obtuse  scale.     (C.  lagopo- 


CYPEBACE^.        (sedge    FAMILY.)  563 

dioides,  Schr.)  —  Wet  banks  and  swamps.  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  — 
Culms  taller  (2°  -  2^°  liigh),  and  leaves  wider  thau  the  last.  Spikes  some- 
times fewer,  smaller  and  scattered.     (Var.  rediicta,  Baileij.) 

16.  C.  straminea,  Schk.  Spikes  3-6,  distinct,  ovoid;  perigynia  ovate 
or  round-ovate,  broatUy  winged,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  short  2-cleft  beak, 
somewhat  tawny  and  spreading  at  maturity,  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate 
scale.  —  Dry  ground.  —  Culms  l°-2°  high,  rather  rigid,  exceeding  the  nar- 
row-linear leaves. 

Var.  fcenea,  Torr.  Spikes  longer  and  narrower,  pale  green ;  perigynia 
ovate,  appre.^sed,  less  broadly  margined,  tapering  into  a  more  slender  beak; 
culms  and  leaves  less  rigid.  —  Low  ground.     Common. 

Var.  mirabilis,  Tuck.  Tall  (2° -3°  high),  and  rather  weak;  spikes  pale 
green,  approximate ;  perigynia  ovate  lanceolate,  spreading  at  the  tip,  or 
slightly  recurved.  —  Low  woods  iu  the  upper  districts. 

17.  C.  alata,  Torr.  Spikes  6-10,  large  (6"- 8"  long),  ovoid,  approxi- 
mate ;  perigynia  flat,  broadly  obovate,  wing-margined,  abruptly  contracted 
into  a  very  short  beak,  longer  than  the  lanceolate  scale  ;  nut  oval,  stalked.  — 
Marshes,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  —Culms  2° -3°  high,  leafy  below  the 
middle.     Spikes  brownish  at  maturity.     Perigynia  2^"  long. 

2.    Uppermost  spikes  (1  or  2)  sterile  or  androgynous,  the  lower  fertile. 

18.  C.  torta,  Boott.  Sterile  spike  solitary,  peduncled ;  fertile  spikes 
mostly  3,  linear-club-shaped,  loosely  flowered  below,  spreading,  the  lowest 
peduncled  ;  perigynia  elliptical,  tapering  and  at  length  spreading  or  recurved 
at  the  apex,  nerveless  or  nearly  so,  as  long  as  the  oblong  black  scale  ;  culms 
smooth  (1°  high) ;  leaves  narrowly  linear.  —  Mountain  swamps,  Nortli  Caro- 
lina, and  northward. 

19.  C.  Strieta,  Good.  Sterile  spikes  1-2;  fertile  spikes  2-4,  linear- 
cylindrical,  sessile  or  the  lowest  short-peduncled,  erect,  dense-flowered ;  peri- 
gynia elliptical,  erect,  nerveless,  commonly  shorter  than  the  narrow  obtuse 
reddish  brown  scale  ;  culms  (2°  high)  rough-angled  ;  leaves  linear.  —  Swamps 
in  the  upper  districts. 

20.  C.  crinita,  Lam.  Sterile  spikes  mostly  2,  often  with  fertile  flowers 
intermixed  ;  fertile  spikes  3-4,  long-cylindrical,  dense-flowered,  on  long  droop- 
ing peduncles  ;  perigynia  round-ovate  or  obovate,  somewhat  inflated,  2-nerved, 
abruptly  short-pointed,  shorter  than  the  long-awned  scale  ;  culms  rough-angled 
above  (2° -3°  high)-  — Swamps  in  the  upper  districts.  —  Spikes  U'-3'  long. 

21.  C.  gynandra,  Schw.  Perigynium  ovate  or  elliptical,  acute,  ob- 
scurely nerved  at  the  base,  the  upper  ones  crowded,  and  as  long  as  tlie  acute 
scale,  the  lower  ones  scattered,  and  shorter  than  the  awned  scales,  sheaths 
scabrous  ;  otherwise  like  the  last.  — Damp  woods,  Florida,  and  northward. 

§  2.     Carex  proper.  —  Stifjmas  3  :   nut   3-angied  :   terminal  spikes   commonly 
sterile,  the  others  fertile. 

1.  Spike  sol  it  an/. 
*  Sterile  at  the  summit. 

22.  C.  polytrichoides,  Muhl.  Spike  linear,  few-flowered ;  perigynia 
lanceolate-oblong,  many-nerved,  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  apex,  twice  as  long 


504  CYPKllACK.-li:.       (SKIXJE    FAMTI.V.) 

as  tlie  olilong  miuTonate  scale;  bract  scale-like  or  occasionally  leafy  and  ex- 
cct'tlirig  the  spike;  ciihns  tufted,  filiform,  \\c:il<  (f/-12'  Iiigli),  roupli  at)ove, 
longer  tiian  tJie  very  narmw  iwivcs. —  lio^s  and  swamjis,  common. 

23.  C.  Fraseri,  Andrews.  .S|)iko  nldung,  many-Howercd,  the  fertile  por- 
tion glohose  ;  ])crii;ynia  ovi)id,  inflated,  abruptly  .short-puinted,  longer  than 
the  oblong  obtuse  hyaline  .scale;  leaves  very  wide  (1'  or  more),  obtuse,  serru- 
late and  wavy  on  the  margins,  convolute  below,  and  sheathing  the  biise  of  tlie 
naked  smootli  culm.  —  Shady  banks  of  .streams  on  I  lie  mountains  of  North 
Carolina.  —  Leaves  C-  12'  long,  longer  than  tlie  culm. 

24.  C.  Jamesii,  .Schw.  ?  Spike  linear  (f)"-10"  long);  sterile  flowers 
20-25;  ju'rigynia  1 -4,  ovoid,  smooth,  3-nerved,  abru])tly  contracted  into  a 
slender  compressed  rough-eilged  beak,  longer  thau  the  ovate  white  green- 
keeled  .scale  ;  loaves  linear,  flat,  abruptly  pointed,  longer  than  the  bri.stle-like 
prostrate  culms.  —  Shady  banks,  Florida,  and  westward.  —  Culms  3'  -  6'  long. 
J^lant  wjiitish. 

2.5.  C.  Willdenovii,  Schkr.  Sterile  flowers  4  -  8  ;  perigynia  6  -  9,  ol)- 
long,  the  lower  much  sliorter  than  the  leafy  green  scale ;  otherwise  like  the 
last.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward. 

«  *  Dicecious. 

26.  C,  Boottiana,  Benth.  Culms  slender,  naked,  rough,  shorter  than 
the  linear  bright-green  railical  leaves;  spikes  (rarely  2)  many-flowered,  pur- 
plish, cylindrical,  erect;  fertile  spike  dense-flowered  ;  perigynium  obovate,  ob- 
tuse or  abruptly  short-beaked,  ciliate  and  2-toothed  at  the  orifice,  nerved, 
pubescent,  ciliate-toothed  on  the  angles,  shorter  and  narrower  than  the  oblong- 
acute  or  abruptly  pointed  purple  scale.  — North  Alabama  (Peters),  and  west- 
ward.—  Culms  6'-  8'  long.     Spikes  1'-  2'  long. 

2.   Splices  t)co  or  more  (rarelji  solitary). 

*  Culms  with  a  sterile  and  fertile  spike  from  a  terminal  leafless  sheath,  and  two 
or  more  fertile  ones  in  the  axils  of  the  radical  leaves. 

27.  C.  Baltzellii,  Chapm.  Sterile  spike  rigid,  often  with  a  few  fertile 
flowers  at  the  liase ;  fertile  sjiikes  3-6,  linear-cylindrical,  closely  many- 
flowered,  one  (rarely  two)  on  an  erect  peduncle  which  is  included  in  a  leafless 
sheath  at  the  base  of  the  sterile  spike,  the  others  on  long  recurved  or  spread- 
ing radical  peduncles,  commonly  sterile  at  the  summit ;  perigynia  obovate- 
oblong,  pubescent,  abruptly  short-pointed,  as  long  as  the  obovate  obtuse 
miicronate  reddish  brown  scale. —  Dry  sandy  soil.  Middle  Florida.  —  Leaves 
all  radical,  2" -4"  wide,  glaucous,  very  rough  above,  longer  than  the  culm. 

«  *  Terminal  spike  sterile  below  (often  wholli/  so  in  Nos.  29  and  41),  fertile 
above,  the  others  chiefly  fertile. 

■i-  Periqi/nio  inflated,  contracted  into  a  long  and  slender  beak. 

28.  C.  squarrosa,  L.  Spikes  l-4,  oval,  thick  (^'-1'),  erect,  pedun- 
cled ;  perigynia  horizontal,  obovate,  smooth,  3-uerved,  abruptly  contracted 
into  a  long  subulate  smooth  2-cleft  beak,  longer  than  the  lanceolate  acute 
scale.  —  Swamps  and  meadows,  near  the  mountains,  Georgia,  and  northward. 
Culms  8'  -  16'  high,  shorter  than  the  linear  leaves  and  bracts. 


CYPERACE^.       (sedge    FAMILY.)  565 

29.  C.  Stenolepis,  Torr.  Spikes  4-7,  the  terminal  one  sniaU,  often 
wholly  sterile  or  fertile,  the  others  cylindrical,  erect,  dense-flowered,  the  upper 
ones  approximate  and  nearly  sessile,  the  lower  scattered,  on  exserted  pedun 
cles ;  perii^ynia  horizontal,  contracted  into  a  long  and  slender  2-cleft  beak, 
shorter  than  the  awn-like  scales. — Swamps  and  meadows,  upper  districts  of 
Georgia,  and  westward.  —  Culms  1°-  1J°  high,  flexuous  above,  shorter  than 
the  broad  leaves  and  bracts. 

-1 — f-Peri(ji/nia  beakless. 

++  Spikes  approximate,  ovoid  or  cylindrical,  dense-flowered,  sessile,  or  on  short 
and  erect  peduncles  :  bracts  short. 

30.  C.  Buxbaumii,  Wahl.  Spikes  3-4,  oblong,  the  upper  one  pedun- 
cled,  the  others  sessile  or  nearly  so;  perigynia  whitish,  smooth,  elliptical, 
compressed-3-angled,  obtuse  and  emarginate  at  the  apex,  commonly  shorter 
than  the  ovate  acute  or  awn-pointed  blackish  scale.  —  ]Mouutains  of  Georgia, 
and  northward.  —  Culms  l°-l^°  high,  rougli  above,  longer  than  the  narrow 
glaucous  leaves. 

31.  C.  triceps,  Michx.  Spikes  2-4  (mostly  3),  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
ovoid  or  oblong,  many-flowered  ;  perigynia  pubescent  or  at  length  smoothish, 
ovate,  compressed-3-angled,  strongly  nerved,  obtuse  and  emarginate  at  the 
apex,  about  as  long  as  the  oblong  mucronate  white  scale.  —  1  )anip  soil,  Florida, 
and  northward.  —  Culms  erect  1°-1^°  high,  rough  angled,  and,  like  the  nar- 
row leaves,  and  sheaths,  more  or  less  pubescent. 

32.  C.  Smithii,  Porter.  Spikes  3-4,  ovoid  or  oblong,  sessile,  few-flow- 
ered ;  perigynia  smooth,  round-pear-shaped,  obscurely  angled,  faintly  nerved, 
contracted  into  a  short  and  entire  point,  as  long  as  the  oblong  obtuse  or  barely 
pointed  white  scale  — Low  ground,  in  the  upper  districts.  —  Culms  1°  high, 
very  slender.     Leaves  and  sheaths  smooth. 

33.  C.  virescens,  Muhl.  Spikes  2-3,  cylindrical,  short-peduncled, 
densely  manj^-flowered ;  perigynia  small,  pubescent,  ovoid,  strongly  nerved, 
3-angled,  acute  and  entire  at  the  apex,  as  long  as  the  ovate  mucronate  white 
scale.  —  Low  grassy  meadows,  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  —  Culms  1°- 
2°  high,  rough.     Leaves  and  sheaths  hairy. 

34.  C.  Shortiana,  Dew.  Spikes  4-5,  approximate,  erect,  cylindrical, 
densely  many-flowered,  the  lower  stalked,  all  staminate  at  the  base  ;  perigynia 
round-obovate,  nerveless,  about  the  length  of  the  thin  ovate  scale  ;  culms 
rigidly  erect,  mostly  shorter  than  the  broadly  linear  leaves.  —  Damp  ground, 
Tennessee,  and  northward.  —  Culms  1°  -3°  high.     Spikes  1'  long. 

*+  ++  Spikes  remote,  linear  or  cylindrical,  rather  loosely  flowered,  on  lonfj  and 
mostly  droopinfj  peduncles  :  bi-acts  long  and  leaf-like:  perigynia  smooth,  some- 
what inflated,  few  and  faintly  nerved. 

3.5.  C.  OXylepis,  Torr.  &  Hook.  Spikes  4  -  .5,  linear,  all  on  long  bristle- 
like partly  included  nodding  peduncles,  distant ;  perigynia  oblong,  acute- 
angled,  emarginate  at  the  pointed  apex,  longer  than  the  lanceolate  rough- 
pointed  white  scale.  —  Low  ground,  Florida,  and  westward.  —  Culms  slender, 
j^o_20  high,  tlie  lower  part,  like  the  leaves  and  sheaths,  pubescent. 


5G6  CYPERACKJE.       (SKDOK    FAMILY.) 

36.  C.  aestivalis,  M.  A.  Curtis.  Spikes  3-.'),  liiicir  or  filiform,  loosely 
Howereil,  onil,  ilic  lowu.sl  (jii  nearly  e.xserleii  jjeduiules,  tiio  npjior  uliiio8t 
si'ssilu  ;  peri;»yiiia  olilouj^,  ohtuseaiigleil,  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  apex,  twiie 
a.s  long  as  the  ovale  ohtuse  or  eniarginate  scale.  —  Mcnintains  of  N(jrtli  Caro- 
lina. —  Culms  1°-  1^°  high,  smooth.     Lowest  sheaths  iiuhesrent. 

37.  C.  gracillima,  Schw.  spikes  3-5,  distant,  linear,  on  slender  and 
noi'.iling  pi'iliinclcs  ;  perinTnia  <ililung,  obtuse,  entire  and  obliijue  at  the  ori- 
fice, about  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong  obtuse  sliort  awned  scale.  —  Wet 
meadows,  North  Carolina,  and  northward. — Culm  l°-2°  high.  Spikes  1'- 
1^'  long,  thicker  than  those  of  the  preceding.     Sheaths  smooth. 

38.  C.  Davisii,  Schw.  &  Torr.  Spikes  3-4,  remote,  oblong-cylindrical, 
all  on  slcniler  nearly  exserted  peduncles,  nodding;  jjerigynia  ovate-oblong, 
inflated,  round-angled,  emarginate  at  the  poiuted  apex,  longer  than  the  ob- 
long awned  scale.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  [Muhlenberg).  —  Culms  I^°-2° 
high.  Leaves  and  sheaths  more  or  less  pubescent.  Spikes  rather  dense- 
flowered. 

'•>'■'*■  C,  miliacea,  Muhl.  Spikes  4,  linear,  all  on  exserted  nodding  pe- 
duncles, tlie  lerininal  one  often  wholly  sterile  ;  perigynia  yellowish,  ovate, 
compressed-3-angled,  nerveless  or  nearly  so,  tapering  into  a  spreading  slightly 
emarginate  point,  as  long  as  the  oblong  mucronate  scale,  —  Mountains  of 
Georgia  (Tovreij). — Culms  weak,  1°-1^°  high.  Sheaths  smooth.  Lower 
perigynia  scattered. 
*  *  *  Terminal  spikes  sterile,  the  others  fertile,  or  with  few  sterile  flowers  at  the 

sumtnit. 
■*-  Perigijnia  small  (l"-3"  long),  slightlg  or  not  at  all  injiated,  obtuse  or  short- 
beaked. 
-•■+  Fertile  sj)ikes  sessile,  ovoid  or  oblong,  densefiowered :  perigynia  pubescent, 
short-beaked  or  pointed. 

40.  C.  filiformis,  L.  Sterile  spikes  2  or  more,  slender,  long-ped  uncled; 
fertile  spikes  1  -'.i,  distant,  oblong  ;  perigynia  ovoid,  oljtuse,  3-angled, densely 
pube.scent,  obscurely  nerved,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  emarginate 
point,  longer  than  the  oblong  mucronate  brown  scale.  —  Bogs  and  swamps. 
South  Carolina  (Torreg).  —  Culms  2°  high,  smooth.  Leaves  filiform,  elon- 
gated.    Bracts  leafy,  many  times  longer  than  the  spikes. 

41.  C.  vestita,  Willd.  Sterile  spikes  1  -  2,  thick,  short-peduncled  ;  fer- 
tile spikes  1 -2,  approximate,  ovoid  or  oblong;  perigynia  oblong-ovate,  3- 
angled,  densely-pubescent,  strongly  nerved,  tapering  into  a  distinct  beak,  with 
a  white  membranaceous  2-cleft  orifice,  longer  than  tiie  oblong  mucronate 
brown  scale.  —  Sandy  swamps  in  tlie  upper  districts,  and  northward.  — Culms 
rigid,  acute-angled,  1°-  2°  high.  Leaves  short,  linear.  Bracts  short,  the  upper 
one  shorter  than  the  spikes. 

42.  C.  dasycarpa,  Muhl.  Sterile  spike  single,  short-peduncled  ;  fertile 
spikes  2-3,  approximate,  oblong;  perigynia  woolly,  oblong,  3-angled,  striate, 
scarcely  beaked,  with  the  orifice  entire,  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate  barely 
pointed  pale  scale  ;  nut  stalked.  —  Shady  woods,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  — 
Culms  6'-  12'  high,  rough-angled.     Leaves  pubescent. 


CYPERACE.E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  5(57 

43.  C.  tenax,  Chapm.  Culms  (10'- 15' high)  and  rigid  chauuelled 
leaves  rough,  but  not  pubescent ;  spikes  and  ovate  beaked  and  less  pubescent 
perigynia  larger;  nut  sessile;  otherwise  like  the  preceding,  and  possibly  a 
stouter  form  of  it.  —  Dry  sand  ridges,  Middle  Florida. 

44.  C.  Pennsylvanica,  Lam.  Sterile  spike  single;  fertile  spikes 
mostly  2,  ovoid,  approximate,  4  -  6-flowered,  the  lower  one  with  a  short  or 
scale-like  colored  bract;  perigynia  nearly  globose,  pubescent,  abruptly  con- 
tracted into  a  short  2-cleft  beak,  longer  than  the  oblong-ovate  dark  brown 
scale.  —  Dry  woods  in  the  upper  districts.  —  Stoloniferous.  Culms  1°  or  less 
high,  shorter  than  the  narrow  green  leaves. 

45.  C.  varia,  Muhl.  Spikes  2-5,  the  upper  contiguous,  the  lowest  often 
leafy-bracted ;  perigynia  acuminate  at  both  ends,  about  the  length  of  the 
oblong-ovate  pale  scale.  (C.  Emmonsii,  Z>ew.) — Dry  light  soil,  chiefly  in 
the  upper  districts.  —  Culms  filiform,  commonly  longer  than  the  narrow-linear 
leaves,  often  stoloniferous. 

46.  C.  nigromarginata,  Schw.  Spikes  mostly  3  -  5,  few-flowered,  the 
sterile  little  exceeding  the  two  contiguous  fertile  ones ;  perigynia  oval,  trian- 
gular, slender-beaked,  shorter  than  the  black-margined  scale ;  stigmas  3  ;  nut 
triangular;  culms  I'-G'  high,  much  shorter  than  the  rather  rigid  linear 
leaves.  —  Dry  open  woods,  North  Carolina,  and  westward. 

47.  C.  Floridana,  Schw.  Habit  and  inflorescence  like  the  preceding ; 
scales  slightly  or  not  at  all  discolored ;  stigmas  2  or  3 ;  perigynia  plano-con- 
vex ;  nut  lenticular.  —  Light  dry  soil,  Florida,  and  westward. 

++  ++  Fertile  spikes  linear  or  cijlindrical,  remote,  all,  or  the  lowest,  on  distinct 
and  cornmonli/  elongated  peduncles. 
=  Perujijnia  striated  with  numerous  fine  nerves:  sterile  spike  always  single. 
t  Perigijnia  smooth,  nearly  terete,  obtuse  or  barely  pointed :  bracts  long  and  leaf- 
like  :  sjiikes  erect. 

48.  C.  grisea,  Wahl.  Sterile  spike  short,  sessile;  fertile  spikes  3-4, 
linear-oblong,  ratlier  loosely  flowered  (4"- 8"  long),  the  upper  one  nearly  ses- 
sile ;  perigynia  oblong-ovoid,  pointless,  somewhat  inflated,  twice  as  long  as 
the  white  ovate  rough-awned  scale ;  culms  smooth,  1°  high  ;  leaves  and  bracts 
broadly  linear.  —  Low  ground,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts. 

Var.  angUStifolia,  Boott.  Sterile  spike  long-peduncled ;  fertile  spikes 
mostly  3,  linear,  few-flowered,  very  remote,  the  lowest  at  the  base  of  the  culm ; 
perigynia  4-8,  lanceolate-oblong,  3-angled,  alternate  and  2-ranked,  pointless 
and  entire  at  the  apex,  longer  than  the  ovate  rough-awned  scale.  —  Dry  open 
woods,  Florida.  —  Culms  filiform,  8'- 12'  high.  ^Leaves,  and  bracts  linear. 
Lowest  sheatlis  dark  brown. 

49.  C.  flaccosperma,  Dew.  Spikes  4-5,  the  sterile  short,  sessile,  the 
fertile  distant,  closely  many-flowered,  leafy-bracted,  the  lowest  long-pedun- 
cled; perigynia  oldong,  obtuse,  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate  awnless  scale; 
culms  6'- 18'  high;  leaves  broadly  linear.  —  Rich  shaded  soil,  Georgia,  and 
westward. 

50.  C.  granularis,  Muhl.  Sterile  sjjike  short,  sessile;  fertile  spikes 
3-4,  linear-cylindrical,  densely  many-flowered,  yellowish,  the  upper  one  nearly 


o68  cxrr.TiArv.JE.     (skhoe  famii.v.) 

seitsilo,  the  lowest  distant  ami  long-peduiiclcd  ;  pcripynia  Hmall,  f;lo))080-ovate, 
contracted  into  a  niiiiute  mostly  recurved  entire  or  eniargiuate  point,  longer 
than  the  ovate  obtuse  or  barely  pointed  scale.  —  Meadows  and  iianks  of 
streams,  Florida,  and  iiDrtiiward.  —  Cidms  C- 12' high.  Leaves  and  iiracts 
broadly  linear,  .3-nerviil. 

51.  C.  COnoidea,  Schk.  Sterile  spike  long-jied uncled ;  fertile  spikes 
2-3,  oblong  iir  cylindrical,  densely  many-liowercd,  remote;  ])crigynia  small, 
oblong-ovoid,  obtuse,  striate  with  iin])ressed  nerves,  smooth  and  shining,  equal- 
ling or  the  lower  shorter  than  the  ovate  pointed  or  short-awned  scale.  — 
Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  —  Culms  6'-  12'  high.  Leaves 
and  bracts  linear.     Spikes  A'-f  long,  the  lowest  loug-peduucled. 

52.  C.  tetanica,  Schk.  Sterile  spike  .short-pedunded;  fertile  spikes 
1-3,  linear-cylindrical,  remote,  loo.sely  flowered  ;  j)erigynia  obovate,  narrowed 
at  the  base,  contracted  into  a  short  bent  ])oint,  longer  tiian  the  ovate  acute  or 
short-awned  scale.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  —  Culms 
1°  high.     Leaves  and  bracts  narrowly  linear. 

53.  C.  Meadii,  Dew.  Sterile  spike  mostly  long-jicdnnclcd,  slender;  fer- 
tile sj)ikes  1 -3,  oblong  (4"-8"  long),  closely  dowered;  ])erigynia  olxjvate, 
abruptly  contracted  into  the  entire  orifice,  barely  longer  than  the  oblong  acute 
broadly  margined  scale;  culm  6' -12'  high;  leaves  narrow-linear,  shorter 
than  tiie  culm.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward. 

54.  C.  polymorpha,  ^luld.  Sterile  spikes  1  or  2,  short,  long-]iedun. 
cled;  fertile  spikes  1  or  2,  remote,  erect;  perigynia  obhmg-ovate,  minutely 
granular,  entire  at  the  white  obliiiue  orifice,  longer  than  the  ovate,  mostly  ob- 
tuse, brownish  purple  scale;  culms  l°-l^°high;  leaves  short,  erect.  —  Low 
grassy  meadows,  North  Carolina  (Cia-tis),  and  northward. 

55.  C.  oligOCarpa,  Schk.  Sterile  spike  short-pedunded  ;  fertile  spikes 
mostly  3,  loosely  4  -  8-tlowered  ;  perigynia  thick,  finely  striate,  ol)long,  with 
a  straight  or  slightly  spreading  point,  shorter  than  the  ovate  long-awned 
white  scale;  style  very  short;  culms  10' -15' high;  leaves  narrow-linear. — 
North  Carolina  (Curtis),  and  northward. 

t  t  Perirjiinia  smooth,  3-ant/led,  with  a  recurved  or  spreading  point:   lowest 

peduncles  elongated  and  often  recurved. 

\  Bracts  leafij :  scales  ichite. 

56.  C.  laxiflora,  Lam.  Sterile  spike  pednncled,  exceeding  the  bracts; 
fertile  spikes  2-3,  remote,  linear,  loosely  8- 12-flowered  ;  perigynia  oblong- 
obovate,  tapering  into  a  smooth  .spreading  entire  beak,  longer  than  the  oblong 
mucronate  scale.  —  Plant  more  or  less  glaucous.  Culm  10'-  15'  high,  usually 
compres.sed-3-angled  above.  Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  tender.  Sheaths 
smooth. 

Var.  Striatula.  Culms,  leaves,  and  especially  the  sheaths,  rough  ;  sterile 
spike  sessile  or  nearly  so,  shorter  than  the  bracts;  fertile  spikes  3-5,  rather 
closely  12-20-flowered,  the  2-3  up])er  ones  commonly  approximate;  peri- 
gynia obovate,  abruptly  short  and  bent-pointed.  —  Dry  open  woods  and  mar- 
gins of  fields;  common,  and  varying  greatly  in  the  form  of  the  perigynia  and 
width  of  the  leaves. 


CYPERACE^.       (sedge    FAMILY.)  569 

57.  C.  styloflexa,  Buckley.  Sterile  spike  short-peduncled ;  fertile 
spikes  3,  oblong,  few-flowered,  very  remote,  the  lowest  on  a  long  and  mostly 
nodding  peduncle ;  perigynia  lanceolate  or  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base,  ta^ 
periug  into  a  spreading  rough-angled  mostly  eniargiuate  beak,  longer  than 
the  oblong  mucronate  scale.  —  Shady  swamps,  Middle  Florida,  to  the  moun- 
tains of  North  Carolina.  —  Culms  filiform,  1°  -  1|°  high,  and,  like  the  sheaths 
of  the  linear  leaves,  roughened  downward. 

58.  C.  digitalis,  Willd.  Sterile  spike  small,  sessile,  or  nearly  so ;  fer- 
tile spikes  commonh^  3,  remote,  very  slender,  loosely  5-8-flowered,  all  on  long 
bri.stle-like  peduncles,  the  lowest  near  the  base  of  the  culm  and  generally  re- 
clining ;  perigynia  alternate,  ovoid,  with  a  short  and  spreading  entire  point, 
twice  the  length  of  the  ovate  acute  green-keeled  scale ;  leaves  linear,  green ; 
culms  6'- 12'  high.  —  Low  ground,  common. 

59.  C.  ptychocarpa,  Steudl.  Sterile  spike  very  small,  nearly  sessile, 
the  fertile  mostly  3,  closely  6-8-flowered,  the  two  upper  approximate,  nearly 
sessile,  much  shorter  than  the  broad  foliaceous  bracts ;  the  lowest  distant, 
long-peduncled,  erect ;  perigynia  nearly  thrice  the  length  of  the  ovate,  obtuse 
or  barely  pointed  white  scale  (C.  digitalis,  var.,  Flora.) — Wet  shaded 
banks.  Middle  Florida.  —  Culms  3'  -  5'  high,  much  shorter  than  the  broadly 
linear  glaucous  leaves. 

I  t  Bracts  sheathing,  leafless  (xr  nearlij  so:  scales  brown  or  black. 

60.  C.  plantaginea,  Lam.  Fertile  spikes  3-4,  remote,  the  lowest  at 
the  base  of  tlie  culm,  linear,  erect,  loosely  few-flowered,  the  peduncles  mostly 
included  in  the  brown  leafless  sheaths ;  perigynia  oblong-obovate,  short -pointed, 
longer  than  the  ovate  acute  black  scale.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and 
northward.  —  Leaves  all  radical,  1'  or  more  wide,  about  as  long  as  tlie  slender 
culm. 

61.  C.  Caroliniana,  Buckley.  Fertile  spikes  3,  loosely  3  -  6-flowered, 
remote,  all  on  long  bristle-like  drooping  peduncles,  which  are  partly  included 
in  the  sheatlis  of  the  short  bracts ;  tlie  lowest  near  the  base  of  the  culm ; 
perigynia  ovoid,  short-pointed,  rather  longer  than  the  oblong  mucronate  dark 
brown  .scale.  —  Table  Mountain,  South  Carolina  { Buckie  i/}.  —  Kadical  leaves 
4" -6"  wide,  3-nervedi  exceeding  the  tufted  culms. 

=  ^  Perigynia  icitli  few  and  scattered  nerves,  commnnhj  a  little  in  flated,  straight- 
beaked  or  pointed  :  spikes  all,  or  the  lowest,  on  long  and  rnustlij  nodding  pe- 
duncles :  bracts  leafy. 

t  Spikes  linear  or  flliform,  loosely  flowered :  perigynia  lanceolate  or  oblong. 

62.  C.  venusta,  Dew.  Fertile  spikes  3 -5,  linear  (I'-H' long),  remote, 
or  the  two  upper  ones  approximate  and  erect ;  perigynia  oblong,  acute  at  each 
end,  rough-hairy,  notched  at  the  orifice,  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong  obtuse 
scale. — Low  banks  of  streams,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  —  Culms  2° -3° 
high.     Sheaths  of  the  linear  leaves  very  rough. 

63.  C.  debilis,  Michx.  Fertile  spikes  3 -5,  remote,  filiform,  drooping; 
perigynia  alternate,  lanceolate,  smooth,  acute  at  the  base,  tapering  into 
a  2-cleft  beak,  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong  obtuse   1-nerved  scale ;  slieaths 


570  CYPERACE^.       (sedge    lAMILY.) 

sniuotli.  —  Swamps  and  low  ^nnuids,  coiiinion.  —  Culms  very  sU'IkIct,  1''-2° 
high. 

C4.  C.  juncea,  Willil.  "Spikes  2-4,  slumler,  erctt,  hruwniwh  purple, 
the  sturiie  omc  liliforui,  the  fertile  loosely  flowered, somewhat  remote,  the  low- 
est on  an  exserted  pedunilc ;  perigynia  .'J-aiifiled,  si(iudle-sha])eil,  rough  at  the 
apex,  with  tlie  orirtte  entire;  scales  ovate,  olituse,  and  longer  than  the  peri- 
gyuia,  or  lanceolate,  nnuronate,  and  aliout  eciualling  them."  Boull.  —  Sum- 
mit of  Hoan  Mountain,  Nortii  Carolina.  —  Leaves  somewhat  bristle-form, 
shorter  than  the  culm. 

t  t  Spikes  cylindrical  or  oIIuikj,  deiiseli/    manij-Jloa'ercd :    perii/ynia   ovate   or 

ruimdisli. 

6.5.  C.  scabrata,  Sehw.  Sterile  spike  short,  single  ;  fertile  spikes  4-5, 
rather  distant,  on  erect  exserted  peduncles  ;  ))erigyuia  ovate,  rough,  spreading, 
with  few  rather  prominent  nerves,  tapering  into  a  2-cleft  beak,  longer  than 
the  oblong  acute  brownisli  scale.  —  Shady  swamps,  South  Carolina  and  Ten- 
nessee.—  Culms  (l°-li°  high)  and  broadly  linear  tiiin  leaves  very  rough. 
Bracts  leaf-like,  destitute  of  sheaths. 

66.  C.  Barrattii,  Torr.  Sterile  spikes  1-2,  long  and  rigid;  fertile 
spikes  2-3,  cylindrical,  all  on  drooping  peduncles,  commonly  sterile  at  the 
summit;  perigynia  yellowish,  compresscd-.3-angled,  round-elliptical,  slightly 
rougliened,  emarginate  or  eutii-e  at  the  orifice,  longer  than  the  oblong  obtuse 
or  pointed  black  scale.  —  Marshes,  Nortli  Carolina  (Curtis),  and  north- 
ward.—  Culms  I°-2°  higli,  rough-angled,  longer  than  tlie  rigid  glaucous 
leaves. 

67.  C.  verrucosa,  Muld.  Sterile  sjiikes  l -3,  sessile  or  short-peduncled, 
often  with  fertile  flowers  variously  intermixed;  fertile  s]iikes4-10,  cylindri- 
cal or  oblong,  the  upper  ones  sessile  and  erect,  the  lower  long-peduncled  and 
drooping ;  perigynia  glaucous,  globose-obovate,  3-angle(!,  strongly  nerved  or 
nerveless,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  and  entire  point,  al)out  as  long  as 
the  i)rown  rough-awued  scale.  —  Margins  of  ponds  and  rivers,  Florida  to 
North  Carolina.  —  Culms  2°-4^  high.    Leaves  glaucous,  setaceously  attenuate. 

68.  C.  Cherokeensis,  Schk.  Sterile  spikes  2-4,  slender;  fertile 
spikes  .T-15,  often  2-3  from  the  same  sheath,  oblong  or  cylindrical,  .sterile 
at  the  .summit,  all  ou  hmg  and  nodding  peduncles;  jierigynia  whitish,  ob- 
long, compressed-3-angled,  short-beaked,  with  the  orifice  membranaceous  and 
obliquely  2-cleft,  longer  tlian  the  oblong  acute  scale ;  stigmas  elongated.  — 
Banks  of  the  Apalachicola  River,  Florida,  to  the  mountains  of  Georgia,  and 
westward.  —  Plant  whitish.  Culms  l°-2°  high,  smooth,  like  the  linear 
leaves. 

69.  C.  microdonta,  Torr.  &  Hook.  "  Staminates])ikes3  ;  fertile  spikes 
about  4,  exsertlv  jjedunculate,  erect,  cylindrical,  attenuate,  and  more  or  less 
staminiferous  at  the  summit;  fruit  ovate,  compressed,  obscurely  striate, 
acute,  with  a  minutely  bidentate  orifice,  scarcely  exceeding  the  broadly  ovate 
acuminate,  somewhat  cuspidate  scale."  Torrey. — Mississippi  (fiatVey),  and 
westward. 


CYPERACE^.       (sedge    FAMILY.)  571 

•*-  ■*-  Perigynia  large  (3"- 6"  long),  and  commonly  much  InflaUd,  conspicuously 
nerved,  tapering  into  a  conical  or  long  and  subulate  2-cleJt  beak. 

**  Sterile  spike  single:   styles  persistent,  contorted:  perigynia  smooth:   spikes 
many-Jiowered  {except  No.  77), 

70.  C.  COmosa,  Boott.  Fertile  spikes  4,  cylindrical,  approximate,  on 
exserted  nodding  peduncles  (l^'-2i'  long);  perigynia  (2"  long)  oblong, 
spreading  or  reflexed,  tapering  into  a  long  subulate  deeply  2-cleft  beak,  with 
bristly,  spreading  teeth,  longer  than  the  awned  scale.  —  Swamp.s,  Florida,  and 
northward.  —  Culms  stout,  2° -3°  high,  rough-angled  above.  Leaves  broadly 
linear,  and,  like  the  bracts,  exceeding  the  culm. 

71.  C.  hystricina,  Muhl.  Fertile  spikes  3,  oblong  or  cylindrical,  on 
nodding  peduncles;  perigynia  oblong-ovate,  many-nerved,  spreading,  taper- 
ing into  a  minutely  2-cleft  beak,  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong  awned  scale ;  nut 
obovate,  smooth.  —  Swamps,  Georgia,  and  northward.  —  Culms  1°  -  H°  high, 
rough  above,  shorter  than  the  leaves  and  bracts.     Spikes  1'-  1|'  long. 

72.  C.  tentaculata,  Muhl.  Sterile  spike  nearly  sessile ;  fertile  spikes 
1-3,  sessile,  approximate,  or  the  lowest  remote  and  short-peduncled,  ovate  or 
cylindrical-oblong ;  perigynia  ovate,  spreading,  few-nerved,  the  long  subulate 
beak  cleft  on  the  inner  side,  and  minutely  2-toothed,  twice  as  long  as  the 
lanceolate  awned  scale ;  nut  ovoid,  roughish.  —  Meadows  and  low  grounds, 
common.  —  Culms  1°- 1|^°  high.     Leaves  and  bracts  elongated. 

73.  C.  gigantea,  lludge.  Fertile  spikes  3-4,  oblong  or  cylindrical; 
the  upper  approximate  and  nearly  sessile,  the  lowest  di.stant  and  short-pedun- 
cled, erect ;  perigynia  (6"  -  7"  long)  widely  spreading,  strongly  many -nerved, 
tapering  from  an  ovate  and  obtuse  base  into,  a  long  subulate  rough  2-cleft 
beak,  with  hi.^pid  teeth,  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong  awn-pointed  scale;  nut 
depressed,  3-angled.  —  Pine  barren  ponds,  Florida  to  South  Carolina,  and 
westward.  —  Culms  2°  high,  smooth,  shorter  than  tlie  broad  linear  leaves 
and  bracts. 

74.  C.  lupulina,  Muhl.  Fertile  spikes  3-4,  approximate,  sessile,  or 
the  lowest  short-])eduncled,  erect,  oblong,  thick  (1'  in  diameter);  perigynia 
(6" -7"  long)  erect-spreading,  tapering  from  the  ovoid  acutish  base  into  a 
subulate  smooth  or  slightly  roughened  beak,  with  smooth  and  spreading 
teeth,  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong  awn-pointed  scale ;  nut  rhombic-oblong.  — 
Deep  river  swamjis,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  Culms  and  leaves  as  in  the 
preceding. 

75.  C.  Halei,  Carey.  Sterile  spike  slender,  long-peduncled ;  fertile 
spikes  2-3,  remote,  ovoid  or  oblong  (1'  in  diameter),  erect,  the  lowest  com- 
monly on  a  partly  e.xserted  peduncle,  the  others  nearly  sessile ;  perigynia 
large  (6"  long),  tapering  from  a  greatly  inflated  and  rounded  base  into  a 
smooth  and  slender  2-cleft  beak,  with  smooth  and  spreading  teeth,  more  than 
twice  as  long  as  the  oblong  acuminate  scale  ;  nut  rhomboid.  —  Swamps,  Flor- 
ida to  the  mountains  of  Georgia,  and  westward.  —  Culms  1°  high,  smooth  and 
slender,  as  long  as  the  narrow  smooth  leaves.     Spikes  whitisli,  1'-  \V  long. 

76.  C.  SUbulata,  Michx.  Sterile  spike  .small;  fertile  .spikes  3-4,  re- 
mote, few-flowered,  the  lowest  on  a  partly  exserted  peduncle,  erect ;  perigynia 


572  CYPERACKJE.       (SEI)OE    FAMILY.) 

4-6,  subulate,  smooth,  reflexed,  the  rigid  teeth  reflexed  and  appreased  to  the 
sleiult'i-  lieaii,  four  times  aa  long  as  the  awu-pointcd  scale.  —  Deep  swamps, 
Geori^ia  to  Nortli  Carolina.  —  Culms  smootli,  filiform,  1°- JJ'^  higii,  longer 
than  the  linear  leaves. 

*+  *+  ^Sterile  sjiik-e  s'ni<jle :   sti/le  deciduous,  slntiijht  or  /learli/  so :  Jertile  spikes 

fi  ir-ji<)U'tri'il . 

77.  C.  folliculata,  L.,  van  australis,  Hailoy.  Fertile  spikes  .3-4, 
ovoid,  remote,  8-10  Howercd,  on  erect  peduncles,  sterile  at  the  summit;  peri- 
gynia  (6"  long)  horizontal,  lanceolate,  tapering  into  a  smootli  beak,  with  erect 
hispid  teeth,  one  tliird  longer  than  the  lanceolate  rough-pointed  scale  — Wet 
margins  of  streams,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  —  Culms  smooth,  2"  higli, 
commonly  exceeding  tiie  linear  flat  leaves. 

78.  C.  turgeseens,  Torr.  Fertile  spikes  2,  near  or  remote,  on  short 
included  peduncles,  ovoid,  8  -  12-flowered  ;  perigynia  erect-spreading  (4"  long), 
lance-ovate,  strongly  nerved,  tapering  into  a  smooth  2-cleft  lieak,  with  liisjjid 
erect  teeth,  tAvice  as  long  as  the  ovate  obtuse  scale.  —  Pine  barren  swamps, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina.  — Culms  smooth,  2° -3°  high,  lunger  tiian  the  nar- 
row rigid  and  channelled  leaves. 

79.  C.  £lliottli,  Schw.  &  Torr.  Fertile  spikes  mostly  3,  approximate 
and  nearly  sessile,  or  the  lowest  remote  and  long-peduncled,  globo.-^e,  8-16- 
flowcred,  .sterile  at  the  apex;  perigynia  small  (3"  long),  oblong-ovate,  com- 
pre.ssed,  spreading,  few-nerved,  ta])ering  into  a  short  smooth  beak,  with  erect 
hispid  teetli,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  obtuse  scale.  —  Boggy  margins  of 
pine  barren  streams,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  — Culms  l°-2^high,  rough 
above,  longer  than  the  narrowly  linear  leaves. 

80.  C.  intumescens,  Rudge.  Fertile  spikes  2-4,  approximate,  the 
upper  sessile,  the  lower  peduuded,  globose,  10-15-flowered  ;  perigynia  large 
(6"  long),  spreading,  ta])ering  from  a  rounded  and  greatly  inflated  base  into 
a  short  and  smootli  2-cleft  beak  with  hispid  teeth,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate 
acuminate  scale.  —  Siiady  swamps,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  Culms  1°-1|° 
higli,  rough  above,  shorter  than  tlie  broadly  linear  deep  green  leaves  and 
bracts. 

81.  C.  Grayii,  Carey.  Fertile  spikes  2,  globose,  closely  1.5 -30-flowered; 
perigynia  sparsely  pubescent  (in  ours),  reflexed;  culms  tall  (2'^- 3°  high); 
otherwise  like  the  last.  —  Swamps  near  Rome,  Georgia,  and  northward. 

++*+*+  Sterile  spikes  2  or  more :  Jertile  spikes  many-Jlowered. 
=  Perigynia  pubescent. 

82.  C.  trichocarpa,  Mubl.  Sterile  spikes  about  three,  linear,  long- 
peduncled;  fertile  sjiikes  2,  cylindrical,  on  short  and  mostly  included  pedun- 
cles; perigynia  tliin,  rough-hairy,  tapering  from  a  rounded  ovate  base  into  a 
rather  slender  rough  beak,  with  long  acute  teeth,  longer  than  the  oblong  acute 
awnless  scale.  —  Deep  marshes,  Georgia,  and  northward.  —  Culms  2°  -  3°  high, 
rough  above.     Leaves  linear,  elongated. 

83.  C.  striata,  Michx.  Sterile  spikes  2-4,  long-peduncled;  fertile 
spikes  1  -4  (mostly  2),  remote,  sessile,  or  the  lowest  long-]K'duncled.  oblong 
or  cylindrical ;  perigynia  thick,  ovate,  pubescent  above  the  middle,  contracted 


GRAMINE^.        (grass    FAMILY.)  573 

into  a  short  and  whitish  2-cleft  or  emarginate  beak,  longer  than  the  oblong 
acute  scale.  —  Pine  barren  swamps,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  Culms  l|°-2° 
high.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  keeled,  rather  rigid.  Perigynia  occasionally 
nearly  smooth. 

=  =  Perigijnia  smooth. 

84.  C.  riparia,  Curtis.  Sterile  spikes  4-6,  dark  brown  ;  fertile  spikes 
2-3,  oblong-cylindrical,  sterile  at  the  summrt  (l|^'-2'  long),  on  erect  pedun- 
cles ;  perigynia  ovate-oblong,  obscurely  nerved,  tapering  into  a  smooth  2-cleft 
beak,  longer  than  the  oblong  brown  awned  scale.  —  Deep  marshes,  common. 
—  Culms  stout,  2°  -3°  high,  rough  above,  shorter  than  the  broad  (|')  smooth- 
ish  and  glaucous  leaves  and  bracts. 

85.  C.  buUata,  Schk.  Sterile  .spikes  2- 3, longpeduncled;  fertile  spikes 
1  -2,  oblong  or  oval  (T  long),  sessile,  or  on  very  short  exserted  pedunVles; 
perigynia  globose-ovate,  much  inflated,  strongly  nerved,  smooth  and  shining, 
slender-beaked,  longer  than  the  oblong  acute  scale.  —  Swamps,  South  Carolina, 
and  northward. —  Culms  1°-1^°  high,  shorter  than  the  linear  leaves  and 
bracts. 


Order  162.     GRAMINE^.     (Grass  Family.) 

Chiefly  herbs.  Stem  {culm)  mostly  hollow  and  with  closed  joints 
Leaves  alternate,  2-ranked,  narrow  and  entire.  Sheaths  open,  or  split 
on  one  side,  and  usually  prolonged  into  a  membranaceous  or  fringed 
appendage  {ligida)  at  the  base  of  the  blade.  Flowers  in  spiked  or 
panicled  spikelets,  consisting  of  2-ranked  imbricated  bracts  or  scales 
{glumes),  of  which  the  1  or  2  lower  ones  are  empty,  the  others  (1  or  more) 
enclosing  a  smaller  and  thinner  one  (palea  or  palet),  a  1-celled  1-ovuled 
ovary,  and  1- several  stamens,  nre  the  Jiowering  glumes,  iorming  the 
floret.  Perianth  none,  or  consisting  of  2  -  3  minute  hypogynous  scales 
(lodicules).  Anthers  versatile,  2-celled.  Styles  2-3-parted,  with  hairy 
or  plumose  stigmas.  Fruit  a  caryopsis  {grain).  Embryo  placed  on 
the  outside  and  near  the  base  of  mealy  albumen.  —  Root  fibrous. 

Synopsis. 

Seriks  I.     Spikelet  jointed  with  the  pedicel  below  the  lowest  glume. 

Tribe  I.    PANICKY.    Spikelets  with  a  single  terminal  perfect  awnless  flower,  or 
with  a  second  imperfect  one  in  the  glume  below.    Floret  coriaceous  in  fruit, 

*  Spikelets  without  a  bristly  or  spiny  involucre. 
■^  Spikelets  in  2  -  4  rows  on  1-sided  lateral  and  terminal  spikes. 
L   REFMAKIA.    Glumes  2.     Spikelets  lanceolate,  acute.    Culms  creeping. 

2.  PASPALUM.    Glumes  3.     Spikelets  mostly  ovate  or  orbicular,  plano-convex,  in  2-4 

rows. 

3.  ERIOCHLOA.    Glumes  3.     Spikelets  lanceolate,  with  a  callous  ring  at  the  base. 

4.  OPLISMENUS.    Glumes  4,  the  lower  awned.    Spikes  short  and  distant. 

1-  4-  Spikelets  variously  panicled  (except  §  1  in  No,  7), 

5.  ANTH.^NANTIA.    Glumes  3.    Spikelets  alike,  in  a  contracted  panicle,  Taioui, 


574  GUAMIXK.K.        ((iUASS    KAMII-V.) 

r>.    AMTHICARPUM.     Glumes  .'<■     BpikoletHof  2  kiiulH,  oiio  in  a  terminal  |iiiiilc  1i-.  tlu>  other 
lurKLT,  uii  a  Hulitary  subterranean  peduncle. 

7.  PANICUM.     OluiueH  4,  the  lowest  smaller,  the  third  staminate  or  neutral. 

•  •  Spikelets  subtended  by  a  briHtly  or  spiny  Involucre. 

8.  SETARIA.     Involucre  of  1  -several  bristleB  per»i8tent  on  the  pedicel. 

9.  CKXCHRUS.     Involucre  bur-like,  of  several  barbed  spines  partly  united,  and  enclosing 

1  -  3  spikelets. 
10.    PKNNISKTIJ.M.     Spikelets  enclosed  in  an  involucre  of  fine  often  plumose  bristles. 

*  *  *  Spikelets  sunk  in  excavations  of  the  thick  rachis. 
It.    STEN()T.\rHRUM.     Culms  creeping.     Flowering  branches  short  and  erect. 

Tribe  H.  OKYZE^.  Spikelets  perfect  or  unisexual,  1-flowercd.  Empty  glumes 
none  (except  No.  IC).     Stamens  mostly  C  or  more. 

*  Spikelets  perfect. 

12.  LEERSIA.     Spikelets  compressed,  mostly  ciliate.    Stamens  1-6. 

*  *  Spikelets  unisexu^.l. 

13.  LUZIOLA.     Staminate  and  pistillate  spikelets  in  separate  panicles.     Stamens  C- 11. 

14.  HYDROCHLOA.    Spikelets  in  simple  few-flowered  axillary  and  terminal  spikes.     Sta- 

mens (!. 

15.  ZIZAXIA.     Staminate  and  pistillate  spikelets  in  the  same  panicle.     Stamens  G. 

IC.    PHARUS.     Spikelets  in  pairs,  unequal,  the  smaller  hexaudrous,  the  larger  pistillate. 

Tbibe  III.  MAYDE.^.  Spikelets  unisexual,  the  pistillate  in  excavations  of  the  rachis 
of  the  jointed  spike. 

17.  ROTTBCELLIA.     A  pistillate  and  staminate  spikelet  at  the  base  of  each  joint  of  the 

spike. 

18.  MANISURIS.     A  pistillate  spikelet  at  the  base,  and  a  neutral  one  at  the  top  of  each 

joint  of  the  spike. 

19.  TRIPSACUM.     Spikes  pistillate  at  the  base,  staminate  above. 

Teibe  IV.  ANDROPOGONE^.  Spikelets  in  pairs  or  threes  on  each  joint  of  the 
rachi.s  of  the  spike  or  branch  of  the  panicle,  one  sessile  and  perfect,  the  others  pedi- 
celled,  staminate  or  neutral  (rarely  perfect).  Glumes  4,  the  two  lower  larger,  empty, 
and  more  rigid,  the  third  staminate  or  neutral,  the  floret  hyaline  and  mostly  awned. 

*  Spikelets  in  short-jointed  spikes. 

20.  ELIONTRUS.    Spikes  single,  long-peduncled.     Spikelets  awnless. 

21.  ANDR0P060N.    Spikes  single,  digitate,  or  panicled,  mostly  white-hairy.    Spikelets 

awned.     Lowest  glume  2-keeled  on  the  back. 

22.  HETEROFOGOX.    Spikes  clustered,  1-sided.     Sterile  spikelet  3-androus,  its  glumes 

flat,  twisted.    Floret  long-awned. 

*  *  Spikelets  panicled. 

23.  IMPERATA.     Sessile  and  pedicelled  spikelets  both  perfect  and  awnlese. 

24.  ERIANTHU3.     Sessile  and  pedicelled  spikelets  both  perfect  and  awned,  with  an  invo- 

lucral  tuft  at  the  base. 

25.  SORGHUM.    Spikelets  In  pairs  or  threes,  only  the  sessile  one  perfect  and  awned. 

Series  II.     POACE^E.     Pedicel  jointed  above  the  lowest  glume. 

Tbibe  V.  PHALARIDE^.  Glumes  5,  only  the  uppermost  fertile,  the  two  lower 
empty,  the  middle  ones  staminate,  neutral,  or  rudimentary. 

20.   PHALARTS.     Middle  glumes  rudimentary.     Floret  triandrous. 

27.  ANTHOXANTHUM.     Middle  glumes  empty,  awned.     Floret  diandrous, 

28.  HIEROCHLOE.    Middle  glumes  triandrous.    Floret  diandrous. 


GRAMINE.E.       (grass    FAMILY.) 


Teibe  VI.  AGKOSTIDE^IS.  Spikelets  l-flowered,  rarely  with  a  rudiment  or  second 
flower  above.  Glumes  3,  the  two  lower  empty.  Palea  rarely  wanting.  Inflorescence 
panicled. 

*  Glumes  membranaceous  or  chartaceous. 

■t-  Empty  glumes  united  below,  conduplicate. 

29.  ALOPECURUS.     Flowering  glume  dorsally  awned.    Inflorescence  spiked.    Palea  none. 

•1-  -I-  Glumes  separate,  convex  or  keeled. 

30.  SPOROBOLUS.     Spikelets  awnless.     Flowering  glume  l-nerved,  longer  than  the  un- 

equal empty  ones. 

31.  A6R0STIS.     Spikelets   mostly   awned.     Flowering  glume   3-5-nerved,  thin,  shorter 

than  the  nearly  equal  empty  ones.     Palea  small  or  none. 

32.  POLYPOGOX.     Empty  glumes  long-awned.     Panicle  spike-like. 

33.  CIXNA.     Spikelets  flattened.     Flowering  glume  awned  below  the  apex.     Stamen  1. 

34.  CALAMAGROSTIS.     Spikelets   l-flowered,   and   often  with  the  pedicel  of  a  second 

flower.     Floret  surrounded  by  a  tuft  of  long  hairs. 
*  *  Flowering  glume  awned  at  the  tip  (except  No.  3.5)  of  a  firmer  texture,  closely  investing 

the  grain. 

35.  THURBERIA.     Flowering  glume  awned  below  the  tip. 

36.  STIPA.     Flowering  glume  with  a  single  long  twisted  awn. 

37.  ARISTID.\.     Flowering  glume  triple-awned. 

38.  MUHLENBERGIA.     Empty  glumes  unequal.     Floret  hairy  at  the  base,  mucronate  or 

straight  awned. 

39.  BRACHYELYTRUM.     Empty  glumes  very  small.     Floret  long-awned.     Stamens  2. 

Tkibe  VII.  AVENE.(E.  Spikelets  2  -  several-flowered,  the  terminal  one  mostly  rudi- 
mentary. Rachis  or  base  of  the  flowers  often  bearded.  Flowering  glume  awned  on 
the  back  or  below  the  apex.     Spikelets  panicled. 

*  Flowers  perfect,  or  the  uppermost  rudimentary. 

40.  AIRA.     Spikelets  2-flowered.     Flowering  glume  2-cleft. 

41.  DESCH.^MPSIA.     Spikelets  2-flowered,  and  with  a  hairy  rudiment.     Flowering  glume 

truncate,  toothed. 

42.  TRISETUM.     Spikelets  2 -several-flowered.     Flowering    glume   compressed,   keeled, 

awned. 

43.  DANTHONIA.     Spikelets  2  -  several-flowered.     Flowering  glume   rigid,  2-cleft,  the  3 

middle  nerves  united  into  a  twisted  awn. 

*  *  Spikelets  2-flowered,  one  perfect,  the  other  staminate. 

44.  HOLCUS.     Upper  flower  staminate  and  awned.     Glumes  keeled. 

45.  ARRHENATHERUM.     Lower  flower  staminate  and  long-awned.     Glumes  concave. 

Tbibe  VIII.     CHLORIDE.^:.     Spikelets  2  -  several- I'rarely  1-)  flowered,  in  2  rows  in 
racemose  or  digitate  (rarely  solitary)  spikes.     Upper  flowers  imperfect. 
*  Spikelets  strictly  l-flowered,  awnless. 
4(5.    SPARTINA.     Spikes  racemed.     Spikelets  flat.     Glumes  keeled. 

*  *  Spikelets  2  -  3-flowered,  the  lowest  flower  perfect. 

47.  GTMNOPOGON.     Spikelets  linear,  scattered.     Flowering  glume  and  rudiment  awned. 

Spikes  racemed,  filiform. 

48.  BOUTELOUA.     Spikes  short,  dense,  racemed.     Flowering  glume  3-toothed. 

49.  CHLORIS.     Spikes  digitate.     Spikelets  roundish.     Flowering  glume  mucronate. 

50.  CYNODON.     Spikes  digitate,  slender.     Flowering  glume  awnless.     Culms  creeping. 

*  *  *  Spikelets  4  -  5-flowered,  only  one  of  the  middle  ones  perfect. 

51.  CTENIUM.     Spike  solitary.     Flowering  glume  stout-awned  on  the  back. 

*  *  *  *  Spikelets  several-flowered,  the  lower  flowers  perfect. 

52.  ELEUSINE.     Spikes  digitate.     Spikelets  crowded  or  imbricate. 


570  OKAMINK.i:.        (CIJASS    FAMILY.) 

03.   LKPTOCHLOA.     Sjiikes  racemose,  fllifonn.     Flowering  glume  awnleaa. 
54.    DIPLACHNK.     Spikes  rocuiuose.     Flowering  glume  uucruuate  or  uwiied. 

Tribe  IX.  FKiSTUCKjE.  Spikeleta  panlcled,  few -many-flowered,  the  flowers  all  per- 
fect, or  the  tipiiei  moat,  and  rarely  tlie  lowest  imperfect  or  abortive.  Glumes  mem- 
brauaceout  or  rarely  indurated,  uwnlotts,  or  uhort-awned  at  or  near  the  tip. 

•  Flowers  perfect,  or  the  uppermost  abortive, 
t-  Flowering  glumes  2-cleft  and  awned  at  the  apex. 

65.    TRIODIA.     Spikelets  few-flowered.     Nerves  of  the  glumes  hairy,  excurrent. 

50.    TRIPLASIS.    Spikelets  3-flowered.     Flowering  glume  and  palea  fringed,  the  mid-nerve 

of  the  glume  extended  Into  a  bearded  awn. 
57.    BROMUS.     Spikelets  large,  few  -  mauy-flowered.      Flowering  glume  rounded  on  the 

back,  and  awned  below  the  'J-cteft  apex. 

1-  -I-  Flowering  glumes  entire,  awnless  (except  in  No.  58). 

-w-  Olumes  obtuse  or  rounded  on  the  bock. 

68.   PESTUCA.     Spikelets  mostly  terete.     Flowering  glumes  rigid,  often  awned  at  the  tip. 

59.  MELICA.     Spikelets  short  and  thick,  few-flowered,  the  upper  flowers  imperfect,  con- 

volute.    Glumes  5-nerved,  obtuse,  scarious-margined. 

60.  GLYCERIA.     Spikelets  terete  or  flattish.     Flowering  glume  7-nerved,  scarious  at  the 

tip. 

61.  DIARRHEN.\.    Spikelets  few,  several-flowered.    Flowering  glume  coriaceous,  3-nerved, 

acute.     Culms  nearly  leafless. 

++  ++  Glumes  keeled  on  the  back. 

62.  DACTYLIS.     Spikelets  In  dense  l-sided  clusters.     Glumes  awn-pointed,  ciliate  on  the 

keel. 

63.  EATONIA.     Spikelets  1  -  3-flowered.     Lower  glume  narrow,  the  upper  3-nerved,  obo- 

vate,  enclosing  the  florets. 

64.  POA.     Spikelets  few-flowered.     Flowering  glume  thin,  5-nerved,  scarious  on  the  mar- 

gins, commonly  woody  below. 

65.  ERAGROSTIS.      Spikelets  few  -  many-flowered,  compressed.      Flowering    glume    3- 

nerved,  acute.     Paleee  persistent. 

*  *  Lower  flowers  imperfect. 
6G.   XJNIOLA.     Spikelets  broad  and  flat.     Glumes  rigid,  compressed,  the  3  -  G  lower  ones 
empty. 

67.  PHRAGMITES.     Spikelets  villous,  3  -  G-flowered.     Lowest  flower  triandrous. 

*  •  *  Flowers  dioecious. 

68.  DISTICHLIS.     Spikelets  large,  flat,  many-flowered.     Glumes  rigid,  rounded  on  the 

back. 

69.  MONANTHOCHLOE.     Spikelets  single,  terminal,  3  -  5-flowered.    Leaves  very  short  and 

rigid. 

Tbibb  X.  HOKDEJE.  Spikelets  1  -  several-flowered,  sessile  on  opposite  sides  of  the 
Jointed  rachis  of  the  terminal  spike.  Empty  glumes  1-2,  rigid,  rarely  wanting.  Up- 
permost flowers  imperfect  or  abortive. 

*  Spikelets  solitary  at  each  Joint  of  the  rachis. 

70.  LOLIUM.     Spikelets  placed  edgewise  on  the  rachis.     Empty  glume  one. 

71.  AGROPYRUM.     Spikelets  placed  flatwise  on  the  rachis.     Empty  glumes  two. 

*  *  Spikelets  2  -4  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis. 

72.  HORDEUM.     Spikelets  3  at  each  Joint,  1-flowered,  the  lateral  ones  sterile. 

73.  ELYMU8.      Spikelets   2  -  4  at    each   joint,    1  -  several-flowered.     Empty   glumee   2, 

collateral. 

74.  ASPRELLA.    Spikelets  1 -3  at  each  joint.    Empty  glumes  none. 


GRAMINE.E.       (gRASS    FAMILY.)  577 

Tribe  XI.      BAMBUSE^.     Spikelets  few  -  many-flowered.     Empty  glumes  2 -sev- 
eral.    Flowering  glumes  awnless. 
75.   ARUNDINARIA.     Culms  tall   and  woody.      Leaves  jointed  at   the  base,  persistent. 
Spikelets  racemed  or  panicled. 

1.    REIMARIA,  Fluegge. 

Inflorescence  as  in  Paspalum,  but  the  sessile  lanceolate  spikelets  consisting 
of  only  one  empty  glume,  and  a  membranous  fertile  floret.  Stamens  2. 
Grain  enclosed. 

1.  R.  oligOStaehya,  Muuro.  Culms  ascending  from  a  creeping  base, 
l°-2°  long,  branching;  leaves  linear,  attenuate;  spikes  3-4,  filiform,  at 
length  refracted,  I' -2'  long;  spikelets  acute,  appressed  to  the  flexuous  rachis 
in  two  rows.  —  Wet  banks.  East  Florida. 

2.    PASPALUM,  L. 

Spikelets  usually  ovate  or  orbicular,  plano-convex,  1-flowered,  borne  in  2-4 
rows  in  unilateral  spikes  or  racemes,  these  terminal,  or  scattered  along  the 
naked  summit  of  the  culm.  Empty  glumes  2,  thin  ;  fertile  floret  coriaceous. 
Stamens  3.  Gi'ain  enclosed.  —  Mostly  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves,  and 
long-ped uncled  inflorescence. 

§  1.    Palet  of  the  floret  facing  the  rachis  of  the  spike. 
*  Culms  {branches}  erect  from  a  creeping  base,  1  -  2-jointed :   spikes  2-4,  in 
pairs  or  approximate,  filiform :  spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  alternately 
appressed  to  the  sides  of  the  rachis:  glumes  longer  than  the  floret. 

1.  P.  furcatum,  Fliigge.  Culms  1°- 2"^  high,  2-jointed;  leaves  3" -5" 
wide,  obtuse ;  peduncles  2-4  from  the  upper  sheath,  long  and  slender,  and 
often  a  single  short  one  from  the  lower;  spikes  mostly  in  pairs,  2' -4'  long; 
spikelets  2"  long.     (P.  digitaiia,  Flora.)  —  Wet  ground  in  the  lower  districts. 

2.  P.  platycaule,  Poir.  Culms  ^°-l°  high,  1-joiuted ;  leaves  l"-2" 
wide,  obtuse ;  peduncles  2-7  from  the  sheath  ;  spikes  oftener  3,  very  slender, 
riong;  spikelets  barely  1"  long,  slightly  pubescent.  —  Low  ground,  Florida 
to  Mississippi. 

§  2.    Palet  of  the  foret  facing  outward. 

*  Spikes  approximate  or  in  pairs,  terminal,  or  solitary  or  axillary. 

3.  P.  distiehum,  L.  (Joint  Grass.)  Culms  1°- 2°  long  from  a  creep- 
ing base;  leaves  glaucous,  flat,  linear,  acute,  3' -6'  long,  2" -3"  wide,  the 
sheaths  fringed;  spikes  2-4, approximate,  I'-l^'  long;  spikelets  in  2  (rarely 
3-4)  rows,  ovate-oblong,  acute,  often  more  or  less  pubescent.  —  Ditches  and 
damp  ground,  common. 

4.  P.  vaginatum,  Swartz.  Glabrous ;  culms  diffusely  creeping,  short- 
jointed,  the  clustered  branches,  ^°-l°  high  ;  leaves  narrow-linear,  attenuate 
to  a  filiform  point,  concave  or  folded,  l'-4'  long,  their  short  dilated  sheaths 
mostly  imbricated  ;  peduncles  short,  single ;  spikes  in  pairs,  1' or  less  long; 
spikelets  in  2  rows,  lanceolate,  acute,  the  upper  glume  mostly  undulate.  —  Var. 
REIMARIOIDE9.  Every  way  larger,  l°-3°  long,  spikes  often  in  threes,  2'  long; 
spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  ly  long.  —  Saline  marshes  along  the  coast,  Flor- 
ida, and  westward. 

37 


r>7S  CUAMINK.K.       ((iKASS    FAMILY.) 

T).  P.  conjugatum,  norj^.  SmoDtli  ami  hrancliiiit;  (2^  l">"g) ;  leaves 
thill,  liiioar;  sjtikos  2 -.3,  Hat,  the  two  terminal  ones  conjugate;  siiikelets 
minute,  in  two  rows,  ovate,  long-fringed.  —  New  Orleans  (Dr.  Halt). 
Introtlueetl. 

C.  P.  ciliatifolium,  .Midix.  Cnlms  1^-2°  high;  leaves  niidulate,  cili- 
ate,  smooth  or  hairy  like  the  sheath.-;,  .''/  -  12'  long,  6"-  10"  wide  ;  spikes  2-4 
in  a  terminal  raceme,  or  solitary  and  axillary,  closely  (lowered,  2' -4'  long; 
spikelets  in  pairs,  roundish,  T'-IA"  long. — Cultivated  ground,  common. 
July-lSoj)!. 

Var.  dasyphyllum.  Leaves  and  sheaths  villous ;  spikes  mostly  3,  the 
axillary  ones  included;  s])ikclets  mostly  single.  (1*.  dasyphvllum,  /ill.)  — 
With  the  type. 
•7.  P.  setaceum,  Michx.  Culms  slender,  l°-2°  high;  leaves  and 
sheaths  generally  villous;  spikes  solitary,  long-peduncled,  the  axillary  ones 
short-pedunded  or  included;  spikelets  single,  i"  long.  —  Dry  sandy  soil. 
July  -  Se))t. 

8.  P.  debile,  Michx.?  Mostly  glabrous;  culms  filiform,  2° -3°  high; 
leaves  3' -G' long,  3" -5"  wide;  spikes  mostly  solitary,  filiform,  all  on  long 
(6'-  10')  setaceous  peduncles,  these  often  2  or  more  from  each  sheath  ;  spike- 
lets in  pairs,  ^"  long.  (P.  lougepedunculatum,  Lecoz/ie  ?)  —  Dry  sandy  soil 
along  the  coast,  Georgia  and  Florida. 

9.  P.  monostachyum,  Vasey.  Glabrous;  culms  strictly  erect,  2° -3° 
high,  sini])le ;  leaves  narrow,  erect,  rigid,  convolute,  the  lower  l°-l^°long; 
spike  solitary,  erect,  long-peduucled,  6' -8'  long;  spikelets  imbricateil  in  two 
rows,  oblong-oval,  1^"  long.  —  South  Florida,  and  westward. 

*  *  Spikes  3-12  (rarelij  2  or  numerous),  in  a  termuuti  raceme. 
■^  Ihirlds  of  the  spike  filiform :  spikelets  distinctli/jiedicelled. 

10.  P.  racemulosum,  Nutt.  Spike.s  2-3,  slender,  erect  (4'  long); 
spikelets  single  or  by  pairs,  obovate,  distant  on  the  filiform  and  somewhat 
flcxuous  rachis,  distinctly  pedicelled  ;  glumes  smooth,  obtuse,  7  nerved  ;  culms 
simple,  erect  (2°-3°high);  leaves  long,  linear,  keeled,  glaucous,  sprinkled 
with  long  white  hairs.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  west- 
ward.    August -Se])t.     y.. 

■>-  -^  Ildchis  of  the  spike  fiat  or  trianrjalar :  spikelets  short-pedicelled. 
=  Spikelets  a  line,  or  less,  long. 

11.  P.  purpurascens,  Fll.  Annual,  nearly  glabrous;  culms  erector 
ascending,  branching,  l°-3°  long;  leaves  thin,  broadly  linear,  6'- 12' long, 
the  sheaths  often  purple;  spikes  2-12  (fewer  on  the  branches),  2' -3'  long; 
spikelets  1"  long,  oval  or  roundish,  crowded  in  3  -4  rows  under  the  broad 
rachis;  glumes  5-nerved.  —  Low  ground  in  the  middle  and  lower  districts. 

12.  P.  plicatulum,  Michx.  Perennial,  glabrous;  culms  simple,  slen- 
der, 2°-3°  higli ;  leaves  long,  linear;  spikes  3-5,  distant,  2'  long;  spikelets 
oval,  in  3  rows  under  the  narrow  rachis,  1"  long;  second  glume  plicate  within 
the  pale  thickened  margins.  —  Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward. 

13.  P.  csespitosum,  Fliigge.  Culms  slender,  1°-!^°  high;  leaves 
narrow-linear,  ciliate ;  spikes  3-4,  filiform,  I'long;   spikelets  in  three  rows, 


GKAMINE.E.       (grass    FAMILY.)  579 

elliptical,   Y'   lo"S !    glumes   3-nerved,    minutely   pubescent    aud    granular. 
(P.  Blodgectii,  Floni.)  — Soutii  Florida. 

14.  P.  Drummondi,  Vasey.  Culms  2° -4°  high,  branching  below; 
leaves  broadly  linear,  G''-10'  long;  spikes  3-4,  3'-4'  long;  spikelets  in  2-3 
rows,  oval,!"  long,  pubescent  aud  grauular.  —  South  Florida  (Fasey),  and 
westward . 

15.  P.  virgatum,  L.  Culms  3° -5'^  high;  leaves  long,  3" -4"  wide; 
spikes  numerous  (20  or  more),  2' -3'  long,  the  lower  mostly  germinate;  ra- 
chis  sleuder;  spikelets  1"  long,  in  4  rows,  ovate;  glumes  acute,  hairy  along 
the  margin.  —  Mississippi,  and  westward. 

=  =  Spikelets  exceeding  a  line  in  lencjth. 

16.  P.  prsecox,  Walt.  Very  smooth  and  somewhat  glaucous,  or  the 
lower  leaves  aud  slieaths  hairy;  culms  simple,  slender,  2° -4°  high;  leaves 
long  aud  narrow ;  sjjikes  3-6,  1'- 3' long,  bearded  at  the  base;  spikelets  in 
2-3  rows,  orbicular,  flat ;  glumes  3-nerved.  —  Low  pine  barrens.     May -Oct. 

17.  P.  laeve,  Michx.  Mostly  glabrous;  culms  simple,  2° -3^  high; 
leaves  flat,  2" -3"  wide,  of  varying  length;  spikes  2-5,  slender,  2' -4'  long, 
bearded  iu  the  axils ;  spikelets  in  2  row.*,  orbicular,  1  J"  long ;  glumes  5-nerved. 
—  ]Moist  grouud,  commou. 

18.  P.  dififorme,  Leconte.  Culms  2° -3°  high,  from  creeping  root- 
stocks;  leaves  broadly  linear;  spikes  2-4,  2' -3'  long;  spikelets  in  2-3  rows, 
obloug-oval,  1 Y'  loug;  glabrous.  —  Low  ground  near  the  coast.  North  Carolina, 
and  westward. 

19.  P.  Floridanum,  Michx.  Culm  stout,  erect,  2° -4°  high;  leaves 
rigid,  broadly  linear,  l°-2°  long,  smooth  and  glaucous,  or  the  lowest  densely 
villous;  s])ikes  3-5,  2' -4'  long;  spikelets  in  2-3  rows,  oval  or  roundish, 
about  2"  long  ;  glumes  glabrous.  —  Damp  or  dry  soil  in  the  lower  districts. 

20.  P.  dilatatum,  Poir.  Culms  stout  (3° -4°  high) ;  leaves  flat,  linear- 
lanceolate,  smooth;  spikes  4-6,  racemose;  spikelets  iu  4  rows,  ovate,  acute, 
villous  on  the  margins,  much  wider  than  the  flat  rachis  ;  glumes  5-uerved, 
longer  than  the  roundish  floret.  —  Alabama,  New  Orleans,  and  westward. 
Introduced. 

21.  P.  pubiflorum,  Rupr.,  var.  glabrum,  Vasey.  Culms  stout,  erect 
from  a  creeping  base,  2° -3°  high  ;  leaves  spreading,  6' -9'  long,  4" -6"  wide, 
flat ;  spikes  3  -  6,  thick,  spreading,  2'  -  3'  long ;  rachis  broad  and  flat ;  spike- 
lets in  3-4  rows,  barely  more  than  \"  long,  oblong,  obtuse,  smooth  or  pubes- 
cent. —  Tennessee,  and  westward. 

22.  P.  giganteum,  Baldw.  Culms  very  stout,  4° -6°  high  ;  leaves  1°- 
2°  long,  1'  wide,  papillose-ciliate  on  the  margins;  spikes  3-4,  5' -8'  long,  dis- 
tant, spreading ;  spikelets  iu  2  -  3  rows,  about  2"  long,  OA-al,  acute.  —  East 
Florida.     Rare. 

•!-•(-■*-  Rachis  of  ihe  spikes  broad,  membranous,  concave,  covering  the  ininute 
spikelets:  ndiiis  branching,  creeping,  or  floating :  spikelets  in  2  rows. 

23.  P.  fluitans,  Kuuth.  Culms  mostly  floating;  leaves  lanceolate, 4' -6' 
long  ;  spikes  numerous  :  spikelets  pubescent,  concealed  under  the  rachis.  — 
Along  rivers  in  still  water. 


TiSO  (lUAMlNK.K.       (gBASS    KAMIL\.) 

■24.  P.  Walterianum,  S.liiillcs  Ciilins  crcfiiin^r ;  Iciuos  linoar,  r-2' 
Imi^;  sjiikt'S  .'J -Ci  ;  s|)ikcl(Hs  gliilinuis,  jcirtlv  concLMlecl  iumIit  tlie  racliis. — 
Low  niiuUly  banks,  Nurtli  Caroliiiii,  and  westward. 

3.    ERIOCHLOA,  III'.K. 

Tnllorosi-ence  as  in  I'aspaliini,  but  tlif  spikelets  (in  ours)  2-flowered,  tlie 
lower  Hower  staniinate,  and  the  •jjlunie  of  the  fl<jret  tij)|)ed  with  a  sburt  j)ul)e8- 
cent  awu.     I'cdieel  of  tlie  spikelets  thickened  alnne  the  juint. 

1.  E.  mollis,  Kunlh.  Culms  stout.  4°-6°  hif^h,  simple  or  branching; 
leaves  1°  -  1 ',°  long.  Hat,  widening  ujiwards ;  panicle  downy  ;  spikes  or  racemes 
8-  10,  2' -4'  long;  spikelets  in  2  rows  under  the  filiform  rachis,  ovate-lanceo- 
late, acute,  appressedpnbescent. —  Var.  LONOiFOLMM  (K.  longifolium,  I'a.se//), 
is  lower  (2° -3°  high)  and  more  slender;  leaves  narrower.  —  Coast  of  Florida 
to  South  Carolina,  in  sandy  soil. 

4.     OPLISMENUS,  Beauv. 

Panicle  composed  of  short  duster-like  few-flowered  distant  l-sided  spikes; 
glumes  nearly  equal,  uneciually  (the  lowest  longer)  awned. 

1.  O.  setarius,  L.  Culms  ascending  from  a  long  creeping  base,  .slender, 
branching;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  thin,  I'-2'  long;  spikes  about  5,  5- 8-flow- 
ered.  (I'anicum  hirtellum,  .S.  Flora)  —  Low  shady  woods.  North  Carolina  to 
Mississippi,  near  the  coast. 

5.  ANTH^NANTIA,  Bcauv. 

Spikelets  single,  oblong  or  obovate,  loosely  racemose  on  the  erect  branches 
of  the  contracted  terminal  ])anicle,  2-flowered,  the  lower  flower  staminate  or 
neutral ;  empty  glumes  strongly  5-nerved,  very  villous,  as  long  as  the  coria- 
ceous acute  floret.  Stamens  3.  —  Perennial  grasses,  with  sim])le,  erect  culms 
and  linear  leaves. 

1.  A.  villosa,  Benth.  Culms  smooth  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  strongly 
nerved,  fringed  on  the  margins,  the  lower  ones  widely  spreading  ;  panicle 
racemose;  spikelets  obovate;  sterile  flower  3-androus ;  anthers  and  stigmas 
yellow.  (Aulaxanthus  ciliatus.  Ell.)  —  Dry  gravelly  soil,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina.    July  -  August.  —  Culms  2°  -  3°  high.     Leaves  and  spikelets  pale. 

2.  A.  rufa,  Benth.  Leaves  erect,  linear,  smooth,  elongated ;  sterile 
flower  neutral;  anthers  and  stigmas  purple;  otherwise  like  the  preceding. 
(Aulaxanthus  rufus,  E!l.)  — Pine  barren  swamps,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
Sept.  —  Leaves  and  spikelets  purplish. 

6.  AMPHICARPUM,  Kuuth. 

Perennial  flat-leaved  grasses,  with  the  spikelets  nearly  as  in  Panicum,  but  of 
two  kinds ;  one  perfect,  but  rarely  fruitful,  disposed  in  a  simple  terminal 
panicle  or  raceme  ;  the  other  larger,  pistillate  or  perfect,  and  borne  at  the 
Bummit  of  long  runner-like  radical  peduncles.  Lower  glume  minute  or 
wanting. 


GRAMINE^.        (grass    FAMILY.)  581 

1.  A.  Purshii,  Kunth.  Culms  tufted,  erect  from  fibrous  roots,  naked 
above  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  rather  thiu,  clothed,  like  the  sheaths,  with  spreading 
rigid  hairs ;  upper  flowers  in  a  strict  panicle  ;  those  at  base  of  the  culm 
perfect ;  grain  ovoid  or  oblong,  terete.  —  Low  sandy  pine  barrens,  Georgia, 
and  northward.  Sept.  —  Culms  1°- 3°  high.  Glumes  of  the  upper  flowers 
5  nerved,  of  the  lower  one  white,  many-nerved. 

2.  A.  Floridanum,  Chapm.  Culms  subterraneous,  diffusely  creeping; 
flowering  brandies  erect  (l°-3'^  h'g'i);  branching;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
rigid,  smooth ;  sheaths  fringed  on  the  margins ;  upper  spikelets  abortive, 
pauicled  or  racemed,  oblong  (3"  long),  acute  ;  glumes  5-nerved;  grain  com- 
pressed-globose, pointed.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  Florida.     Sept.  -  Oct. 

7.     PANICUM,  L.     Panic  Grass. 

Inflorescence  spiked,  racemose,  or  pauicled.  Spikelets  2-flowered,  naked 
(no  involucre).  Empty  glumes  2  or  3,  herbaceous  ;  the  lowest  smaller,  often 
minute,  or  occasionally  wanting.  Lower  flower  staminate  or  neutral ;  the 
palet,  when  present,  small  and  hyaline.  Upper  flower  i)erfect,  coriaceous, 
awnless,  enclosing  the  free  grain.     Stamens  3. 

§  I.  DiGiTAKiA.  —  Inflorescence  spiked,  digitate:  spikelets  2-3  together,  im- 
bricated on  one  side  of  the  slender  rachis :  lower  Jlower  neutral:  glumes 
shorter  than  the   floret :    mostly  annuals. 

\.  P.  sanguinale,  L.  (Crab-Grass.)  Culms  ascending  from  a  dif- 
fusely creeping  base  ;  leaves  thin,  spreading,  the  lower  part,  like  the  sheaths, 
hairy;  spikes  5  "-10,  digitate  and  alternate,  3' -5'  long,  spreading;  spikelets 
oblong,  pointed ;  glumes  hairy  on  the  margins.  —  Cultivated  grounds  and 
waste  ])laces  everywhere.     May  -  Oct. 

2.  P.  filiforme,  L.  Culms  erect,  spanngly  branched  (2°-3°  high); 
leaves  linear,  erect,  and,  like  the  sheaths,  hairy ;  spikes  2-5,  alternate,  erect, 
filiform,  2'- 10'  long;  spikelets  oblong,  acute,  scattered.  —  Dry  sandy  soil, 
common.     August  -  Sept. 

3.  P.  glabrum,  Gaudin.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  culms  branching  be- 
low, 6' -  12'  high  ;  leaves  1'  -  2'  long ;  spikes  2  -  4,  digitate,  1'- 2'  long ;  spike- 
lets ovoid.  —  Cultivated  ground.     Introduced. 

4.  P.  serotinum,  Michx.  Perennial,  creeping,  much  In-anched  ;  leaves 
short  (1'  long),  lanceolate,  villous,  like  the  sheaths;  spikes  mostly  .5,  digitate; 
spikelets  minute.  —  Fields  and  roadsides,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 

§  2.     Panicum    proper.  —  Glumes  aimless,  the  2  lower  very  unequal,  empty ; 

spikelets  panicled  or  racemed. 
*  Panicle  simple,  composed  of  short  l-sided  spike-like  branches  racemose  at  the 
summit  of  the  culm;  spikelets  mostly  longer  than  their  pedicels. 
•5.  P.  Chapmanii,  Vasey.  Culms  slender,  erect,  l|°-2°  high;  leaves 
narrow-linear ;  branches  4-12,  remote,  3  -  6-flowered,  V  long  ;  rachis  flexuous, 
bristle-like  at  the  apex;  spikelets  oblong,  1"  long;  lowest  glume  roundish, 
nearly  half  as  loug  as  the  spikelet.  (P.  tenuiculmum.  Flora.)  -  South 
Florida. 


,")S2  OKAMIXK.E.       ((;KASS    FAMILY.) 

<■>.  P.  Curtisii,  Cliaimi.  r:iiii<lc  slender,  spikc-liki'  (C'-8'  loiig),tlie  ap- 
pressed  lowiT  ItraiR-lu'S  reiiioto  ;  s|)ikclets  ovate-lameolate  ;  gliiiiies  slightly 
keeled,  the  u|i|ier  5-uervod,  twice  as  lung  as  the  lower  one,  and  rather  shorter 
than  the  aciitish  Horet ;  sterile  flower  .3-androus;  culms  and  siiiouth  linear- 
lauceolate  leaves  rigiil ;  sheaths  smooth  or  hairy.  —  Ponds  and  swamps, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina.  —  Culms  .'3° -4'^  high,  often  rooting  at  the  lower 
joints. 

7.  P.  prostratum,  l..  Cnlm  creeping,  1*^-2^  long;  leaves  r-2'long, 
ovate-lanceolate,  ciliate  and  clas])ing  at  the  base  ;  panicle  sliort,  composed  of 
5-9  short  closely-flowered  branches  ;  spikclets  less  than  I"  long, ovate,  acute  ; 
glumes  longer  tlian  the  niiicrnnate  Horet. —  Low  gidnnd,  M(jbile  and  New 
Orleans. 

8.  P.  paspaloides,  I'ers.  Culms  2°-3°  high  from  a  creeping  ba.se; 
leaves  narrow,  C- 10'  long;  jianide  narrow,  the  numerou.s  brandies  )'  or 
less  long,  a]ipressed ;  spikelets  in  2  rows;  lowest  glume  truncate,  the  others 
as  long  as  tlie  H(jret.  —  South  Florida. 

9.  P.  fuscum,  Swartz.  Culms  l°-2°  higii,  branching;  leaves  linear, 
3" -5"  wide;  panicle  4'-.')'  long,  the  branches  scattered,  single,  erect ;  sj)ike- 
Icts  obovate,  acute  ;  glumes  reticulate,  as  long  as  the  finely  riigulose  floret.  — 
South  Florida,  and  westward. 

Var.  fasciculatum,  Griseb.  Culms  stouter,  2° -3°  high;  leaves  larger, 
6"  -  8"  wide ;  branches  of  the  panicle  more  numerous  and  crowded,  the  lower 
clustered.  — South  Florida. 

10.  P.  leucophseum,  IIBK.  Culms  tall,  brandling;  leaves  l)roadly 
linear,  bearded  at  the  throat  (1°  long) ;  panicle  contracteil,  racemose  (10'-  15' 
long),  the  brandies  erect ;  spikelets  scattered  on  the  slender  rachis,  lanceolate, 
silkv-pilose ;  lower  glume  minute  or  wanting,  the  second  linear,  3  nerved, 
shorter  than  the  floret;  the  third  longer,  5-nerved.  —  South  Florida  (Garber). 

*  *  Panicle  comjiound,  the  spikelets  racemose  along  its  ultimate  slender  branches, 

siiiqlij,  or  in  cluster-like  racemes,  longer  than  tin ir  jxilicels. 

■*-  Root  annual. 

11.  P.  sparsiflorum,  Vasey.  Culms  weak,  diffusely  branched  ;  leaves 
linear ;  panicle  simple,  the  fonv  elongated  scattered  branches  bearing  2-4  ob- 
long-obovate  acute  spikelets  near  the  summit;  glumes  papillose-hispid,  the 
second  one  5-nerved,  longer  than  the  pointed  granular-rongliened  floret;  the 
lower  minute,  obtuse.  (P.  angustifolium,  Flora.)  —  Missis.sippi  ?  and  west- 
ward. —  Culms  1°-  2^  long.     Spikelets  1^"  long. 

12.  P.  verrucosum,  Muhl.  Glabrous;  culms  very  slender,  1°- 4°  long, 
branching;  leaves  linear,  3' -6' long;  panicles  diffusely  brandling ;  spikelets 
scattered  on  the  ultimate  setaceous  liranches,  i"  long ;  glumes  roughened  with 
fine  warts,  the  lowest  minute.  —  Wet  ground,  North  Carolina,  and  westward. 

13.  P.  proliferum,  Lam.  Glabrous;  culms  thick  and  succulent,  as- 
cending, geniculate.  l^°-3°  high  ;  leaves  broadly  linear,  |°-2°long;  panicles 
lateral  and  terminal,  at  length  diffuse;  spikelets  approximate  along  the  se- 
taceous branches,  oblong,  acute ;  glumes  longer  than  the  acute  floret,  the 
lowest  broad  and  clasping.     (P.  geniculatum,  Ell.,  a  large  form,  3°-G°  high. 


GRAMIXE.E.       (grass    FAMILY.)  583 

with  leaves  2°  loug.     P.  amplecteus,  CItapm.  in  Bot.  Gazette,  a  slender  form, 
with  uarrow  (1"  wide)  setaceously  pointed  leaves.)  —  Wet  ground,  common. 

14.  P.  hians,  Ell-  Paniule  small,  the  few  scattered  spreading  branches 
naked  below;  spikelets  in  small  dense  clusters,  ovate;  upper  glume  5  nerved, 
.3  -  4  times  longer  than  the  lower ;  sterile  flow'ers  neutral,  longer  than  tlie 
floret;  palet  rigid,  obovate,  involute,  gaping  at  the  apex;  culms  slender  (6'- 
18'  high);  leaves  linear,  smooth.  —  Low  grounds  in  fields  and  along  roads, 
Florida  to  North  Carolina. 

•1-  -(-  Root  perennial. 

15.  P.  agrostoides,  Spreng.  Culms  stout,  2° -4°  high,  compressed, 
like  the  sheaths  of  tlie  loug  linear  leaves  ;  panicles  lateral  and  terminal,  4' -8' 
loug,  closely  branched,  the  small  (1"  loug)  purplish  spikelets  crowded  on  the 
short  spreading  branches ;  second  glume  twice  as  long  as  the  first,  and  the 
minute!  V  bearded  floret.  — Bogs  and  marshes,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 

16.  P.  aneeps,  Michx.  Culms  erect,  2° -3°  high,  flat,  like  the  sheaths 
of  the  long  broadly  linear  spreading  leaves;  spikelets  mostly  crowded,  singly 
or  iu  clusters,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  \^"  long;  glumes  laterally  compressed 
at  the  top,  soon  spreading,  the  second  7-nerved,  twice  as  long  as  the  first,  and 
one  ttiird  longer  than  the  floret.  —  Low  ground,  common. 

17.  P.  stenod.es,  Griseb.  Culms  simple  or  branched,  2° -3°  high; 
leaves  narrow-linear,  erect ;  ])anicle  mostly  terminal,  small  and  spike-like,  or 
larger  and  spreading;  spikelets  as  in  the  preceding,  about  1"  long,  more  or 
less  crowded;  glumes  5-nerved.  (P.  auceps,  var.,  Flora.) — Low  ground, 
Florida,  and  westward,  near  the  coast. 

18.  P.  gymnocarpum,  Ell.  Culms  stout,  2° -4°  high;  leaves  smooth, 
12'-  14'  long,  1'  or  more  wide;  panicle  nearly  simple,  the  straight  spreading 
branches  (4' -6'  long)  clustered  or  whorled,  bearing  the  lanceolate  acuminate 
spikelets  iu  short  3 - 5-flowered  l-sided  racemes;  glumes  open,  the  first  and 
third  equal,  the  second  longer,  .5-nerved,  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  floret. 
—  River  banks,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward. 

19.  P.  repens,  L.  Culms  simple,  erect  from  a  creeping  base,  l°-2° 
high;  leaves  narrow,  involute,  2' -4' long,  rigid:  panicle  2' -4' long,  some- 
wliat  corymbose ;  spikelets  single,  oval,  1 "  long ;  upper  glumes  acute,  7  nerved, 
as  long  as  the  floret.  —  Along  the  coast,  Florida,  and  westward. 

*  *  *  Panicle  mostly  decompound :  spikelets  shorter  than  their  pedicels. 

-i-  Culms  tall,  simple:  panicle  1°  or  more  long. 

20.  P.  virgatum,  L.  Culms  2° -4°  high;  leaves  broadly  linear,  flat,  1° 
or  more  long;  branches  of  the  large  spreading  panicle  whorled  or  clustered  ; 
spikelets  ovate,  l"loug;  glumes  acuminate,  the  upper  7-nerved,  one  third 
longer  than  the  lowest,  and  the  obtu.se  floret ;  sterile  flower  triaudrous.  — 
Open  woods,  common. 

21.  P.  amarum,  Ell.  Glaucous;  culms  stout,  3° -6°  long;  leaves  long 
and  rigid,  soon  convolute;  panicle  1°- 2°  long,  the  branches  erect;  spikelets 
like  those  of  the  preceding,  but  larger.  —  Drifting  .sands  along  the  coast,  Flor- 
ida to  North  Carolina. 


584  GRAMINK.K.       ((JRASS    FAMILY.) 

••-  ••-  Cuhiis  branching :  panicle  ample,  its  Imne  or  jiednncle  included  in  Ifn  vjiper 
slieal/i  :  spikelels  loiiij-pedictlled. 
22.  P.  autumnale,  Bosc.  reremiial,  nearly  Rliilnnns  ;  (uliiis  Jisfcmling, 
1°  liigli ;  leaves  liiii'iir,  2'-."i' lung,  scahruus  siiwve  ;  spikelcts  spincllc  sliaped, 
tlicir  iietlicels  2'-3'  long ;  ujiper glumes  longer  than  the  acute  lloret,  the  hnver 
niiniitc  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  nut  coiunKjn. 

2'!.  P.  capillare,  L.  Annual,  hirsute;  cnims  erect  or  decunilpent,  1"- 
2°  long;  leaves  broadly  or  narrowly  linear ;  spikelets  lanceolate  or  elliptical, 
2"  or  less  loug ;  ujjjjer  glumes  twice  as  long  as  the  lower,  and  longer  than  the 
obtuse  Horet.  —  Dry  soil,  common.  , 

■•--»--»-  Culms  herbaceous,  at  Jirsl  generulli/  simple,  but  later  bearing  mure  or  less 
clustered  few- flowered  branches  from  the  loiver  joints :  leaves  mostly  short 
andjlat:  panicle  loose  or  spreading,  I'-G'  long. 
■>-*■  Spifcelets  1"  or  more  long :  sterile  fower  neutral  (except  thejirst). 

24.  P.  latifolium,  L.  Culms  smooth,  erect ;  leaves  ovate-lauceolate, 
mostly  smooth,  the  sheaths,  especially  at  the  joints,  villous ;  panicle  nearly 
simple;  spikelets  large  (2"  long),  ohovate;  glumes  puliescent,  olttuse,  the 
upper  2-3  times  longer  than  the  lower  one;  sterile  flower  3-androus. —  Dry 
rich  soil,  common.  May.  —  Culms  1°-  1^°  high.  Leaves  and  panicles  3' -4' 
loug,  the  latter  cxserted. 

25.  P.  clandestinum,  L.  Culms  rigid  (1°- 2°  high),  l)ranched,  naked 
at  the  joints;  leaves  lanceolate,  acumiuate,  the  sheaths  papillose-hirsute;  pan- 
icles small,  lateral  and  terminal,  more  or  less  included  in  the  sheaths;  sjiike- 
lets  oblong,  smooth  or  pubescent  (l.J"  long);  lower  glume  rarely  half  the 
length  of  the  7-uerved  upper  one.  —  Dry  sterile  soil  in  the  upper  districts. 
Sept.     %. 

Var.  pedunculatum,  Gray?  Taller  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  4'- 10' 
long,  the  sluaths  smooth  or  merely  pube.scent ;  termiual  panicle  4'-5'  loug, 
diffuse,  long-])e(iuncled.  —  Kiver  banks,  Florida. 

26.  P.  Joorii,  Vasey.  Culm  8'- 12' high,  dichotomously  liranched.  very 
leafy;  leaves  lanceolate,  3' -4' long  ;  panicles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  few- 
flowered ;  spikelets  oblong,  pubescent,  l"long;  upper  glumes  as  loug  as  the 
acute  floret,  the  lower  minute.  —  Mississippi,  and  \ve.stward. 

27.  P.  commutatum,  Scliultes.  Smooth  or  pubescent;  culms  l°-2° 
high  ;  leaves  bro.idly  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  2'-5'  long;  panicle  lungpeilun- 
cled,  2'-f/  long,  diffuse;  s])ikelets  oblong,  rather  acute,  1"-1^"  long;  u])]ier 
glumes  equalling  the  acute  floret,  thrice  as  long  as  the  lower  oue.  (T.  ner- 
vosum, Elliott.)  —  Dry  open  woods,  common. 

28.  P.  SCOparium,  Muhl.,  Lam.  ?  Hairy  or  woolly  all  over,  except  the 
upper  surface  of  the  somewhat  rigid  lanceolate  leaves;  culms  stout  (l°-li° 
high),  mostly  simple ;  panicle  terminal,  e.xserted  ;  spikelets  obovate  (H"  long), 
obtuse,  pubescent ;  upper  glume  9-nerved,  three  times  the  length  of  the  lower 
one  ;  sterile  flower  neutral.  —  Open  woods  and  margins  of  fields,  in  dry  soil 
May. 

29.  P.  paueiflorum,  F-ll-  Culms  scabrous,  soon  branching,  1°-  14^°  high ; 
leaves  liuear-lauceolate,  2' -3'  long,  the  sheaths  hirsute,  bearded  at  the  throat; 


graminea::.     (grass  family.)  585 

panicle  simple,  few-flowered ;  spikelets  smoothish,  obovate,  H  '  long  ;  upper 
glumes  oval,  three  times  the  length  of  the  lower  one.  —  Low  ground,  Florida 
to  North  Carolina,  and  westward. 

30.  P.  viscidum,  Ell.  Softly  villous  all  over,  except  the  branches  of 
the  jianicle,  and  a  narrow  ring  below  each  joint  of  the  tall  (3° -4°  high)  culm  ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  6'- 10'  long,  sheaths  viscid;  panicle  comp6und,  lax-flow- 
ered, 4'-  6'  long ;  spikelets  ovate,  1"  long  ;  upper  glume  strongly  9-nerved,  the 
lowest  minute.     (P.  scoparium,  Michx.)  —  Wet  ground  in  the  lower  districts. 

31.  P.  depauperatum,Muhl.  Culms  low  (2'- 12' high),  simple,  erect, 
like  the  linear  leaves  ;  panicle  simple,  few-flowered,  with  the  branches  erect, 
often  shorter  than  the  subtending  leaf ;  spikelets  oval-obovate  (1"  long),  mostly 
acute  ;  upper  glume  9-uerved,  smoothish,  three  times  the  length  of  the  ovate 
lower  one.  —  Dry  sandy  soil  in  the  upper  districts.  June.  —  Leaves  rigid, 
2' -6'  long,  smoothish  or  hairy. 

■^-^  ++  Spikelets  less  than  I"  long  ;   sterile  flower  neutral. 

32.  P.  seabriusculum,  Ell.  Culms  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous,  3° -4° 
high;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  5'- 10' long,  the  sheaths  more  or 
less  pubescent;  panicle  smooth,  diffuse,  long-pedunded,  5' -6' long;  spikelets 
smooth,  oblong,  f"  long,  mostly  purple  ;  upper  glumes  longer  than  the  oblong 
acute  floret,  the  lower  minute.  —  Wet  banks  of  streams  in  the  piue  barrens 
of  the  lower  districts. 

33.  P.  microcarpon,  Muhl.  Glabrous ;  culms  strictly  erect,  2°  -  3°  high ; 
leaves  thin,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  cordate,  4' -6'  long,  tlie  uppermost  about 
the  length  of  the  panicle  ;  panicle  4'  -  6'  long,  the  setaceous  branches  diver- 
ging ;  spikelets  very  numerous,  oval,  smooth,  ^"  long  ;  upper  glumes  as  long 
as  the  oval  floret,  the  lower  minute.  —  Rich  shaded  soil,  chiefly  in  the  upper 
districts. 

34.  P.  Floridanum.  Culms  erect,  I^°  -  2°  high ;  leaves  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, rigid,  2' -4'  lung,  the  sheaths  pubescent,  the  uppermost  much  shorter 
than  the  oval  panicle  ;  spikelets  oval,  f "  long,  almost  villous ;  upper  glumes 
as  long  as  the  floret,  tlie  lowest  minute ;  palet  of  the  sterile  flower  minute 
or  wanting.  (P.  microcarpon,  var.,  Vasei/.  P.  sphterocarpum,  i^/(;;-«.)  — In 
and  around  shallow  ponds,  near  the  coast  of  West  Florida. 

35.  P.  sphserocarpon,  Ell.  Culms  10'- 15'  high,  bearded  at  the 
nodes ;  lowest  leaves  oblong-ovate,  short  and  crowded,  the  upper  lanceolate, 
cordate-clasping,  2' -4' long,  with  the  base  ciliate,  scabrous  above;  panicle 
oval,  2' -3'  long,  loosely  many-flowered;  spikelets  oval  or  roundish,  f"  long, 
minutely  pubescent ;  upper  glumes  thrice  as  long  as  the  lowest ;  floret  oval, 
obtuse.  —  Dry  open  woods,  Florida  to  Tennessee. 

36.  P.  consanguineum,  Kunth.  Smooth  or  villous;  culms  10'- 15' 
high,  soon  excessively  branching;  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  2' -4' 
long;  panicle  2'- 3' long,  often  simple,  loosely  flowered  ;  spikelets  oblong  or 
obovate,  varying  from  i"-li"  long;  upper  glumes  strongly  7-nerved  ;  palet 
of  the  sterile  flower  wanting.  (P.  villosum  and  P.  angustifolium,  Jill.,  the 
smooth  form.  P.  neuranthum,  Griseb.,  a  low  form  growing  in  dry  sandy  soil.) 
—  Damp  shaded  soil,  common. 


rSG  okamixe.t:.      ((miass  family.) 

37.  P.  discolor,  Mulil.  ?  Xearh-  glalinms,  ami  witli  tlio  liaMt  of  tlio 
pri'ceiliiiu;;  iiilius  l^-'J"^  lii;;li,  purple ;  leaves  rigi<l,  liiiear-huiceulato,  filiate, 
r-2'l()n<(;  slieallis  i)urpU',  sliortt-r  than  the  iiiteriKjdes  ;  panicle  wimple  <jr 
coni])iiunti,  i'-H'  lony;  spikelets  ohovate,  sniocith ;  n]>per  f.'liiines  strongly 
7-nerve(l,  i>\al,  the  lowest  dark  ]iurpli'.  —  Dry  sandv  j)iue  barrens  near  the 
coast,  West  Florida. 

38.  P.  laxiflorum,  Lam.  Culms  erect  or  spreading,  smooth,  f/-12' 
lonj;  ;  leaves  :}'- 5' lonjj,  lanceolate,  or  narrower,  ciliate,  yellowish;  sheaths 
villous  with  long  si>reading  hairs;  panicle  loosely  branched,  hairy;  sjiikelets 
scattered,  oblong  or  obovate,  pubescent,  rarely  1"  long;  ujijier  glumes  7- 
uerved,  the  lower  minute.  (1'.  ))ubescens  aud  P.  ciliatum,  J'J/L,  the  latter  a 
low  glabrous  form,  with  shorter  and  broader  long-ciliate  leaves,  and  smaller 
smooth  spikelets.)  —  Swamps  and  low  ground,  common,  and  very  varialde. 

Var.  pubescens  (1*.  pubescens.  Lam.).  Pubescent  or  villous  throughout ; 
panicles  more  compact,  many-tiowered  ;  spikelets  smaller. —  Dry  oi)en  woods 
aud  fields,  very  commou. 

This  very  variable  species,  I  su])pose,  includes  among  its  autumnal  forms  the 
P.  dichot(jmum,  L.,  which,  possessing  characters  only  common  to  most  of  the 
species  of  the  group,  and  in  their  earlier  stages  descriptive  uf  none,  may  well 
be  omitted. 

3'J.  P.  nitidum,  Lam.?,  Michx.  Smooth  or  pubescent;  culms  l°-2° 
high,  mostly  purple,  often  villous  at  the  joints  ;  leaves  few  and  remote,  lanceo- 
late-linear, rather  rigid,  T-S'  long,  the  sheaths  naked  or  bearded  at  the 
throat,  tlie  lowest  crowded  ;  panicles  ovate  or  oblong,  the  numerous  fle.xuous 
branches  widely  spreading,  \Y-~'  long;  spikelets  very  numerous,  obovate, 
minutely  pubescent,  Y'  long;  lowest  glume  minute,  the  upjK'r  as  long  as  the 
fl(jret. —  Low  ground,  common,  and  very  variable. 

Var.  barbulatum  (P.  barbulatnm,  Michx.).  Culms  mostly  villous  at  the 
joints  ;  leaves  larger  and  thinner  ;  branches  of  the  panicle  straight  and  diver- 
ging; spikelets  oblong,  glabrous. —  Light  shaded  soil. 

Var.  ensifolium  (P.  ensifolinm,  Baldw.).  Culms  very  slender,  6'- 12' 
higli ;  leaves  and  few-Howered  panicle  1' or  less  long;  spikelets  minute,  pu- 
l)escent.  —  Around  ]iine  barren  ponds  near  the  coast. 

40.  P.  lanuginosum,  Ell.  Softly  pubescent  thr<Jughout ;  culms  l°-2° 
high,  geniculate,  .soon  diffu.sely  branching  ;  leaves  thin,  linear-lanceolate,  2'- 
.3' long;  panicles  long-peduncled,  oblong,  loosely  flowered,  2' -3'  long,  the 
branches  smooth  and  setaceous;  spikelets  oval,  pubescent,  |"long;  upper 
glumes  7-nerved,  five  times  longer  than  the  lowest  one.  —  Low  ground,  Flori  Ja 
to  Tennessee. 

41.  P.  ramulOSUm,  Michx.  Culms  very  slender.  (Inclining,  l°-2°  long, 
soon  dichotomously  much  branched  ;  leaves  few  and  remote,  lanceolate  linear 
l'-2'  long,  the  sheaths  ciliate;  panicle  long-peduuded,  simjtle,  sparsely  few- 
flowered,  l'-2'  long;  spikelets  long-pedicelled,  oblong,  smooth,  nearly  1" 
long ;  upper  glumes  5-nerved,  thrice  longer  than  the  lowest.  e(|ualling  the 
floret.  (P.  nudicaule.  Vase//.) — Shaded  miry  banks  of  streams,  Florida  to 
Tennessee. 

42.  P.  Baldwinii,  Nutt.  (in  Herb).  Low  (0'-8'  high),  tufted,  very 
smooth  and  sliining;   culm  mostly  purple  ;    leaves  linear;   jianicle  diffu.sely 


GRAMINE.E.       (gRASS    FAMILY.)  587 

branched,  many-flowered  (l^'-2'  long) ;  spikelets  minute,  purple,  very  smooth, 
the  upper  glumes  5-uervecl.  (P.  ramulosum,  Flora.) — Low  sandy  pine 
barrens,  Florida  and  Georgia. 

H-  ■)-  -I-  -1-   Culms  frulescent :  spikelets  noddiiuj. 

43.  p.  divaricatum,  L.  Shrubby,  smooth  ;  culms  reclining,  with  short 
and  spreading  branches  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  faintly  nerved,  deciduous  from  the 
persistent  sheaths ;  panicles  small,  simple,  few-flowered,  terminating  the 
branches  ;  spikelets  {•!"  long)  obovate,  turgid  ;  glumes  smooth,  many-nerved, 
tipped  with  a  tuft  of  down.  —  Keys  of  South  Florida.  —  Leaves  1^'  -  2'  long. 
Branches  of  the  panicle  short  and  diverging. 

§  -3.     EcHiNOCHLOA.  —  Spikelets  crowded  on  one  side  of  the  ruceined  or  pani- 
cled  sj)ikes:    (jlnmes  hispid-poiitted  or  aimed. 

44.  P.  Crus-galli,  L.  Culm  stout  (2° -4°  high),  branching;  leaves  very 
long,  broadly  linear,  rough;  sheaths  smooth  or  hispid;  .spikes  (l'-2'loug) 
very  numerous ;  spikelets  clustered ;  glumes  strongly  hispid  on  the  nerves 
acute  or  long-awued.  —  Marshes,  and  around  homesteads,  common.  August - 
Sept.     (T)  —  Awns  pale  or  purple. 

45.  P.  colonum,  L.  Culms  (l°-2°  high)  branching;  leaves  linear, 
smooth,  like  the  sheaths;  spikes  5-12,  distant,  erect  or  appressed  ij-V 
long),  bearded  at  the  base  ;  spikelets  in  3  rows,  awnless  ;  glumes  hispid  on  the 
nerves,  pointe<l ;  floret  barely  pointed ;  rachis  rough.  —  With  the  preceding. 
July  -  Sept.     (i)  —  Spikelets  purplish. 

§  4.     HvMEXACHNE. — Spikclets  Crowded  in  a  spicate  panicle:    second  glume 
gibhoHs  at  the  base,  twice  as  long  as  the  floret. 

46.  P.  gibbum,  Ell.  Culms  branching,  reclining,  2°  -  4°  long ;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  3' -6' long,  smooth  or  hairy;  panicle  3'-G'  long;  second 
glume  11 -nerved,  oval,  the  lower  minute  ;  sterile  flower  triandrous.  —  Swamps 
in  the  lower  districts. 

8.     SETARIA,  Beauv.     Fox-Tail.     Pigeon  Grass. 

Spikelets  as  in  Panicuin  proper,  in  compact  spikes- or  spike-like  jjauicles,  the 
short  pedicels  bearing  an  involucre  of  one  or  more  hispid  persistent  bristles 
below  the  joint.     Mostly  erect,  annuals. 

*  Bristles  hispid  downward. 

1.  S.  vertieillata,  Beauv.  Culms  2°  high;  leaves  lanceolate-linear; 
spikes  compact,  2' -3'  long;  bristles  1-2,  short. —  Around  homesteads. 
Introduced. 

*  *  Bristles  hispid  upward. 

-t-  Spikes  simple,  cijlindricaJ. 

2.  S.  glauca,  Beauv.  Annual;  culms  slightly  compressed,  1°- 2°  high  j 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  scabrous  above:  spikes  compact,  pale  or  purple,  bris- 
tles 6 - 10,  much  longer  than  the  spikelets ;  floret  rugose.  —  Cultivated  ground, 
common. 

3.  S.  ISBVigata.  Perennial,  glabrous;  culms  more  compressed;  leave.s 
longer  and  narrower;  floret  obscurel}^  rugulose ;  spikes  yellowish;  spikelets 
of  the  preceding.     (Panicum,  Muld.)  —  Saline  marshes  along  the  coast. 


588  (JKAMIXK.K.       ((illASS    FAMILV.) 

•«.  S.  imberbis,  H.  &  S.  (Jlalnous;  ciilins  l^-.r  liij,r|i;  loaves  linear, 
8-10  loiiy;;  spikes  iiiR'ar-rvliiidricul,  2'-r/  long;  liristlcs  4  -  H,  aliout  twice 
as  long  ius  the  spikelet;  Hurct  faiiitlv  ruguloso.  —  Mauutce,  Florida  (Simpson), 
and  westward. 

■*-  ■*-  Sjilkes  com/iiiiiHil. 

T).  S.  Viridis,  Heauv.  Culms  smooth,  l'^-3°  iiigli ;  leaves  lanceolate- 
linear,  scaluims ;  spikes  cylindrical,  comj)act,  r-2'long;  bristles  1-3-  Horet 
finely  striate  ami  ilotted.  —  Cultivated  ground.     Introduced. 

0.  S.  COrrugata,  Sciiulte.s.  Culms,  leaves,  and  slieatiis  .scahrous;  spikes 
coni])a(t,  cylindrical,  .'i'-6' long,  puri)ie  ;  i)ristle  long,  single;  Horet  strongly 
rugose.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Georgia  and  Florida. 

7.  S.  COmposita,  Knnth?  Culms  smooth,  2° -4°  high;  leaves  smooth- 
isli,  linear-lanceolate,  1""  long,  the  slieaths  ciliate,  bearded  at  the  tiiroat ;  spikes 
loosely  com])ound,  6'- 12'  long;  i)ristles  long,  single  or  in  pairs;  Horet  ob- 
scurely rngnlose.  —  Dry  sandy  soil  along  the  west  coa.st  of  P'lorida. 

8.  S.- magna,  Griseb.  Culms  smooth,  4° -8^  high;  leaves  long,  .-scabrous, 
i'-l'  wide;  spikes  cylindrical,  comjiact,  6'- 18'  long;  imstles  1-2;  Horet 
smooth  and  even.  —  Wet  ground  near  the  coast. 

9.     CENCHRUS,  L.     Sand-spur.    Cock-spur. 
Spikelets  as  in  I'anicum  proper,  l>ut  enclosed,  1-5  togetiier,  in  a  downy  and 
spiny  or  bristly,  at  length  indurated  and  deciduous  involucre,  the.«e  bur-like, 
and  arranged  in  a  terminal  spike.     CliieHy  annual  grasses,  witli  branching 
culms.     Sjiines  of  the  involucre  barbed. 

1.  C.  eehinatus,  L.  Culms  ascending,  l°-2°  long;  leaves  broadly 
linear,  4'- G' long;  involucres  numerous,  globular,  spiny  ai)ove,  and  with  a 
row  of  bristles  above  the  base,  3  5-flowered.  —  Fields  and  waste  ground, 
rather  rare. 

2.  C.  tribuloides,  L.  Culms  ascending,  i°-H°  liigb  ;  leaves  linear, 
flat;  involucres  few,  globular,  the  numerous  sj)ines  .spreading  and  reflexed, 
mostly  3-flowered.  —  Fields  and  waste  ground,  too  common. 

3.  C.  incertus,  M.  A.  Curti.s.  Culm  .strict,  erect  or  ascending  (2° -3° 
long);  leaves  linear,  folded,  the  lower  slieaths  longer  tlian  the  internodes; 
spike  cylindrical,  mauy-flowered  ;  involucre  naked  and  acute  at  base,  the  10  or 
II  stout  spines  ciliate;  spikelets  geminate,  smooth;  sterih;  flower  triaudrous. 
(C.  strictus,  Chnptn.)  —  Sandy  coa.st,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 

4.  C.  myosuroides,  IIBK.  Tall  (4° -6°  high);  leaves  long,  rigid,  con- 
volute ;  s])ikes  cylindrical,  denselv  many-flowered  ;  involucre  snuill,  1-flowered, 
armed  with  20,  or  more,  slender  spines  or  brist'es,  as  long  as  its  strongly 
nerved  spikelet.  (Panicum  cenchroides,  Ell.)  —  South  Florida  [Blodgetl), 
Georgia  (Elliott). 

10.     PENNISETUM,  IJich. 

Characters  of  Cenchrus,  but  the  involucre  composed  of  distinct  scabrous  bris- 
tles, of  whicli  the  interior  are  plumo.se  below,  and  deciduous  with  the  spikelets. 

1.  P.  setOSUm,  Rich.  Perennial,  2° -4°  high;  leaves  linear,  glabrous; 
spikes  cylindrical.  3' -6'  long  ;  spikelets  single;  lowest  glume  minute  or  none. 
—  Lastero  Bay,  South  Florida  ( Garber). 


GRAMINE.E.        (grass    FAMILY.)  589 

11.     STENOTAPHRUM,  Trin. 

Spikelets  as  in  Panicum,  placed,  either  iu  pairs  with  one  pedicellate  and 
sterile,  or  4-6,  and  all  sessile  and  fertile,  in  excavations  of  the  broad  flattened 
jointless  rachis.     Grasses  with  creeping  culms,  and  flat  or  folded  leaves. 

1.  S.  Araericanura,  Schrank.  Culm  compressed ;  flowering  branches 
erect,  6'- 12' high  ;  leaves  linear,  obtuse;  spikes  pedicelled,  lateral  and  ter- 
minal, 2'  -  5'  long ;  spikelets  in  pairs,  the  sterile  one  neutral,  its  palet  cori- 
aceous. —  Damp  ground  along  the  coast.     June  -  July. 

12.     LEERSIA,  Swartz.     Cdt  Grass. 

Perennial  aquatic  or  marsh  grasses,  with  the  leaves  and  sheaths  more  or  less 
roughened  by  minute  curved  points,  the  1-flowered  spikelets  compressed  and 
imbricated  along  the  sleuder  branches  of  the  mostly  simple  panicle.  Sterile 
glumes  none,  the  floret  chartaceous,  flat  or  conduplicate,  mostly  hispid-ciliate 
on  the  keel.     Stamens  1-6.     Grain  compressed. 

1.  L.  oryzoides,  Swartz.  Culms  branching  and  prostrate  below,  3°- 
4°  long;  leaves  and  sheaths  very  scabrous;  panicle  large,  diffuse,  its  base 
mostly  included;  spikelets  oblong-lanceolate,  flat,  2"  long;  stamens  3. — 
Swamps  and  ponds,  common. 

2.  L.  Virginica,  WiUd.  Culms  branching,  weak  and  reclining,  2°- 3° 
long;  leaves  linear ;  panicle  simple,  exserted ;  spikelets  oblong,  concave,  1" 
long ;  stamens  1-2.  —  With  the  preceding,  common. 

3.  L.  lenticularis,  Michx.  Culms  erect,  simple,  2° -3°  high;  leaves 
lanceolate  ;  panicle  simple,  spreading ;  spikelets  oval,  flat,  2^"  long ;  stamens 
2.  —  Wet  or  marshy  banks,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 

4.  L.  monandra,  Swartz.  Culms  l°-3°  high,  slender;  leaves  linear, 
the  sheaths  smooth;  panicle  long-exserted,  sparingly  branched ;  spikelets  1" 
long,  oval,  acute,  smooth ;  stamen  1.  —  Coast  of  South  Florida,  and  westward. 

5.  L.  hexandra,  Swartz.  Culms  2°- 6°  long,  branching;  leaves  and 
sheaths  smooth  or  scaljrous;  panicle  contracted,  short  branched,  exserted; 
spikelets  lanceolate,  2''  long ;  stamens  6.  —  Lakes  and  ponds,  often  in  deep 
water,  Florida,  and  westward,  near  the  coast. 

13.     LUZIOLA,  Juss. 

Perennial  marsh  or  aquatic  grasses,  with  narrow  elongated  leaves,  and  pan- 
icled  monoecious  inflorescence,  the  pistillate  and  staminate  spikelets  in  separate 
panicles.  Spikelets  1-flowered.  Glumes  2,  nearly  equal.  Stamens  5-11. 
Styles  2,  the  stigmas  plumose.     Grain  ovoid,  free. 

1.  L.  Alabamensis,  Chapm.  Glabrous;  culms  very  short;  leaves 
mostly  2,  linear,  the  lower  elongated,  its  long  sheath  including  the  peduncle 
of  the  simple  few-flowered  panicle ;  glumes  of  the  staminate  spikelet  7-nerved, 
of  the  pistillate  11  -  13-nerved.  —  South  Alabama  and  Mississippi.     Rare. 

14.    HYDROCHLOA,  Beauv. 

A  small  floating  or  creeping  grass,  with  short  oblong-linear  flat  leaves,  and 
simple  spikes  of  3-4  small  monoecious  1-flowered  (white)  spikelets,  mostly 


590  (juamink.t:.     (cuass   kamiia.) 

iiulmlod  in  tlio  slieatlis  uf  tlie  upper  leaves,  tlie  iij)per  one  staminate  and  ex- 
Sertoli.  (Iliiines  2,  liyaline,  the  lower  one  eniarj;iuate,  tlie  upper  acute.  I'alet 
none.     Stamens  (>.     Styles  2  :  stigmas  elongated.     Clraiu  ovoid,  free. 

I.  H.  Carolinensis,  Heauv.  (Zizania  fluitans,  il//f7(.r.)  —  Floating  in 
still  water  or  eree])ing  on  muddy  hanks,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  July- 
August.  —  Ciilni  (ilil'onn,  hramliing,  ^^-2°  loug.     Leaves  1' -2' long. 

15.     ZIZANIA,  Grouov.     Wild  Kick. 

Rank  water  grasses,  with  hroad  flat  leaves,  and  large  diffii.se  panieles  of 
monueeious  l-flo\vered  s))ikelots,  on  elul)-shai)ed  jointed  pedicels.  Glumes  2, 
memhranaeeous,  the  lower  one  of  the  pistillate  spikidet.s  avvned.  Stamens  6. 
Stigmas  elongated,  brush-shaped.     Grain  cylindrical,  free. 

1.  Z.  aquatica,  L.  Spikelets  of  the  lower  portion  of  the  panicle  stami- 
nate,  of  the  upper  pistillate;  awn  straight,  elongated;  styles  2;  grain  linear. 
—  Deep  marshes  and  ponds,  common.  July. — Culms  4° -8°  high.  Leaves 
rough  heneath.     Panicle  l°-2°long. 

2.  Z.  miliacea,  Michx.  Panicle  diffuse  ;  staminate  and  pistillate  spike- 
lets  intermixed  ;  awns  short;  styles  united,  elongated  ;  leaves  smooth,  with 
rough  mai'gius;  grain  oval. —  With  the  preceding.  April -May.  —  Culms 
4°  -  6°  high.     Leaves  somewhat  glaucous. 

16.  PHARUS,  P.  Browne. 

Aquatic  grasses,  with  hroad  flat  leaves,  petiole-like  sheaths,  and  monoecious 
flowers  disposed  in  a  simple  terminal  panicle.  —  Spikelets  ])y  ])airs,  une(|ual, 
the  smaller  pedicelled,  hexandrous,  the  larger  pistillate,  witii  the  flowering 
glume  iiulurate<l,  involute.  Empty  glumes  2,  thin.  Style  long ;  stigmas  3. 
Grain  linear,  included. 

1.  P.  latifolia,  L.  Floating;  leaves  oblong,  rough  beneath,  longer  than 
the  sheath  ;  flowering  glume  pointed,  downy  on  the  back,  twice  as  loug  as  the 
lanceolate  empty  glumes.  —  Orange  Lake,  Florida  ( llerh.  Thurber). 

17.  ROTTBCELLIA,  L.  f. 

Erect  perennial  mostly  tall  grasses,  with  flat  or  chaiinellod  leaves,  and  spiked 
inflorescence.  Spikps  nearly  terete,  jointed.  Spikelets  awnlcss,  in  pairs  at 
the  base  of  each  joint ;  one  imperfect,  on  a  coriaceous  and  closely  appressed 
pedicel ;  the  other  perfect,  sessile,  embedded  in  an  excavation  of  the  joint,  2- 
flowered.  Glumes  4,  the  exterior  flat,  coriaceous,  with  a  hinge-like  depressicm 
at  the  hase,  the  interior  hoat-shaped,  membranaceous.  Palets  hyaline.  Sta- 
mens 3.  Styles  2.  Grain  compressed,  free.  —  Spikes  solitary  on  lateral  and 
terminal  peduncles  or  branches. 

1.  R.  rugOSa,  Nutt.  Culms  compressed  ;  peduncles  or  branches  in  pairs, 
short,  included  in  the  sheaths  of  the  upper  leaves;  spikes  spreading,  .slightly 
compressed  ;  lower  glume  lanceolate,  transversely  rugose ;  sterile  flower  neu- 
tral. —  Pine  harren  swamps  and  ponds,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  Sept.  — 
Culms  2° -4°  high.     Spikes  green,  1^-2'  long,  1"  in  diameter. 


GRAMINE.V..        (grass    FAMILY.)  591 

2.  R.  COrrugata,  Baldw.  Culm  stout,  compressed  ;  peduucles  mostly 
single  ;  spikes  slightly  compressed,  erect ;  lower  glume  longitudinally  grooved 
^nd  somewhat  reticulated,  ovate  ;  sterile  flower  staminate.  —  Low  pine  barrens, 
Georgia  and  Florida,  near  the  coast.  Sept.  -  Oct.  —  Culm  2°  -  4°  high.  Spikes 
4'  -  6'  long,  2"  in  diameter,  purplish. 

3.  R.  cylindrica,  Cliapm.  Culm  slender,  terete ;  leaves  narrowly  lin- 
ear ;  peduncles  single,  elongated  ;  spikes  slender,  terete,  mostly  curved  ;  spike- 
lets  as  long  as  the  joint ;  lower  glume  ovate,  obtuse,  obscurely  pitted  in  lines ; 
sterile  spikelet  rudimentary.  —  Ury  sandy  soil,  Florida,  and  westward.  July  - 
Sept.  —  Culms  1°-  2°  high.     Spikes  2'  -  6'  long,  1"  in  diameter,  purplish. 

18.    MANISUKIS,  L. 

Annual  grasses,  with  branching  culms,  flat  leaves,  and  spiked  inflorescence. 
Spikes  lateral  and  terminal,  jointed,  the  short  peduncles  enclosed  in  spathe- 
like  sheaths.  Spikelets  1-flowered,  placed  one  at  each  end  of  the  joints  of  the 
spike ;  the  upper  neutral,  compressed,  of  two  nearly  equal  membranaceous 
glumes ;  the  low^er  perfect,  globose.  Glumes  coriaceous,  concave,  tlie  lower 
reticulated.     Palet  hyaline.     Stamens  3.     Grain  included. 

1.  M.  granularis,  Swartz.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  and,  like  the 
sheaths,  hairy ;  spikes  6"  -  10"  long ;  spikelets  minute,  turning  black.  —  Fields 
and  pastures.     August  -  Sept.     Introduced.  —  Culms  ]°-2°  high. 

19.     TRIPSACUM,  L.    Gama  Grass. 

Tall  perennial  grasses,  with  solid  culms,  broad  and  flat  leaves,  and  spiked 
inflorescence.  Spikes  jointed.  Spikelets  2-flowered,  the  upper  ones  staminate, 
the  lower  fertile,  2-flowered.  Staminate  flowers  by  pairs  on  each  short  trian- 
gular pint  of  the  sleuder  rachis,  3-androus;  glumes  2',  coriaceous  ;  palese  hya- 
line. Pistillate  spikelets  single,  embedded  in  a  deep  excavation  of  tlie  thick 
and  polished  joints ;  the  outer  glume  cartilaginous,  concave,  the  inner  mem- 
branaceous, boat-shaped ;  lower  flower  neutral,  tlie  upper  pistillate,  both  with 
hyaline  paleaB.  Anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Stigmas  elongated. 
Grain  free. 

1.  T.  daetyloides,  L.  Culms  erect,  .3° -6°  high;  leaves  2° -3°  long, 
1'  wide  ;  sjjikes  1  -3,  4' -8'  long,  on  long  lateral  and  terminal  peduncles,  the 
fertile  joints  3-5,  angular,  or,  in  var.  monostachyum,  several  and  terete. — 
Dry  rich  soil,  common. 

2.  T.  Floridanum,  Porter.  Culms  more  slender,  2°  -  4°  high ;  leaves 
narrower  and  more  rigid  ;  spikes  single,  6'  - 10'  long,  erect ;  the  joints  shorter ; 
spikelets  smaller,  2-ranked.  —  Florida,  and  westward. 

20.     ELIONURUS,  HBK. 

Tall  erect  perennial  grasses,  with  the  inflorescence  of  Andropogon,  but  the 
awnless  spikelets  borne  alternately  on  two  sides  of  the  slender  flexuous  rachis, 
forming  a  solitary  long-peduncled  villous  spike. 

1.  E.  tripsacoides,  HBK.  Culms  (3° -4°  high)  straiglit,  smooth  like 
the  long  linear  leaves  ;  spikes  long-peduncled,  the  rachis  and  pedicel  of  the 
sterile  flower  fringed  with  closely  appressed  white  hairs  ;   s])ikelets  awnless ; 


592  CiUAMTNK.T:.        (CHASS    FAMILY.) 

glumes  hispid  above ;  sterile  Hower  3-an(lroiis.    (AiiilrDpogoii  Nuttallii,  Flora.) 

—  Low  pine  liarreiis,  Florida  and  the  lower  distritts  of  Cieorgia.     Sept. — 
Spikes  3' -6'  long. 

21.    ANDROPOGON,  L.    Broom  Ghass. 

Coarse  perennial  grasses,  with  brauchingerect  culms,  long  and  harsh  leaves, 
aud  spiivcd  inflorescence.  Spikes  lateral  aud  terminal,  jointed.  Spikelets  by 
pairs  on  eadi  joint  of  the  slender  commonly  hairy  or  plumose  rachis ;  one  of 
them  pedicolk'd  and  stamiuate,  neutral,  or  rudimentary ;  tlie  other  sessile,  1- 
flowered,  and  fertile.  Glumes  4,  the  lowest  coriaceous,  tlie  2  upjjer  hyaliue, 
tlie  4tli  aud  Howeriug  one  awued.     Stameus  1-3. 

*  Spllcps  solitary  :  sterile  Jiowers  stamlnate  or  neutral. 

1.  A.  Oligostachyus,  Chapm.  Culmssimple,  rigid,  erect;  leaves  linear, 
smooth,  ghiucous ;  .spikes  3-4,  on  short  mostly  included  peduncles,  hoary 
with  short  spreading  iiairs;  lower  glume  pubescent, -J  -  J  as  lung  as  the  con- 
torted awn  ;  sterile  flower  neutral,  short-awned.  (A.  hirtiflorus,  A'unM  ?)  — 
Dry  saud  ridges.  Middle  Florida.  August  -  Sept.  —  Culm  2°  -  3°  high.  Spikes 
2' -3'  long. 

2.  A.  tener,  Kunth.  Culms  filiform,  like  the  smooth  soon  involute 
leaves  ;  spikes  terete,  with  the  joints  bearded  at  the  base,  otherwise  smooth ; 
spikelets  appressed,  half  as  long  as  the  bent  awn  ;  pedicel  of  the  awnless  neu- 
tral flower  })earded  at  the  apex.  —  Dry  grassy  pine  barrens,  Georgia,  Florida, 
and  westward.  Sept.  —  Culms  2° -3°  long.  Spikes  slender,  \'-2'  long. 
Upper  leaves  short,  bearded  at  the  throat. 

3.  A.  semiberbis,  Kunth.  Culms  branching,  2° -4°  high,  the  branches 
single,  or  in  unecjual  pairs;  leaves  linear,  glaucous  ;  spikes  2' -3'  long,  short- 
peduncled,  the  pedicel  of  the  short-awned  sterile  flower  bearded  on  one  side  ; 
awn  of  the  perfect  flower  twice  as  long  as  the  glumes.  —  Miami,  South  Florida 
( Garter). 

4.  A.  gracilis,  Spreng.  Culms  branching  above,  1°-H°  high;  leaves 
very  narrow ;  pedicels  villous  at  the  top,  long-exserted  from  the  filiform  leafless 
bracts  ;  spikes  U-'  long,  few-flowered  ;  glumes  smooth,  the  4th  long-awned. — 
With  the  preceding  (  Garher). 

5.  A.  SCOparius,  Michx.  Leaves  smooth  or  hairy  ;  spikes  numerous,  on 
exserted  peduncles,  the  slender  flexuous  rachis,  and  pedicel  of  the  awned  or 
awnless  staminate  or  neutral  sterile  flower  fringed  with  spreading  hairs ;  per- 
fect flower  half  as  long  as  the  awn,  the  glumes  often  roughened  with  ele- 
vated points. —  Dry  sterile  soil.  August- Sept.  —  Culms  2°-3°  high,  the 
branches  clustered.     Spikes  V-2'  long. 

6.  A.  maritimus,  Chapm.  Culms  erect  from  the  creeping  base!  short- 
jointed,  the  short  br.inches  mostly  single  ;  leaves  mostly  reflexed  ;  the  lower 
sheaths  compressed  and  imbricated  :  spikes  few,  partly  enclosed,  very  villous  ; 
glumes  4"  -  5"  long,  half  as  long  as  the  twisted  awn  ;  sterile  flower  triandrous. 

—  Drifting  sand  along  the  coast.     Sept.  —  Culms  l*-li°  high.    Leaves3'-6' 
long. 


GRAMINE^.       (grass    FAMILY.)  593 

*  *  Spikes  2,  and  in  pairs,  rarely  4,  or  more,  lioarij  with  long  spreading  hairs, 
the  peduncle  sheathed  by  a  leaf-like  bract :  sterile  flower  a  single  glume,  or 
obsolete. 

1-  Bract  mostly  shorter  than  the  peduncle,  its  blade  very  short  or  none  (in  No,  7 

variable). 

7.  A.  Elliottii,  Chapiii.  Culms  2°-  3°  high,  bearded  at  the  upper  joints, 
the  brauches  short  aud  simple  ;  leaves  narrow-linear,  the  lower  sheaths  hairy, 
the  upper  smooth  and  mostly  densely  crowded  and  enlarged  ;  spikes  2  (rarely 
4),  long-exserted,  or  included  in  the  upper  sheaths,  loosely  8  -  10-flowered, 
the  hairs  long  and  glossy ;  glumes  scabrous,  2|"  long,  one  third  as  long  as  the 
straight  awn.  —  Dry  pine  barrens.     Sept. 

8.  A.  arctatUS,  Chapm.  Culm  single  (2° -5°  high),  the  appressed 
branches  narrowly  paniculate ;  leaves  aud  sheaths  shaggy  wii^h  long  white, 
mostly  deciduous  hairs;  spikes  by  pairs  (I'-l-J' long),  rather  stout,  closely 
15-20-flowered  ;  glumes  rough,  twice  as  long  as  the  joints  of  the  rachis; 
hairs  of  the  rachis  few  and  short;  stamen  1.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Florida. 
Sept.  -  Oct. 

9.  A.  argyrseus,  Schultes.  Glabrous  and  more  or  less  glaucous ;  culms 
2°  high  ;  branches  simple,  erect,  the  lower  single,  the  upper  in  pairs,  bearded 
below  the  upper  joints ;  leaves  linear,  6-8  long  ;  spikes  2, 1  J'  -  2'  long,  10-12- 
flowered,  densely  villous,  the  stout  peduncle  closely  enwrapped  by  the  leafless 
bract ;  glumes  2^"  long,  smooth,  nerveless,  longer  than  the  rigid  very  villous 
joints  of  the  rachis ;  awns  1'  long  ;  stamens  3.  —  Dry  soil  in  the  lower  districts. 
Sept.  -  Oct. 

1 0.  A.  Cabanisii,  Hackel.  Habit  and  most  of  the  characters  of  the  pre- 
ceding, but  the  .<pikes  narrower  and  10- 15-flowered,  the  rachis  less  villous, 
with  shorter  hairs ;  lower  glume  scabrous,  and  faintly  nerved  ;  awns  Y  long. 
South  Florida  (Garber). 

■*-  t-  Bract  longer  than  the  peduncle  (except  No.  15),  its  blade  mostly  longer  than 

the  spikes. 

11-  A.  longiberbis,  Hackel.  Culms  2°  high,  loosely  paniculate  above 
the  middle  ;  leaves  linear,  smooth,  5'  -  10'  long,  the  lower  sheaths  appressed- 
pubescent ;  spikes  2,  rather  rigid,  closely  10- 12-flowered,  shorter  than  the 
bracts,  the  straight  raciiis  densely  villous  with  long  spreading  hairs ;  glumes 
2"  long ;  pedicel  tipped  with  a  subulate  glume.  —  South  Florida  ( Garber, 
Simpson ) . 

12.  A.  VirginicUS,  L.  (Broom  Grass.)  Culms  3° -4°  high,  narrowly 
paniculate  above  the  middle  ;  leaves  linear,  mostly  glabrous,  like  th6  sheaths  ; 
spikes  2- 4,  9"- 12"  long,  loosely  6 -10-flowered,  the  very  slender  flexuous 
rachis  rather  sparsely  villous;  glumes  1^"  long,  one  third  longer  than  the 
joints,  these  naked  below;  sterile  glume  none;  awns  6" -8" long.  —  In  open 
ground,  everywhere.     Sept.  -  Oct.  —  The  most  marked  varieties  are  : 

Var.  tetrastachyus,  Hackel.  Culms  stouter  ;  leaves  and  sheaths  villous 
with  spreading  hairs  ;  spikes  4,  1'-  Ij'  long,  12-16-flowered.  —  Low  ground, 
Florida  and  Alabama. 

Var.  Stenophyllus,  Hackel.  Culms  slender,  strictly  erect ;  branches 
straight  and  erect  or  appressed  ;  leaves  narrow-linear  or  filiform,  erect ;  spikes 


594  fJUAMINE.K.       (dUASS    FAMILY.) 

r  loiij^,    8  -  loHowort'd.  —  Wet  jiiiie    barifiis,   l-lurida.  —  Culm   and    lenvcs 
purpli'. 

Var.  vaginatUS.  (A.  vaginatns,  FJI.  lli:rb.\)  Brac-ts  bniad,  ouclosiiig 
the  spikes. 

1."$.  A.  Mohrii,  Hackcl.  (ulins  stout,  3°-4°  hi<,'h,  tlie  liraiulies  short 
and  rigid  ;  leaves  and  sheaths  woolly  ;  spikes  4-7,  rigid,  1'-  IJ'  long,  7-  10- 
tlowcred  ;  glumes  2"  long,  hispid-serrulate  ahuve,  as  long  :is  the  pedicel  of  the 
awn-like  sterile  Hower  ;  awns  8"  long.  (A.  tetnistaehyus, /7or«.) — Around 
jiiiie  harren  ]>oiids.  West  Florida  and  South  Alai)aina.     Sept. -Oct. 

14.  A.  brachystachyus,  Cliai)iii.  Culms  strictly  erect,  4° -5°  high, 
the  short  and  slender  branches  mostly  in  pairs,  forming  a  loo.se  narrow  ])anicle 
2° -3°  long;  leaves  linear,  glahrous  like  the  sheaths ;  .spikes  in  pains,  \'  long, 
6- 8-flowered,as  long  as  the  hracts  ;  glumes  1^"  long,  twice  the  length  of  the 
joints  of  the  slender  rachis,  and  nearly  as  long  as  the  awn ;  sterile  flower 
none.  —  East  Florida  ( t'urtiss). 

15.  A.  macrourus,  Michx.  Culms  firmly  erect,  3° -5°  high;  leaves 
and  sheaths  scabrous,  and  often  villous  ;  panicle  1"-  2°  long,  coni])oscd  of  ex- 
cessively numerous  crowded  branches;  spikes  in  pairs,  loosely  6- 8  flowereil, 
exceeding  the  bracts ;  glumes  \  longer  than  the  slender  joints  of  the  thinly 
villous  rachis;  sterile  flower  minute;  awn  6"  long.  —  Low  ground,  common. 
—  Upper  branches  mostly  bearded  below  the  joints. 

^'ar.  corymboSUS  is  a  reduced  form  of  the  preceding,  the  sim]>Ie  culm 
(l°-2°  hisili)  licariiig  a  single  corymbose  1-sided  panicle.  —  Wet  pine  barrens. 

Var.  glaucopsis.  Ell.,  is  a  more  slender  smooth  aiid  glaucous  form,  with 
more  oiieii  iiiHorcscence,  and  bracts  longer  than  the  spikes. — Pine  barren 
swam])s. 

Var.  ?  viridis,  Chapm.  Culms  3° -4°  high,  loosely  paniculate  with  long 
slender  branches  ;  leaves  and  sheaths  smooth  or  hairy ;  bracts  longer  than  the 
scattered  spikes.  —  Low  pine  barrens  near  the  coast,  Florida. 

»  *  *  Spikes  2-5  at  the  summit  of  the  culm,  and  1  -3  on  the  branches,  rigid, 
not  villous,  the  rachis  and  pedicel  of  the  triandrous  awnless  sterile  flower 
frinqed  n-ith  scattered  hairs,  and  short-bearded  at  the  base. 

16.  A.  f  urcatus,  Muhl.  Culm  stout,  rigid,  3°- .5°  hiirh  ;  leaves  rough, 
fringed  at  the  base  ;  branches  commonly  2  at  each  upper  joint ;  spikelets  ap- 
pressed  ;  glumes  hispid  on  the  nerves,  half  as  long  as  the  bent  awn. —  Open 
woods  and  margins  of  fields.     Sept.  —  Spikes  compressed,  2' -3'  long. 

22.     HETEROPOGON,  Pers. 

Spikes  solitary  or  digitate.  Spikelets  l-fluwered,  in  pairs,  the  2 -7  lower 
pairs  staminatc  or  neutral,  awnless,  short-pedicelled,  the  2  upper  sessile,  one 
fertile  and  long-awned,the  other  sterile  and  awnless.  Otherwise  mainly  as  in 
Anuropogon. 

1.  H.  aeuminatus,  Trin.  Culms  4° -8°  high,  branching  above,  the 
uppermo.st  bvauclies  denselycorymbo.se;  leaves  long,  linear,  the  uppermost, 
like  the  lower  glume  of  the  sterile  spikelets,  pitted  along  the  miduerve ; 
spikes  long-peduucled,  shorter  than  the  slender  bracts ;   lower  spikelets  tri- 


GRAMIXE^.        (grass    FAMILY.)  595 

androus,  flat,  twisted,  membrauous,  6" -8"  long,  the  fertile  smaller,  indurated, 
closely  pubescent,  dark  brown ;  awu  twisted  and  pubescent  below,  4'  -  6'  long. 
—  Margins  of  fields,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  westward. 

23.    IMPERATA,  Cyrill. 

Spikelets  in  pairs  on  tlie  slender  brandies  of  the  spike-like  panicle,  both 
perfect  and  awnless ;  lower  glumes  clothed  with  long  silky  hairs,  the  upper 
hyaline.     Stamens  1-2. 

1.  I.  Brasiliensis,  Trin.  Culm  simple,  erect  from  long  creeping  root- 
stocks,  2° -3°  higli ;  radical  leaves  broadly  linear,  2°  long,  those  of  the  culm 
few  and  short ;  panicles  lanceolate,  4'  -  5'  long  ;  spikelets  2"  long.  —  South 
Florida. 

24.     ERIANTHUS,  Michx. 

Tall  reed-like  grasses,  with  long  flat  leaves,  and  panicled  inflorescence. 
Spikelets  by  pairs  on  the  slender  branches,  alike,  one  pedicelled,  the  other 
sessile,  both  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  base.  Glumes  4,  the  2  lower  nearly 
equal,  membranous,  the  2  upper  hyaline,  the  4th  awned.     Stamens  2-3. 

1.  E.  alopecuroides,  Ell.  Culms  4°-  10°  high;  sheaths  of  the  broad 
(6"-  12")  very  rough  or  pubescent  leaves  woolly  above,  rough  below;  panicle 
(l°-2°  long)  woolly,  expanding,  pyramidal;  hairs  of  the  involucre  copious, 
twice  as  long  as  the  sparsely  hairy  (2"  long)  glumes;  awn  straight.  —  Yar. 
coxTORTUS.  (E.  contortus,  Ell.)  Smaller  (2° -4°  high) ;  leaves  and  sheaths 
smooth ;  panicle  (6'-  12'  long)  oblong ;"  awns  short  and  twisted.  —  Var.  brevi- 
BARBis.  (E.  brevibarbis,  .y/c/(r.)  Smooth  or  nearly  so ;  rachis  of  the  oblong 
panicle  rough  (not  woolly) ;  spikelets  3"  long;  hairs  of  the  involucre  shorter 
than  the  glumes.  —  Dry  or  wet  soil.  —  Sept.  -  Oct. 

2.  E.  Strictus,  Baldw.  Culms,  leaves,  and  sheaths  smootli  or  slightly 
roughened;  panicle  (10'- 15'  long)  spiked;  involucre  very  short  or  none; 
glumes  rough ;  awns  straight.  —  River  banks,  Florida  and  the  lower  districts 
of  Georgia,  and  westward.  Sept.  —  Culms  4° -8^  higli-  Leaves  3"  —  6" 
wide.     Spikelets  twice  the  size  of  the  preceding. 

25.     SORGHUM,  Pers. 

Spikelets  2-3  together  on  the  slender  branches  of  the  loose  panicle;  the 
lateral  ones  sterile  or  a  mere  pedicel;  the  middle  or  terminal  one  fertile. 
Lower  glumes  coriaceous  or  indurated,  mostly  bearded,  sometimes  awnless. 
Otherwise  like  Andropogon. 

§  1.  Blumexbachia.  —  Branches  of  Ihe  panicle  angular,  scabrous:  spikelets 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate :  two  loiver  c/l.Hmes  at  length  strongli/  indurated.  — 
This  section  embraces  the  following  introduced  species,  which  are  more 
or  less  common  in  cultivation,  viz. :  S.  vulgare,  Durra  Corn;  S.  .sacchara- 
tnm,  Broom  Corn ;  S.  ceruuum,  Guinea  Corn  ;  and  S.  Halapense,  Johnson 
Grass. 

§  2.  Chrtsopogox.  —  Branches  of  the  panicle  terete,  smooth  :  spikelets  lanceo- 
late: glumes  less  indurated. — Culms  mostly  simple.  Pedicels  bearded  under 
the  spikelets.     Sterile  spikelets  none. 


596  GRAMINE.E.       (gUASS    FAMILY.). 

•  Pvrcnuidl. 

1.  S.  avenaceum,  (Michx.)  Chaiun.  Culms  3°-. 5°  hijijh,  smooth,  like 
the  linear  lca\cs;  iianiclc  croct,  oliioin^,  ti'- 12' long;  glumes  pale  or  yellow- 
ish, the  lowest  tliinlv  l)eanle(l,  half  the  lengtli  of  the  awn.  —  Dry  sterile  soil. 
Sept. 

2.  S.  nutans,  (Jiav.  Culmsslender,  mostly  bending, 2"^- 4° high;  leaves 
narrow-linear;  paniele  long  and  narrow,  loosely  branched,  drooping ;  glumes 
dark  brown,  the  lowest  densely,  the  second  thinly  bearded,  one  fourth  the  length 
of  the  awn.  —  Dry  open  woods.     Sei)t. 

.'5.  S.  secundum,  (Kll.)  Chapm.  Culms  strictly  erect,  3°-5°  high; 
leaves  narrow-linear,  convolute;  panicle  erett,  sinij)le,  6'- 12' long,  the  few- 
tlowered  branches  1' long,  I -sided  ;  spikelets  drooping,  brown;  glumes  densely 
bearded,  \  the  length  of  the  awn.  —  Dry  sandy  pine  barrens,  Georgia  and 
Florida.     Oct. 

*  *  Annual. 

4.  S.  pauciflorum,  Chapm.  Culms  branched  near  the  base,  2° -3° 
high;  leaves  broadly  linear;  spikelets  6-12,  racemose,  the  long  (2' -3')  seta- 
ceous pedicels  in  whorls  of .  2  -  6 ;  lower  glumes  dark  brown,  beardless,  like 
the  sterile  pedicel;  awns  5' -6'  long,  twisted  below  the  middle. —  Sandy  pine 
barrens,  East  Florida.     Sept. 

26.     PHALAEIS,  L.    Canary  Grass. 

Spikelets  crowded  in  a  simple  or  branching  cylindrical  or  olilong  panicle, 
3-flowered,  awnless.  Glumes  5,  the  two  lower  nearly  e(iual,  keeled,  the  third 
and  fourth  reduced  to  hairy  scales  at  the  base  of  the  floret,  the  fifth  and  flow- 
ering glume  coriaceous,  and  including  the  palet.     Stamens  3.     Grain  free. 

1.  P.  intermedia,  Bosc.  Annual,  glaucous;  culms  ascending,  ^°- 2° 
high;  leaves  lanie<)lat(^linear,  3'- 5'  long,  the  uppermo.st  sheath  inflated; 
panicle  oblong,  simple,  1' long,  pale  or  purplish;  lower  glumes  flat,  winged, 
twice  as  long  as  the  floret.  (P.  microstachya,  DC.)  — Low  ground  along  the 
coast.     April  -  May. 

2.  P.  arundinaria,  L.  Perennial;  culm  simple,  2° -4°  high;  leaves 
long,  2' -.5'  wide  ;  panicle  4' -8'  long,  branching ;  glumes  wingless,  thrice  the 
length  of  the  floret.  —  Low  banks  of  streams,  Tennessee,  and  northward. 

27.     ANTHOXANTHUM,  L.     Sweet-scexted  Grass. 

Spikelets  I-flowered,  crowded  in  a  spiked  panicle;  glumes  5,  the  lower  thin 
and  une([ual,  the  third  and  fourth  empty  and  awned  on  the  back,  the  floret 
small  and  tliin.     Stamens  2.     Grain  enclosed. 

1.  A.  odoratum,  L.  Culms  l°high;  leaves  linear,  hairy;  panicle  1'- 
3' long.  —  Low  grounds  around  the  larger  cities,  Savannah,  Charleston,  etc. 
Introduced.     April  -  May. 

28.     HIEROCHLOE,  Gmelin.    Holy  Grass. 

Perennial  odorous  grasses,  with  short  flat  leaves,  and  3-flowered  spikelets  in 
a  short  simple  panicle.     Glumes  5,  the  two  lower  large  and  empty,  the  third 


GRAMINE^E.       (grass    FAMILY.)  597 

and  fourth  triandrousand  sterile,  long-ciliate ;  the  floret  perfect  and  diandrous. 
Grain  free. 

1.  H.  borealis,  R.  &  S.  (Sexeca  Grass.)  Culms  erect  from  the 
creeping  base,  l°-2°  high;  leaves  distant,  lanceolate,  V-2'  long;  panicle 
ovate,  2'  -  4'  long ;  spikelets  brown.  —  Moist  ground,  Statesville,  North  Caro- 
lina (Hi/ams).    June. 

29.     ALOPECURUS,  L.     Foxtail  Grass. 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  closely  crowded  in  a  simple  spike-like  cylindrical  pan- 
icle. Lower  glumes  compressed,  boat-shaped,  sharply  keeled,  united  below. 
Fertile  glume  compressed,  awned  on  the  back  below  the  middle,  the  upper 
wanting.  Stamens  3  Styles  2,  distinct,  or  united  below.  Grain  free,  smooth 
and  lenticular. 

1.  A.  geniculatus,  L.  Low;  culms  ascending,  bent  at  the  lower 
joints;  awn  longer  than  the  obtuse  hairy  glume.  —  Wet  cultivated  grounds. 
April.  —  Culms  6'- 12'  high.  Leaves  2' -4'  long,  with  the  sheaths  shorter 
than  the  joints.     Spikes  I'-l^'long. 

The  Meadow  Foxtail  (A.  pratensis,  L.),  a,  taller  species  (2° -3°  high), 
with  acute  glumes,  is  scarcely  spontaneous  at  the  South.  The  same  observa^ 
tiou  applies  to  the  Timothy  or  Herd's-grass  (Phleum  pratense,  L.),  which 
differs  from  Alopecurus  in  having  two  palese  and  awned  glumes. 

30.     SPOROBOLUS,  R.  Br.     Drop-seed  Grass. 

Tufted  or  creeping  grasses,  with  narrow  leaves,  and  1-flowered  awnless 
spikelets,  disposed  in  open,  or  crowded  in  spiked  panicles.  Glumes  2,  membra- 
naceous, unequal,  the  lower  one  .shorter.  Floret  mostly  longer  than  the 
glumes,  and  of  the  same  texture.     Stamens  3.     Styles  2. 

*  Grain  globose,  loose  in  the  pericarp :  panicle  exserted:  perennial, 
•*-  Panicle  open,  spreading. 

1.  S.  Domingensis,  Swartz.  Culms  branching  near  the  ba.se,  2°  long , 
leaves  narrow-linear,  roughish  above,  mostly  hairy  at  the  base ;  panicle  pim- 
ple, the  short  spreading  branches  loosely  whorled ;  spikelets  short-pedicelled, 
smooth ;  upper  glume  as  long  as  the  floret,  twice  as  long  as  the  lower  one  ; 
palet  truncate.  —  Wet  sandy  places  on  the  Keys  along  the  Reefs  of  South 
Florida. 

2.  S.  junceus,  Kunth.  (Wire  Grass.)  Panicle  narrow,  the  short  and 
spreading  branches  whorled ;  spikelets  unilateral ;  glumes  smooth,  the  upper 
one  acute,  2-3  times  longer  than  the  lower,  and  about  equal  to  the  obtuse 
floret;  culms  (l°-2°high)  erect;  leaves  chiefly  radical,  filiform  and  elon- 
gated, involute,  those  of  the  culm  .short  and  remote.  —  Dry  pine  barrens, 
common.    April  -  May,  and  often  in  October. 

3.  S.  Floridanus,  Chapm.  Panicle  diffuse,  large ;  spikelets  (purplish) 
on  long  hair-like  stalks ;  glumes  acute,  the  lower  one  barely  shorter  than  the 
obtuse  floret,  the  upper  one  a  third  longer;  leaves  rather  rigid,  flat,  pungent, 
very  rough  on  the  edges.  —  Low  pine  barrens.  Middle  and  West  Florida.  Sept. 
—  Culm  2°-4°  high.     Leaves  P-2°  long.     Panicle  1°-  U°  long. 


598  (iUAMiNK.i:.      (grass  fa.mily.) 

•^  ■*-  Ptiniclcs  s] liked. 

4.  S.  Indicus,  IJrown.  (S.MI  T  CjUass.)  Culms  erect;  pauide  elon- 
gali'd,  linear;  kavos  loiiy,  Hat;  tiorct  twice  ius  long  as  the  glmiics. —  Waste 
places.  May -Sept.  —  C  iilm.s  2° -3^  ''"K''*  l-<eaves  with  liristic-like  .suiiimils. 
ranicle  6' -1 8'  long,  turning  blackish.  Sj)ikelets  crowded  on  the  short  ap- 
pressed  laauchcs. 

5.  S.  VirginieUS,  Kunlli.  fulni.s  creeping,  shorl-jointed,  tiie  short  and 
mostly  clustereil  hranclies  erect ;  leaves  2-ranked,  soou  convolute,  short  and 
rigid  ;  panicle  small,  lanceolate  ;  glumes  nearly  ecjual,  acute,  rather  longer 
tiian  the  floret.  —  Saline  marshes  along  the  coast.  July  -  August.  —  Flower- 
ing Immches  G'- 12' high.  Leaves  2'-4'long.  I'anicle  1' -  2' long,  jiale  or 
purjile. 

*  *  Grain  lanceolute  or  oblon;i,aiUi('fiii(]  to  the  investinrj  jiericarji:  jianicle  spiked, 
more  or  less  included  in  the  sheaths  of  the  leaves. 

6.  S.  asper,  Kunth.  Perennial;  culms  tall  and  slender ;  leaves  elongated, 
rough  above,  bristle-like  at  the  summit ;  panicles  partly  included  in  the  ujiijer 
sheaths  ;  floret  hairy,  pointed,  2 -.'3  times  as  long  as  the  rough-keeled  glumes 
and  linear  grain.  —  Dry  sandy  soil.  July-August.  —  Culms  2°-3°  liigii. 
Slieaths  liairy  at  tiic  throat. 

".  S,  vaginaeflorus,  Vasey.  Annual;  culms  low,  clustered,  bearing 
partly  concealed  panicles  at  every  upper  joint ;  leaves  short,  smoothish  ;  floret 
smooth,  one  third  longer  than  the  smooth  glumes  aad  oval  grain.  — Dry  bar- 
ren soil.  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee.  Sept.  —  Culms  G'-  12'  high.  Leaves 
2' -4' long. 

Var.  minor,  Scribner.  Culms  more  slender  and  less  clustered  ;  panicles 
less  developed  ;  the  lateral  ones  included  ;  spikelets  and  glumes  narrower.  — 
With  tlie  type. 

8.  S.  cryptandrus,  Gray.  Culms  rather  rigid,  1°-  2°  high  ;  leaves  lin- 
ear, flat,  bearded  at  the  throat,  the  ui)permost  sheath  dilated  and  enclosing  the 
base  of  the  dense  panicle  ;  glumes  keeled,  the  upper  as  long  as  the  floret,  and 
twice  as  long  as  the  lower  one.  —  Coast  of  North  Carolina. 

31.     AGROSTIS,  L.    Bent  Grass. 

Tufted  usually  tender  grasses,  with  flat  and  narrow  leaves ;  the  small  1- 
flowered  spikelets  racemose  on  the  hair-like  clustered  i)ranches  of  the  open 
panicle,  on  thickened  pedicels.  Glumes  2,  nearly  equal,  longer  than  the  floret. 
Flowering  glume  awnless,  or  awned  on  the  back,  .3-.5-nerved,  the  palet  2- 
nerved,  occasionally  minute  or  wanting.  Stamens  1  -3.  Styles  or  stigmas  2. 
Grain  free. 

§  1.     Triciiodium.  —  Palet  minute  or  wantinf). 

1.  A.  elata,  Trin.  Culms  stout,  strictly  erect,  2°-3°  high  ;  leaves  6'-8' 
long,  1"  -  2"  wide ;  panicle  open,  the  clustered  branches  closely  flower-bearing 
above  the  middle;  lower  glumes  H"  long,  rather  longer  than  the  flowering 
one  ;  palet  minute  or  wanting.  —  Low  sandy  pine  barrens.     Sept. 

2.  A.  perennans,  Tuck.  Culms  slender,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  the 
base,  l°-2^  high;  leaves  2' -4'  long;  jjanicle  at  length  widely  spreading,  the 


GKAMINE-E.        (GKASS    FAMILY.)  599 

capillary  short  brauclies  flower-bearing  from  the  middle ;  glumes  uearly  equal, 
oue  third  louger  thau  the  floret.  —  Damp  shaded  ground.     July  -  August. 

3.  A.  seabra,  Willd.  Culms  l°-2°  high;  leaves  3' -6'  loug;  panicle 
large  and  ujjeu,  tlie  long  (3'  -  6')  straight  capillary  scabrous  branches  closely 
flower-bearing   at  their  summits ;   glumes   uearly  equal,  the   keel  scabrous. 

—  Low  ground,  common.     June  -  July. 

4.  A.  caniua,  L.  Culms  slender,  erect ;  panicle  small,  oblong,  with  erect 
smooth  brauclies;  glumes  lanceolate,  nearly  equal,  rough  keeled  ;  flowering 
glume  .-ihort-awned  below  the  middle;  palet  minute.  —  High  mountains  of 
North  Carolina,  and  nortliward.     July.  —  Culms  1°  high. 

§  2.     Aguostis  proper.  —  Palet  muni/est. 

5.  A.  alba,  L.  (Fioriu).  Culms  ascending  from  creeping  rootstocks; 
leaves  short,  the  ligule  long,  acute ;  panicle  expanded  in  flower,  contracted  in 
fruit,  mostly  pale  green ;  lower  glumes  nearly  equal,  the  flowering  oue  rarely 
short-awned. — Low  ground.     Introduced. 

Var.  vulgaris,  ihurber.  (Red  Top.)  Panicle  spreading,  mostly  pur- 
ple lioule  short  truncate;  leaves  commonly  wider. —  With  the  preceding. 
Introduced. 

6.  A.  araehnoides,  Ell.  Culms  and  leaves  very  slender ;  panicle  con- 
tracted, weak  and  drooping ;  glumes  nearly  equal,  lanceolate,  rough  on  the 
keel  and  margins  ;  pakt  minute;  flowering  glume  with  two  minute  bristles  at 
the  truncated  apex,  and  along  a  very  fine  awn  on  the  back  above  the  middle. 

—  Fields  and  open  woods  in  the  upi)er  districts.     April  -  May.     2/  —  Culms 
1°  high. 

32.     POLYPOGON,  Desf.     Beard  Grass. 

Flat-leaved  chiefly  animal  grasses,  with  the  1 -flowered  spikelets  stalked,  and 
crowded  in  close  clusters  in  a  terminal  spiked  panicle.  Glumes  .5,  equal, 
awned,  and  much  longer  than  the  floret,  the  flowering  glume  truncated  and 
tootlied  at  tlie  apex,  and  often  short-awned.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  2.  Grain 
elliptical,  free. 

1.  P.  maritimus,  Willd.  Culms  simple  (6'- 8' high);  glumes  pubes- 
cent, hispid  on  the  keel,  oue  third  as  long  as  the  slender  awns;  flower- 
ing glume  4-toothed,  unawiied.  —  Coast  of  North  and  South  Carolina. 
Introduced. 

33.    CINNA,  L. 

Tall  perennial  grasses,  with  broad  leaves,  hearing  the  1-flowered  coni]iressed 
spikelets  in  a  large  compound  terminal  panicle.  Glumes  unequal,  lanceolate, 
acute,  the  sharp  keel  hispid-serrulate.  Floret  raised  on  a  stalk,  smooth,  its 
glume  short-awned  on  the  back  below  the  apex.  Stamen  1.  Grain  linear- 
oblong,  free. 

1.  C.  arundinacea,  L.  Culms  2° -7°  high,  simple:  leaves  linear-lan- 
ceolate. V  wide  :  branches  of  the  panicle  in  fours  or  fives,  erect  in  fruit ;  spike- 
lets often  purplish,  2i"-3"  long.  —  Shaded  swamps.  July.  —  Panicle  6'- 15' 
long,  rather  dense.  —  Var.  pendula.  Gray.  Culms  and  branches  of  the  droop- 
ing panicle  more  slender ;  pedicels  very  rough ;  spikelets  smaller ;  glumes 
thinner.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina  ( Curtis). 


GOO  GKAMINE.E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

34.     CALAMAGROSTIS,  Adans.     Ukeu  IJknt  Gkass. 

Tall  |piTfiiiiial  j^ra.sses,  with  sitiipli-  rrcct  culins,  lieariiiga  loos<!  or  coiitract(;(l 
j)aiiiilf  of  l-llowuifd  spikelets,  and  mostly  tlio  liairv  peiliccl  of  a  .second  finwer 
at  the  liasu  of  the  palet.  (ilunies  nearly  ec|iial,  conijiressed-keeled.  Floret 
with  a  riny  of  hairs  at  the  hase,  its  glume  mostly  awned  on  the  back.  Stamens 
3.     (jraiu  free. 

§   1.     Dkvkuxia.  —  liudiiuenl  uj'  a  stcuiid  Jlower  jjIuiuosc:  yltiiuts  inciniiuna- 
ceuus,  the  Jlower ing  one  awned  on  the  hack. 

1.  C.  Nuttalliana,  Steud.  Culms  2°-3°high;  leaves  rigid;  panicle 
spike-like;  gliinus  rather  rigid,  long-pointed,  3"  long,  the  keel  very  scabrous; 
awu  hair-like,  aliuve  the  middle  of  the  glume.  —  Wet  ground.     Sej)t. 

2.  C.  Canadensis,  Beauv.  Culms  2'' -4°  high;  leaves  flat,  thin ;  pan- 
icle open  in  flower,  closed  in  fruit;  glumes  smoothish,  \\"  long,  short-pointed  ; 
awu  hair-like,  at  the  middle  of  the  glume.  —  Mountains  of  !North  Caroliua. 
July. 

§  2.     C.\LAMORiLFA.  —  Rudiment  of  a  second  Jlower  none  :  glumes  chartaceous, 

awnless. 

3.  C.  Curtissii,  Vasey.  Culms  2*^-3°  high  ;  leaves  narrow-linear,  smooth  ; 
panicle  contracted,  loosely  branched,  1°  long;  glumes  2"  long,  the  ujjjier 
equalling  the  floret,  the  lower  one  third  sliorter;  hairs  of  the  floret  few  and 
short.  —  East  Florida  {Garber,  Curtiss). 

§  3.     A.MOPHiLA.  —  Rudiment   of  a   second  Jlower  plumose :  glnmfs    charla- 
reoiis,  the  flowering  one  mucronate  or  obscurely  awned  at  the  tip. 

4.  C.  arenaria,  TJoth.  Culms  2° -3°  high,  from  long  creeping  rootstocks ; 
leaves  rigid  convolute;  panicles  spiked,  5' -10' long;  glumes  -i' long,  rigid, 
twice  as  long  as  the  scanty  hairs.  —  Sandy  coast  of  North  Carolina.     Sept. 

35.  THURBERIA,  Benth. 

A  low  tufted  annual  grass,  with  erect  branching  culms,  soft-hairy  leaves, 
and  1-flowered  spikelets  in  an  erect  narrow  terminal  panicle.  — Lower  glumes 
unequal.  3-nerved,  hispid.  Floret  included,  its  glume  smooth,  coriaceous, 
armed  below  the  apex  wjth  a  stout  bent  dorsal  awu  ;  palet  thin,  with  an  awn- 
like  pedicel  at  its  base.     Stamens  2.    Grain  free. 

1.  T.  Arkansana,  Benth.  Culms  6' -12'  high.  Leaves  shorter  than 
the   culm;    panicle   2' -3'   long.— Coast   of   West   Florida,  and  westward. 

April. 

36.  STIPA,  L.    Feathek  Guass. 

Perennial  grasses,  with  convolute  leaves,  and  loose  panicles  of  1-flowered 
spikelets,  with  very  long  awns.  Lower  glumes  membranaceous,  nearly  eiiual, 
awnless  and  persistent.  Floret  coriaceous,  raised  on  an  obconical  bearded 
stalk,  its  glume  with  a  twisted  or  contorted  awu  jointed  with  its  apex.  Sta- 
mens 3.     Grain  terete. 

1.  S.  avenacea,  L.  Culms  (l°-2°  high)  clustered;  leaves  narrowly 
linear,  rougli,  the  lowest  elongated;  awn  pubescent, bent  in  the  middle,  many 
times  longer  than  the  dark  brown  floret.—  Dry  soil,  Florida,  and  iHjrthward. 
April. 


GEAMINE^.        (grass    FAMILY.)  601 

37.    ARISTIDA,  L.    Wire  Grass. 

Slender  grasses,  with  narrow  leaves,  and  mostly  loosely  racemose  or  pan- 
icled  inflorescence.  Spikelets  1-tlowered.  Lower  glumes  membranaceous, 
mostly  unequal,  acute  or  awued,  the  upper  stipitate,  coriaceous,  involute, 
triple- (rarely  single-)  awned.  Palet  minute.  Stamens  1-3.  Grain  included, 
free.  —  Awns  (wheu  dry)  often  bent  or  twisted. 

§  1.     Awn  continuous  (not  jointed  with  the  glume). 
*  Glume  single-awned . 

1.  A.  Floridana,  Vasey.  Culms  simple,  2°  high  ;  leaves  long,  convolute, 
bearded  at  the  base;  panicle  1°  long,  loosely  branched;  glumes  equal,  the 
upper  truncate;  awn  compressed,  curved.  (Streptachue,  Flora.)  South 
'Florida,  (Blodgett). 

*  *  Glume  triple-awned. 

H-  Lateral  awns  short  and  erect. 

2.  A.  dichotoma,  Michx.  (Poverty  Grass.)  Culms  forking,  6' -12' 
high;  leaves  almost  setaceous;  panicles  simple  or  compound,  2' -3' long; 
glumes  equal  or  (in  var.  Curtissii,  Gray)  unequal;  middle  awn  spiral  below, 
spreading,  the  lateral  minute.  —  Dry  sterile  ground;  common.  August - 
Sept. 

3.  A.  ramosissima,  Engelm.  Culms  much  branched,  i°-li°  high; 
panicles  few-flowered;  lower  glumes  unequal,  8"- 10"  long;  middle  awn 
coiled  below,  recurved,  the  lateral  l"-3"  long,  rarely  wanting.  —  West 
Tennessee  (Gattiiiger). 

4.  A,  gracilis,  Ell.  Culms  much  branched  at  tlie  base,  very  slender; 
leaves  flat ;  panicle  very  narrow,  with  distant  appressed  branches ;  middle  awn 
straight,  rather  longer  than  the  rough  .spotted  lower  glume,  the  lateral  ones 
much  shorter  ;  glumes  nearly  equal.  —  Dry  gravelly  soil,  Florida  to  North 
Carolina.     August.  —  Culms  6'  -  12'  high. 

5.  A.  scabra,  Kunth.  Culm  scarcely  any,  the  long  (li°-3°)  peduncle 
arising  from  a  creeping  rootstock ;  leaves  radical,  setaceously  attenuate ; 
panicle  large,  diffuse,  the  branches  2-5  in  a  cluster;  spikelets  appressed; 
glumes  awn-pointed,  the  lower  one  longer ;  awns  straight,  erect,  the  lateral 
ones  very  short ;  stamens  2.  —  Sandy  coast,  Florida. 

t-  -1-  Awns  long,  equal,  or  nearly  so. 
++   United  at  the  tip  of  the  glume. 

6.  A.  simpliciflora,  Chapm.  Culms  filiform,  2°  high,  forking;  leaves 
flat,  smoothish  ;  racemes  simple,  straight,  6'- 9'  long,  loosely  flowered;  empty 
glumes  3"  long,  nearly  equal,  awn-pointed,  the  lower  one  rough  on  the  keel, 
longer  than  the  floret ;  middle  awn  circular-curved  near  the  base.  —  Damp 
pine  barrens.  West  Florida. 

7.  A.  gyrans,  Chapm.  Culms  simple,  1°  high;  leaves  convolute-filiform  : 
panicle  sim])le,  with  the  branches  short,  appressed ;  empty  glnmes  unecjual, 
the  lower  2"  long,  the  upper  one  a  third  longer,  attenuate ;  flowering  glume 
long-stipitate,  the  awns  nearly  equal,  curved  at  the  base.  —  Keys  of  Caximbas 
Bay,  South  Florida.     Oct. 


C02  GRAMINK.E.       (OKASS    FAMILY.) 

8.  A.  oligantha,  Miihx.  Culms  1°- 2' liijjh,  brancheil,  slender;  leaves 
cohVdliut' ;  si)iki]ils  .statifieii,  single  or  Ity  piiirs,  in  a  sinijilu  terminal  raieme ; 
glumes  nearly  equal,  I'-l'long;  miiltile  awn  I' -2'  lung,  rather  longer  than 
the  lateral  ones,  circular-ciuved  at  the  liase.  —  Souili  Carolina,  an<l  westward, 
rare.     Sept. 

9.  A.  purpurascens,  I'oir.  Cnlmsbranriiingat  the  l)ase,  l''-2°high; 
leaves  Hat,  glalauiis,  like  the  sheaths  ;  paniele  1°-  U^  long,  the  branches  short 
and  erect ;  ein])ty  glumes  uneijual,  the  lower  5"  long,  tin;  ujijier  sliurter  and 
etiualliug  tiie  Horet;  middle  awu  1' long,  spreading.  —  Dry  sterile  soil,  com- 
mon.    August. 

10.  A.  lanata,  Poir.  Much  like  the  last,  but  larger  (2°-4°higli);  leaves 
scabrous  on  tiiu  upper  surface,  tiie  sheaths  woolly  ;  branches  of  tiie  jtanide 
longer,  aud  often  spreading.  —  Witli  tlie  jircceding,  but  less  common.  July- 
August. 

11.  A.  palustris,  Vasey.  Culms  3° -4°  high,  simple  or  branching; 
leaves  Hat,  glabrous ;  panicle  long  ( 1^°- 2°)  and  narrow,  purple ;  emjity  glumes 
i'  loug,  nearly  equal ;  awns  10"-  16"  long,  the  middle  oue  spreading.  (A.  vir- 
gata,  var.  Flora.)  — In  and  around  siiallow  pine  barren  ponds,  West  Florida. 
August  -  Sept. 

12.  A.  virgata,  Trin.  Culms  sirajile,  2°-4°  iiigh  ;  leaves  flat,  soon  con- 
volute; panicle  loosely  or  densely  brauclied,  l°-  l^.°long;  empty  glumes  eijual, 
or  the  lower  shorter,  4"  long;  awns  sjireading,  6"  long.  (A.  coudensata. 
Flora.)  —  Barren  sandy  soil,  near  the  coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
August  -  Sept. 

13.  A.  Striota,  Michx.  Culms  (2°-3°  high)  tufted,  simple,  straight; 
leaves  chiefly  radical,  filiform,  involute,  rigid,  hairy  at  the  base;  panicle  (1° 
long)  spiked  ;  glumes  short-awned  ;  lateral  aw-ns  as  long  as  tlie  floret,  the  mid- 
dle oue  one  third  longer.  —  Wet  or  dry  pine  barrens,  very  common.     June- 

July. 

■M-  -t-H  A>c7is  united  above  the  (jlume. 

14.  A.  spiciformis,  Fll.  Glabrous;  culms  1°- 2°  high,  simple ;  leaves 
erect,  convolute  filiform  ;  panicle  closely  spiked,  3' -5'  long;  empty  glumes 
long-awned,  the  u])))er  twice  as  long  as  the  lower  one;  awns  united  far  above 
the  glume,  the  middle  one  1'  long,  spreading.  —  Low  pine  barrens  iu  the  lower 
districts.     August  -  Sept. 

§  2.    Annix  united  ahore  the  glume,  and  jointed  with  its  summit. 
1.5.   A.  tuberculosa,  Nutt.     Annual;    culms  rigid,  branching  (1°-U° 
high) ;  leaves  flat;  glumes  nearly  etjual,  bristle-awned  ;  awns  (2'  long)  equal, 
tw^isteil  below,  then  widely  s])readiug.  —  Dry  ridges  iu  the  middle  districts  of 
Georgia.     Sept. — Panicle  simple. 

38.    MUHLENBERGIA,  Schreb.    Drop-seeb  Grass. 

Spikelets  1-flowered.  Glumes  persistent,  pointed  or  awiied,  equal,  or  the 
lower  one  smaller.  Floret  sessile  iu  the  glumes,  commonly  hairy  at  the  base, 
deciduous  with  the  enclosed  grain,  its  glume  3-nerved  and  mucrouate  or  awued 
at  the  apex.     Stamens  3. 


GRAMINE^.       (grass    FAMILY.)  603 

§  1.  MrHLENBERGiA  proper. —  Spikelets  commonly  much  croivded,  in  lateral 
and  terminal  panicles,  short-stalked:  cidms  branching,  from  hard  scaly 
rootstocks :  leaves Jlat. 

*  Flowering  glume  awnless. 

1.  M.  Mexicana,  Trin.  Pauides  obloug,  dense;  glumes  unequal, 
lanceolate,  ending  in  slender  hispid  awn-like  points,  the  upper  one  as  lung  as 
the  awnless  floret.  ( Agrostis  lateriflora,  Michx.)  —  Damp  soil.  North  Carolina, 
and  northward.     June  -July.  —  Culms  ascending,  much  branched. 

2.  M.  glomerata,  Trin.  Culms  erect,  simple  or  branched,  2°  high; 
panicle  longpeduucled,  oblong-linear,  interruptedly  spicate,  2' -3' long,  the 
dense  oblong  clusters  sessile  and  appressed ;  glumes  nearly  equal,  awn-pointed, 
twice  as  long  as  the  floret.  —  Statesville,  North  Carolina  {Hyams). 

3.  M.  SObolifera,  Trin.  Culms  branching,  1°- 2° high;  leaves  broadly 
linear,  3' -5'  long;  panicle  simple,  almost  filiform,  2' -3' long,  the  distant 
branches  simple,  erect ;  spikelets  minute ;  glumes  nearly  equal,  awnless,  rather 
shorter  than  the  floret.  —  Rocky  woods  in  the  upper  districts.     Sept. 

*  *  Flowering  glume  awned. 

4.  M.  sylvatica,  T.  &  Gr.  Culms  diffuse,  branched  (2=-3°  high); 
panicles  contracted  :  floret  as  long  as  the  nearly  equal  short-awned  glumes,  its 
awn  2-3  times  as  long.  —  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee,  in  rocky  woods. 
Sept. 

5.  M.  Willdenovii,  Trin.  Culms  sparingly  branched,  erect;  leaves 
broadly  linear ;  panicles  linear ;  spikelets  scattered;  floret  twice  as  long  as 
the  nearly  equal  short-pointed  glumes,  its  awn  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  spike- 
let.  —  Dry  rocky  soil  in  the  upper  districts.     July- August.  —  Culms  3°  high. 

6.  M.  diffusa,  Schreb.  Culms  decumbent,  diffusely  branched  ;  panicles 
long  and  slender ;  glumes  very  small,  the  upper  one  truncated ;  awn  of  the 
floret  twice  as  long  as  the  spikelet.  —  Shaded  waste  places,  common.  August  - 
Sept.  —  Culms  1°-  2°  long. 

§  2.    Trichochloa.  —  Panicle  terminal,  diffuse,  long-peduncled :  spikelets  on 
long  hair-like  stalks :  culms  tall  and  simple. 

7.  M.  capillaris,  Kuuth.  Leaves  rigid,  elongated,  convolute-filiform ; 
panicle  erect,  the  long  and  purple  glossy  branches  and  spikelets  drooping; 
glumes  nearly  equal,  half  as  long  as  the  floret,  the  lower  one  awned ;  flower- 
ing glume  3-awned,  with  the  middle  awn  many  times  longer  than  the  spikelet. 
—  Varies  with  both  glumes  long-awned.  (M.  filipes,  Curtis.)  —  Sandy  soil 
along  the  coast,  and  sparingly  in  the  interior.  August -Sept.  —  Culms  2°- 
4^  high. 

8.  M.  trichopodes,  Chapm.  Culms  and  leaves  filiform,  elongated ; 
panicle  erect,  oblong;  .spikelets  linear,  on  s])reading  stalks;  floret  twice  as 
long  as  the  nearly  equal  awnless  glumes,  ribbed ;  its  glume  tipjied  with  a 
short  awn,  and  with  the  two  lateral  nerves  slightly  percurrent,  hairy  at  the 
base.  —  Low  pine  barrens  in  the  lower  districts.  Sept.  21  —  Culms  2^-3° 
high.     Panicle  rarely  purplish.     Leaves  flat. 

9.  M.  Reverchoni,  V.  &  S.  ?  Glabrous;  culms  tufted,  simple  (2^  high) ; 
leaves  chiefly  radical,  short,  flat,  narrow-linear ;  panicle  long-peduncled,  sim- 


C04  oramine.t:.     (grass  family.) 

pie,  spreading;  floret  four  times  as  loug  as  tlie  oval  obtuse  or  acute  glumes, 
and  Jiearly  ct|nalliiig  the  rough  awn.  (M.  cajsjtitosa,  C/ut/nn.) — Dry  pine 
barrens,  Florida,  and  westward. 

39.     BRACHYELYTRUM,  Ikauv. 

A  perennial  erect  grass,  with  a  simple  .><lendcr  culm,  flat  lanceolate  leaves, 
and  a  lou.'^e  lanceolate  simple  ])anicle  of  large  (J'  long)  1-flowered  spikelets. 
Lower  glume  obsolete,  tlie  upper  minute,  persistent  and  awnless.  Flowering 
glume  rigid,  rough  with  short  bristly  hairs,  concave,  5-ribbed,  tapering  into  a 
long  straight  awn,  and  enclosing  the  siiorter  2-pointed  palet.  An  awn-like 
pedicel  of  a  second  flower  is  apj)lied  to  the  back  of  the  palet.  Stamens  and 
long  stigmas  2.     Grain  linear. 

1.  B.  aristatum,  Beauv.  —  Dry  rocky  places.  July.  —  Culms  solitary, 
2° -3°  higii. 

40.     AIRA,  L. 

Small  tufted  annual  gras.ses  (sparingly  introduced),  with  linear  or  setaceous 
leaves,  and  diffuse  panicles  of  small  2-flowered  spikelets.  Lower  glumes  mem- 
branaceous, acute,  etpial,  longer  than  the  florets;  the  flowering  glume  2-cleft 
at  the  ajiex,  faiutly  3-5-nervcd,  dorsally  awiied  in  tiie  middle.  .Stamens  3. 
Grain  free. 

1.  A.  caryophyllea,  L.  Culms  5'- 8'  iiigli;  leaves  narrow-linear; 
spikelets  H"  long,  short  pedicelled ;  florets  both  awned.  —  Near  Goldsborough, 
North  Carolina  ( ('imhij). 

2.  A.  capillaris,  Host.  Culms  8'- 12'  iiigh ;  leaves  setaceous;  spike- 
lets f"  long,  long-pedicelled ;  one  floret  uuawneJ. — Gravelly  hills.  Home, 
Georgia. 

41.     DESCHAMPSIA,  Beauv. 

Tall  perennial  grasses.  Spikelets  2-flowered,  and  with  a  hairy  rudiment  of 
a  third  flower.  Glumes  shorter  than  the  florets,  scarious,  acute ;  flowering 
glume  truncate  and  denticulate  at  the  apex,  dor.sally  awned  near  the  base. 
Stamens  3.     Grain  free. 

1.  D.  flexuosa,  Trin.  Culms  l°-3°high;  leaves  chiefly  radical,  seta- 
ceous; panicle  diffuse;  flowering  glume  much  shorter  than  the  bent  and 
twisted  awn.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  and  Carolina.    July. 

2.  D.  CSespitosa,  Beauv.  Culms  tufted,  2° -4°  high  ;  leaves  linear,  flat ; 
panicle  oldoug,  with  short  erect  branches;  flowering  glume  as  long  as  the 
straight  appressed  awn.  — Georgia  (Leconte  in  Herb.  Darand). 

42.     TRISETUM,  Pers. 

Spikelets  2  -  several-flowered.  Flowering  glume  compressed-keeled,  usually 
bearing  a  bent  awn  below  the  2-cleft  or  2-pointed  apex.  Otherwise  as  in 
Aira.     Spikelets  in  open  or  spiked  panicles. 

1.  T.  palustre,  Torr.  Smooth;  culms  weak  (1°-H°  long)  ;  leaves  flat, 
linear;  panicle  long  and  narrow,  loose;  spikelets  2-3-flowered;  the  lower 
flower  awnless,  the  upper  with  a  spreading  awn  and  an  awn-like  rudiment  at 


GKAMINE^.       (grass    FAMILY.)  605 

the  base,  or  rarely  both  flowers  awuless.  —  Swamps.    March  -  April.  —  Panicle 
pale,  4'  -  8'  long. 

2.  T.  molle,  Knnth.  Soft  downy;  culms  short  (6' -8');  panicle  (2'- 3' 
long)  contracted,  dense  and  spike-like;  spikelets  2-flowered,  the  flowering 
glume  of  botli  flowers  with  a  spreading  awn.  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina. 

43.    DANTHONIA,  DC. 

Tufted  grasses,  with  racemose  or  panicled  spikelets,  and  rough  or  bearded 
flowers.  Spikelets  3  -  many-flowered.  Glumes  nearly  equal,  membranaceous, 
longer  than  the  florets,  awnless.  Flowering  glume  rigid,  concave,  many- 
nerved,  bearded  below,. sharply  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  bearing  an  intermediate 
awn,  which  is  flattened  and  twisted  near  the  base.  Stamens  3.  Grain  oblong, 
free. 

1.  D.  spieata,  Beauv.  Spikelets  4-8,  racemose,  7-flowered ;  flowering 
glume  rough  with  short  rigid  hairs,  much  longer  than  the  lanceolate-subulate 
teeth  ;  culms  (10'-  18'  high)  slender  ;  leaves  short  and  narrow,  sown  involute. 
—  Dry  barren  soil.     June  -  July.  —  Raceme  1'  -  2'  long. 

2.  D.  serieea,  Nutt.  Spikelets  numerous,  panicled,  7-flowered ;  flower- 
ing glume  white  with  long  silky  hairs,  as  long  as  the  slender  awn-pointed 
teeth  ;  culms  2°  high  ;  sheaths  of  the  linear  leaves  woolly  above.  —  Dry  sterile 
soil.     April. 

3.  D.  COmpressa,  Austin.  Like  No.  1,  but  taller;  leaves  longer;  pan- 
icle larger  and  more  open ;  teeth  of  the  flowering  glume  longer  and  more 
slender.  —  Summit  of  Roan  Mountain,  North  Carolina  (Chickering),  and 
northward. 

44.     HOLCUS,   L.    Soft  Grass. 

Spikelets  2-flowered,  the  flowers  short-pedicelled,  the  lower  one  perfect  and 
unawned,  the  upper  triandrous  and  awned.  Glumes  2,  thin,  keeled,  enclosing 
the  florets.     Palet  and  glume  thin,  equal.     Grain  free. 

1.  H.  lanatUS,  L.  Soft-downy,  erect  (2°  high);  panicle  oblong  (2'-4' 
long);   awns  recurved.  —  Low  ground.     Introduced. 

45.    ARRHENATHERUM,  Beauv.    Oat  Grass. 

Tall  grasses,  with  flat  leaves,  and  spreading  panicles  with  clustered  or 
whorled  branches.  Spikelets  2-flowered,  with  the  awn-like  rudiment  of  a 
third  flower ;  the  lower  one  staminate,  the  upper  perfect.  Glumes  mem- 
branaceous, concave,  the  upper  one  as  long  as  the  florets.  Flowering  glume 
of  the  lower  flower  with  a  bent  dorsal  awn  below  the  middle.     Stamens  3. 

1.  A.  avenaceum,  Beauv.  Culms  smooth,  2° -3°  high  ;  leaves  broadly 
linear  ;  panicle  narrow,  whitish,  8'  - 10'  long ;  glumes  scarious.  —  North  Caro- 
lina (Curtis).     Introduced.     May.     ^. 

46.     SPARTINA,  Schreb.    Marsh  Grass. 

Rigid  perennial  grasses,  growing  chiefly  in  saline  marshes,  with  simple 
culms,  concave  or  convolute  leaves,  and  flattened  1 -flowered  spikelets,  closely 


006  GRAMIXK.l-;.       ((MIASS    FAMILV.) 

iiiiliricatfil  in  two  rows  on  one  side  uf  the  trian;^iilar  rariiis,  forniing  ap- 
pres.seil  or  spreadinj;  alternate  spikes.  Kinpty  glumes  li,  uiiuiiuul,  acute  or 
short-awuec],  commonly  hristly-serrulate  on  the  keel ;  the  upper  mostly  longer 
than  the  awnless  Horct.  ]'alet  thin,  shorter  than  tiie  glume.  Stamens  1-3. 
Styles  long,  united  helow,  or  nearly  distinct.  (Jraiu  free. 
*  Leaves  conrolutc,  rush-like. 

1 .  S.  juncea,  Wllld.  Spikes  3-9,  remote,  erect ;  upper  glume  2-3  times 
longer  than  the  lower  one;  flowering  glume,  and  sometiuies  the  palet,  rough 
above.  —  Sandy  or  marshy  places  along  the  coast.  July -August.  —  Culms 
l°-3°  high.     Leaves  pungent.     Spikes  1' -2' long.     Stamens  1 -3. 

2.  S.  juneiformis,  Engelm.  &  Gray.  Spikes  15-30,  closely  imbricated 
in  a  cyliiidiical  spike,  the  lowest  rather  di.stinct ;  up]ier  glume  one  third 
longer  than  the  lower  one,  obtuse,  mucronate  ;  flowering  glume  rough  on  the 
back,  the  palet  smooth.  —  Sandy  saline  swamps,  West  Fhjrida.  July -Au- 
gust.—  Culms  (2° -4°  high)  and  rush-like  leaves  very  rigid.  Common  spike 
4'  -  6'  long.     Proper  spikes  4"  -  6"  long. 

*  *  Leaves  concave  or  flat. 

3.  S.  polystachya,  Willd.  Spikes  numerous,  spreading  ;  upper  glume 
and  nearly  etjual  tiui-et  sliglitly  roughened,  2-3  times  longer  than  the  lower 
one  ;  leaves  broad  (|'-  1^'),  concave,  very  rough  on  the  margins.  —  Brackish 
marshes,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  August -Sept.  —  Culms  stout,  4° -S° 
high.     Spikes  2' -3'  long,  racemed. 

4.  S.  glabra,  Muhl.  Spikes  numerous,  appressed  to  the  common  rachis  ; 
upper  glume  linear,  obtuse,  3  times  the  length  of  the  lower  one,  glabrous  ; 
leaves  concave,  smooth  on  the  margins.  —  Salt  marshes,  Florida,  and  north- 
ward. August -Sept.  —  Culms  2° -4°  high.  Leaves  narrower  than  the  last, 
elongated. 

■5.  S.  cynosurioides,  Willd.  Spikes  .5-20,  erect,  3' -4' long;  glumes 
awued,  the  upper  twice  as  long  as  the  lower  one  ;  flowering  glume  hispid  on 
the  keel ;  palet  smooth,  obtuse.  —  Marshes,  Tennessee.  August.  —  Culms  3° - 
4°  high.    Leaves  soon  convolute. 

47.    GYMNOPOGON,  Beauv. 

Low  perennial  grasses,  with  short  and  crowded  distichous  spreading  leaves. 
Spikelets  appressed,  scattered  on  the  straight  and  at  length  reflexed  branches 
of  the  simple  panicle,  consisting  of  1-3  perfect  flowers  and  an  awn-like  pedi- 
cel above.  Empty  glumes  2,  subulate,  hispid-serrulate.  Floret  shorter  than 
the  glumes,  its  glume  awned  under  the  apex.     Stamens  3. 

1.  G.  racemosus,  Beauv.  Culms  (1°  high)  rigid;  leaves  lanceolate 
(1  J'-2'  long)  ;  branches  of  the  panicle  bearing  the  linear  spikelets  from  the 
base  to  the  summit ;  spikelets  I-flowered  ;  awn  2-3  times  the  length  of  the 
floret.  —  Dry  sandy  soil.     Sept.  -  Oct. 

2.  G.  brevifolius,  Trin.  Culms  and  panicle  usually  more  slender; 
spikelets  1  -3-flowered  ;  oftener  borne  above  the  middle  of  the  branches ;  awn 
shorter  than  the  floret ;  otherwise  like  the  preceding.  —  Low  pine  barrens. 
Sept.  -  Oct. 


GRAMIXE.E.       ((JRASS    FAMILY.)  607 

48.  BOUTELOUA,  Lag. 

Spikelets  crowded  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  flattened  rachis  of  sin- 
gle or  racemose  spikes,  1-3-flowered,  the  lower  flower  perfect,  tlie  upper 
ones  sterile  or  rudimentary,  awned.  Glumes  keeled,  the  lower  one  shorter. 
Flowering  glume  3-nerved  and  3-toothed  ;  the  palet  2-nerved,  2-toothed.  Sta- 
mens 3. 

1.  B.  hirsuta,  Lag.  Annual;  culms  1°-1|°  high, filiform  ;  leaves  very 
narrow,  papillose-ciliate ;  spikes  1-2,  many-flowered ;  upper  empty  glume 
papillose-hispid.  Sterile  flower  longer  than  the  floret.  —  South  Florida 
( Garber). 

2.  B.  racemosa,  Lag.  Perennial;  culms  l"-'-3°  high;  leaves  rigid, 
glabrous  ;  spikes  numerous,  4-  12-flowered  ;  upper  empty  glume  scabrous  on 
the  keel ;  sterile  flower  shorter  than  the  floret.  —  Bainbridge,  Georgia  (Feaij), 
and  westward. 

49.  CHLOmS,  Swartz. 

Chiefly  tropical  grasses,  with  compressed  culms  and  sheaths,  distichous  flat 
or  folded  obtuse  leaves,  and  digitate  rarely  single  spikes.  Spikelets  2-.3- 
flowered,  imbricated  or  crowded  in  2  rows  on  one  side  of  the  triangular  rachis ; 
the  lowest  flower  perfect  and  sessile,  tlie  upper  ones  staminate  or  neutral,  and 
stalked.  Empty  glumes  2,  membranaceous,  persistent,  the  upper  (exterior) 
short-awned.  Floret  coriaceous,  its  glume  boat-shaped,  mucronate-awned 
under  the  apex,  the  palet  (mostly  wanting  in  the  sterile  flowers)  uuawned. 
Stamens  3.     Grain  free. 

1.  C.  petrsea,  Swartz.  Culms  (I°-  2°  high)  clustered,  erect ;  leaves  glau- 
cous; spikes  3 -.5;  spikelets  2-flowered;  glumes  hispid,  the  upper  oblong, 
deeply  emarginate  ;  flowering  glume  dark  brown,  hairy  on  the  keel  and  mar- 
gins, bearded  at  the  base  ;  sterile  flower  neutral,  club-shaped,  awnless.  — 
Damp  soil  along  the  coa.st,  Florida  to  North  Carolina.  May  -  August.  ^  — 
Leaves  3' -5' long.     Spikes  erect.     Spikelets  roundish. 

2.  C.  glauca,  Vasey.  Culms  stout  {S°-^°  high),  and,  like  the  broad 
(6" -8"  wide)  leaves,  smooth  and  glaucous;  spikes  about  twenty;  spikelets 
roundish,  2-flowered  ;  glumes  hispid,  the  upper  lanceolate,  entire  ;  floret  dark 
brown,  smooth ;  upper  flower  obovate,  short-awned.  —  Brackish  mar.shes, 
West  Florida.  August -Sept.  (l)  — Culms  Y  wide  at  the  base.  Leaves 
H°-2°long. 

3.  C.  Floridana,  Vasey.  Culms  .slender  (2°  high)  ;  leaves  (2' -4'  long) 
glaucous;  spikes  single  or  by  pairs;  spikelets  light  brown,  3-flowered,  the 
middle  flower  staminate ;  glumes  smoothish,  truncate,  oblong ;  flowering 
glume  of  the  perfect  flower  hairy  on  the  keel  and  margins,  distinctly  awned; 
sterile  flowers  obovate,  smooth,  the  lower  one  short-awned.  —  Drv  pine  bar- 
rens. Middle  Florida.  July- Sept.  Jl  —  Spikelets  larger  than  in  the  two 
preceding. 

50.    CYNODON,  Richard.    Bermuda  Grass. 

Diffusely  creeping  perennial  grasses,  with  short  and  erect  flowering  culms, 
and  flat  leaves.     Spikes  digitate,  1-sided.     Spikelets  crowded,  awnless,  2-flow- 


608  GRAMINE/E.       (cKASS    FAMILY.) 

ered  ;  tlie  lower  fii<wer  perfect,  the  upper  reduced  to  an  awn-like  pedicel 
Glumes  •>,  nienil)riiiiiueous,  nearly  equal.  Floret  nienihranaieous,  its  glume 
large  and  boat-shaped.     Stameu.s  3.     Grain  free. 

1.  C.  Dactylon,  I'ers.  Spikes  3-5,  Hlifurm,  purple;  glumes  rough- 
keeled  ;  (jorei  lujij^fer  than  the  glumes,  its  glunio  iiairy  on  the  keel;  autliers 
and  stigmas  purple.  —  Waste  places.  Introduced.  —  Flowering  culms  C-  12' 
high.     Leaves  2' -4' long.     Spikes  1'- 2' hmg,  filiform,  sterile. 

Var.  maritimus,  Nees.  Culms  stouter  (C  liigh) ;  leaves  shorter  and 
broader,  the  slieatli.s  imbricated;  spikes  6-8,  fruitful.  —  Sandy  coast.  South 
Florida.  —  Leaves  1'  long. 

51.     CTENIUM,  Panzer. 

Spikelets  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  racliis  of  the  terminal  solitary 
spike.  Glumes  7,  the  four  lower  and  two  upper  ones  sterile,  tiie  rifth  fertile. 
Lowest  glume  minute,  second  rigid,  awned  on  the  back,  as  long  as  the  spike- 
let,  third,  fourth,  and  rifth  awned  at  the  tip,  sixth  and  seventh  unawned,  neu- 
tral.    Stamens  3.     Grain  free. 

1.  C.  Americanuni,Spreng.  Culm8  2°-4°high,from  strong  perennial 
roots,  simple,  tufted;  leaves  liuear,  scabrous  and  glaucous  on  the  upper  sur- 
face; spikes  3' -4'  long,  mostly  curved;  spikelets  spreading  (not  imbricated) ; 
fertile  glume  densely  ciliate.  —  Damp  pine  barrens.     August -Sept. 

52.    ELEUSINE,  Gsert.     Crowfoot  Gkass. 

Annual  creeping  or  spreading  branching  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  digi- 
tate rarely  single  spikes.  Spikelets  2 -several-flowered,  crowded  on  one  side 
of  the  flattened  rachis  ;  the  uppermost  flower  imperfect.  Glumes  comjjressed- 
keeled,  membranaceous,  obtuse  or  pointed.  Floret  boat-shaped,  pointed.  Sta- 
mens 3.     Grain  roundish,  rugose,  free. 

1.  E.  iEgyptiaca,  Pers.  Culms  ascending  from  a  creeping  base;  leaves 
fringed;  spikes  commonly  4,  awn-pointed;  spikelets  3-4-flowered.  —  Culti- 
vated ground,  common.  Introduced.  —  Culms  numerous,  1°  high.  Spikes 
r-2'  long. 

2.  E.  Indica,  Gfcrt.  Culms  (6' -18' high)  flattened;  leaves  flat;  spikes 
2 -several,  the  lower  ones  sometimes  scattered  (2' -4'  long) ;  spikelets  6-flow- 
ered.  —  Cultivated  ground,  very  common.     Introduced. 

n  I  53.    LEPTOOHLOA,  Beauv. 

Spikelets  sessile,  loosely  borne  on  one  side  of  the  filiform  rachis  of  the  long 
branch-like  racemose  spikes,  3 -many-flowered.  Glumes  unequal,  membra- 
naceous, keeled,  the  flowering  ones  3-nerved,  rarely  awned,  longer  than  the 
palea.     StameTis  3.     Grain  oblong,  free. 

1.  L.  mucronata,  Kunth.  Culms  20-3°high;  sheaths  of  the  broad 
(4"- 6"  wide)  rough  leaves  hairy  ;  spikes  very  numerous,  in  an  elongated  ra- 
ceme, 3' -6'  long,  spreading  ;  spikelets  small,  3  -  4-flowered  ;  glumes  mucro- 
nate,  longer  or  shorter  than  the  florets ;  flowering  glume  obtuse  or  emarginate. 
—  Cultivated  fields.     August -Sept.    (T). 


GRAMINE^      (grass    FAMILY.)  609 

54.    DIPLACHNE,  Beauv. 

Spikelets  rather  loosely  flowered.  Flowering  glumes  2-toothed,  mucronate 
or  awned  between  the  teeth.  Otherwise  like  the  preceding.  —  Margins  of  the 
flowering  glumes  fringed  (except  the  last). 

1.  D.  dubia,  Benth.  Culms  2°  high,  slender;  leaves  elongated,  filiform, 
with  smooth  sheaths ;  spikes  6-10,  somewhat  corymbose  ;  spikelets  distant  on 
the  filiform  rachis,  6-flowered ;  glumes  lanceolate,  nearly  equal,  serrulate  on 
the  keel,  shorter  than  the  awnless  soon  spreading  florets ;  flowering  glumes 
truncate  or  emarginate.  —  South  Florida. 

2.  D.  faseieularis,  Beauv.  Culms  h°-4°  long,  mostly  prostrate  and 
rooting  at  the  lower  joints,  much  branched;  raceme  partly  included  in  the 
sheaths  of  the  elongated  leaves;  spikes  numerous,  approximate,  erect,  3' -5' 
long;  spikelets  lanceolate,  8- 10-flowered  ;  glumes  unequal,  shorter  than  the 
florets ;  flowering  glumes  prominently  awned.  —  Brackish  swamps  along  the 
coast.     Sept.    (l). 

3.  D.  Domingensis,  (Link.?)  Culms  erect,  simple,  straight  and  slen- 
der; leaves  narrowly  linear  or  filiform,  shorter  than  the  culm;  spikes  6-12, 
scattered,  exserted ;  spikelets  lanceolate,  6  -  8-flowered ;  glumes  unequal,  acute, 
rough-keeled  ;  flowering  glumes  minutely  awned.  —  South  Florida.  Oct.  — 
Culms  l''-H°  high. 

4.  D.  rigida,  Muuro.  Culms  low  (2'- 4' high),  ascending,  rigid;  leaves 
subulate,  ^  -  1|'  long,  involute  and  rigid ;  spike  1'-  1|'  long,  lanceolate,  dense, 
1-sided;  spikelets  linear,  acute,  5-11-flowered;  glumes  serrulate  on  the  keel; 
flowering  glume  obtuse,  emarginate  or  mucronate,  glabrous.  (Foa  rigida,  L.) 
—  Waste  ground,  introduced  in  ballast.     April -May. 

55.     TRIODIA,   R.  Br. 

Perennial  grasses,  with  tall,  erect,  simple  culms,  from  a  thick  and  scaly 
rootstock,  elongated  rigid  leaves,  and  ovate  or  lanceolate  5  -  7-flowered  stalked 
spikelets,  disposed  in  a  simple  or  compound  panicle.  Glumes  2,  smooth,  emar- 
ginate, shorter  than  the  crowded  florets.  Flowering  glumes  2-cleft,  shortly 
3-awned  by  the  percurrent  hairy  nerves,  bearded  at  the  base.  Stamens  3. 
Grain  obovate-oblong,  free. 

1.  T.  cuprea,  Jacq.  Panicle  ample  and  diffuse,  or  contracted  and  erect, 
bearded  in  the  axils;  spikelets  terete,  lanceolate,  mostly  purple;  flowering 
glume  with  two  awn-like  teeth  similar  to  the  three  short  awns.  —  Woods  and 
margins  of  fields.     August  -  Sept.  —  Culms  3°-  5°  high.     Sheaths  often  hairy. 

2.  T.  ambigua,  Vasey.  Panicle  short,  nearly  simple,  smooth  in  the 
axils,  clammv;  spikes  ovate  or  roundish,  compressed;  teeth  of  the  flowering 
glume  obtuse,  wider  than  the  three  short  awns.  — Low  pine  barrens,  Florida 
to  South  Carolina.     August.  —  Culms  2°  -  3°  high. 

3.  T.  eragrostoides,  V.  &  S.  Panicle  large,  diffuse,  the  branches 
single  and  drooping;  spikelets  oblong,  compressed,  6 -10-flowered  ;  flowering 
plumes  truncate  and  finely  denticulate,  slightly  awned ;  culms  tall  and  slen- 
der; leaves  r'-2"  wide. —Florida,  and  westward. 

39 


610  GRAMINE.'E.        (OKASS    FAMILY.) 

4.  T.  Stricta,  Vascy.  I'aiiide  closely  spiked,  6' -12'  long;  spikclcts 
ovate-oliloiig,  5-  lO-flowcrcd,  barely  lunger  than  tlie  pointed  glumes;  fiowcr- 
ing  glumes  minutely  awned  ;  culms  strictly  erect,  3° -0°  high.  —  Mississippi 
[Tracij),  and  westward. 

56.     TRIPLASIS,  Beauv. 

Low  tufted  fihrous-rootcd  annual  grasses,  with  branching  culms,  linear-.sub- 
ulate  leaves,  and  few  loosely  2  -4-flowered  spikelets,  disposed  in  simjile  lateral 
and  terminal  j)auicles  or  racemes.  Glumes  2,  lanceolate,  smootii.  Floret 
hairy  on  the  margins ;  flowering  glume  2-cleft,  with  a  bearded  or  plumo.se  awn 
between  tiie  tcetii ;  tlie  palet  concave,  3-toothed.     Stameus  3.     Grain  free. ' 

1.  T.  Americana,  Heauv.  Culms  erect,  I°- 2°  high;  leaves  and  sheaths 
hairv ;  awn  of  tlie  flowering  glume  ])lumose,  much  longer  than  the  awn-puinted 
teeth.  (Uralepis  cornuta,  Ell.)  — Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
August -Sept.     %. 

2.  T.  purpurea.  Culms  procumbent  or  a.scending,  1°-1^°  long;  leaves 
and  sheaths  smooth  or  roughish  ;  awn  of  the  flowering  glume  bearded,  ai)out 
as  long  as  the  obtuse  teeth.  —  Drifting  sands  along  the  coast.  August  -  Oct. 
—  Leaves  l'-4'  long.     Spikelets  bright  pur])le. 

3.  T.  sparsiflora,  Chapm.  Culms  rigid  (6'- 12' high) ;  leaves  short; 
racemes  axillary  and  terminal,  few-flowered  ;  spikelets  loosely  2 -4-flowered  ; 
glumes  nearly  equal,  the  lower  one  2-toothed,  the  upper  acute ;  flowering 
glume  oblong,  ciliate,  twice  the  length  of  its  awn,  the  palet  villous  above  the 
middle.  —  Sandy  coast  at  Puuta  Ra.ssa,  South  Florida.     Oct. 

57.     BROMUS,  L.    Brome  Grass. 

Spikelets  large,  loosely  panicled,  3  -  many-flowered.  Glumes  membrana- 
ceous, unequal,  commonly  keeled.  Flowering  glume  usually  awned  under  the 
2-cleft  apex,  convex  on  the  back,  about  7-nerved  at  the  base.  Stamens  3. 
Grain  flattened  and  grooved  on  the  inner  face,  and  adherent  to  the  palet. 
Culms  simple.     Leaves  commonly  broad  and  flat. 

1.  B.  Ciliatus,  L.  Perennial;  panicle  diffuse,  the  sleuder  drooping 
branches  mostly  in  pairs ;  spikelets  lanceolate  after  flowering,  10  -  12-flowered  ; 
lower  glume  1 -nerved,  the  upper  3-nerved;  flowering  glume  7-nerved,  hairy 
along  the  margins,  or,  in  var.  purgans,  Gray,  hairy  all  over,  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  awn ;  culms  2°-  4°  high  ;  leaves  and  sheaths  smooth  or  downy.  — 
Kiver  banks  and  rich  soil,  chiefly  in  the  upper  districts.     June. 

2.  B.  seealinus,  L.  (Cheat  or  Chess.)  Annual;  panicle  spreading, 
with  clustered,  at  length  drooping  branches;  -spikelets  (i'-T  long)  8-10- 
flowered,  oblong-ovate ;  lower  glume  .5-nerved,  the  upper  7-nerved ;  the  flow- 
ering glume  convex,  7-nerved,  awnl ess  or  short-awned;  culms  l°-2°  high; 
leaves  and  sheaths  smooth  or  downy.  —  Grain  fields,  etc.     Introduced. 

3.  B.  racemosus,  L.  Panicle  erect,  contracted  in  fruit ;  flowers  larger, 
the  flowering  glume  longer  than  the  upper  one,  barely  longer  than  its  awn  ; 
otherwise  like  B.  seealinus.  —  Grain  fields.     Introduced. 


GRAMIXE.^.       (grass    FAMILY.)  611 

4.  B.  Sterilis,  L.  Annual ;  culms  ascending  ( 1°  -  2°  long) ;  leaves  downy ; 
panicle  ample,  drooping ;  spikelets  thin,  loosely  5  -  9-flowered,  the  long-awned 
flowers  linear-subulate.  —  Waste  ground.    Introduced. 

58.    PESTUCA,  L.    Fescue  Grass. 

Spikelets  panicled,  3 -many-flowered,  the  rachis  jointed.  Glumes  unequal, 
mostly  keeled.  Flowering  glumes  naked,  chartaceous,  rounded  on  the  back, 
3  -  5-nerved,  entire  and  mostly  acute  or  bristle-awned  at  the  tip.  Stamens 
1-3.  Grain  adherent.  —  Culms  simple.  Leaves  linear  or  setaceous.  Pan- 
icles terminal. 

*  Annual:  panicles  contracted:  spikelets  awned  :  leaves  filiform  or  setaceous. 

1.  F.  Myurus,  L.  Culms  erect,  very  slender,  included  in  the  sheaths  of 
the  bristle-like  leaves ;  panicle  elongated,  linear,  1-sided,  partly  included  in 
the  sheath  of  the  uppermost  leaf,  the  scattered  branches  appressed  ;  spike- 
lets compressed,  4-6-flowered;  awn  2-3  times  the  length  of  the  subulate 
sparsely  hairy  glume.  Stamen  1 .  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  North  Carolina. 
March  -  April.  —  Culms  6'  -  1 2'  high.     Panicle  pale,  4'  -  6'  long. 

2.  P.  seiurea,  Nutt.  Culms  taller  (10'-20')  ;  panicle  long-exserted ; 
spikelets  5  -  7-fiowered  ;  awn  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  glume  ;  otherwise  like 
the  preceding.  —  Dry  sand}'  soil,  Florida,  and  westward.     Feb.  -  March. 

3.  P.  tenella,  Willd.  Culms  (2'- 12'  high)  erect  or  ascending;  leaves 
narrowly  linear  or  filiform  ;  panicle  exserted,  simple,  spiked,  or  the  branches 
slightly  spreading,  mostly  purple ;  spikelets  crowded,  compressed,  oblong,  8  - 
12-flowered;  awn  not  longer  than  the  subulate  hispid  glume. — Dry  sandy 
soil,  Florida,  and  northward.     Feb.  -  April. 

*  *  Perennial:  panicles  spreading:  spikelets  awnless :  leaves  mostly  linear. 

4.  P.  ovina,  L.  Culms  1°-U°  high;  panicle  contracted,  spike-like; 
spikelets  mostly  4-flowered ;  awns  short  or  wanting.  —  Waste  ground  in  the 
upper  districts. 

Var.  duriuscula,  Koch.  Panicles  often  spreading,  1-sided;  spikelets 
larger,  6  -  8-flowered  ;  glumes  smooth  or  scabrous.  —  Fields  and  roadsides. 
Introduced. 

5.  P.  elatior,  L.  Culms  2°-4°  high;  leaves  linear,  smooth;  panicle 
long,  narrow,  erect,  the  erect  branches  bearing  the  loosely  5-10-flowered 
spikelets  throughout ;  flowering  glume  oblong-lanceolate,  barely  pointed.  — 
Low  ground  in  the  upper  districts.     Introduced. 

6.  P.  nutans,  Willd.  Culms  2° -4°  high,  and  like  the  broadly  linear 
leaves  rough,  or  the  latter  hairy ;  panicle  1-sided,  simple,  erect  or  bending,  the 
few*branches  mostly  in  pairs,  remote,  bearing  few  ovate  5  -  6-flowered  spike- 
lets near  their  summits,  at  length  reflexed  ;  glumes  rough  on  the  back,  acute  ; 
flowering  glume  ovate,  barely  pointed.  —  Rich  woods  and  banks.     August. 

59.     MELICA,  L.    Melic  Grass. 

Spikelets  in  panicles,  consisting  of  2  -  8  awnless  perfect  flowers  enclosing 
1-3  imperfect  ones.     Glumes  unequal,  membranaceous,  convex,  scarious  on 


012  GRAMIXK.K.       ((IKASS    FAMILY.) 

till'  margins,  7-9-nerved.     Florets  similar,  the  glume  scarious  at  the  apex. 
Stamens  .i.     Grain  free.  —  Culms  sim|(le.     l{<)ot  j)erennial. 

1.  M.  mutica,  Walt.  Culms  slender,  l°-2°higli;  leaves  and  sheaths 
puliesieiit  or  glabrous  ;  jjauide  cum])osed  of  few  simjile  few-liowered  Itranches, 
or  reduced  to  a  sim])lc  raceme;  spikelets  racemose,  nodding,  2-flowered; 
glumes  nearly  e(|ualling  the  spikelet,  obtuse  or  acute;  sterile  flowers  obovate. 
—  Rich  open  woods.     April- May. 

2.  M.  diffusa,  I'ursh.  Culms  2° -4°  high;  panicle  compound,  many- 
flowered  ;  spikelets  mostly  3-iiowered ;  glumes  shorter  than  the  spikelet ; 
flowering  glume  acute.  —  Carolina  (Pursh). 

60.     GLYCERIA,  Brown. 

Smooth  perennial  marsh  or  aquatic  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  few-  or 
many-flowered  spikelets  disposed  in  a  simple  or  compound  panicle,  liachis 
jointed.  Glumes  membranaceous,  obtuse,  persistent.  Florets  somewhat  char- 
taceous,  early  falling  away  with  the  separating  joints  of  the  rachis ;  the  glume 
naked,  convex,  5 - 7-nerved.  Stamens  2-3.  Grain  free,  oblong. 
*  Panicle  contracted. 
H-  Spikelets  terete,  5  -  ISjlowered :  flowering  glume  scabrous. 

1.  G.  fluitans,  R.  Brown.  Culms  thick,  ascending  from  a  creeping 
base,  1°-  .5^  long ;  leaves  long,  broadly  linear  ;  pani(  Ic  long  and  narrow  ;  spike- 
lets linear,  pale,  loosely  7-  13-flowered  (1'  long) ;  flowering  glume  obtuse,  or 
slightly  3-lobed  at  the  scarious  apex,  roughish,  7-nerved.  —  Shallow  water  in 
the  upper  districts,  and  northward.     June -July.  —  Panicle  1°  long. 

2.  G.  acutiflora,  Torr.  Culms  slender,  ascending,  2° -3°  long  ;  leaves 
linear  ;  panicle  simple,  the  short  branches  distant  and  erect ;  .spikelets  5-12- 
flowered  ;  florets  sul)ulate  ;  flowering  glume  acute,  shorter  than  the  long- 
pointed  palet.  —  Shallow  ponds,  Tennessee.     June. 

-t-  -I-  Spikelets  more  or  less  compressed,  3  -  7-floivered. 

3.  G.  obtusa,  Trin.  Culms  stout,  1°-  2°  high  ;  leaves  long,  linear ;  pan- 
icle oblong,  dense,  2' -3'  long,  the  branches  in  pairs  or  threes  ;  spikelets  5-7- 
flowered  ;  flowering  glume  obtuse,  5-nerved.  —  Coast  of  North  Carolina. 

4.  G.  elongata,  Trin.  Culms  slender, 2°- 3° long;  leaves  long,  narrowly 
linear,  rough;  panicle  racemose,  drooping,  1°  or  more  long,  the  branches 
single;  spikelets  2 -4-flowered,  ovate,  obtu.se;  flowering  glume  5-nerved. — 
Mountains  of  North  Carolina. 

*  *  Panicle  open  or  diffuse. 

."i.  G.  nervata,  Trin.  Culms  erect ;  panicle  diffuse,  the  branches  at  length 
drooping;  spikelets  purplish,  very  numerous,  ovate-oblong,  5-6-flowered, 
nearly  terete  ;  flowering  glume  oblong,  obtuse,  7-nerved.  —  Swamps  and  river 
banks.     July.  —  Culms  2°  -  3°  high.     Spikelets  2"  long. 

6.  G.  pallida,  Trin.  Culms  erect  or  ascending  ;  panicle  narrow,  nearly 
simple,  with  the  branches  erect;  spikelets  pale,  oblong-linear,  5-9-flowered, 
nearlv  terete;  flowering  glume  oblong,  minutely  .5-toothed,  7-nerved.  —  Shal- 
low -water.  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee.  July.  —  Culms  l°-3°  long, 
Spikelets  3"  long. 


GRAMINE^.       (grass    FAMILY.)  613 

7.  G.  grandis,  Watson.  Culms  tall  (3°  -  5°  high),  smooth  ;  leaves  rough, 
broadly  linear;  panicle  very  large,  diffuse;  spikelets  small  (2"  long),  lanceo- 
late, 4  -  8-flowered  ;  flowering  glume  entire.  —  Swamps,  Tennessee  ( Gattinger). 
July. 

61.    DIARRHENA,  Raf. 

A  smooth  perennial  grass,  erect  from  a  creeping  rootstock,  the  simple  culm 
naked  above,  and  ending  in  a  simple  panicle  of  few  3  -  5-flowered  spikelets.  — 
Glumes  coriaceous,  unequal.  Florets  longer  than  the  glumes ;  flowering  glume 
coriaceous,  its  3  strong  nerves  uniting  to  form  a  stout  subulate  point.  Stamens 
2.     Grain  large,  free. 

1.  D.  Americana,  Beauv.  (Festuca  diandra,  Michx.)  Culms  2° -3° 
high  ;  leaves  broad  and  flat ;  spikelets  2"  -  3"  long.  —  Shady  woods  and 
banks,  Tennessee.    Sept. 

62,    DACTYLIS,  L.    Orchard  Grass. 

Perennial  grasses,  with  simple  culms,  keeled  leaves,  and  2  -  7-flowered 
spikelets  crowded  in  a  1-sided  glomerate  panicle.  Glumes  and  flowering 
glumes  herbaceous,  keeled,  awn-pointed,  rough-ciliate  on  the  keel,  the  latter 
5-nerved.     Stamens  3.     Grain  free. 

1.  D.  glomerata,  L. — Around  homesteads.  Introduced.  May -June. 
—  Culms  2° -3°  high.  Leaves  and  sheaths  scabrous.  Spikelets  in  close 
clusters  at  the  end  of  the  short  branches,  2  -  4-flowered.  Glumes  and  florets' 
lanceolate. 

63.    EATONIA,  Raf. 

Slender  erect  and  tufted  grasses,  with  narrow  leaves,  and  small  naked  pale 
spikelets  in  a  racemose  or  spicate  panicle.  Spikelets  rarely  awned,  2-5- 
flowered,  the  uppermost  flower  usually  an  awn-like  pedicel.  Glumes  mem- 
branaceous, shorter  than  the  florets,  the  lower  one  linear  and  1-nerved,  the 
upper  obovate,  3-nerved.  Flowering  glume  obtuse,  longer  than  the  palet. 
Stamens  3.     Grain  linear-oblong. 

1.  E.  obtusata,  Gray.  Panicle  dense,  spike-like,  the  2-flowered  spikelets 
much  crowded  on  the  short  erect  branches ;  glumes  rough  on  the  back,  the 
upper  one  round-obovate,  somewhat  truncate,  rather  rigid ;  flowering  glume 
lanceolate-oblong,  obtuse,  rough-keeled.  —  Dry  soil,  Florida,  and  nortliward. 
April  -  May.     11  and  ®  —  Culms  1°  -  2°  high. 

2.  E.  Pennsylvanica,  Gray.  Panicle  slender,  loose,  the  2-3-flowered 
spikelets  scattered  on  the  slender  branches ;  glumes  slightly  roughened  on  the 
back,  the  upper  one  obovate,  obtuse,  or  abruptly  acute  ;  flowering  glumes  ob- 
tuse ;  leaves  flat,  with  the  sheaths  smooth,  rough,  or  downy.  —  Upper  districts. 
April.     H  —  Culms  1°  -  2°  high. 

3.  E.  filiformis,  Vasey.  Culms  1°- 2°  high,  2-. 3-jointed,  little  exceed- 
ing the  involute-filiform  radical  leaves;  panicle  linear,  loo.sely  branched,  6'- 
12' long;  spikelets  2-flowered,  the  lower  floret  smoothish,  the  upper  often 
bearing  a  spreading  awn  under  the  apex  of  its  glume ;  sterile  flower  a  stalked 
glume.  (K.  Pennsylvanica,  var.,  Flora.)  —  Sandy  coast,  West  Florida  to 
South  Carolina.    March. 


614  GRAMINE.E,       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

4.  E.  Dudleyi,  V;u«('v.  Panicle  racenioso,  tlie  sliort  branches  erect; 
spiki'li'is  2-ll<i\\t.Tfil  ;  ^^liinies  nearly  ocjual,  the  lower  uhlung,  the  iipiK-r  elli|jti- 
cal,  with  broad  seariouts  margins,  ol)tuse  or  apiculate  ;  florets  oljtuse.  —  <  )ijen 
woods  iu  the  upper  districts.  —  Culms  1^-2°  iiigli.     Leaves  short  aud  flat. 

64.    POA,  L.     MiiAiiow  Gkass. 

Grasses  with  tufted  culms,  smootli  tiat  and  tender  leaves,  and  compressed 
few-flowered  spikelets  iu  loo.se  or  contracted  ])anicles.  Glumes  unecpuil, 
shorter  tluui  the  florets.  Flowering  glume  uearly  membrauaceous,  keeleil, 
scarious  ou  the  margius,  awnless,  5-nerved,  the  three  more  prominent  nerves 
mostly  hairy  or  woolly  below ;  palet  2-toothed,  falling  at  maturity  with  the 
lower  one.     Stameus  2-3.     Stigmas  plumose.     Graiu  free. 

«  Branches  of  the  panicle  single,  or  in  pairs. 

1.  P.  annua,  L.  Annual ;  culms  tender,  spreading,  6'-  10'  high ;  leaves 
linear,  3' -6'  long,  1  J"  wide;  panicle  ovate,  the  smooth  branches  at  length 
reflexed ;  spikelets  ovate,  about  5-flowered  ;  glumes  obtuse  or  emarginate, 
half  as  long  as  the  sparsely  hairy  obtuse  florets.  —  Yards  aud  gardens,  Florida, 
and  nortiiward.     Feb, -March.     Introduced. 

2.  P.  eristata,  Walt.  1  Annual ;  culms  erect,  6'  - 10'  high ;  leaves  linear, 
subulate,  1'  long,  ^"  wide;  pauicle  linear  or  lanceolate,  deuse,  the  lowest  of 
the  rough  branches  spreading ;  spikelets  3  -  5-flowered ;  flowering  glume  with 
a  prominent  crest-like  fringe  on  the  back,  barely  longer  than  the  acute  glumes. 
—  Dry  soil  around  Quincy,  Middle  Florida.     April. 

3.  P.  flexuosa,  Muhl.  Perennial;  culms  weak,  mostly  erect,  1°-H° 
high  ;  leaves  narrowly  linear;  branches  of  the  panicle  by  pairs  (l-J'-2'  long), 
capillary,  widely  spreading;  spikelets  2-4  near  the  summit  of  each  branch, 
pale,  oblong,  3  -  4-flowered  ;  glumes  acute,  the  lower  1-nerved,  the  upper  5- 
nerved  ;  flowering  glume  compressed  and  very  obtuse  at  the  apex,  hairy  on 
the  nerves.  —  Rich  shaded  soil,  Florida,  and  northward.     May. 

*  *  Branches  of  the  panicle  3-6  in  a  cluster :  perennials. 

4.  P.  Wolfli,  Scribner.  Culm  slender,  2°  high ;  leaves  narrow-linear ; 
panicle  loose,  nodding,  the  branches  in  pairs  or  tlirees ;  spikelets  ovate,  3-5- 
flowered  ;  empty  glumes  3nerved ;  flow-ering  glumes  5-nerved,  lanceolate, 
keeled,  the  margins  and  keel  villous,  and  a  copious  web  at  the  base.  —  Cedar 
glades  of  Tennessee  (Gattitiger). 

5.  P.  pratensis,  L.  Culms  terete,  ascending  from  a  creeping  base, 
smooth  ;  leaves  mostly  abruptly  pointed ;  branches  of  the  pauicle  expanding, 
about  5  in  a  cluster  ;  spikelets  ovate,  3  -  5-flowered,  crowded  ;  florets  closely 
imbricated;  flowering  glume  acutish,  strongly  nerved,  hairy. —  Rich  soil, 
mostly  around  dwellings.     Introduced.     May.  —  Culm  l°-2°higli. 

6.  P.  trivialis,  L.  Culms  terete,  not  creeping  at  the  base,  sca1)rous ; 
leaves  acute ;  spikelets  ovate,  mostly  2-flowered ;  empty  glumes  strongly 
keeled,  the  lower  l-nerved,  the  upper  3-nerved  ;  flowering  glumes  5-nerved, 
fringed  on  the  keel,  otherwise  smooth.  —  Tennessee  [Gattinger). 

7.  P.  COmpressa,  L.  Culms  ascending  from  a  creeping  base,  genicu- 
late, and,  like  the  slieaths,  compressed ;   panicle  contracted,  1-sided,  the  short 


GKAMTNE^.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  615 

erect  branches  2-4  in  a  cluster  ;  spikelets  4  -  8-flowered  ;  flowering  glume 
rather  obtuse,  hairy  below,  faintly  nerved.  —  Dry  sterile  soil.  Introduced. 
May.  —  Culms  1°  high.     Leaves  bluish  green. 

8.  P.  brevifolia,  Muhl.  Culms  erect  (2°  high) ;  leaves  broadly  linear, 
abruptly  acute,  those  of  the  culm  few  and  short ;  branches  of  the  panicle  few, 
mostly  by  pairs,  bearing  the  3-flowered  spikelets  near  the  end ;  flowering  glume 
obtuse,  faintly  nerved,  slightly  hairy  on  the  back.  —  Rich  soil,  chiefly  in  the 
upper  districts.     April. 

9.  P.  sylvestris,  Gray.  Culms  compressed  (2°  high) ;  leaves  thin ; 
panicle  long-peduucled,  ovate,  the  branches  5-6  in  a  cluster,  roughish  ;  spike- 
lets ovate,  loosely  3-flowered,  the  flowering  glume  villous  on  the  margins  and 
keel.  —  Mountains  of  Georgia  and  Teimessee.     June. 

10.  P.  alsodes,  Gray.  Culms  l°-2°high;  leaves  linear,  2' -  5' long ; 
panicle  open,  bearing  the  2-4-flowered  spikelets  above  the  middle  of  the 
setaceous  branches,  these  mostly  in  fours ;  glumes  acute,  lanceolate,  the  flower- 
ing ones  hairy  near  the  base ;  sterile  flower  an  awn-like  rudiment.  —  Summits 
of  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina. 

65.     ERAGROSTIS,  Beauv. 

Spikelets  few -many-flowered,  compressed.  Flowering  glumes  3-nerved, 
not  hairy  nor  woolly.  Palet  mo.stly  persistent  after  the  fall  of  the  glume. 
Otherwise  as  in  Poa.  —  Culms  often  branched.  Leaves  and  sheaths  smooth 
or  hairy. 

*  Panicles  contracted  :    spikelets  in  clusters  or  racevies  :  annual, 
+-  Culms  prostrate  and  creeping,  diffusely  branched. 

1.  E.  reptans,  Nees.  Culms  filiform,  the  flowering  branches  erect  (4'- 
6'  high),  leaves  short  (I'  - 2'  long),  linear  ;  sheaths  downy  at  the  base ;  panicle 
small  (2'-3'  long),  ovate  or  oblong,  often  contracted  ;  spikelets  linear,  10-30- 
flowered,  nearly  sessile,  imperfectly  dioecious.  —  Low  ground.  August  -  Sept. 
—  Plant  pale  green. 

H—  -t-  Ctdms  branchinr/,  erect  or  ascending. 

2.  E.  megastachya,  Link.  Culms  prostrate  and  geniculate  at  the 
base,  ascending ;  leaves  linear ;  sheaths  smooth  ;  panicle  oblong  or  pyramidal, 
contracted  or  spreading;  spikelets  oblong  or  at  length  linear  (3"-5"long), 
10-30-flowered;  flowering  glume  ovate,  obtuse.  —  Cultivated  or  waste 
grounds.     Introduced.     July -August. 

3.  E.  Brownei,  Kunth.  Low  (6'- 12' high),  tufted;  leaves  linear,  at- 
tenuate ;  panicle  simple,  racemose,  the  short  branches  spreading ;  spikelets 
linear-lanceolate,  nearly  sessile,  20  -  30-flowered  ;  flowering  glume  ovate,  acut- 
ish,  3-nerved,  the  palet  ciliate.  —  East  Florida  (Garber). 

4.  E.  OXylepis,  Torr.  Culms  clustered,  4' -8' high,  leaves  1'- 4' long; 
panicle  contracted,  interrupted,  racemose  ;  spikelets  crowded,  ovate,  flat,  .5-7- 
flowered  ;  flowering  glume  acuminate,  strongly  3-nerved.  —  Memphis,  Ten- 
nessee, and  westward.     April. 

5.  E.  COnferta,  Trin.  Culms  erect,  stout,  l°-3°high;  leaves  linear; 
sheaths  smooth  ;  panicle  elongated  ( 1°  -  2°  long),  linear  or  lanceolate,  the  very 


()16  GKAMINEJE.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

iiiiiiiprons  clnstored  braiulips  nutl  small  ohlung  8-  lO-floworcd  spikelots  oreot 

i>r  a}>i)ic'sse(l  ;  Howcrs  minute,  meinhraiiarcmis,  rather  distant  on  the  racliis ; 

lowering  glume  obtuse,  .'{-nerved.    (I'uaconferta,  A7/.)  —  liiver  hanks,  Florida 

to  Soutli  Carolina.      August  -  Sept.  —  Tanicle   whitish.      Spikelets    1"-!^" 

long. 

*  *    Panicles  o/ien,  sjireadiutj  :  sjiilcelets  single. 

■*-  SiiKill  auniials. 

6.  E.  ciliaris,  Link.  Culms  slender,  prostrate  or  ascending,  geniculate ; 
leaves  (2'-3'  long)  linear,  bearded  at  the  throat;  panicle  s])iked,  cylindrical, 
the  minute  (^"  long)  ovate  spikelets  densely  crowded  on  the  short  ayjpressed 
branches,  5  -  7-flowered  ;  flowering  glume  obtuse  ;  the  palet  fringed  on  the 
margins  with  bristly  hairs.  —  Varies  with  the  panicles  open  and  diffuse,  aud 
tlie  spikelets  and  flowers  more  scattered  on  the  smooth  rachis.  —  Waste  places. 
Introduced.  —  Culms  C-  12'  long.     Spikelets  purple. 

7.  E.  Purshii,  Schrad.  Culms  slender,  a.scending,  geniculate  near  the 
base,  6'-  12'  long;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  the  sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat ; 
panicle  3'-  6'  long,  the  lowest  of  the  widely  spreading  branches  whorled  ; 
spikelets  linear,  .5- 10-flowered,  purple  or  pale,  the  lateral  ones  ap])ressed, 
and  mostly  longer  than  their  pedicels;  .flowering  glume  ovate,  3-uerved. — 
Waste  places  and  cultivated  grounds,  common.    June -Sept. 

8.  E.  Frankii,  Meyer.  Culms  branched  at  the  base,  in  tufts,  5'- 10' 
high;  panicle  oblong,  3' -6'  long,  the  capillary  branches  widely  spreading; 
spikelets  1"  long,  2  -  5-flowered,  long-pedicelled  ;  glumes  acute,  faintly  nerved. 
—  Low  ground,  in  the  upper  districts.     July- August. 

-(-  -^  Tall  perennials :  culms  simple. 

9.  E.  tenuis,  (Ell).  Culms,  including  the  panicle,  2°-3°  high  ;  leaves 
l°-2°  long,  bearded  at  the  base;  panicles  l°-2°  long,  capillary,  diffuse, 
bearded  at  the  lower  axils;  spikelets  pale,  long-pedicelled,  2-6-flowered; 
florets  oblong-lanceolate,  acute ;  glumes  lanceolate,  acuminate,  strongly  3- 
nerved.  —  Dry  sandy  soil  in  the  upper  districts. 

10.  E.  capillaris,  Nees.  Panicle  widely  expanding,  the  lower  axils 
mostly  bearded;  spikelets  very  small  (1"- 1|"  long),  2  -  4-flowered,  mostly 
purple,  on  long  diverging  capillary  pedicels  ;  glumes  and  florets  ovate,  acute  ; 
flowering  glume  obscurely  3-nerved.  —  Dry  uncultivated  fields.  August - 
Sept.  —  Leaves  and  sheaths  smooth  or  hairy.     Panicle  l°-2°  long. 

11.  E.  Elliottii,  Watson.  Panicle  (1^°- 3°  long)  reclining,  the  bri.stle- 
like  or  capillary  branches  erect-spreading,  naked  in  the  axils  ;  spikelets  linear, 
flat  (3"-4"  long),  8- 12-flowered,  the  erect-spreading  pedicels  l'-2'  long; 
flowering  glume  acute,  3-nerved,  nearly  smooth  on  the  keel ;  leaves  and  sheaths 
very  smooth  aud  shining.  (Poa  nitida,  Ell.)  —  Low  grassy  places  along  the 
coast,  Florida  to  South  Carolina.  August -Sept.  11  —  Leaves  narrowly 
linear,  longer  than  the  short  (6'- 9'  high)  culm. 

12.  E.  pectinacea,  Gray.  Panicle  erect,  widely  spreading,  or  the  nu- 
merous rather  rigid  aud  often  hairy  branches  at  length  reflexed ;  spikelets 
oblong-linear,  jiurple,  flat,  about  8-flowered,  shorter  than  the  erect  or  slightly 


GRAMINE^.       (grass    FAMILY.)  617 

spreading  pedicels ;  flowering  glumes  ovate,  acute,  strongly  3-nerved,  rough- 
keeled. —  Dry  sterile  soil.  August -Sept.  —  Panicle  1°-14°  long.  Leaves 
and  sheaths  mostly  clothed  with  long  soft  hairs. 

13.  E.  campestris,  Trin.  Panicle  1°- 2°  long,  the  long  scattered  cap- 
illary branches  spreading,  or  the  lower  ones  reflexed,  the  lower  axils  bearded ; 
spikelets  linear,  the  lateral  ones  mostly  longer  than  their  pedicels,  2" -4" 
long,  6- 12-flovvered;  flowering  glumes  closely  imbricate,  acute,  3-nerved- 
culms  clustered;  leaves  1°  long.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  common.     Oct. 

Var.  refracta.  Smooth  throughout,  or  the  sheaths  of  the  short  and  rigid 
leaves  bearded  at  the  throat ;  panicle  (6'  - 12'  long)  with  the  branches  reflexed ; 
.spikelets  sessile  or  nearly  so,  1 5  -  20-flowered ;  flowering  glume  faintly  3- 
nerved.  —  Dry  soil,  Middle  Florida. 

66.    UNIOLA,  L. 

Tough  perennial  grasses,  with  erect  culms,  from  creeping  rootstocks,  and 
mostly  broad,  flat,  many-flowered  spikelets,  in  erect  or  drooping  panicles,  with 
one  or  more  of  the  lower  flowers  glume  like  and  neutral,  and  the  upper  imper- 
fect. Glumes  lanceolate,  compressed-keeled.  Flowering  glume  rather  rigid, 
strongly  keeled,  nerved,  awuless,  larger  than  the  2-keeled  palea.  Grain  free. 
Stamens  1  -  3. 

*  Spikelets  long-pedicelled,  drooping :  glumes  appressed. 

1.  U.  latifolia,  Michx.  Culms  2° -.3°  high;  leaves  flat,  lanceolate  (|'- 
1'  wide);  panicle  loose,  drooping;  spikelets  green,  oblong,  acute,  10-15-flow- 
ered ;  flowering  glume  one  third  longer  than  the  palea,  fringed  on  the  keel, 
acutish  ;  stamen  1.  —  Banks  of  rivers  in  the  upper  districts.     July -August. 

—  Spikelets  12"- 15"  long. 

2.  XT.  paniculata,  L.  Culms  stout,  3° -5°  high;  leaves  very  long, 
rigid,  soon  convolute;  panicle  crowded,  drooping;  spikelets  whitish,  oblong- 
ovate,  about  12-flowered;  flowering  glume  serrulate  on  the  keel;  stamens  3. 

—  Drifting  sands  along  the  coast.  July  -August.  —  Plant  pale.  Leaves  2°- 
4°  long. 

*  *  Spikelets  sessile  or  nearly  so,  erect :  glumes  at  length  spreading. 

3.  TJ.  gracilis,  Michx.  Panicle  long  and  slender,  the  branches  appressed ; 
spikelets  small  (2"- 3"  long),  wedge-shaped,  4-6-flowered;  flowering  glume 
longer  than  the  palea,  smooth  on  the  keel,  obtuse;  stamen  1.  — Rich  damp 
soil.  July  -  August.  —  Culms  slender,  mostly  erect,  2°  -  4°  long.  Leaves  2"  - 
3"  wide.     Sheaths  smooth. 

4.  U.  longifolia,  Scribn.  Culm  .stouter ;  leaves  broader  (4" -8"  wide), 
the  sheaths  pubescent;  panicle  more  rigid;  spikelets  larger;  otherwise  like 
the  preceding.  —  Low  ground,  Florida  to  Tennessee.     July  -  Sept. 

f>.  U.  nitida,  Baldw.  Panicle  short,  of  few  rigid  spreading  brandies ; 
spikelets  (6"  -  8"  long)  oblong,  6  -  8-flowered ;  flowering  glume  as  long  as  the 
palea,  acute,  serrulate  near  the  apex  ;  .stamen  1.  —  Swamps,  Florida,  Georgia, 
and  westward.    August.  —  Culms  slender,  1°  -  2°  high.    Leaves  linear,  smooth. 


G18  GRAMINE-«.       (grass    FAMILY.) 

67.     PHRAGMITES,    I  rin.    Reed. 

Large  pcrciiniul  marsh  griLsscs,  witli  liroatl  flat  leaves,  and  a  large  terminal 
diffuse  panicle.  Spikekts  3  -  G-Howered,  witii  tiie  racliis  l)earded  with  long 
silky  hairs.  Lowest  tloret  witii  a  single  stamen  and  imperfect  ovary,  naked  ; 
the  others  triandrous  and  perfect,  villous  at  the  base.  Glumes  une(iual, 
pointed.  Flowering  glume  narrowly  awl-shaj)ed,  2—3  times  as  long  as  the 
2-cleft  ])alea.     IStignias  2.     Grain  free. 

1.  P.  communis,  Trin.  Culms  5° -8°  high;  leaves  numerous,  r-2' 
wide;  panicle  diffuse,  nodding ;  si)ikelets  3 - 5-flowered,  about  as  long  as  the 
white  hairs  of  the  rachis.  —  Deep  river  marshes  near  the  coast.     Sept. 

68.     DISTICHLIS,  Raf.    Spike  Grass. 

A  low  and  rigid  perennial  dioecious  grass,  growing  in  saline  marshes,  with 
linear-subulate  involute  distichous  leaves,  and  many-flowered  compressed  spike- 
lets,  crowded  in  a  nearly  simple  spike.  Glumes  smooth,  somewhat  coriaceous, 
obtuse,  compressed,  not  keeled  ;  the  flowering  ones  many-nerved.  Stamens  3. 
Stigmas  2.     Grain  oblong,  free. 

1.  D.  maritim.a,  Haf.  Rootstocks  long  and  creeping;  culms  l°high; 
leaves  spreading,  rigid,  2' -4'  long,  smooth,  like  the  imbricated  sheaths; 
spikelets  oblong,  7  -  15-flowered.  —  Low  sandy  shores  and  marslies.  August  - 
Sept. 

69.    MONANTHOCHLOE,  Engelm. 

A  low  maritime  perennial  grass,  with  very  short  and  rigid  crowded  leaves, 
and  dioecious  flowers.  Spikelets  terminal,  sessile,  3  -  5-fl(jwered.  Empty 
glumes  like  the  leaves,  the  flowering  ones  membranaceous,  enclosing  tiie 
palet  and  stamens  or  pistils,  the  uppermost  flower  abortive.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  2,  shorter  than  the  plumose  stigmas.     Grain  free. 

1.  M.  littoralis,  Engelm.  —  Low  sandy  shores.  South  Florida.  —  Culms 
much  branched,  5' -8'  high,  smooth  and  rigid,  erect,  or  at  length  prostrate 
and  rooting ;  leaves  3"  long,  obtuse,  many-nerved,  mostly  crowded  at  the 
summit  of  the  short  branches,  and  enclosing  tlie  short  (3"- 4")  sessile  spikes. 

70.    LOLIUM,  L.    Daknel. 

Spikelets  many-flowered,  sessile,  compressed,  the  edge  applied  to  the  con- 
tinuous rachis.  Glumes  2  in  the  terminal  spikelet,  in  the  others  only  one,  and 
bract-like.  Flowering  glumes  rigid,  concave,  awned  below  the  apex.  Sta- 
mens 3.     Grain  adherent. 

1.  L,  temulentum,  L.  Culm  stout  (2°  high)  ;  rachis  (1°  long)  flexu- 
ous;  glume  rigid,  many-nerved,  longer  than  the  .^-flowered  spikelet;  flowering 
glume  awned  under  the  scarious  obtuse  apex.  —  Grain  fields,  North  Carolina. 
Introduced,    (l). 

2.  L.  perenne,  L.  Culms  slender  (|°-li°);  rachis  (6' -8' long)  straight ; 
glume  rigid,  jnany-nerved,  shorter  than  the  8-10-flowered  spikelet;  flower- 
ing glume  awnless  or  short-awned  at  the  scarious  emarginate  apex.  —  Waste 
ground.    Introduced.    July.    (i). 


GRAMINE.E.        (GRASS    FAMILY.)  619 

71.    AGROPYRUM,  Beauv.    Couch  Grass. 

Spikelets  3  -  many-flowered,  compressed,  the  side  applied  to  the  rachis. 
Glumes  2,  in  all  the  spikelets.     Otherwise  like  the  preceding. 

1.  A.  repens,  Beauv.  Culms  erect  from  creeping  rootstocks;  spikes 
erect,  spikelets  4  -  8-flowered ;  awns  short  and  straight,  or  none.  —  Cultivated 
fields.     Introduced. 

2.  A.  caninum,  R-  &  S.  Rootstocks  none;  spikes  nodding;  spikelets 
3  -  5-flowered ;  awns  spreading,  twice  as  long  as  the  florets.  —  Sparingly- 
introduced. 

72.     HORDEUM,  L.    Barley. 

Spikelets  3  at  each  juint  of  the  terminal  spike,  the  lateral  ones  imperfect, 
the  middle  one  1-flowered,  with  a  rudiment  at  the  base  of  the  palet.  Glumes  2 
before  each  spikelet,  unequal,  awned.  Flowering  glume  awned.  ~  Stamens  3. 
Grain  adhering  to  the  palet. 

1.  H.  pratense,  Huds.  Annual,  6'- 18'  high;  upper  sheath  dilated; 
lateral  spikelets  short-pedicelled,  awuless,  the  middle  one  loug-awned.  —  Road- 
sides and  waste  ground.     Introduced. 

73.    ELYMUS,  L.    Lyme  Grass. 

Coarse  flat-leaved  perennial  grasses,  with  rigid  erect  culms,  bearing  a  single 
spike  of  2-7-flowered  spikelets,  arranged  2-4  in  a  cluster  at  each  joint  of  the 
flexuous  rachis.  Glumes  2,  placed  side  by  side  before  the  spikelets,  coriaceous, 
unequal-sided,  mostly  awned.  Florets  of  the  same  texture  as  the  glumes,  the 
glume  convex  on  the  back,  tapering  into  a  rigid  awn,  the  palet  enclosing  the 
linear  hairy-tipped  grain.     Stamens  3.     Stigmas  2. 

1.  E.  Virginicus,  L.  Spike  dense,  erect  (3' long),  the  base  usually  in- 
cluded in  the  dilated  sheath  of  the  uppermost  leaf ;  spikelets  2-3  in  a  cluster, 
2  -  3-flowered,  smoothish,  short-awned  ;  glixmes  lanceolate,  strongly  nerved.  — 
River  banks.  July  -  August.  —  Culms  2°  -  3*^  high.  Leaves  rough.  Sheaths 
smooth. 

2.  E.  Striatus,  Wilkl.  Spike  dense,  erect  or  slightly  nodding  (3' -5' 
long),  long-peduncled;  spikelets  2-3  in  a  cluster,  1 -3-flowered,  hairy,  long- 
awned ;  glumes  linear-subulate,  long-awned,  much  longer  than  the  flowers.  — 
Rocky  woods  and  banks  in  the  upper  districts.  July  -  Sept.  —  Culms  slender, 
2°  high.    Leaves  and  sheaths  smooth  or  pubescent. 

3.  E.  Canadensis,  L.  Spike  long  (6'  or  more),  erect  or  nodding,  ex- 
serted ;  spikelets  in  pairs,  5  -  6-flowered ;  glumes  and  paleje  more  or  less 
rough-hairy,  long-awned.  —  River  banks,  mountains  of  Georgia  and  Tennessee. 

• —  Culms  3° -4°  liigh.     Leaves  broadly  liuear. 

74.     ASPRELLA,  Willd.    Bottle-brush. 

Spikelets  2  -  3  on  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  raised  on  a  short  and  thick  stalk 
Glumes  none,  or  a  single  awn-like  rudiment.     Otherwise  as  in  Elymus. 


G20  GUAMIXE.E.        (r.KASS    FAMILY.) 

1.  A.  Hystrix,  Willd.  Spike  oreit,  3' -6'  long,  lax-flowered;  spike- 
lets  yi'llowi-sli,  .i -4-lio\voreil,  smooth  or  rougli-iiairy,  loiig-awneii ;  leaves  and 
shcntlis  sniuotliisli.  —  Dry  woods  in  tlie  npj)cr  districts.  July.  —  Culms  2'^- 
3°  high.     Hathis  2cdgcd. 

75.     ARUNDINARIA,  Michx.    Cane.    Reed. 

Tall  woody  grasses,  with  clustered  s])reading  branches,  broad  and  flat  per- 
sistent leaves,  and  racemose  or  jjauicled  many-flowered  spikelets.  Glumes 
une<iual,  concave,  membranaceous,  acuminate  or  awn-pointed.  Florets  rather 
loosely  imbricated  on  tlie  bearded  and  jointed  racliis ;  the  glume  ovate-lancecj- 
late,  concave,  mauy-uerved,  awn-pointed,  the  palet  strongly  2-keeled.  ISta- 
mens  3.     Stigmas  3.     Grain  obloug,  free. 

1.  A.  macrosperma,  Michx.  (Cane.)  Culms  arborescent,  10°- 20° 
high,  rigid,  simple  the  first  year,  branching  the  second,  afterwarfls  at  indefi- 
nite j)eriods  fruiting,  and  soon  after  decaying;  leaves  lanceolate  {\'-2'  wide), 
acuminate,  smoothish ;  panicles  lateral,  composed  of  few  simple  racemes ; 
spikelets  purple,  erect ;  flowering  glume  lanceolate-ovate,  pul)escent,  fringed 
(8"  long),  awn-pointed.  —  Banks  of  the  larger  rivers,  Florida  to  North  Caro- 
lina.    Feb. 

2.  A.  tecta,  Muhl.  (Reed.)  Culms  slender,  2° -10°  high,  branching ; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  roughish,  the  sheaths  bearded  at  the 
throat ;  spikelets  solitary,  or  in  a  simple  raceme  at  the  summit  of  the 
branches,  or  frequently  on  leafless  radical  culms;  flowering  glume  (6"  long) 
ovate-lanceolate,  smooth,  fringed  on  the  margins.  —  Swamps,  Florida  to 
Nortii  Carolina.     Feb.  -  March. 


EQUISETACE.E.       (HORSETAIL    FAMILY.)  621 


SERIES   II. 

CRYPTOGAMOUS    or   FLOWERLESS    PLANTS. 

Vegetables  destitute  of  proper  flowers,  and  producing, 
in  the  place  of  seeds,  minute  homogenous  bodies  (spores) 
containing  no  embryo. 

Class  III.     ACEOGENS.' 

Plants  with  a  distinct  stem,  growing  from  the  apex  only, 
containing  woody  fibre  and  vessels. 

Order  163.    EQUISETACE^.    (Horsetail  Family.) 
Comprises  only  the  genus 

1.    EQUISETUM,  L.    Scouring  Rush. 

Fructification  terminal,  spiked  or  cone-like.  Spore-cases  (sporangia)  6-7, 
borne  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  peltate  scales,  1 -celled,  opening  on  the  inner 
side.  Spores  loose,  furnished  at  the  base  with  4  club-shaped  elastic  filaments 
(elaters).  —  Stems  leafless,  grooved,  hollow  and  jointed,  bearing  at  the  closed 
joints  a  toothed  sheath. 

1.  E.  Isevigatum,  Braun.  Stems  perennial,  mostly  simple,  the  obtuse 
ridges  smooth,  or  roughened  with  minute  tubercles ;  sheaths  appressed,  with 
numerous  bristle-like  caducous  ])lack  teeth.  —  Stiff  clay  soil.  North  Carolina, 
and  northward.  —  Stem  lit°-4°  high. 

2.  E.  robustum,  Braun.  Stem  tall  (2°-4°  high),  stout,  simple;  the 
ridges  roughened  by  a  single  row  of  tubercles;  sheaths  short,  appressed, 
with  a  black  girdle  above  the  base,  and  about  forty  3-keeled  ovate-subulate 
deciduous  teeth.  —  Banks  of  the  Chattahoochee  River,  Georgia,  and  west- 
ward. 

3.  E.  hiemale,  L.  Stems  2° -3°  high,  simple,  20-30-furrowed,  the 
ridges  studded  with  silicious  papillfe  ;  sheaths  short-cylindrical,  girdled  with 
black,  the  membranaceous  teeth  deciduous.  —  Wet  banks,  Georgia,  and  north- 
ward. 


G22  FiLicES.     (ferns.) 

OuDER  KM.    FILICES.     (Fkkxs.) 

Leafy  plants,  mostly  with  perennial  rootstocks  (caudex),  which  in 
this  climate  are  creeping  and  slender,  or  stouter  and  sometimes  as- 
cending, but  in  the  tropics  often  grow  many  feet  high,  with  a  diameter 
of  several  inches,  giving  the  plants  an  arborescent  appearance  {tree- 
ferns).  Leaves  {fronds)  circinately  rolled  up  in  vernation,  and  raised 
on  a  stalk  or  petiole  (stipe).  Spore-cases  (sporangia),  one-celled,  borne 
on  the  under  side  of  the  fronds  or  along  their  margins,  often  covered 
by  a  membrane  of  various  shape  (indusium  or  involucre),  containing 
numerous  exceedingly  minute  spores. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder  I.  POLYPODINE^E.  Sporangia  collected  in  dots,  lines,  or 
variously  shaped  clusters  (sori  or  fruit-duts),  or  in  indefinite  masses,  cellular- 
reticulated,  mostly  pediccllcd ;  the  stalk  running  into  a  vertical  incomplete 
elastic  ring,  the  straightening  of  which  ruj)tures  the  ripe  sporangium  on 
the  inner  side,  discharging  the  spores.  —  Fronds  simple  or  variously  divided. 

Tribe  I.     ACROSTICHE.-E.     Sporangia  collected  in  large  or  indefinite  masses  on 
the  back  of  the  frond  :  indusium  none. 

1.  ACROSTIC  HUM.    Sporangia  covering  the  lower  surface  of  the  upper  pinnae.    Veins 

reticulated. 

Tbibe  II.     POLYPODIEvE.     Fruit-dots  roundish,  distinct,  destitute  of  indusium, 
borne  on  the  back  of  the  frond. 

2.  POLYPODIUM.    Fruit-dots  scattered  variously  on  the  back  of  the  frond,  borne  at  or 

near  the  ends  of  the  veins. 

Tribe  III.    GKAMMITIDE^.    Fruit-dots  usually  linear,  dorsal,  variously  arising 
from  the  veins.     Indusium  none. 

3.  T.^NITIS.     Fruit-dots  linear,  central  or  submarginal. 

Tribe  IV.    VITTARIE^.    Sporangia  borne  in  a  continuous  elongated  marginal  or 
sub-marginal  furrow. 

4.  VITTARIA.     Fronds  simple,  narrowly  linear. 

Tribe  V.    PTERIDE^.     Fruit-dots  marginal,  separate  or  continuous.     Indusium 
formed  by  the  reflexed  margin  of  the  frond  or  its  lobes,  opening  toward  the  midrib. 

*  Indusium  thin  and  membranaceous,  continuous  around  the  margin  of  the  fertile  pinnae. 

5.  PTERIS.     Sporangia  borne  on  a  transverse  intramarginal  veinlet. 

6.  PELL.^A.     Sporangia  borne  on  the  ends  of  the  veins,  at  length  confluent. 

•  ♦  Indusium  rarely  continuous,  mostly  formed  of  the  reflexed  ends  of  the  lobes  or  diviaions 
of  the  pinnae  or  pinnules. 

7.  CHEILANTHES.    Sporangia  borne  on  the  veins  beneath  the  reflexed  margin  of  the 

frond.     Pinnules  with  a  midrib. 

8.  ADIANTUM.     Sporangia  borne  on  the  under  side  of  the  indusium.    Midrib  none  or 

eccentric. 

9.  CERATOPTERIS.    Fruit-dots  on  the  upper  part  of  the  veins,  distinct,  or  forming  a 

marginal  band  of  sporangia. 


FiLiCES.     (ferns.)  623 

Tribe  VI.  BtECHNE^.  Fruit-dots  dorsal,  linear  or  oblong,  borne  on  transverse 
veins  parallel  to  the  midrib.  ludusium  fixed  by  its  outer  margin,  and  opening  at  tlie 
inner  one. 

10.  BLECHNUM.     Fruit-dots  linear,  elongated,  covered  by  a  continuous  indusium. 

11.  WOODWARDIA.    Fruit-dots  linear-oblong,  in  a  series  near  the  midrib,  covered  by 

separate  indusia. 

Tribe  VII.  ASPLENIE^.  Fruit-dots  dorsel,  linear  or  oblong,  oblique  or  at  right 
angles  to  the  midrib.  ludusium  fixed  by  one  margin  to  the  veiulet,  opening  at  the 
other. 

12.  CAMPTOSORUS.     Fruit-dots  straight  or  curved,  scattered  irregularly  on  the  more  or 

less  reticulated  veins,  or  facing  each  other  in  pairs.     Frond  simple. 

13.  ASPLENIUM.     Fruit-dots  oblique,  on  the  upper  side  of  the  veins,  rarely  on  both  sides 

of  them.     Veins  free. 

14.  SCOLOPENDRIUM.     Indusia  in  pairs,  and  opening  towards  each  other. 

Tribe  VIII.  ASPIDIE.aD.  Fruit-dots  at  or  below  the  ends  of  the  veins,  round,  or 
somewhat  oblong  and  then  placed  across  the  vein.  Indusium  round  or  nearly  so, 
fixed  in  the  middle  and  opening  at  the  margin,  or  reniform  and  fixed  at  the  sinus. 

*  Fertile  and  sterile  fronds  alike. 

15.  CYSTOPTERIS.     Indusium  on  the  back  of  the  veinlet,  hood-shaped,  fixed  at  the  base 

partly  under  the  fruit-dot,  opening  toward  the  apex  of  the  segment. 

16.  ASPIDIUM.     Indusium  mostly  on  the  back  of  the  veins,  orbicular  or  round  reniform, 

fixed  in  the  middle  or  at  the  sinus,  opening  all  round  the  margin. 

17.  NEPHROLEPIS.     Indusium  at  the  end  of  a  free  vein,  reniform,  fixed  at  the  sinus  or  by 

the  arcuate  base,  opening  toward  the  margin  of  the  frond. 

18.  PHEGOPTERIS.     Indusium  obsolete. 

*  *  Fertile  and  sterile  fronds  different. 

19.  ONOCLEA.     Fertile  fronds  contracted,  the  divisions  rolled  up  and  berry-like. 

Tribe  IX.  WOODSIE^.  Fruit-dots  round,  borne  on  the  back  of  a  free  vein.  In- 
dusium fixed  beneath  the  fruit-dot,  saucer-shaped,  or  globose  and  bursting  at  the  top. 

20.  WOODSIA.     Indusium  divided  into  irregular  lobes,  or  a  capillary  fringe. 

Tribe  X.  DICKSONIE^.  Fruit-dots  marginal,  roundish,  borne  at  the  ends  of  the 
free  veins.  Indusium  cup-shaped  or  two-valved,  its  outer  part  composed  of  a  reflexed 
lobe  of  the  frond,  or  more  or  less  united  with  it. 

21.  DICKSONIA.     Indusium  (in  our  species)  small,  nearly  globular,  membranaceous. 

Suborder  II.  HYMENOPHYLLE^.  Sporangia  borne  on  a  setiform 
or  slender  receptacle,  cellular-reticulated,  surrounded  by  a  complete  transverse 
ring.  Involucres  marginal,  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  cup-shaped  or  two-valved. 
Fronds  delicate^  membranaceous  and  pellucid. 

22.  TRICHOMANES.     Involucre  cup-shaped  or  funnel-shaped,  sometimes  2-lipped. 

Suborder  III.  vSCHIZ^INE^.  Sporangia  large,  borne  on  narrow  seg- 
ments of  the  frond,  oval,  cellular-reticulated,  crowned  by  the  converging  striae 
of  a  complete  apical  ring,  opening  longitudinally. 

23.  LTGODIUM.     Sporangia  attached  laterally  in  two  rows  to  the  narrow  divisions  of  the 

pinnfe,  each  one  covered  by  a  scale-like  indusium. 

24.  ANEIMIA.     Sporangia  attached  by  their  bases  to  the  narrow  divisions  of  the  panicled 

fertile  branches  of  the  frond.     Indusium  none. 


G'24  FiLicES.     (fkuxs.) 

SunouDKR  IV.  OSMUNDINE^.  Sfx^rangia  large,  nearly  sessile  on  the 
back  or  margins  of  the  mostly  contracted  fertile  fronds,  two-valved,  opening 
vertically  at  the  apex.     King  rudimentary  or  none. 

25.   OSMUNDA.     Sporaugia  globular,  covering  the  contracted  fronds  or  portions  of  fronds. 

1.   ACROSTICHUM,  h. 

Sporangia  entirely  covering  the  lower  surface  of  tlie  upper  pinnae.  Veins 
finely  reticulated  witli  ol)loug  hexagonal  meshes. — Tall  Ferns,  with  pinnate 
fronds. 

1.  A.  aureum,  L.  Fronds  coriaceous;  pinna;  short-stalked,  lanceolate- 
oblong,  entire. —  Coast  of  South  Florida.  —  Fronds  4° -8°  high,  dark  green, 
shining. 

2.     POLYPODIUM,  L.    Polypody. 

Fruit-dots  round,  naked,  mostly  at  the  ends  of  the  free  or  reticulated  veins. 
—  Rootstocks  creeping.     Sterile  and  fertile  fronds  alike. 

§  1.     PoDYPODiUM  proper. —  Veins/ree. 

1.  P.  VUlgare,  L.  Fronds  evergreen,  smooth  on  both  sides,  oblong,  sim- 
ply and  deeply  pinnatifid  ;  the  divisions  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  slightly  toothed  ; 
fruit-dots  large.  —  Mossy  rocks,  etc.  in  shady  woods  in  the  upper  districts  of 
Alabama,  and  northward.  —  Fronds  4'-  10'  high. 

2.  P.  Plumula,  Willd.  Fronds  linear-lanceolate,  narrowed  at  both  ends, 
pinnatifid  to  the  black  and  somewhat  chaffy  midrib  ;  the  divisions  very  numer- 
ous, narrowly  linear,  entire,  wider  at  the  base;  fruit-dots  small.  —  Tampa  Bay 
(Dr.  Leavenworth).  —  Fronds  12'-  18'  high,  18" -24"  wide. 

3.  P.  pectinatum,  L.  Stipe  erect  from  a  stout  rootstock,  smoothish 
(2' -6'  long);  frond  l°-2°  long,  broadly  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  each  end, 
deeply  pinnatifid ;  pinuEe  very  numerous,  alternate,  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse, 
mostly  entire ;  sori  in  two  rows.  —  On  trees,  East  Florida  {Miss  Reynolds, 
Garber). 

§2.     Marginaeia,  Bory. — Veins  obscure,  sometimes  reticulating  near  the. 
margin.     Stipe  and  lower  surface  of  the  frond  covered  icith  chaffy  scales. 

4.  P.  incanum,  Swartz.  Fronds  evergreen,  coriaceous,  beneath  thickly 
beset  with  peltate  chaffy  scales,  smooth  and  green  above,  pinnately  parted ; 
the  divisions  oblong,  obtuse,  entire ;  fruit-dots  near  the  margin.  —  On  trunks 
of  trees  in  the  lower  districts.  —  Rootstock  chaffy,  creeping.  Fronds  3' -8' 
high. 

§  3.  CAMPYLONEtTRtTM,  Presl.  —  Teins  parallel,  pinnate  from  the  midrib: 
veinlets  reticulated,  fortning  a  series  of  parallel  angular  arcs  with  short 
veinlets  proceeding  from  their  angles.     Fronds  simple. 

5.  P.  Phyllitidis,  L.  Fronds  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  acuminate,  of  a 
thin  chartaceous  te.xture,  semi-pellucid ;  fruit-dots  rather  large,  in  two  rows 
between  the  veins.  —  South  Florida.  —  Fronds  l°-2°  high. 


FiLicES.     (ferns.)  625 

§4.  Phlebodium,  R.Br. — Veins  pinnate  from  the  midrib,  furcate :  veinlets 
reticulated  in  mostly  elongated  meshes.  Fruit-dots  large,  commonly  at  the 
extremities  of  two  converging  veinlets. 

6.  P.  aureum,  L.  Fronds  smooth  and  glaucous,  broadly  ovate,  pin- 
nately  parted ;  tlie  divisions  lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire ;  fruit-dots  mostly 
in  a  double  series  in  each  lobe  of  the  frond,  near  the  midrib.  —  South  Florida. 
—  Eootstock  large,  creeping,  copiously  beset  with  lanceolate  brown  chaffy 
scales.     Stipe  smooth,  8'-  10'  long.     Fronds  10'  -  15'  long,  two  thirds  as  wide. 

§  5.     Phymatodes.  —  AreoUe  fine,  irregular,  the  free  veinlets  spreading  in 
various  directions. 

7.  P.  Swartzii,  Balcer.  Kootstock  very  slender,  long  and  climbing; 
fronds  single,  or  2-3  together,  4'  or  5'  long,  lanceolate,  mostly  obtuse,  nar- 
rowed at  base  into  the  short  stipe,  the  margins  wavy,  entire ;  sori  in  a  single 
row  on  the  free  veinlets.  (P.  serpens,  Swartz.)  —  Key  Largo,  South  Florida 
(Curtiss),  climbing  on  low  bushes. 

3.     TJENITIS,  Swartz. 

Sori  linear,  continuous  or  interrupted,  central  or  iutramarginal.  —  Veins 
reticulate. 

1.  T.  lanceolata,  R.Br.  Rootstock  thick,  creeping ;  frond  6' -12' long, 
lanceolate,  entire,  narrowed  at  base  into  the  short  smooth  stipe ;  sori  iutra- 
marginal along  the  upper  part  of  the  frond.  —  On  trees,  Rhoda  Key,  South 
Florida  {Curtiss). 

4.    VITTARIA,  Smith. 

Sporangia  on  a  continuous  receptacle  immersed  in  a  furrow  open  outwardly 
at  or  near  the  margin  of  the  frond.  Veins  obscure,  simple,  connected  at  their 
extremities  by  the  receptacle.     Fronds  simple,  linear,  elongated. 

1.  V.  lineata,  Swartz.  Fronds  nearly  sessile,  narrowly  linear,  elon- 
gated; midrib  inconspicuous,  lines  of  fructification  near  the  margin.  (V.  an- 
gustifrons,  21ichx.)  —  On  trees.  South  Florida.  —  Fronds  many  from  the  short 
scaly  rootstock,  1°  -  2°  long. 

5.    PTERIS,  L. 

Sporangia  borne  on  a  transverse  marginal  receptacle  connecting  the  ends 
of  the  veins.  ludusium  continuous,  formed  of  the  membranaceous  margin  of 
the  frond,  at  first  reflexed,  at  length  pushed  back  and  disclosing  the  ripened 
fructification.     Fronds  1  -  3-pinnate  or  decompound. 

1.  P.  longifolia,  L.  Fronds  lanceolate,  pinnate ;  pinuEe  numerous,  nar- 
rowly linear,  acuminate,  obtuse  at  the  base,  the  terminal  one  elongated,  the 
lower  ones  gradually  smaller. — Key  "West.  —  Fronds  l°-2°  high,  smooth. 
Stipe  more  or  less  chaffy. 

2.  P.  Cretica,  L-  Fronds  smooth,  ovate,  ternate  or  pinnate  ;  the  lower 
pinn^  2-3-parted,  sessile,  the  up])er  t)nes  decurrent ;  sterile  ones  lanceolate, 
or  linear-lanceolate,  finely  serrate  ;  fertile  ones  narrower,  entire,  or  spinulose- 
serrate  at  the  acuminate  apex  ;  veins  straight,  simple  or  forked,  close  together, 
almost  at  right  angles  to  the  midrib.  —  Shady  woods.  Middle  and  East  Flor- 
ida. —  Fronds  6'-  10'  long.     Stipe  smooth,  very  long  and  slender. 

40 


626  riLicKS.     (ferns.) 

•T-  P.  serrulata,  L.  f.  Frond  Mpiiin.itifiil ;  j)innaj  12  or  more,  in  opptv 
siti-  pairs,  (lotiuiviit,  tlic  Idwct  linear,  piiinatifid;  otlicrwise  nearly  as  tin-  last. 

—  South  Carolinri  ami  Alaliania. 

•5.  P.  aquilina,  L.  (Bkakk.)  Fronds  large,  glabrous  or  somewhat 
hairy  hcneatli,  hroadly  triangular,  tri|)innato ;  jiinnules  oidoiig  or  linear, 
entire  or  hastate  or  ])innately  jjarted ;  ultiinato  segments  ol)tuse,  oldong  or 
linear,  the  terminal  ones  often  elongated,  the  margin  rellexed  or  revidute; 
veins  simjde  or  fork(^d  ;    indusium  narrow,  ciliated.  —  Common  everywiiere. 

—  Stipe  stout,  6' -2^  higli.     Frond  l°-2''  h)ng. 

Var.  caudata  (P.  caudata,  L.),  witli  very  narrow  segments,  the  torndnal 
ones  elongnted,  and  both  surfaces  of  the  frond  glabrous  or  even  glaucous, 
occurs  iu  South  Florida  and  along  the  (iulf  coast. 

6.     PELLJEA,  Link. 

Fruit-dots  oblong  or  linear  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  confluent  in  a  broad 
marginal  line  of  fructification.  Indusium  as  in  Pteris.  Veins  free,  forked  or 
pinnate.     Fronds  mostly  1  -3-pinnate,  smooth,  mostly  coriaceous. 

1.  P.  atropurpurea,  Link.  Fronds  tufted,  coriaceous,  o\aredanceo- 
late,  piniuvte  or  lielow  bipinnatc;  idnna;  o])j)osite,  rather  distant,  the  lower 
ones  stalked  ;  pinnules  sessile,  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  truncate  or  subcordate 
at  the  base,  obtuse  or  rarely  somewhat  mucronatc ;  indusium  -formed  of  the 
reflexed  and  little  changed  margin,  at  length  pushed  back  and  showing  a 
broad  marginal  baiul  of  ripened  sporangia.  —  Mountains  of  Alabama,  and 
northward,  mostly  on  lime-rocU.  Frond  2'-  12'  high.  Stipe  and  rachis  black 
and  shining,  smooth  or  somewhat  rusty  ])ubescent. 

7.     CHEILANTHES,  Swartz. 

Fruit-dots  at  the  thickcn(>d  ends  of  the  veins,  distinct  or  at  length  confluent, 
covered  by  the  continuous  or  interrupted  reflexed  margin  of  the  lobes.  Veins 
free.     Fronds  1  -3-])innate;  pinnules  with  a  midrib,  often  hairy  or  woolly. 

1.  C.  Alabamensis,  Kunze.  Fronds  broadly  lanceolate,  subcoriaceous, 
]diinate ;  piiuuc  ovate-lanceolate,  deeply  pinuatifid,  or  the  lower  ones  again 
pinnate ;  pinnules  ovate-oldong,  rather  obtuse,  often  auriculate  at  the  upper 
side  of  the  base,  glabrous,  the  margin  reflexed  and  forming  a  mostly  continu- 
ous membranaceous  involucre.  —  Limestone  cliffs  on  the  Tennessee  and  French 
Broad  Rivers,  Alabama,  etc.,  Bncl-lci/.  —  Froiuls  4' -6'  long,  on  .slender  black 
and  polished  stij)es  2' -4'  long,  pulverulent  along  the  ujiper  side,  and  some- 
what chaffy  at  the  base. 

2.  C.  vestita,  Swartz.  Fronds  ])roadly  lanceolate,  like  the  stalks  hirsute 
with  rusty  hairs,  bipinnate  ;  pinna;  triangular-ovate  ;  pinnules  oblong,  obtuse, 
more  or  less  incised ;  the  ends  of  the  lobes  reflexed  to  form  separate  herba- 
ceous involucres.  —  Near  Augusta,  Georgia  {7\liuize),  and  northward.  —  Fronds 
4'  — 8'  long,  becoming  smooth  above. 

3.  C.  tomentosa,  Link.  Fronds  broadly  lanceolate,  tripinnate,  above 
clothed  with  white  deciduous  hairs,  beneath  denseh'  tomentose  with  brownish 
white  wool;  primary  pinna;  ovate-oblong ;  ultimate  segments  minute,  round- 


FiLicEs.     (ferxs.)  627 

obovate,  sessile  or  adnate-decurrent,  the  margin  reflexed  formiug  a  continuous 
somewhat  membranaceous  involucre.  —  French  Broad  River,  North  Carolina 
and  Tennessee,  and  southwestward.  —  Frond  6'- 12' long.  Stipe  and  rachis 
whitish  with  long  paleaceous  hairs. 

4.  C.  microphylla,  Swartz.  Stipe  dark  brown,  from  a  short  rootstock, 
smoothish  ;  frond  smooth,  broadly  lanceolate,  2 --3  pinnatifid,  3' -9'  long; 
pinnae  lanceolate  from  a  broader  base ;  pinnules  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  entire, 
or  the  lower  ones  pinnatifid  ;  involucre  pale,  narrow.  —  Islands  near  the  mouth 
of  the  St.  John's  (Curtiss).  — Frond  1°  or  less  long. 

8.     ADIANTUM,  L.     Maidenhair. 

Indusium  orbicular  or  transversely  elongated,  formed  of  a  reflexed  and  al- 
tered portion  of  the  margin  of  the  frond,  bearing  the  sporangia  on  its  under 
side  at  the  ends  of  the  veins.  Midrib  none  or  eccentric :  veins  forking,  mostly 
free.     Stipe  and  rachis  commonly  black  and  shining. 

1.  A.  pedatum,  L.  Stipe  long  and  slender,  forked,  the  spreading  and 
recurved  branches  bearing  on  the  outer  side  several  slender  horizontal  pinnate 
divisions;  pinnules  numerous,  alternate,  short-stalked,  oblong,  entire  on  the 
lower  side,  the  upper  margin  cleft  and  fruit-bearing.  —  Shady  woods,  North 
Carolina,  and  northward.  —  Stipe  8'-  12'  high.  The  most  graceful  of  all  our 
Ferns. 

2.  A.  tenerum,  Swartz.  Frond  deltoid,  .3- 4-pinnate;  pinnules  stalked, 
obliquely  rhombic,  deciduous,  the  wedge-shaped  l)ase  and  lower  edge  entire, 
the  upper  edge  broadly  and  shortly  lobed,  bearing  the  transverse  sori  at  their 
tips.  —  East  Florida  {Feaij,  etc.).  —  Fern  l°-3°  high,  the  black  stipe  and  ra- 
chis smooth  and  glossy. 

3.  A.  Capillus-Veneris,  L.  Frond  ovate-lanceolate,  2-3-pinnate; 
pinnules  very  delicate,  oblique,  broadly  wedge-shaped  or  sometimes  rhomboid, 
rather  long-stalked,  the  upper  margin  deeply  incised  and  fruit-bearing  or 
sterile  and  dentate ;  stipe  slender,  ebeneous ;  rachis  almost  capillary,  flexuous. 
—  Mostly  pendent  from  limestone  cliffs,  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  west- 
ward.—Fronds  l°-3=  long. 

9.     CERATOPTERIS,  Brongn. 
Sori  on  2  or  3  veins  which  are  parallel  witli  the  midrib  and  margins  of  the 
frond,  the  fruit-dots  sessile,  roundish,  the  involucre  formed  by  the  iuflexed 
margins  of  the  frond  which  meet  at  the  midrib. 

1.  C.  thalictroides,  Brongn.  Floating;  stipes  thick,  with  large  air- 
cells  ;  fronds  tender,  the  sterile  ones  ovate  in  outline,  broadly  3-lobed  or  3- 
parted,  or  at  length  bipinnatifid,  the  margins  wavy  or  bluntly  lobed ;  the 
fertile  ones  2-3  pinnate,  with  linear  divisions.  —  Head-waters  of  the  St. 
John's  (Curtiss). 

10.     BLECHNUM,  L. 

Sporangia  on  a  transverse  elongated  receptacle  parallel  to  the  midrib,  com- 
bining the  veins  near  their  bases.  Indusium  fixed  by  its  outer  margin, 
opening  inward.     Veins  of  the  sterile  fronds  free.     Fronds  simple  or  pinnate. 


628  Fi  LICKS,      (kkuns.) 

1.  B.  serrulatum,  Michx.  Fromis  orcct,  rif^iil,  pinnate  ;  pinnae  articu- 
lateil  wiiii  till'  railiis  ,  fcitili'  ones  linear-lanceolate,  acntc,  finely  ami  sharply 
serrate;  fruit  dose  ti)  the  niidril);  sterile  ones  broader,  hearing  a  few  chaffy 
scales  along  the  niidrih.  —  Smith  l-'hnida, 

11.     WOODWARDIA,  Smith. 

Fruit-dots  linear-ohlong,  in  one  or  two  scries  on  transverse  anastomosing 
veinlets  parallel  and  near  to  the  midrib.  Indusium  attached  by  its  outer  mar- 
gin to  the  veiiilet,  opening  inward.  Veins  mum  or  less  reticulated,  free  toward 
the  margin  of  the  frond.     Fronds  mostly  pinuatifid  or  pinnate. 

1.  W.  angUStifolia,  Smith.  Fronds  smooth,  jiinnatifid;  the  sterile  ones 
ovate,  witli  lii-iiadly  Jaiicccilate  finely  serrate  divisions,  united  at  the  base  and 
decurrent  on  the  stijie,  the  veins  reticulated  in  several  series  of  areoles ;  fertile 
fronds  taller,  with  narrowly  linear  entire  divisions,  and  a  single  series  of  elon- 
gated areoles,  each  containing  an  oblong  fruit-dot  with  a  vaulted  indusium. — 
Bogs  and  shady  banks.  —  Rootstock  creeping,  elongated,  as  thick  as  a  goose- 
quill.     Stipe  6'-  12'  high,  about  the  length  of  the  frond. 

2.  W.  Virginica,  Willd.  Fertile  and  sterile  fronds  alike,  ovate,  smooth, 
pinnate ;  piniKV  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  pinnatifid  ;  segments  oblong, 
obtuse  ;  veins  forked,  forming  a  single  series  of  areoles  along  the  midrib  both 
of  the  pinnae  and  of  the  segments  ;  areoles  fruit-bearing  in  the  fertile  frond. 
—  Shallow  ponds.  —  Rootstock  as  thick  as  one's  finger,  creeping,  elongated, 
with  a  tough  black  exterior,  the  interior  soft  and  wiiite.  Fronds  l°-4°  high  ; 
stipe  smooth. 

12.     CAMPTOSORUS,  Link.     Walkixg-Leaf. 

Fruit-dots  linear  or  oblong,  straight  or  curved,  scattered  irregularly  on  the 
back  of  the  frond,  often  opposite  in  pairs,  or  converging  and  united.  Indusium 
linear,  attached  by  one  margin  to  the  reticulated  veins  of  the  simple  frond. 

1.  C.  rhizophyllus,  Link.  Fronds  evergreen,  lanceolate,  cordate  or 
hastate  at  the  base,  long-acuminate,  often  rooting  at  the  extremity  and  giving 
rise  to  new  plants.  (Asplenium  rliizophyllum,  L.)  —  Shaded  rocks  on  the 
mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward.  —  Fronds  4' -10'  long. 

13.     ASPLENIUM,  L.     Spleenwort. 

Fruit-dots  oblong  or  linear,  oblique  to  the  midrib,  tlie  indusium  attached  by 
one  margin  to  the  mostly  free  veins,  rarely  curved,  or  double  and  attached  to 
both  sides  of  the  vein. 

§  1.     AsPLENicM  proper. — Indusia  straight,  attaclied  by  their  whole  length  to 

the  upper  side  of  the  vein  ;   rarely  some  of  them  double,  and  placed  back 

to  back. 

*  Fronds  undivided. 

1.  A.  serratum,  L.  Frond  entire,  acute,  long-tapering  at  the  base,  1°- 
2°  long,  the  margins  wavy  and  serrate ;  sori  linear,  on  the  lower  third  of  the 
veins.  —  Eastern  coast  of  South  Florida  [Garber,  Curtiss). — Stipe  short  and 
rigid. 


FiLicEs.     (ferns.)  629 

*  *  Fronds  pinnatijid  or  simply  pinnate. 

2.  A.  pinnatifldum,  Nutt.  Fronds  lanceolate,  acuminate,  cordate  at 
the  base,  piunatifid,  ur  below  sometimes  piimate,  the  roundish  divisions  ob- 
tuse, crenate  or  serrate  ;  fruit-dots  scattered.  —  Alleghanies  of  Alabama,  and 
northward.  —  Fronds  3'  -  6'  long.  A  form  with  the  lowest  segment  on  each 
side  elongated  horizontally  and  acuminate  has  been  found  in  Alabama  by 
Mr.  Beaumont. 

3.  A.  dentatum,  L.  Fronds  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  pinnate;  pinnae 
mostly  opposite,  8-12  pairs  on  short  but  distinct  stalks,  roundish  ovate  (3"- 
4"  long),  cuneate  at  the  lower  side  of  the  base,  and  truncate  at  the  upper  side, 
crenate  or  serrate,  obtuse  ;  fruit-dots  6-8  on  each  pinna,  elongated,  the  one 
next  the  rachis  often  double.  —  Carolina  (Th.  Moore),  Florida  (Binneij). — 
F^ertile  fronds  4' -6'  high,  the  stipe  as  long  as  the  sterile  fronds. 

4.  A,  Trichomanes,  L.  Stipe  and  rachis  slender,  purplish  black  and 
shining  ;  fronds  many  from  the  short  rootstock,  linear,  pinnate ;  pinnje  numer- 
ous, minute  (2" -3"  long),  roundish  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base  and  attached 
to  a  raised  point  on  the  rachis;  fruit-dots  4-8  on  a  pinna.  (A.  melano- 
caulon,  Willd.)  —  Rocks  along  the  Alleghanies,  and  northward.  —  Fronds 
4' -8'  high. 

.^.  A.  ebeneum,  Alton.  Stipe  and  rachis  purpli.sh  black  and  shining ; 
fronds  linear-lanceolate  or  spatulate,  acuminate,  pinnate  ;  pinnas  numerous, 
sessile,  linear-oblong,  auricled  on  one  or  both  sides  of  the  base,  serrate  or 
nearly  entire,  those  below  the  middle^  of  the  frond  gradually  shorter  and  de- 
flexed;  fruit-dots  10-13  on  a  pinna.  —  Florida  to  Mississippi,  and  northward. 
—  Fronds  6' -18'  high,  l'-3'  wide;  stipe  very  short. 

6.  A.  ebenoides,  R.  R.  Scott.  Frond  thin,  broadly  lanceolate,  pinnate 
below,  pinnatitid  above,  long-atteimate  and  often  rooting  at  the  apex,  4'- 9' 
long;  pinnie  lanceolate  from  a  broader  base,  3" -9"  long.  —  Shady  ravines, 
Central  Alabama,  and  northward.     Rare. 

7.  A.  parvulum,  Mart.  &  Galeotti.  Frond  rigid,  lanceolate,  pinnate, 
2' -8' long;  piuuas  nearly  opposite  and  sessile,  oblong,  entire  or  crenulate, 
auricled  on  one  or  both  sides  at  the  base,  2"  -  6"  long  ;  sori  half-way  between 
the  margins  and  midrib.  —  Calcareous  rocks,  Florida  to  Tennessee. 

8.  A.  flrmum,  Kunze.  Rootstocks  short ;  frond  ovate  or  oblong,  pin- 
nate, rather  longer  than  the  pale  smooth  stipe,  12'  or  less  long ;  pinna;  (about 
12)  lanceolate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  serrate,  the  terminal  one  attenuate  ;  sori  in 
two  rows.  —  Marion  County,  Florida  (./.  D.  Smith). 

9.  A.  angustifolium,  Michx.  Fronds  tall,  lanceolate,  pinnate  ;  pinnse 
numerous  ;  the  sterile  ones  lanceolate  from  a  truncate  base  ;  the  fertile  ones 
narrower,  and  bearing  60  -  80  curved  fruit-dots  on  the  upper  branches  of  the 
pinnate  forking  veins;  indusia  thickish,  strongly  convex.  —  Rich  soil  along 
the  mountains.  —  Fronds  l°-3°  high,  annual.  Pinnaj  2' -4'  long,  4" -8" 
wide. 

*  *  *  Fronds  2  -  3-pinnate  or  jiinnatifid. 

10.  A.  montanum,  Willd.  Fronds  sninll,  ovate-lancpolate,  pinnate; 
pinniB  few,  petioled,  ovate  or  ti'inngular;  tlie  lower  ones  pinnatitid  ;  tlie  njiper 


C.'^O  FILICRS.       (p'KUXS.) 

uiies  iiicisi'il  ;  divisions  tnotlicd  or  serralt; ;  fiiiit-iluts  very  slnnt,  tlic  liusal  ones 
often  witli  a  dnuUlc  indiisiuni.  —  Mountains  of  Alahania,  and  nnrtliward. — 
Fromls  2' -5'  Iii^li,  with  a  win<^ed  greeiiisii  racliis,  and  a  stipe  nearly  :us  long 
as  tlic  fr<)n<l. 

11.  A.  Ruta-muraria,  L.  Fronds  small,  ovate,  ])innate  above,  bipin- 
nate  i)elow,  the  divisions  stalked,  obovate-cuneate,  toothed  at  the  apex  ;  veins 

forked  from  the  base;  fruit-dots  few, indusia  laciniate  at  the  margin Kocks 

along  the  mountains.  —  Fronds  2' -4'  high. 

12.  A.  Bradleyi,  Katon.  Frond  thin,  pinnate  below,  jiinnatifid  above, 
lauccolate-ubloHi;-,  bai'elv  acute,  .'$'-7'  long;  pinn;e  short-stalked,  oblnng-ovate, 
the  lowest  ones  lobed  or  i)innatitid.  —  Mountains,  Alabama  to  Js'ortli  (  arnlina. 
—  Rootstock  short.     Stipe  smooth,  black. 

13.  A.  cicutarium,  Swartz.  Tufted  from  a  short  rootstock,  3'  -  1 2'  high, 
smooth;  stipe  Idackish  ;  frond  thin,  ovate  or  oblong,  pinnate  or  nearly  bipiu- 
nate;  pinnas  lanceolate,  obtuse ;  pinnules  oblique,  entire  on  the  lower  edge, 
toothed  on  the  ni)])t'r.  with  the  teeth  2— 3  cleft;  sori  in  two  rows.  —  Sumter 
County,  South  Florida. 

14.  A.  myriophyllum,  I'rc.sl.  Fronds  delicately  membranaceous,  lan- 
ceolate, narrowL-d  below,  2  -3  pinnate  ;  ultimate  .•segments  obovate-oblong,  en- 
tire or  2- 3-lobed;  veins  single  in  each  segment  or  lobe,  bearing  below  the 
middle  a  solitary  oblong  fruit-dot.  —  Cavernous  limestone  rocks,  Florida. — 
Fronds  3'-  10'  high,  witii  short  stipes  and  narrowly  winged  rachises. 

15.  A.  thelypteroides,  Michx.  Fronds  ample,  oblong-ovate,  pinnate ; 
the  deeply  ])innatitid  pinna?  lanceolate-acunn'nate  from  a  broad  sessile  i^ase  ; 
the  lower  ones  smaller,  distant,  and  detiexed  ;  the  lol)es  oblong,  obtuse,  cre- 
nately  serrate ;  fruit-dots  8-12  to  a  lobe,  at  length  confluent,  those  next  the 
midrib  toward  the  ends  of  the  pinna?  mostly  double;  indusium  convex,  thick- 
ish.  —  Rich  woods  in  the  upper  part  of  Georgia,  and  northward. —  Fronds 
l°-.3^  high. 

§  2.     Athyrium,   Roth.  —  Indusium  thin,  attached  to  the  upper  side  of  the 
vein;  or  recurved  and  crossing  the  vein,  attached  to  both  sides  of  it,  thus 
hecnminq  rrniform  or  shap/d  like  a  horseshoe. 
IG    A.  Filix-fOBmina,  Bcriih.     Fronds  ample, ovate-oblong;  pinna?  lan- 
ceolate, numerous;  pinnules  oblong  or  lanceolate,  doubly  serrate  or  variously 
incised  ;   fruit-dots   short,   at   length    confluent.       (Asj)idium   F'ilix-fa?mina, 
Swartz  t)  —  Low   shady  woods,   Florida   to    Mississippi,  and    nortiiward. — 
Fronds  l°-3°  high.  —  A.  asplenoides  (Aspidium  asplenoides)  is  said  to  differ 
in  having  a  creei)ing  caudex. 

14.     SCOLOPENDRIUM,  L.     Hart's  Tongue. 

Sori  as  in  Asplenium,  but  tlie  involucres  arranged  in  pairs,  and  opening 
towards  each  other. 

1.  S.  vulgare,  Smith.  Stipe  smoothish,  2' -3'  long  from  a  thick  root- 
stock  ;  frond  lanceolate-o))long,  acute,  slightly  serrulate,  cordate  at  the  base, 
6' -9'  long,  the  upper  half  fruit-l)earing.  —  Shadetl  rocks,  Tennessee,  and 
northward. 


FiLicEs.     (ferxs.)  631 

15.     CYSTOPTERIS,   Bernhanli. 

Fruit-dots  round,  on  the  back  of  tlie  free  forking  veins,  covered  when  young 
by  a  thin  ovate  or  roundish  hood-shaped  indiisium  attached  by  the  lower  side 
rather  beneath  the  fruit-dot,  its  apex  pointing  toward  the  end  of  the  vein,  at 
length  reflexed  or  falling  away.  —  Delicate  Ferns  with  2  -  3-piunate  fronds, 
and  short  creeping  rootstocks. 

1.  C.  fragilis,  Beruh.  Fronds  ovate-oblong,  bipinnate  ;  the  ovate  lance- 
olate pinna;  mostly  opposite,  the  lowest  pair  distant,  smaller;  pinnules  oblong 
or  obovate,  cuneate  at  tlie  base  and  decurrent  on  the  winged  secondary  rachis, 
variously  toothed  or  incised ;  iudusium  ovate,  acuminate.  —  Moist  rocks  ou 
the  mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward.  —  Fronds  4'- 8'  long,  on  slender 
brownish  stipes  as  long  as  the  frond.  Pinnules  varying  greatly  in  shape 
and  size. 

2.  C.  bulbifera,  Bernh.  Fronds  lanceolate,  very  long  and  attenuated 
at  the  apex,  often  bearing  bulblets  beneath,  bipinnate ;  pinnae  triangular-lance- 
olate ;  the  lowest  pair  largest,  distant ;  pinnules  oblong,  crenately  incised  or 
toothed,  obtuse  ;  indusium  roundish,  truncate.  —  Eocks  on  the  mountains  of 
Georgia,  and  northward.  —  Fronds  \°-3°  long.  The  bulblets  fall  to  the 
ground,  and  form  new  plants,  whicli  are  about  two  j'ears  in  coming  to 
maturity. 

16.     ASPIDIUM,   Swartz.     Shield  Fekn. 

Fruit-dots  round,  borne  on  the  veins  mostly  below  their  apices.  Indusium 
round-reuiform  and  fixed  at  the  sinus,  or  orbicular  and  fixed  by  the  depressed 
centre.  Veins  with  acute  or  attenuated  apices.  Our  species  have  free  veins 
and  1-3-pinnate  fronds. 

§  1.    Lastrea,  Bory.  — Indusium  round-kidneij-shaped,  fixed  at  the  sinus. 

*  Fronds  thin  and  delicate,  decaying   in  autumn :    idtimate  segments  entire  or 
nearly  so:  veins  simple  or  once  forked. 

1.  A.  Thelypteris,  Swartz.  Frondssmooth,  ovate-lanceolate,  pinnate; 
pinnte  lanceolate,  often  recurved,  deeply  pinnatifid ;  the  lowest  1-2  pairs 
rather  smaller ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  nearly  entire,  the  fertile  ones  with  a 
strongly  revolute  margin ;  veins  mostly  forked ;  indusium  minute,  smooth.  — 
Swamps  and  bogs,  Florida,  and  northward. — Fronds  10'- 18' long,  with  an 
elongated  stipe.  This  species  and  tlie  next  one  have  slender,  nearly  naked 
rootstocks,  which  creep  several  inches  in  advance  of  the  fronds. 

2.  A,  Noveboracense,  Willd.  Fronds  lanceolate,  ta])ering  both  ways 
from  the  middle,  pinnate;  pinnje  lanceolate,  hairy  beneath  ahmg  the  midrib; 
the  lowest  4-6  pairs  gradually  smaller,  distant  and  def.exed;  segments  ob- 
long, obtuse,  nearly  entire ;  veins  simple;  indusium  minute,  smooth.  —  Low 
grounds.  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  —  Fronds  l°-2°  long,  on  rather 
short  stipes. 

3.  A.  patens,  Swartz.  Fronds  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  pubescent,  espe- 
cially on  the  veins  beneath,  ]iinnate ;  ])inna3  lance-linear  from  a  broad  base, 
deeply  pinnatifid ;  the  lowest  pair  a  little  smaller  and  reflexed ;  .'segments 
oblong,  often  falcate,  entire,  or  tlie  n))])er  basal  one  enlarged  and  i)innatifid ; 


632  riLicKs.     (fekxs.) 

veins  simple,  free,  or  tlie  basal  ones  meeting  at  the  sinus  liotwoen  tlie  seg- 
ments; iiulusium  small,  puhesoont.  —  Low  shady  woods,  Florida  to  Soutli 
Carolina,  and  westward.  —  Fronds  l°-3°  higii. 

4.  A.  conterminum,  Willd.,  var.  strigosum,  Katon.  Kootstock 
thick,  erect;  stipe  short  and  scaly;  frond  li'^-3°  higli,  ohloug-lanceolate, 
attenuate  at  each  end,  ])innate ;  pinnjc  very  numerous,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
sessile,  pinnatifid,  tiie  lower  ones  gradually  reduced,  the  segments  ohliipiely 
acute,  the  lowest  ones  often  elongated;  sori  small,  in  a  single  marginal  row. 
—  Polk  County,  Florida  (./.  D.  Smith). 

5.  A.  unitum,  var.  glabrum,  Mettonius.  Stipe  long  and  slc-nder, 
from  a  slciidt-r  creeping  rootstock  ;  frond  rather  rigid,  siiioijth,  ovale-Iance- 
olate,  pinnate,  l^°-2°  long;  pinnte  lanceolate,  pinnatirtd-lohed,  tiie  lobes 
rounded ;  lower  veins  of  contiguous  lobes  united ;  sori  forming  a  continuous 
zigzag  intramarginal  line.  —  Boggy  places,  South  Florida. 

*  *  Fronds  thicker ;  ultimate  se(/ineiits  more  or  less  serrate  or  toothed  ,•  the  lowest 
veins  more  than  once  forked. 

6.  A.  spinulosum,  Swartz.  Frondsovate-oblong,  thin,  smooth;  bipin- 
nate  or  below  tripinnate ;  pinnte  oblong-lanceolate ;  the  lower  ones  broader, 
triangular-ovate;  ultimate  segments  oblong,  or  linear-oblong,  closely  set  on  a 
narrowly  winged  partial  rachis,  variously  incised  or  serrate  with  spinulose 
teeth ;  fruit-dots  small ;  indusium  deciduous,  sparingly  glandular  at  the 
margin.  (A.  intermedium,  Muhl.)  —  Shady  woods  in  tiie  upper  districts.  — 
Fronds  l°-2°  long,  5' -9'  wide,  varying  greatly  in  outline,  and  in  the  shape 
of  the  segments. 

Var.  dilatatum,  Gray.  Fronds  wider  in  outline,  of  a  rather  firmer  tex- 
ture ;  the  pinnaj  fewer  and  set  fartlier  apart,  the  lowest  pair  largest,  with  the 
2-3  lower  basal  pinnules  elongated;  segments  larger  and  more  distant; 
fruit-dots  larger ;  indusium  smooth.  —  Summits  of  tlie  Black  Mountains, 
Xorth  Carolina  [Rugel).  —  Fronds  l°-2°  long,  10'- 16'  wide. 

7.  A.  Goldianum,  Hook.  Frond  broadly  ovate,  2° -4°  high:  pinna; 
oblong-lanceolate,  deeply  pinnatifid.  6'  -  9'  long,  the  segments  oblong-linear, 
sliglitly  falcate,  sharply  serrulate  ;  fruit-dots  small,  arranged  in  a  row  on  each 
side  of  the  midvein  ;  indusium  large  with  a  narrow  sinus.  —  Low  woodlands, 
Tennes.see,  and  northward. 

8.  A.  Floridanura,  D.  C.  Eaton.  Fronds  thickish,  broadly  lanceolate, 
pinnate ;  lower  pinna;  .sterile,  triangular-lanceolate,  deeply  pinnatifid,  with 
closely  set  oblong  obtuse  divisions;  upper  pinnaj  fertile,  narrower  and  longer, 
again  pinnate,  with  oblong  obtuse  pinnules,  distant  on  the  narrowly  winged 
secondary  rachis ;  fruit-dots  large,  half-way  between  the  midrib  and  margin  ; 
indusium  round-reniform,  smooth.  (Nephrodium  Floridanum,  Hook.)  —  AVet 
woods,  Florida  to  Louisiana. — Eronds  1°- 2°  high,  the  sterile  ones  shorter, 
growing  in  a  crown  from  a  thick  and  scaly  rootstock. 

9.  A.  marginale,  Swartz.  Fronds  evergreen,  smooth,  thickish  and  al- 
most coriaceous,  ovate-lanceolate,  bipinnate ;  pinniB  lanceolate  from  a  broad 
base ;  pinnules  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  attached  by  a  broad  base  to  the  nar- 
rowly winged  secondary  rachis,  entire  or  crenately  toothed ;  fruit-dots  large, 


FiLicEs.     (ferns.)  G33 

very  near  the  margin;  indusium  round-reniform,  convex,  thickish,  smooth.  — 
Mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward.  —  Fronds  bhxish  green,  l°-2°  long,  on 
a  short  stipe,  which,  like  the  short  thick  rootstock,  is  shaggy  with  large  brown 
chaffy  scales. 

§  2.     PoLYSTicnuM,  Roth,  Schott.  —  Indusium  orbicular,  fixed  by  the  depressed 

centre. 

10.  A.  acrostiehoides,  Swartz.  Fronds  evergreen,  thickish,  smooth 
and  shining,  lanceolate,  the  fertile  ones  tallest,  pinnate ;  pinnas  numerous, 
short-stalked,  oblong-lanceolate,  auriculate  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side,  cune- 
ate  at  the  lower,  obtuse  or  acute,  finely  serrate  or  incised  witli  spinulose-pointed 
teeth ;  the  upper  pinuEe  of  the  fertile  frond  contracted  and  covered  with  the 
copious  fruit-dots;  indusium  round,  peltate,  smooth  and  entire. — Shady  and 
rocky  woods.  — Fronds  l°-2°  high.     Rootstock  and  stipe  very  chaffy. 

§3.     Eu.\SPii>iUM,  Uudw. — Indusium  orbicular,  peltate :  veins  reticulate. 

11.  A.  trifoliatum,  Swartz.  Frond  thin,  cordate-ovate  in  outline,  3- 
lobed,  or  3-foliate,  the  ovate  pinnae  entire  or  3-lobed,  acuminate,  the  margins 
undulate ;  sori  scattered ;  involucre  peltate,  orbicular.  —  Hernando  County, 
Florida  ( Curtiss).  —  Frond  l^  or  less  long,  barely  longer  tliau  the  slender  stipe. 

17.    NEPHROLEPIS,  Schott. 

Fruit-dots  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  in  a  series  near  the  margin  of  the  pinnae. 
Indusium  reniform,  often  broadly  so,  fixed  by  the  sinus,  or  b3'  the  arcuate 
base,  open  obliquely  toward  the  margin  of  the  pinuje.  Fronds  pinnate,  elon- 
gated ;  tlie  pinuaj  articulated  to  the  rachis.  Veins  free,  forked  from  the  mid- 
rib, their  apices  tliickened. 

1.  N.  exaltata,  Schott.  Fronds  linear,  indefinitely  elongated,  unfolding 
numerous  pinme,  which  are  oblong-lanceolate,  auriculate  on  the  upper  side  of 
the  base,  rounded  on  the  lower  side,  falcate,  crenately  serrate;  fruit-dots 
large;  indusiuni  reniform  or  crescent-shaped,  the  oblicjue  sinus  narrow  and 
deeper  broad  and  shallow  on  the  same  pinnie.  —  South  Florida.  —  Fronds 
1°  -  6°  long,  2'  -  3'  wide,  usually  pendent  from  the  trunks  of  trees. 

18.    PHEGOPTERIS,  Fee. 

Sori  small,  round,  naked,  borne  on  the  back  of  the  veins  below  the  apex. 
Stipe  continuous  with  the  rootstock.     Veins  free. 

1.  P.  hexagonoptera,  Fe'e.  Fronds  annual,  broadly  triangular,  bi- 
pinnatifii] ;  piuuai  lanceolate,  acuminate,  spreading,  the  lower  pair  erect ;  pin- 
nules oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  crenately  toothed  or  entire ;  fruit-dots  numerous, 
minute.  —  Shady  woods.  —  A  foot  or  more  high  from  an  elongated  creeping 
rootstock.     PinuiB  decurrent,  forming  irregular  hexagonal  wings  on  the  rachis. 

2.  P.  polypodioides,  Fee.  Frond  triangular-ovate;  pinnre  approxi- 
mate, hairy,  narrowly  lanc(;(jlate ;  fruit-dots  marginal.  (Polypodium  Phegop- 
teris,  L.)  —  Mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee.  —  Stipe  6'- 9'  long. 
Frond  A'-C/  broad. 

3.  P.  tetragona,  D.  C.  Eaton.  Frond  erect,  pubescent,  2'^  high,  the 
stipe  sharply  4-angled ;  pinnsse  in  di.stant  pairs,  neaidy  sessile,  lanceolate,  acu- 


G34  FiLicES.     (ferns.) 

niinatp,  pimiatifid,   3'-4'  long,   the  segments  entire;  veins  sinjple.     (Poly- 
]Mt(linni,  L.)  —  Kocky  woods,  Kast  Florida  {Miss  RcyiwUls). 

4.  P.  reptans,  I).  C.  Eaton.  Fronds  si)rea<ling  or  i>rocinnl)ent,  often 
rooting  at  tlie  apex,  l°-2^1(jng;  ])inn;v  A'-l'  long,  oljlong,  olituse,  crenate, 
truncate  at  the  base,  short-petioled,  the  lower  distant ;  veins  lirancliing.  (Poly- 
podiuni,  Sicartz.)  —  lleruaudo  County,  Flurida  (./.  Jj.  ^mll/i). 

19.     ONOCLEA,  L. 

Fertile  fronds  contracted,  tlie  pinnules  strongly  revoiute  ami  berry-like  ; 
fruit-dots  ou  the  back  of  the  free  veins,  with  an  elevateil  receptacle  ;  iudusiuni 
attached  partly  to  the  receptacle  and  partly  to  the  intervenular  surface. 
Sterile  fronds  foliaceous,  much  taller  than  the  fertile  ones. 

1.  O.  sensibilis,  L.  Sterile  fronds  ou  a  long  smooth  stipe,  broadly 
deltoid-ovate,  pinuatilid  almost  or  quite  to  tlie  racliis ;  the  divisions  lanceo- 
late, entire  or  creuately  incised  ;  veins  finely  reticulated  with  obloug-hex- 
agonal  areoles ;  fertile  fronds  .shorter,  bipinnate  ;  piuiuu  erect,  appres.sed  to 
therachis;  the  pinnules  crowded.  —  Meadows  and  wet  places.  —  Kootstock 
nearly  uaked,  creeping.  Fronds  varying  from  four  inches  to  three  feet  iu 
height. 

20.     WOODSIA,  R.  Br. 

Fruit-dots  on  the  back  of  the  veins ;  the  involucres  placed  beneath  the 
fruit-dot,  saucer-shaped  or  cup-shaped,  divided  into  irregular  lobes  or  a  deli- 
cate fringe,  or  sub-globose  and  contracted  at  the  mouth.  Small  Ferns  with 
many  fronds  from  a  short  scaly  rootstock. 

*  Involucre  fringed,  the  hair-like  divisions  incurved  on  the  sporangia. 

1.  W.  Ilvensis,  R.Br.  Fronds  sparingly  hairy  above,  villous  beneath 
and  on  the  stipe  and  rachis  with  brown  hairs  and  narrow  chaff,  lanceolate, 
pinnate ;  piunie  ovate-oblong,  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  divisions  oblong,  obtuse, 
entire  or  crenate.  Fruit-dots  enveloped  iu  the  fringe  of  the  involucre.  — 
Rocks  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  —  Fronds  3'-  8'  high. 

*  *  Involucre  divided  into  a  few  irregular  lobes. 

2.  "W.  obtusa,  Torr.  Fronds  nearly  smooth,  broadly  lanceolate,  pinnate, 
or  near  the  rachis  bipinnate  ;  pinna?  triangular-ovate,  the  lower  ones  distant, 
pinnately  parted  ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  the  upper  ones  toothed,  the  lower 
ones  pinnatifid  with  toothed  lol)es  ;  veins  forked,  the  tips  whitish  on  the  upper 
surface  of  the  frond  ;  fruit-dots  on  the  lobules  ;  involucrt;  delicate,  the  lobes 
hidden  by  the  ripened  sporangia.  —  Rocky  places,  Georgia,  and  northward. 
—  Fronds  6' -16'  high. 

21.     DICKSONIA,  L'ller.     §  SITOLOBIUM,  Desv. 

Fruit-dots  small,  globular,  terminal  on  the  free  veins  ;  sporangia  on  an  ele- 
vated receptacle  in  a  thin  cup-shaped  involucre  which  is  ])artly  adherent  to  a 
reflexed  lobule  of  the  frond.  Fronds  large,  2-3-pinnate,  from  a  creeping 
rootstock.  —  DiCKSOXiA  jiroper  has  large  two-lipped  involucre?,  of  a  firmer 
texture,  and  several  species  have  an  arborescent. caudex. 


FiLicEs.     (ferxs.)  635 

1.  D.  punctilobula,  Kunze.  Fronds  delicate,  slightly  glandular  pubes- 
cent, as  is  the  rachis,  lanceolate-acuminate,  2 -Spinuate;  pinnce  numerous; 
pinnules  oblong-ovate,  closely  placed,  obtuse,  pinnately  incised  or  pinuatifid ; 
the  divisions  obtusely  serrate,  each  one  bearing  a  minute  fruit-dot  at  the 
upper  margin.  —  Moist  shady  woods  in  the  upper  districts.  —  Rootstock 
slender,  extensively  creeping.  Fronds  2° -3°  high,  when  crushed  returning 
a  pleasant  odor. 

22.    TRICHOMANES,  L. 

Sporangia  with  a  transverse  entire  ring,  arranged  on  the  lower  part  of  a 
cylindrical,  filiform,  often  elongated  receptacle  :  involucres  marginal,  funnel- 
shaped,  or  bell-shaped,  entire  or  two-lipped  at  the  mouth.  Fronds  delicate, 
very  thin  and  pellucid. 

1.  T.  Petersii,  Gray.  Very  small,  with  entangled  filiform  tomentose 
rootstocks ;  fronds  oblong-lanceolate  or  obovate,  entire  or  variously  pinuatifid, 
narrowed  into  a  slender  stijje  nearly  as  long  as  the  frond,  the  younger  ones 
with  a  few  black  forked  hairs  along  the  margin  ;  veins  forked,  pinnate  from 
the  midrib ;  involucre  solitary,  terminal,  funnel-shaped,  the  mouth  expanded 
and  slightly  two-lipped,  receptacle  included.  —  On  the  face  of  a  sandstone 
rock,  sprinkled  from  a  waterfall,  Hancock  Co.,  Alabama  (T.  M.  Peters). 
Also  among  some  Mosses  sent  from  Fensacola,  Florida.  —  Fronds  less  than  an 
inch  high. 

2.  T.  radicans,  Swartz  1  Fronds  pellucid,  with  a  loose  roundisli  areola- 
tion,  on  a  sliort  broadly  winged  stipe,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  bipinnati- 
fid  ;  pinna;  ovate  or  deltoid-ovate,  obtuse,  the  upper  side  of  the  base  parallel 
and  appressed  to  the  winged  rachis,  the  lower  side  cuneate  ;  divisions  toothed 
or  divided  into  linear  lobes  ;  involucres  terminal  on  short  lobes  of  the  pinnte- 
tubular-funnel-shaped,  margined,  at  the  mouth  truncate  and  slightly  two- 
lipped  ;  receptacle  exserted  a  little  or  very  much.  —  Mountains,  Alabama  to 
East  Tennessee.  —  Rootstock  slender,  creeping,  tomentose  with  black  hairs. 
Fronds  4'-  8'  high,  12"- 18"  wide. 

23.    LYGODIUM,  Swartz.    Clijibixg  Ferx. 

Sporangia  beneath  ovate  hood-shaped  imbricated  indusia,  in  a  double  row 
on  narrow  divisions  of  the  fronds,  attached  laterally,  ovate,  with  a  many- 
rayed  apical  ring.  Fronds  elongated,  climbing,  the  branches  usually  in  pairs 
with  a  short  common  footstalk. 

1.  Ij.  palmatum,  Swartz.  Fronds  slender,  pinuie  deeply  cordate  at  the 
base,  palmately  4-7-lobed,  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  entire ;  the  upper  pinna; 
decompound  and  bearing  the  fruit  on  the  ver\- narrow  segments.  —  Lowsliady 
woods,  Florida,  and  northward  ;  not  common.  —  Rootstock  very  slender,  creep- 
ing.    Fronds  2° -5*^  high,  climbing  on  weeds  and  bushes. 

24.     ANEIMIA,  Swartz. 

Sporangia  ovate,  many-rayed  at  the  apex,  attached  by  the  base  in  a  double 
row  to  the  narrow  one-sided  paniculate  divisions  of  the  two  lower  branches  of 
the  frond,  or  on  separate  fronds.  Indusiuni  none.  Fronds  erect,  commonly 
three-branched,  the  middle  branch  sterile  and  1  -3  pinnate. 


030  OlMlIOIiLOSSACEyE.       (AnniCU's    TONGUE    FAMILY.) 

1.  A.  adiantifolia,  Swartz.  Fronds  si)ariiigly  puliesceiit,  ereit  on  a 
slender  stii)e;  ilio  two  lower  brandies  eloiiji^aled,  pinnately  deconi|jonnd,  fer- 
tile; sterile  part  of  the  frond  deltoid-ovale,  2-3-])inuate ;  ultimate  segments 
obovate,  cuneate,  entire  or  lobed,  striate  above  with  numerous  flabellate  veins. 

—  Key  West,  etc.,  South  Florida.  —  Fronds  6'  -  12'  high,  rather  rigid.     Hoot- 
stock  creeping,  slender,  co\ero(i  with  a  black  tomeiitiim. 

25.     OSMUNDA,   L.     Flowering  Fekx. 

Sporangia  globular,  slinrt-jicilirclled,  having  an  inconi])lete  transverse  ring, 
rej)rc.scnted  by  a  few  parallel  stria;  near  the  upex,o])euing  by  a  vertical  chink 
into  two  nearly  equal  valves,  paniciilately  arranged  on  contracted  jiarts  of  the 
frond  or  on  separate  fronds.  Fronds  tall,  erect,  several  from  a  stout  root- 
stock,  1  -  2-piuuate.     Veins  forking,  free. 

*  Fronds  bipinnate,  fertile  at  the  top:  sterile  pimiw/ew. 
I  •  O.  regalis,  L.  F^ronds  ovate,  smooth  ;  sterile  pinna;  distant ;  the  finely 
serrulate  pinmile.s  distinct,  oblong-lanceolate,  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  nearly 
sessile  l)ase,  sometimes  auricled  at  the  lower  side  of  the  base;  the  upper  ])innse 
erect,  jjanicled  and  thickly  covered  with  light  brown  sporangia.  —  .Swamps, 
Florida,  and  northward.  —  Fronds  l°-3°higii;  pinnules  T- 2' long,  3" -4" 
wide. 

*  *  Sterile  frunds  pinnate:  the  ])inn(v  numerous,  deeplij  pinnatijid,  with  oblony 
entire  ser/ments. 

2.  O.  Claytoniana,  L.  Fronds  broadly  lanceolate,  woolly  when  young, 
at  length  nearly  smooth ;  sterile  pinna;  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  deeply  pin- 
natifid  ;  the  segments  crowded  ;  fertile  pinnae  few,  between  the  middle  and  the 
base  of  the  frond,  contracted,  the  sporangia  deepening  in  color  as  the  sterile 
pinnae  expand.  (0.  iuterrupta,  Michx.)  — Low  grounds  in  the  upper  districts, 
and  northward.  —  Fronds  2° -3"^  high- 

3.  O.  cinnamomea,  L.  Sterile  fronds  covered  with  rusty  wool  when 
young,  at  lengtli  sniootli ;  pinuffi  sessile,  lanceolate  ;  segments  broadly  oblong, 
obtuse  ;  the  lower  basal  ones  in  large  fronds  often  elongated  and  pinnatifid  ; 
fertile  frond  distinct,  contracted,  bi])innate,  very  woolly,  densely  covered  with 
cinnamon-colored  sporangia,  withering  before  the  sterile  fronds  are  expanded. 

—  Low  grounds,  common.  —  Fronds  l°-3°  liigh- 

Order  165.     OPHIOGLOSSACE^.    (Adder's  Tongue 
Family.) 

Sporangia  very  large,  sessile,  spiked  or  panicled,  coriaceous,  not 
reticulated,  on  narrow  divisions  of  the  frond,  destitute  of  a  ring, 
transversely  two-valved.     Fronds  not  circinate  in  vernation. 

Synopsis. 

1.  BOTRYCHIUM.     Sporangia  in  panicled  spikes.     Sterile  part  of   the   frond   plnnately 

divided. 

2,  OPHIOGLOSSUM.    Sporangia  in  a  sunple  spike.    Sterile  part  of  the  frond  simple  (except 

No.  4). 


OPHIOGLOSSACE^.        (adDER's    TOXGUE    FAMILY.)  637 

1.     BOTRYCHIUM,  Swartz.     Moonwort. 

Fronds  mostly  solitary,  erect  from  a  root  of  thickened  fleshy  fibres ;  the 
terminal  branch  fertile,  pinnately  decompound,  bearing  on  its  narrow  divisions 
the  large  coriaceous,  transversely  2-valved  sporangia ;  the  lateral  branch 
sterile,  with  forking  free  veins. 

1.  B.  Virginicum,  Swartz.  Stem  tall ;  sterile  part  of  the  frond  sessile, 
broadly  triangular,  teruately  3  -  4-piuuate  ;  ultimate  segments  oblong-lanceo- 
late, thin  and  delicate,  toothed  and  incised;  fertile  part  long-stalked,  2-3- 
pinnate.  —  Shadv  woods,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  Fronds  4' -2°  high. 

2.  B.  ternatum,  Swartz.  Stem  low ;  sterile  part  of  the  frond  mostly 
long-stalked,  broadly  triangular,  2-4-pinnate  ;  ultimate  segments  of  a  thick 
and  fleshy  texture,  roundish,  ovate,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire,  toothed,  incised, 
or  even  dissected  into  very  narrow  lobes ;  fertile  part  taller  than  the  sterile, 
ovate,  2-3-pinnate.  (B.  fumarioides,  Willd.  B.  obliquum  and  B.  dissectum, 
Muhl.)  —  Low  shady  woods  and  pastures,  rarely  in  open  pine  barrens,  Florida, 
and  northward.  —  Fronds  3'- 10' high,  the  succulent  stem  divided  down  to 
the  surface  of  the  ground,  or  even  lower. 

2.     OPHIOGLOSSUM,  L.    Adder's  Toxgle. 

Fronds  mostly  solitary,  with  short  and  often  thickened  rootstocks,  and  fleshy 
fibrous  roots ;  sporangia  large,  coriaceous,  opening  transversely,  connate, 
arranged  in  compact  simple  2-ranked  spikes,  proceeding  variously  from  the 
mostly  simple  sterile  part  of  the  frond.     Veins  reticulated. 

1.  O.  VUlgatum,  L.  Sterile  part  of  the  frond  ovate  or  oblong-oval,  ob- 
tuse, sessile  near  the  middle  of  the  stem,  without  a  midrib,  1^'- 3' long;  fer- 
tile spike  terminal,  long-peduncled ;  rootstock  short,  erect ;  roots  fibrous, 
spreading  horizontally. — In  sphagnous  meadows  and  pastures,  Tennessee, 
and  northward.  —  Fronds  4'  -  10'  high. 

2.  O.  Crotalophoroides,  Walt.  Smaller;  sterile  part  of  the  frond 
near  the  base  of  the  stem,  ovate,  abruptly  contracted  at  the  base  and  slightly 
petioled ;  spike  short  and  thick ;  rootstock  bulbous ;  roots  slender.  —  Low 
grounds,  Florida  to  Louisiana.  — Fronds  3' -6'  high. 

3.  O.  nudicaule,  L.  £.  Small,  sterile  part  of  the  frond  near  the  base  of 
the  stem,  ovate  or  oblong,  acute,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole ;  spike  linear 
acuminate ;  rootstock  bulbous ;  roots  coarse.  —  Low  sandy  places  or  occasion- 
ally in  dry  soil,  Florida  and  Georgia.  —  Fronds  r-4'  high. 

4.  O.  palmatum,  Pltim.  Frond  thick  and  succulent,  drooping,  4'- 10' 
long,  stipitate  from  a  short  woolly  rootstock ;  sterile  part  cnneato  at  base, 
simple,  or  palmately  2-6-lobed,  the  lobes  tongue-shaped,  rarely  forking; 
spikes  1  -  several  at  the  top  of  the  stipe,  or  along  the  basal  margins  of  the 
sterile  part,  short-stalked,  V  long.  —  In  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  Falmetto. 
South  Florida, 


C38  LVCdI'OlJl  ACK.K.        (cun    MdSS    KA.MII.V.) 

Okdkk   Kid.     LYCOPODIACE.t:.     (Cllh  Moss  Family.) 

Perennial  plants,  with  solid  branching  and  mostly  creeping  steins, 
sparingly  or  thickly  clotlied  with  small,  simple,  sessile,  awl-shaped  or 
linear  leaves.  Fructitication  consisting  of  1-3-celled  solitary  spore- 
cases,  axillary,  either  along  the  main  stem,  or  only  in  the  axils  of  the 
upper  and  mostly  changed  (bract-like)  leaves. 

1.     LYCOPODIUM,  L.     Club  Moss. 

Sporaugia  of  one  kind,  coriaceous,  comnKinly  kidney-siiaped,  opening  trans- 
versely into  two  valves  and  containing  minute  powdery  spores.  IVrennial, 
mostly  evergreen  plants;  the  leaves  imbricated  in  several  or  many  rows  along 
the  stem  and  branches. 

§  1.    Sj)oranr]ia  home,  along  the  stem,  in  the  axils  of  uniform  leaves. 

1.  L.  lucidulum,  Michx.  Stems  ascending,  forking,  somewhat  com- 
pressed; leaves  (deep  green)  in  several  rows,  linear-lanceolate,  very  acute, 
sparingly  denticulate,  spreading  or  reflexed.  —  Shady  woods  on  the  mountains 
of  North  Carolina,  and  nortliward.  —  Stem  6'  -  1 2'  long.     Leaves  glossy. 

2.  L.  SelagO,  L.  Stems  short  and  thick,  terete,  clustered,  erect  or  as- 
cending, forking;  leaves  in  several  rows,  deep  green,  lanceolate,  acute,  entire, 
the  upper  erect,  the  lower  spreading. —  High  mountains  of  North  Carolina, 
and  northward.  —  Stems  3' -6'  high,  rigid.     Leaves  crowded. 

§  2.    Sporangia  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  forming  a  terminal  terete  bracted 

spike. 
*  Bracteal  and  stem  leaves  alike,  spreading. 

3.  L.  alopecuroides,  L.  Stem  thick,  terete,  forking  near  the  base, 
recurved,  and  rooting  at  the  apex,  very  leafy ;  leaves  in  many  rows,  spreading, 
subulate,  bristly-fringed  below  the  middle;  peduncles  erect,  6'- 12'  high,  sim- 
ilar to  the  stem ;  spike  thick,  cylindrical,  bristly  from  the  spreading  or  re- 
curved bracteal  leaves.  —  Open  pine  barren  swamps,  Florida  to  Mississippi, 
and  northward.  —  Stems  1°-  H°  long,  pale  green. 

Var.  adpressum.  Stem  6' -12'  long,  creeping ;  peduncle  4' -6' high; 
leaves  entire,  those  of  the  spike,  which  is  barely  thicker  than  its  peduncle, 
closely  appressed.  —  Damp  pine  barrens. 

Var.  elongatum,  Chapm.  Sparingly  branched  (li°-2°  long);  leaves 
subulate-attenuate,  entire,  spreading;  ])eduncle  slender,  erect  or  leaning  (10'- 
15'  long),  the  leaves  scattered,  those  of  the  spike  longer,  spreading.  —  Wet  or 
overflowed  banks,  Apalachicola,  Florida. 

4.  L.  inundatum,  L.,  var.  pinnatum,  Chapm.  Stem  rather  slen- 
der, prostrate,  creeping,  pinnately  branched ;  leaves  linear-subulate,  bristly- 
fringed  below  the  middle,  unequal,  the  upper  and  lower  ones  shorter  and 
somewhat  appressed,  the  lateral  oues  widely  spreading ;  peduncle  mostly  soli- 
tary, erect  (1°  high),  very  leafy;  spike  thick,  cylindrical,  2'- 3' long.  —  Low 
pine  barrens  near  the  coast.  West  Florida.  —  Stem  6' -15'  long,  and,  with 
the  spreading  leaves,  Y  wide. 


SELAGINELLACE.E,  639 

*  *  Biacteal  leaves  wider  than  those  of  the  stem. 
-f-  Leaves  of  the  stem  equal  and  alike. 

5.  L.  Clavatum,  L.  Stem  very  long,  terete,  creeping,  with  numerous 
short  and  erect  leaf y  branches ;  peduncles  with  scattered  leaves,  each  bearing 
2-3  linear  cylindrical  spikes ;  leaves  in  several  rows,  subulate,  entire,  incurved, 
pointed,  liiie  the  ovate  erosely-denticulate  bracts,  with  a  spreading  bristle.  — 
Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  northward.  — Peduncles  4' -6'  long. 

6.  L.  cernuum,  L.  Stem  forking  near  the  base  (6' -12' long),  the  di- 
visions arcuate-recurved,  and  rooting  at  the  tip,  the  short  alternate  branches 
forking,  and  terminated  by  the  short  (4" -6")  nodding  spike;  leaves  about 
6-rowed,  linear-subulate,  entire,  spreading  or  recurved;  those  of  the  spike 
ovate,  acuminate,  witli  bristly  margins.  —  Springy  sandy  places,  Florida  and 
Alabama,  near  the  coast. 

-1-  -f-  Leaves  of  the  flattened  stem  and  branches  unequal. 

7.  L.  dendroideum,  Michx.  Stem  erect  (6'- 12'),  clothed  with  scat- 
tered appressed  subulate  and  entire  leaves,  simple  below,  bearing  above  nu- 
merous forking  and  spreading  fan-like  mostly  compressed  branches ;  lower 
row  of  leaves,  and  sometimes  the  upper,  shorter,  the  lateral  ones  spreading; 
peduncles  short,  bearing  one  or  more  cylindrical  spikes ;  bracts  spi'eading, 
ovate,  acute,  crenate  on  the  margins.  (L.  obscurum,  L.)  —  High  mountains 
of  North  Carolina,  and  northward. 

8.  L.  Carolinianum,  L.  Stem  creeping,  pinnately  branched,  naked 
and  rooting  beneath ;  upper  leaves  short  appressed,  the  lateral  ones  widely 
spreading,  lanceolate,  acute,  entire;  peduncle  slender  (6'- 12' high),  clothed 
with  scattered  subulate  leaves,  and  bearing  a  single  linear  spike ;  bracts  ovate, 
acuminate,  spreading.  —  Low  pine  barrens.  —  Stem  2' -8'  long. 

9.  L.  COraplanatum,  L.  Stem  long  and  creeping,  the  numerous  erect 
branches  successively  forking  into  many  linear  crowded  flattened  branclilets; 
leaves  minute,  subulate,  imbricated  in  4  rows,  the  lateral  ones  slightly  spread- 
ing ;  peduncles  with  minute  scattered  leaves,  slender,  bearing  2-4  erect  cylin- 
drical spikes  —  Woods  along  the  Alleghanies,  and  northward.  —  Stem  2°-  10° 
long. 

2.     PSILOTUM,  R.  Br. 

Sporangia  of  one  kind  sessile,  globulai",  opening  at  the  apex  into  2  -  .3  valves, 
and  filled  with  very  minute  powdery  spores. 

1.  P.  triquetrum,  Swartz.  Stem  forking,  compressed,  the  baanches 
3-angled  ;  leaves  very  minute,  bristle-like;  sporangia  spiked,  3-celled,  the  cells 
imperfectly  2-valved.  —  Florida. 

Order  167.     SELAGINELLACE^. 

Low  moss-like  terrestrial  plants,  with  branching  stems,  and  scale- 
like leaves.  Sporangia  of  two  kinds,  either  in  the  same  or  in  separate 
axils,  one  kind  as  in  the  preceding  ordei-,  the  other  containing  few 
(mostly  3-4)  larger  spores. 


640  ISOETACE^. 

1.    SELAGINELLA,  Beauv. 

Character;*  of  tlie  ( )nlcr. 

1.  S.  rupestriS,  Spring,  stems  rigid,  densely  clusteretl,  erect  or  spread- 
ing, imich  l)ranclied;  leavori  (grayish)  subulate,  rigid,  rougli-friugcd  on  the 
margins,  bristle-pointed,  closely  imbricated  in  many  rows  ;  spiivus  linear,  nearly 
sessile.  —  Dry  sand  ridges  in  the  pine  barrens,  and  on  dry  rucks,  Florida,  and 
northward.  —  Stems  2' -3'  high. 

2.  S.  apus,  Spring.  Sterna  prostrate,  creeping,  slender,  branched  ;  leaves 
scattered,  unetiual,  tlie  lateral  ones  larger  and  widely  spreading,  2-ranked, 
ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  membranaceous,  denticulate  on  the  margins ;  the  others 
smaller,  acuminate,  and  appressed  ;  bracts  of  the  short  .sessile  spike  similar  to 
the  leaves.  —  Low  shady  woods,  Florida,  and  northward.  —  Plant  whitish. 
Stems  3' -9'  long. 

Order  168.     MARSILIACE^. 

Perennial  mar.sh  plants,  from  slender  creeping  rootstocks,  and  fili- 
form, or  4-parted  petioled  leaves.  Spores  of  two  kinds,  contained  in  a 
2-valved  transversely  many-celled  receptacle  (sporocarp),  which  rises 
from  the  rootstock  or  base  of  the  petioles. 

1.    MARSILIA,  L. 

Plants  with  filiform  creeping  stems,  a  whorl  of  4  wedge-shaped  leaves  at 
the  summit  of  a  long  erect  petiole,  and  one  or  more  globular  sporocarps  borne 
on  a  slender  stalk  at  the  base  of  the  petioles,  each  divided  into  several  parti- 
tions, wiiich  contain  the  larger  and  smaller  spoi'es. 

1.  M.  uncinata,  A.  Braun.  Leaves  smooth  or  hairy;  sporocarps  oval, 
compressed,  half  as  long  as  the  peduncle.  —  Banks  of  the  Mississippi  below 
Vicksburg. 

Order  169.    ISOETACE^. 

Mostly  aquatic  or  marsh  plants,  with  filiform  clustered  leaves  aris- 
ing from  a  depressed  2-lobed  trunk.  Sporangia  sunk  in  an  excavation 
of  the  dilated  base  of  the  leaves,  either  open,  or  covered  by  a  fold  of 
the  leaf  {velum),  filled  with  minute  spores,  the' central  leaves  bearing 
lai'ger  spores. 

1.    ISOETES,  L. 

Characters  of  the  Order. 

\.  I.  flaccida,  Shuttlw.  Immersed;  leaves  very  long  (U°- 2°),  slender, 
flaccid,  yellowish  green ;  spores  very  small,  minutely  pulverulent,  not  reticu- 
lated. —  In  lakes  and  clear  streams,  Middle  and  West  Florida. 

2.  I.  melanospora,  Engelm.  Small,  mostly  monoecious;  leaves  few 
(5-10),  distichous  (2'-2^' long) ;  spore  cases  covered  by  the  thin  edges  of 
the  cavity  {velum) ;  larger  spores  blackish,  very  minutely  warty,  the  smaller 


SALVINIACEJE.  641 

ones  dull,  papillose.     (Engelmann.)  —  In  shallow  depressious  on  the  summit 
of  Stone  Mountain,  Georgia  (Engelmann,  etc.). 

3.  I.  Engelmanni,  A.  Biaun,  var.  Georgiana,  Engelm.  Leaves  10'- 
12'  long,  rather  slender,  stomatose;  spore-cases  oval,  with  narrow  velum; 
larger  spores  and  smaller  spores  smooth.  —  Slow-flowing  water  in  Horseleg 
Creek,  mountains  of  Georgia. 

4.  I.  Butleri,  Engelm.  Dioecious;  trunk  nearly  globose ;  leaves  8-12, 
bright  green,  3' -7'  long;  spore-cases  usually  oblong,  spotted,  the  velum  very 
narrow,  or  none ;  ligule  subulate,  from  a  triangular  base  ;  larger  spores  warty, 
smaller  spores  dark  brown,  papillose.  {Engelmann.)  —  Barrens  of  Tennessee 
(Dr.  Gattinger),  and  westward. 


Order  170.     SALVINIACE^. 

Small  floating  branching  plants,  with  two  kinds  of  sporangia  en- 
closed in  thin  sporocarps,  and  attached  to  a  central  receptacle,  one 
kind  containing  a  single  large  spore,  the  other  numerous  smaller  ones. 

1.    AZOLLA,  Lam. 

Stems  floating  free,  pinnately  branched.  Leaves  distichous,  imbricated,  2- 
lobed.     Sporocarps  in  pairs  on  the  under  side  of  the  stem,  unequal. 

1.  A.  Caroliniaua,  Willd.  —  On  still  water,  chiefly  near  the  coast, 
Florida,  and  northward.  —  Plant  reddish,  circular  in  outline,  ^'  -  1'  in  diameter. 
Leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  rounded  and  roughened  on  the  back. 


41 


ADDITIONS   AND    CORRECTIONS. 


Page  238. 

PlUChea  Chapmanii,  Simpson,  is  peculiar  in  bearing  the  large  clus- 
tered heads  of  P.  bifrous,  but  with  the  ovate  petioled  leaves  of  the  other 
species,  and  may,  possibly,  prove  to  be  a  hybrid  form,  as  Dr.  Watson 
suggested. 

Page  302.     After  Utricularia  snbulata  insert :  — 

12.  XJ.  resupinata,  D.  B.  Greene.  Flowers  solitary,  sessile  at  the 
summit  of  the  filiform  scape,  violet-purple ;  lips  entire,  the  upper  spatulate, 
the  lower  broader ;  spur  remote,  oblong-conical,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the 
corolla;  leaves  filiform.  —  Margins  of  ponds,  Calhoun  County,  West  Florida. 
May.  —  Scape  4' - 8'  high.     Corolla  4"- 5"  long. 

Page  402.     In  place  of  Telanthera  polygonoides  insert :  — 

1.  T.  ficoidea,  Moquiu.  Glabrous;  sparingly  branching,  suffrutescent 
and  rooting  at  the  base ;  leaves  lanceolate,  the  upper  sessile ;  heads  axillary 
and  terminal,  sessile  or  short-peduncled,  loosely  few-flowered ;  sepals  equal, 
thin,  white,  barely  acute,  glabrous ;  sterile  filaments  as  long  as  the  fertile. 
—  Coast  of  Florida.  July-Sept.  —  Stem  thick,  l°-3°  long.  Leaves  2'-3' 
long. 

Page  525.     After  Commelyna  Virginica  insert :  — 

C.  elegans,  HBK.  Puberulous ;  stems  erect,  or  procumbent  and  root- 
ing, branching;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  contracted  and  ciliate  at  the  base; 
spathes  mostly  single,  top-shaped,  hooded  ;  sterile  peduncle  obsolete ;  petals 
mostly  white;  seed  smooth.  —  South  Florida  (Garber).  July -Sept. —  Stem 
1°  -  3°  long.     Leaves  2'  -  3'  long. 


INDEX. 


Page 

' V — — — ■ 

Page 

Page 

Abies, 

457 

Almond, 

141 

Apetalous  Exogenous 

Abietine.e, 

455 

Alnus, 

452 

Plants, 

391 

Abildgaardia, 

551 

Alopecurus, 

597 

Aphyllon, 

305 

Abutilon, 

48 

Alsine, 

42 

Apio"s, 

115 

Acacia, 

127 

Alsine.e, 

39 

Apium, 

178 

Acalvpha, 

428 

Alternanthera, 

402 

Aplectrum, 

480 

ACANTHACE.E, 

m-i 

Altluta, 

52 

Aplopappus, 

235 

Acanthus  Family, 

3(;:j 

Alum-root, 

143 

AFOCYNACE.E, 

341 

Acer, 

87 

Alvssum, 

30 

Apocj'num, 

341 

Acerates, 

347 

AMAKANTACE^, 

398 

Apogen, 

270 

ACERINE^ 

85 

Amaranth, 

399 

Apple, 

140 

Achillea, 

2(54 

Amaranth  Family, 

398 

Apricot, 

141 

ACHYRANTHE^, 

398 

Ainarantus, 

399 

Apteria, 

477 

Acnida, 

401 

AMAKYLLIDACE^ 

,  492 

Aquilegia, 

8 

Acontiiim, 

9 

Amaryllis  Family, 

492 

Arabis, 

26 

Acorns, 

4G6 

Amblogj'na, 

400 

ARACE^, 

464 

Acrogens, 

621 

Ambrosia, 

244 

Aralia, 

183 

ACROSTICHE.B, 

622 

Amelanchier, 

141 

ARALIACEvE, 

183 

Acrostichum, 

624 

American  Centaury, 

336 

Arbor-VitiB, 

459 

Acta-a, 

10 

Amiantliium, 

517 

Arctium, 

269 

Actinomeris, 

255 

Amman  nia, 

157 

Ardisia, 

296 

Actinospevmum, 

260 

Amorpha, 

102 

Arenaria, 

42 

Adder's  Mouth, 

479 

Ampelopsis, 

75 

Aretluisa, 

484 

Adder's  Tongue, 

63G 

Amphiachyris, 

237 

Akethusie.e, 

478 

Adder's  Tongue  Fam- 

Amphianliius, 

314 

Argemone, 

20 

iiy> 

636 

Amphicarpwa, 

117 

Argyranthemum, 

431 

Adiantum, 

627 

Amphicarpum, 

580 

Arisjema, 

464 

Adlumia, 

21 

Amsonia, 

342 

Aristida, 

601 

Adonis, 

8 

Amygdale.e, 

129 

Aristolochia, 

392 

jEschynomene, 

108 

ANACAKDIACEiE, 

71 

ARISTOLOCHIACE^, 

yEsculus, 

86 

Anagallis, 

299 

391 

Agave, 

495 

Anantherix, 

348 

Arnica, 

■  265 

Ageratum, 

209 

Andromeda, 

285 

Arrhenatherum, 

605 

Agrinionia, 

133 

Andromede.e, 

279 

Arrow  Arum, 

465 

Agrop3'rum, 

619 

Andropogon. 

592 

Arrow-grass, 

473 

Agrostemma, 

41 

Andropogone.e, 

574 

Artemisia, 

265 

AOKOSTIDE.E, 

575 

Aneimia, 

635 

Arum  Family, 

464 

Agrostis, 

598 

Anemone, 

4 

Arundinaria," 

620 

Aira, 

604 

Anemone.e, 

2 

A  sarabacca, 

391 

Air  I'lant, 

497 

Anemonella, 

5 

Asarum, 

391 

AjLtiE.E. 

373 

Angelica, 

180 

ASCLEPIADACE/E, 

343 

Alchemilla, 

134 

ANGIOSPERMEiE, 

1 

Asclepiade.e, 

344 

Alder, 

452 

Anise-tree, 

12 

Asclepias, 

344 

Aletris, 

497 

Aiiona, 

14 

Asclepiodora, 

348 

A 1  ism  a, 

472 

ANONACE.E, 

13 

Ascvrum, 

56 

ALISMACE.E, 

472 

Antennaria, 

239 

A=h; 

352 

Alisme.e, 

472 

Aiithenantia, 

580 

Asimina, 

13 

Allium, 

509 

Anthoxanthum, 

59(i 

ASPAKAGE^E, 

507 

Allspice, 

154 

Anychia, 

397 

Aspen, 

454 

C46 

INDEX. 

AsnionrLF-.B, 

507 

Bir.NONIK.K, 

303 

Burdock, 

269 

AsiiniK.i;, 

(i-2;3 

Higiioiiia  Familv, 

303 

Huruuiunia, 

476 

Asiiiiliuin, 

(vil 

Birch, 

451 

lUK.MANXIACE.E, 

476 

Asri.KMK.K, 

C2-i 

Birch  Family, 

451 

Burmannia  Family, 

476 

Aspk'tiiuin, 

(1-28 

IJrtliwort, 

392 

Bur-reed, 

468 

Asprc'lla, 

Ol'.l 

ISirlliwort  Family, 

391 

Bursi-ra, 

71 

Aster, 

21V 

Mitterimt, 

442 

Bin,sKHA<K.i:. 

71 

AsTKKOinE.E, 

217 

niack  .lack. 

444 

Bush  Clover, 

109 

Astilbe, 

145 

Ijliiddcnuit, 

84 

Buttercup, 

6 

Astratralus, 

lOfi 

r.laddcniiil  Family, 

84 

Itutternut, 

442 

Alainasco  Lily, 

4;i3 

151  adder  wort, 

301 

Bulterwort, 

302 

Atraj^eiie, 

3 

JSIadilerwort  Family, 

301 

Button-Bush, 

194 

Atriplcx, 

404 

Blazing  Star, 

518 

Bvrsonima, 

88 

ALKANTIACE/E, 

64 

Bl-K*  iine.e, 

622 

BYTTNKlilACE/E, 

53 

AVKNK.E, 

575 

lilcchiHim, 

627 

Bvttneria  Familv, 

• 

53 

Aveiis, 

1.34 

hiephilia, 

383 

Aviccnnia, 

371 

Bletia, 

481 

Cabomba, 

17 

AviCKNNIE.E, 

3G7 

Bloodroot, 

21 

(auomise^, 

17 

Aypiiia, 

53 

Bldodwiirt  Family, 

49<) 

Cacalia, 

207 

Azalea, 

287 

liliieberry. 

281 

CACIACE/E, 

170 

Azolla, 

641 

Blue  Cohosh, 

15 

Cactus  Family, 

170 

l)lue  Curls, 

389 

Civsalpinia, 

125 

Baccharis, 

237 

15lue-eved  Grass, 

501 

Cksali'Inie-e, 

123 

Bachelor's-Button, 

88 

Blue  Flag, 

499 

Cakile, 

31 

Bald  Cypress, 

459 

Blue  Jessamine 

3 

CalamagrostiS; 

600 

Baldwinia, 

2(;o 

Bluets, 

198 

(.'alamintha. 

379 

Balm, 

380 

Boehmeria, 

437 

Calamus, 

406 

Balsam  Family, 

G7 

Pioerliaavia, 

394 

Calico-bush, 

280 

BALSAMINACEvE, 

07 

Boltonia, 

226 

Cailicarpa, 

371 

Balsam-Tree  Family, 

60 

Borage  Famih", 

357 

Callirrhoii, 

46 

Bambuse>e, 

577 

BORRAGE.E, 

3.58 

CALLITKICHACEiE,420 

Baneburr^', 

10 

I'.OKKAGINACEyE, 

357 

Caliitriclie, 

420 

Baptisia, 

120 

Borreria, 

193 

Calophanes, 

365 

Barbarea, 

27 

Borricliia, 

245 

Calopogon, 

482 

Barberrj', 

15 

Botrychium, 

637 

Caltha, 

8 

Barberry  Family, 

15 

Bottle  Grass, 

619 

CALYCANTHACEyE, 

Barley, 

619 

Bouteloua, 

607 

142 

Bartniiia, 

339 

Boykinia, 

144 

Calycanthus, 

142 

Basil, 

373 

Brachvelj'trum, 

604 

Calycocarpum, 

15 

Basswood, 

54 

Brake', 

626 

Calyptrantlies, 

1.55 

BATIDACE^, 

434 

Bramble, 

130 

Camiissia, 

510 

Bat  is, 

434 

Brasenia, 

17 

Camelina, 

30 

Batis  Family, 

434 

Brasiletto  Family, 

123 

CAMELLIACE^, 

61 

Ba^berrj-, 

449 

Brickellia, 

212 

Camellia  Family, 

61 

Bean  Caper  Famil}', 

67 

Brier, 

136 

(,'auipanula, 

278 

Beard  Grass, 

599 

Brome  Grass, 

610 

Campanula  Familv, 

278 

Bear  Grass, 

512 

BROMELIACE^, 

497 

CAMPANULACE^E, 

278 

Beech, 

448 

Bronuis, 

610 

Camptosorus, 

028 

Beech-drops, 

305 

Broom  Corn, 

595 

Canar\-  Grass, 

596 

Bep;£^ar-ticks, 

259 

Broom  Gras«, 

592 

Canavalia, 

119 

Bejaria, 

288 

Broom-rape  Family, 

305 

Cane, 

620 

Belltlower, 

278 

Broussonetia, 

438 

Canella. 

61 

Bellis, 

227 

Brunella, 

384 

CAXELLACE.E, 

61 

Bellwort, 

513 

Bruunichia, 

413 

Canella  Familv, 

61 

Bellwort  Familv, 

513 

Bruxmchie.e, 

46 

CAXXABINACE/E, 

437 

Bent  Grass,             598 

600 

Bryophyllum, 

150 

CANNACEiE, 

491 

BERBERIDACEiE, 

15 

Buclmera, 

315 

Cannn, 

492 

Berberis, 

15 

Buckeye, 

86 

Caniia  Family, 

491 

Berchemia, 

76 

Buckleya, 

417 

Caper  Family, 

31 

Berlandiera, 

242 

Buckthorn, 

76 

Caper-tree, 

32 

Bermuda  Grass, 

607 

Buckthorn  Family, 

75 

CAPPARIDACE.E, 

31 

Betula. 

451 

Buckwheat  Family, 

406 

Capparis, 

32 

BETULACE^, 

451 

Bugbane, 

11 

Capraria, 

315 

Bidens, 

259 

Bull:ice, 

74 

CAPRI  FOLIACE.E, 

186 

Bigelovia, 

234 

Bulrush, 

546 

Capsella, 

30 

Bignonia, 

303 

Buinelia, 

295 

Capsicum, 

323 

BIGNONIACE/E, 

303 

Bupieurum, 

177 

Cardaminc, 

24 

IJSTDEX. 

Cardinal-flower, 

275 

Cherry, 

131 

Cardios])eniiuin, 

86 

Cherry  Laurel, 

131 

Carex, 

500 

Cliickweed, 

43 

Carica, 

169 

Chiccory, 

271 

Cakice.e. 

532 

Chimaphila, 

289 

Carolina-Allspice  Fam 

- 

China  Brier, 

502 

iiy, 

142 

China  Tree, 

64 

Carphephorus, 

209 

Chinquapin, 

448 

Carpinus, 

448 

Cliiococca, 

195 

Carrot, 

182 

Chiogenes, 

283 

Carva, 

441 

Chionanthus, 

252 

CARYOPHYLLACE.E, 

Chloride.e, 

575 

39 

Chloris, 

607 

C^ashew  Famil}' 

71 

Chrysanthemum, 

264 

Cassandra, 

284 

Chrysoualane.e, 

129 

Cassia, 

124 

Clirysobalanus, 

130 

Cassvtn, 

416 

Chrysogonum, 

240 

CASSYTE/E, 

414 

Chrysophylhmi, 

294 

Castanea, 

447 

Chrysopsis, 

235 

Castilleia, 

320 

Chrysosplenium, 

140 

Castor-oil  Plant, 

432 

CiCHORACE.E. 

270 

Casuarina, 

454 

Cichorium, 

271 

CASUARINACE^, 

454 

Cicuta, 

177 

Catalpa, 

304 

Cimicifuga, 

4 

Catchfly, 

40 

CiMICIFUGE.E, 

2 

Catesbiea, 

198 

CiNCHONE/R, 

191 

Catnip, 

383 

Cinna, 

599 

Catopsjs, 

499 

Cinquefoil, 

135 

Cat-tail, 

468 

Circaea, 

16i 

Cattail  Family. 

467 

Cissus, 

74 

Cauloplij-llum, 

15 

CISTACE^, 

35 

Ceanothus, 

77 

Citharexylum, 

270 

Cedronelia, 

384 

Citrus, 

64 

Celandine, 

21 

.Cladastri.*, 

123 

CELASTRACE^, 

78 

Cladium, 

558 

Celastrus, 

80 

Claytonia, 

38 

Celosia, 

399 

Cleavers, 

191 

Celosie^, 

398 

CLEMATIDE.E, 

2 

Celtis, 

440 

Clematis, 

3 

Cenchrus, 

588 

Cleome, 

32 

Centaurea, 

269 

Clethra, 

288 

Centrosenia, 

117 

Cliftonia, 

84 

Centunculus, 

299 

Climbing  Fern, 

635 

Cephalanthus, 

194 

Clintonia, 

508 

Ceranthera, 

380 

Clitoria, 

117 

Cerastiuni, 

43 

Clover, 

97 

Cerasus, 

131 

Club  Moss, 

638 

Ceratiola, 

434 

Club  Moss  Family, 

638 

CERATOPHYLLACE.E, 

Clusia, 

61 

419 

CLUSIACE^, 

60 

Ceratophyllum, 

419 

Cnicus, 

268 

Ceratopteris, 

627 

Cnidosculus, 

432 

Cercis, 

123 

Coccoloba, 

413 

Cereus, 

171 

Coeculus, 

14 

CliifrophyllLim, 

132 

Cocklebur, 

245 

Clipetospora, 

557 

Cockspur, 

588 

Chamsecyparis, 

458 

Cocoa, 

464 

ClianiiBliriimi, 

518 

Cocoa  Plum, 

130 

Chapniania, 

109 

Cocos, 

463 

Chaptalia, 

270 

COKFE.E, 

191 

Charlock, 

29 

Coffee  Ti-ee, 

125 

Chawstiek, 

78 

Colchicum  Family, 

513 

Cheilanthes, 

626 

CoUinsonia, 

377 

Chelidonium, 

21 

Coluiirina, 

77 

Chelone. 

308 

Columbine, 

8 

CHENOPODIACEiE 

,403 

Coltimljo, 

340 

Chenopodium, 

404 

Comandra, 

417 

647 

COMBRETACE.E,  152 

Combretum  Family,  152 

Commelvna,           "  524 

COMMELYNACE/E,  524 

COMPUSIT.E,  203 

Composite  Family,  203 

Comptonia,          "  450 

Condalia,  75 

CONIFERS,  455 

Conioselinum,  181 

Conobea,  311 

Conocarpus,  153 

Conopholis,  305 

Conradina,  380 

Convallaria,  508 
CONVOLVULACE.E, 

326 

CONVOLVULE.E,  326 

Convolvulus,  329 

Convolvulus  Family,  326 

Coontie,  460 

Coprosmanthus,  504 

Coptis,  70 

Corailorhiza,  479 

Coral-root,  479 

(.'orchorus,  55 

Cordia,  358 

'  CoKDiE^:,  357 

I  Coreopsis,  256 

Coriander,  183 

Coriandrum,  183 

CORNACEvE,  184 

I  Corn-Cockle,  41 

]  Cornel,  184 

Corn  us,  184 

Corydalis,  22 

Corylus,  448 

Cosmos,  259 

Cotton-Grass,  548 

Cotton-plant,  53 

Cottonwood,  454 

Couch  Grass,  619 

Cowslip,  299 

Crab  Grass,  581 

Cranesbill,  60 

Crantzia.  175 

Crape  Mvrtle,  159 

CRASSULACE.E,  149 

Crataegus.  138 

Crinum,  494 

Croomia,  506 

Cross-viut',  303 

Crotalaria,  90 

Croton,  42:t 

Crotonopsis,  431 

Crowberrv  Familv,  434 

Crowfoot  "Grass.   "  608 

Crucifera'.  23 

Cryptogamous  Plants,  621 

Cryptota'iiia,  179 

Ctenium,  608 

Cucumlier-tree,  12 

CU(1'1;BITACE.(E,  169 

Cudweed,  239 

Cunila,  375 

Cuphea,  159 

CUI'KESSINE.E,  455 


648 


IKDEX. 


rL'PLlJFF.R.E, 

4« 

Dinscorea, 

501 

Epidendrum, 

480 

Curiant, 

14.S 

nioscOHEACEiE, 

501 

Epigii-a, 

283 

Cusciita, 

;!;ii 

Dinspyros, 

293 

Epilobium, 

162 

CUSCUTK.K, 

3-Jt; 

Dipho'lis, 

295 

I'"-pil)lll'gUS, 

IXitJISETACE.E, 

305 

Custard- Apple,          13 

,  Id!) 

Diphylleia, 

16 

621 

Custaril-Ap|)le  Kainih 

,   i;i 

Diplarliiie, 

009 

ICipiisctuni, 

621 

CYCADACILE, 

4»l() 

DIPSACACE/E, 

203 

Eragrostis, 

615 

Cycas  Family, 

4fi(l 

Di])sacus, 

203 

Erechthitis, 

260 

CYCU)U01iE.E, 

4();i 

Dirca, 

410 

F^rianthus. 

595 

CVXAUK.E, 

2(18 

Discopleura, 

178 

EKICACEvE, 

279 

(.'yiiodon, 

(;(i7 

Ditcii-frrass, 

470 

Ekicine.b, 

279 

Cynof^lossum, 

■M-2 

Disticlilis, 

018 

F>igenia, 

183 

CN'iiost'iadiiim, 

ISO 

Dittan}', 

375 

iMigeron, 

225 

CYPEHACE/E, 

.>(! 

Dock, 

407 

Eriocaulon, 

529 

Cvpenis, 

5:J2 

L)i)d(ler, 

331 

E1;IOCAULONACE/E. 

Cypress, 

4r.8 

IJodecatheon, 

299 

529 

CVpmrEDiE.E, 

478 

Dodona'a, 

85 

Eriochloa, 

580 

Cypripedium, 

4'.)0 

DODOXE.K, 

85 

ICmotiOXK.E, 

407 

Cvi)selea, 

17-2 

Doji's  Tooth  Violet, 

511 

Eriogonum, 

413 

Cyrilla, 

83 

Dogbane  Family, 

341 

I'.riophorum, 

548 

Cvrilla  Faniilv, 

83 

Dogwood, 

184 

I'^ritlialis, 

196 

cVkillace.e, 

83 

Dogwood  Family, 

184 

I'>nodia, 

197 

C^'rtopodium, 

482 

Draiia, 

29 

Eryngiuni, 

175 

Cystopteris, 

631 

Dropseed  Grass,     597 

,  602 

Erysimum, 

28 

Drosera, 

19 

Erythrina, 

116 

Dactylis, 

613 

DKOSERACE.E, 

19 

Erythronium, 

511 

Daisy, 

227 

Drypetis, 

433 

ESCAI.LONIE.K, 

143 

Dalbergie.e, 

05 

Duckweed, 

467 

iMigenia, 

154 

Da  lea, 

102 

Duckweed  Family, 

466 

I'>ulophus, 

183 

Dandelion, 

273 

Dulichiuin, 

540 

luioiiymus. 

80 

Danthonia, 

605 

Durra  Corn, 

595 

EupaVore.e, 

209 

Darbya, 

417 

Duranta, 

370 

Eupatorium, 

213 

Daniel, 

618 

Dutchman's  Breeches 

21 

Euphorbia, 

422 

Dasystoma, 

317 

D^sodia, 

263 

EUPHOUBIACEyE, 

421 

Datura, 

325 

EUSMILACE^, 

502 

Daucus, 

182 

Eatonia, 

613 

F>ustoma, 

338 

Day-fldwer, 

524 

EBEXACE^., 

293 

Euxolous, 

400 

Dead  Nettle, 

387 

libony  Family, 

293 

Evening-Primrose, 

101 

Decumaria, 

147 

Fxastaphylluni, 

120 

F^vening-Primrose  Fam- 

Deer-Grass, 

155 

Echinacea, 

248 

ily, 

160 

Delphinium, 

9 

Echinocystus, 

170 

Everlasting, 

239 

Dendrophylax, 

482 

Fxhinodorus, 

473 

Evolvulus, 

330 

Dentaria, 

25 

Echinospennum, 

363 

Excoecaria, 

428 

Descliampsia, 

604 

Echites, 

342 

F^xogenous  Plants, 

1 

Desmanthus, 

128 

Echium, 

360 

Exostemnia, 

198 

Desmodium, 

111 

Eclipta, 

542 

Diamorpha, 

150 

Eel-grass, 

469 

Fagus, 

448 

Diaiitliera. 

365 

Eglantine, 

138 

F'alse  Acacia, 

103 

DIAPENSIACE.E, 

290 

Ehretie^, 

357 

F'alse  Foxglove, 

317 

DlAFKNSIE.E, 

291 

Elder, 

188 

False  Hellebore, 

516 

Diapeiisiii, 

291 

Elecampane, 

237 

F'alse  Jlitre-wort, 

146 

Diapensia  Family, 

290 

Eleocharis, 

541 

F'alse  Nettle, 

437 

Diarrliena, 

613 

Elephantopus, 

208 

F'eather  Grass, 

600 

Diceiitra, 

21 

Elephant's-foot, 

208 

Ferns, 

622 

Dichondra, 

331 

Eleusine, 

608 

Fescue  Grass, 

611 

DlCHoXDKE^, 

326 

Elionurus, 

591 

F'estuca, 

611 

Dichromena, 

557 

Elliottia, 

288 

Festuce^, 

576 

Dicksoiiia, 

634 

Elm, 

439 

I'everwort, 

188 

DiCKSONIE.E, 

623 

Elm  Family, 

439 

FICOIDEJS, 

172 

Dicliptera, 

366 

Elodea, 

475 

Ficus, 

438 

Dicotyledonous  Plants 

,     1 

Elodes, 

60 

Fig, 

438 

Didiplis, 

157 

Elyniu9, 

619 

Figwort, 

307 

Diervilla, 

187 

Elvtraria, 

363 

Figwort  Family, 

306 

Dip,-itavia, 

581 

EMPETRACE.E, 

434 

F'ilago, 

239 

Dioclea, 

119 

Endogenous  Plants, 

461 

FILICES, 

622 

Diodia, 

194 

Enslenia, 

349 

Fimbristvlis, 

549 

Dionsea, 

20 

F-riUEXDBE^, 

478 

Fir,         ' 

457 

Fireweed,  266 

Flaveria,  2G1 

Flax,  64 

Flax  Family,  64 

Fleabane,  225 

Floerkia,  66 

Flower  de  Luce,  499 

Flowering  Fern,  636 

Flowering  Plants,  1 

Flowerless  Plants,  621 

Flv  Poison,  517 

Fly-trap,  20 

Forestiera,  358 

FORESTIEEE.E,  352 

Forget-me-not,  362 

Fothergilia,  156 
Foiir-oTlock  Family,  393 
Foxtail  Grass,         "       597 

Fragaria.  136 

Franklinia,  62 

Frasera,  240 

Fraxixe.b,  352 

Fraxinus,  352 

French  ^lulbem',  371 

Fringe  Tree,      '  352 

Froelichia,  403 

Frog's-bit  Family,  475 

Fugosia,  53 

Fuirena,  541 

Funiaria,  22 

FUMARIACE^,  21 

Fumitory,  22 

Fumitory  Family,  21 

Gaillardia,  262 

Galacixe.e,  291 

Galiictia,  117 

Galax,  291 

Galium,  191 

Gama  Grass,  591 

Garberia,  212 

Gatesia,  365 

Gaultheria,  283 

Gaura,  160 

Gaylussacia,  280 

Geisemium,  201 

Genipa,  197 

Gentian,  338  i 

Gentiana,  338 
GENTIAXACE.E,        335  i 

Gentian  Family,  335 

Georgia  Bark,  198 

GERAXIACE^,  66 

Geranium,  66 

Geranium  Family,  66 

Gerardia,             "  318 

Germander,  390 

Geum,  134 

Gilia,  335 

Gilleiiia,  133 

Ginseng.  184 

Ginseng  Family,  183 

Glasswort,  405 

Gleditschia,  125 

GI_vceria,  612 

Gnaphalium,  239 

Goat's  Hue,  104 


INDEX. 

Golden  Club, 

466 

Golden-rod, 

227 

Golden  Saxifrage, 

146 

Golden  Seal, 

10 

Gold-Thread, 

10 

Gompheene.e, 

399 

Gonolobus. 

350 

GOODENIACE/E, 

227 

Goodenia  Family, 

227 

Goodyera, 

489 

Gooseberry, 

148 

Goosefoot,' 

404 

Goosefoot  Family, 

403 

Gordonia, 

62 

Gossypium, 

53 

Gouania, 

78 

Gourd  Family, 

169 

GRAMINEyE, 

573 

Grape, 

73 

Grass  Family, 

573 

Grass  of  Parnassus, 

149 

Gratiola, 

311 

Grindelia, 

236 

Gromwell, 

361 

Ground  Cherry, 

323 

Ground  Laurel, 

283 

Ground  Nut, 

115 

Groundsel, 

266 

Guaiacum, 

68 

Guettarda, 

196 

Guinea  Corn, 

595 

Gyminda, 

79 

Gymnadenia, 

485 

Gymnocladus, 

125 

G3'mnolomia, 

251 

Gvmnopogon, 

606 

gVmnosperm^, 

455 

Gynandropsis, 

32 

649 


Habenaria, 

H.EMODORACE.E, 

Halesia, 

Halophila, 

HALORAGEiE, 

HAMAMELACEJE, 

Hamamelis, 

Hamelia, 

Hartwrjghtia, 

Hart's  Tongue, 

Haw, 

Hawthorn, 

Hazel-nut, 

Heart's-ease, 

Heath  Family, 

Ht-deoma, 

Hedge  Hyssop, 

Hedge  Mustard, 

Hedge  Nettle, 

Hedysare.e, 

Helenium, 

Helianthella, 

Helianthemum, 

Helianthus,  ;    '~ 

Heliopsis, 

HeLIOTJ{(JPE.E, 

Hnliotropium, 
Hellebore, 


487 
496 
292 
476 
159 
151 
151 
197 
209 
630 
188 
138 
448 

33 
279 
378 
311 

27 
388 

94 
262 
254 

35 
-257 
247 
357 
359 

10 


Helleborine.e, 

2 

Helleborus, 

10 

Hemicarplia, 

540 

Hemp  Family, 

437 

Hepatica, 

4 

Heracleum, 

181 

Herd's-grass, 

597 

Herpestis, 

310 

Hesperis, 

28 

Heteranthera, 

523 

Heteropogon, 

594 

Heterotheca, 

235 

Heuchera, 

143 

Hexalectris, 

481 

HlBISCE^, 

45 

Hibiscus, 

51 

Hickorj', 

441 

Hieracium, 

271 

Hierochloe, 

596 

HiPPOCASTAXE.E, 

85 

Hippocratea, 

81 

HlFPOCRATE.E, 

79 

Hippomane, 

426 

Holcus, 

605 

Holly, 

81 

Holly  Family, 

81 

Holy  Grass, 

596 

Honey-Locust, 

125 

Honeysuckle,          187 

,287 

Honeysuckle  Family, 

186 

Hop, 

437 

Hop  Hornbeam, 

449 

Hop-tree, 

69 

HoRDE.E, 

576 

Hordeum, 

619 

Horehound, 

388 

Hornbeam, 

448 

Hornwort, 

419 

Hornwort  Family, 

419 

Horse  Balm, 

377 

Horsechestnut, 

86 

Horse  Mint,            375 

,  382 

Horsetail  Family, 

621 

Hosackia, 

99 

Hottonia, 

297 

Hound's-tongue, 

362 

Houstonia, 

198 

Huckleberry,           280 

,281 

Hudsonia, 

37 

Humulus, 

437 

Huntsman's  Cup, 

18 

Hydrangea, 

146 

Hydrange.e, 

143 

Hydrantlielium, 

315 

Hydrastis. 

10 

HYDROCHARIDACE.E, 

475 

Hydrochloa, 

589 

Hydrocotyle, 

174 

Hydrolea, 

356 

HVDKOLE.E, 

354 

HYDROPHYLLACE.E, 

3H 

Hydrophyllum, 

354 

Hygrophila, 

364 

Hymenocallis, 

493 

Eiymenopappus, 

261 

650 


INDEX. 


IIyMKXOI'IIYLLIC.E, 

023 

LARIAT.E, 

371 

Hv|Klato, 

85 

I.AItlATII'I.oK.K,       20r 

,  270 

iiVi'i:kicack.e, 

55 

Lnclinantlies, 

49li 

II_v])eriium, 

50 

LacliiKicauIon, 

530 

Hyjiopitys, 

2!tO 

I-actiica. 

273 

Hypoxis, 

4'J5 

Lady's  Slipper, 

490 

Hyi»tis, 

37:J 

Lagurstni'inia, 

159 

Lagniiciilaria, 

153 

Ilex. 

81 

Lanil)  Lettuce, 

202 

ILK'IXE.E, 

81 

Laniiiim, 

387 

ilij:ci:i5Uace^e, 

3!I0 

Lantana, 

370 

lUicium, 

12 

La  port  ea. 

436 

Ilysantlies, 

312 

Larkspur, 

9 

Impatieiis, 

67 

Lallivrus, 

108 

Iinpiiata, 

595 

LAl'lLVGE^, 

414 

Indian  Hemp, 

341 

Laurel, 

280 

Indian  Mallow, 

48 

Laurel  Family, 

414 

Indian  Physic, 

133 

Laurocerasus, 

131 

Indian-l'ipe, 

290 

Lead  wort, 

300 

Indian-l'ipe  Faniil\', 

290 

Leadwort  Family, 

300 

Indii^o, 

105 

Leatiiei'-Flower, 

3 

Indigofera, 

105 

l-.eatlierwood. 

416 

Inula, 

237 

Leavenworthia, 

26 

lodantlius, 

27 

Lechea, 

36 

Ipecac, 

194 

Leersia, 

589 

Ipojkka, 

326 

LEGUMINOS.E, 

93 

Irenastrum, 

402 

Leiopliylium, 

288 

Iresine, 

401 

Leitneria, 

450 

IRIDACEiE, 

499 

LElTNEKIACEiE, 

450 

Iris, 

499 

Leitneria  Family, 

450 

Iris  Family, 

499 

Lemna, 

467 

Ironweed, 

207 

LEMNACEyE, 

400 

Isanthus, 

389 

Lemon, 

64 

ISOETACEyE, 

640 

LENTIBULACEyE, 

301 

Isoetes, 

640 

Leonotis, 

388 

Isolepis, 

550 

Leonurus, 

388 

Isopyrum, 

8 

Lepachys, 

250 

Itea," 

140 

Lepidium, 

30 

Iva, 

243 

Leptocaulis, 

178 

Leptochloa, 

608 

Jacquemontia, 

329 

Leptopoda, 

263 

Jacquinia, 

297 

Lepuropetalon, 

143 

Jamaica  Dogwood, 

120 

Lespedeza, 

109 

Jamestown  Weed, 

325 

Lescjuerella, 

29 

Jatropha, 

432 

Lettuce, 

273 

Jeffei'sonia, 

10 

Leueothoe, 

284 

Jersey  'I  ea, 

77 

Ljatris, 

210 

Jewel-Weed, 

67 

LiGULIFLORiE, 

200 

JUGLANDACEiE, 

441 

Ligusticum, 

180 

Jurjlans, 
JUNCACE^, 

442 

LILIACE^, 

507 

519 

Liiium, 

511 

Juncus, 

520 

Lily, 

511 

Juniper, 

458 

Lily  Family, 

507 

Juniperus, 

458 

Lily  of  the  Valley, 

508 

Jussiaea, 

163 

Lime, 

04 

LLMXANTHACEiE, 

66 

Kallstrbmia, 

08 

Limnantliemum, 

340 

Kalmia, 

280 

Limnobium, 

476 

Kidney-Bean, 

115 

LINAGES, 

64 

Knotweed, 

409 

Linaria, 

309 

Knotwort  Familj', 

390 

Linden, 

54 

Kosteletzkya, 

50 

Linden  Family, 

54 

Krameria, 

93 

Lindera, 

415 

KRAMEKIACE^, 

92 

Lindlieiineria, 

243 

Krigia, 

270 

Linum, 

04 

Kuhnia, 

212 

Liparis, 

479 

Kyiljngia, 

539 

Lipocarpha, 

540 

LirocARruK-«,  531 

Lippia,  369 

Liipiidambar,  152 

Liriudendron,  13 

Listera,  490 

Litliospermum,  361 

Litsea,  415 

Liver-Leaf.  4 

Lizard's-Tail,  418 

LOASACE.E,  166 

Loasa  Family,  166 

Lobelia,  275 

LUHELIACE/E,  275 

Lobelia  Family,  275 

Lobl(iliy  15ay,'  62 

Locust,'        "  102 

LOGAXIACIvE,  200 

Logauia  Family,  200 

Lolium,            '  618 

LoME>TACE>E,  23 

Long  Moss,  497 

Loiiicera,  187 
Loosestrife,               158,  290 

Loosestrife  Family,  157 

Lophantlms,          '  383 

Lopbiola,  496 

Lopseed,  37 1 

LOKANTHACE^,  418 

Loteic,  93 

Ludwigia,  164 

Lungwort,  361 

Lupine,  97 

Lupinus,  97 

Luziola,  589 

Luzula,  519 

Lvcium,  325 

LYCOl'ODIACEiE,  638 

Lycopodium,  638 

Lvcopus,  374 

Lygodesmia,  273 

Lygodium,  635 

Lyme  Grass,  619 

Lysimachia,  298 

LYTHUACE/E,  157 

Lythrum,  158 

Macbridea,  385 

Macranthera,  316 

Madder  Family,  190 

Magutdia,        "  ]2 

MAGNULIACE/E,  11 

Magnolia  Family,  11 

Maunolie^,  11 

Mahogany,  63 

Mahogany  Familv,  63 

Maidenhair,          "  627 

Malachodendron,  62 

Malachia,  50 

MALAXIUEiE,  478 

Mallow,  45 

Mallow  Family,  45 

MALPIGHIACEyE,  88 

Malpighia  Family,  88 

Malva.                  '  45 

MALVACEAE,  45 

Malvastrum,  40 

MALVE.i;,  45 


IXDEX. 

651 

Mandrake, 

16 

Mint  Family, 

371 

Nessea, 

158 

IVIangrove, 

152 

Mistletoe, 

418 

Nettle, 

435 

Maiif^rove  Family, 

152 

Mistletoe  Famih', 

418 

Nettle  Familj-, 

434 

Manisuris, 

591 

Mitchella, 

195 

Nettle  Tree, 

440 

Maple, 

87 

Mitella, 

146 

Neviusia, 

133 

Marrubium, 

.388 

Mitreola, 

201 

Xicandra, 

325 

Marshallia, 

200 

Mitrewort,               146 

,  201 

Nightshade, 

321 

Marsh  Grass, 

605 

Mock  Orange, 

131 

Nightshade  Farailj', 

321 

Marsh  Marigold, 

8 

Modiola, 

49 

Nine-bark, 

132 

Marsh  Pennywort, 

174 

Mogiphanes, 

402 

Nolina, 

510 

ftlarsh  Rosemary, 

300 

MoLLUGlNE.E, 

172 

Nondo, 

180 

ISIarsilia, 

G40 

Mollugo, 

173 

Nupliar, 

18 

MARSILIACE^, 

fi40 

Monantliochloa, 

618 

Nut  Rush, 

558 

Martynia, 

304 

Monarda, 

382 

XYCTAGIXACE.E, 

393 

Mavaca, 

526 

MONARDE.K, 

372 

Xvniphita, 

17 

mayacace.e. 

526 

Monkey-tiower, 

309 

XYMPH-EACE.E, 

17 

Mayaca  Family, 

526 

Monkshood, 

9 

Xjssa, 

185 

May-Apple, 

16 

Monocotyledonous 

Mayde.e, 

574 

Plants, 

461 

Oak, 

443 

May  pop, 

168 

Monopetalous  Exoge- 

Oak Familj', 

443 

Maytenus, 

80 

nous  Plants, 

186 

Oat  Grass," 

605 

Jlayweed, 

264 

Monotropa, 

290 

Obione, 

405 

Meadow  Grass, 

614 

3I(J.N<)Tl!OI'E.E, 

280 

Obolaria, 

340 

Meadow  Rue, 

5 

Moonseed, 

15 

Ocuioiue.e, 

372 

Meadow-Sweet, 

132 

Moonseed  Family, 

14 

Ocimuui, 

373 

Medeola, 

506 

Moonwort, 

637 

Oenothera, 

161 

Medicago, 

97 

MORACE^, 

437 

Ogeechee  Lime, 

186 

Melampvnim. 

320 

JNIorinda, 

195 

Oil-Nut, 

417 

MKLAXTHACE.E, 

513 

Morning  Glory, 

326 

OLACACE.E, 

62 

Melanthera, 

246 

Morus, 

438 

Oldenlandia, 

2u0 

Melanthimn, 

515 

Motherwort, 

388 

OLEACE.E, 

351 

MELASTOMACE.E, 

155 

Mouse-ear, 

43 

Oleine.e, 

352 

Melastoma  Familj'', 

155 

Mouse-tail, 

6 

Olive  Family, 

352 

Melia, 

63 

Miihlenbergia, 

602 

ONAGRACJE^, 

160 

MELIACE^, 

63 

Mulberrj', 

438 

Onion, 

509 

Melica, 

611 

Mulberry  Family, 

437 

Onoclea, 

634 

Melic  Grass, 

611 

Mullein, 

307. 

Onosmodium, 

360 

Melilot, 

98 

-Muscadine, 

74 

OPH10GLOSSACE^,636 

Melilotus, 

98 

Mustard, 

28 

Ophioglossum, 

637 

Melissa, 

380 

Mustard  Family, 

23 

OPHRYUE.E, 

478 

Melochia, 

54 

MUTISIACE^E, 

270 

Oplismenns, 

680 

Melotliria, 

170 

Myginda, 

79 

Opoponax, 

128 

MEXISFERMACE.E 

14 

Myosotis, 

362 

Opuntia, 

171 

Menispermum, 

15 

Myosurus, 

6 

Orache, 

404 

Mentha, 

374 

Mvrica, 

449 

Orange, 

64 

Mentzelia, 

167 

mVricace^, 

449 

Orange  Familj', 

64 

Menziesja, 

286 

Myriophyllum, 

159 

Orchard  Grass, 

613 

Mercurial  is, 

429 

JMvrsinace*, 

296 

ORCHIDACEiE, 

477 

Mertensia, 

361 

MYRSINE, 

296 

Orchis, 

484 

Metastelma, 

350 

MVKSINE.i:, 

296 

Orchis  Familj', 

477 

Mexican  Poppj'. 

20 

Mvrsine  F'amilv, 

296 

Oreodoxa. 

463 

Mezereum  Familj', 

416 

MYRTACEiE,' 

154 

OROBAXCHACE.E, 

305 

Micranthenium, 

313 

Myrtle  Family, 

154 

Orontium, 

466 

Micromeria, 

378 

Orpine, 

149 

Microstylis, 

479 

Orpine  Familj', 

149 

Mikania, 

216 

XAIADACE/E, 

468 

Okyze.k, 

574 

Milk  Vetch, 

106 

Xaias, 

469 

Osnianthus, 

352 

ililkweed, 

344 

Xama, 

357 

Osmorhiza, 

183 

^Milkweed  Family, 

343 

Xasturtium, 

24 

Osmunda, 

636 

^lilkwort, 

89 

Xectandra, 

414 

OSMUNDINE.E, 

624 

Milkwort  Family, 

88 

Xegundo, 

88 

Ostrya, 

449 

]\Iimosa, 

126 

Xelumbium, 

17 

Otop"hvlla, 

317 

IMimosa  Family, 

126 

Xklu.mhone.e, 

17 

OXALIDACEvE, 

65 

jMijiusk^, 

126 

Xemastylis, 

501 

Oxalis, 

65 

Mimulus, 

309 

Xemophila, 

355 

Ox-eye  Daisy, 

264 

Mimusops, 

296 

XE(1TTIE.K, 

478 

Oxj-baplius. 

393 

Mint, 

374 

Xephrolepis, 

633 

Oxydendrum, 

286 

052 


P;ichysniulra, 

I'acliystiiiiii, 

I':i-|ialaiithus, 

I'alatoxiu, 

I'aliiia', 

ralmetto, 

I'alms, 

I'aiiax, 

Pa  MCE. E, 

Panic  Grass, 

Pallidum, 

PAl'AVERACE/E, 

Papaw, 

PAI'AY.E, 

PaptT  Miilbevry, 

PaI'II.IONACK.K, 

Pap|iiiose-lioot, 

Parit'taria, 

I'arkiiisoiiia, 

Pariiassia, 

PAIIXA.SSIACE.E, 

Paniassia  Pamily, 

Paroiiydiia, 

Parsluy  Family, 

Parilu'iiimn, 

Partridge-berry, 

Paspalum, 

Passiflora, 

PASSIFLORACE.E, 

Passiion-Flower, 

Passion-FIower  F'amily, 

Pa  Von  la. 

Peach, 

Pear. 

Pecan-nut, 

Pectis. 

Pedicularis, 

Pelhva, 

Pellitory, 

Peltaiidra, 

Pennisetiim, 

Peiithonim, 

Pentodon, 

Peiitstemon, 

Peperoniia, 

Pepper  F'ainily, 

Peppergrass, 

Pepper-root, 

Perilla, 

Periwinkle, 

Persea, 

Persimmon, 

Petaiostemon, 

Petiveria, 

Fetivkiue^e, 

Petunia, 

Phacelia, 

Pha?nogamous  Plants, 

Phalaris, 

Phaseole;e, 

Pliarus, 

Phaseolus, 

Pheasant's  Eye, 

Phegnpteris, 

Phihidelfihus, 

Philibertia, 

Philoxerus, 


IXDKX. 

433 

Phlox, 

333 

Ptfiteweed, 

396 

81 

I'liorodendron, 

418 

I'okeweed  Family, 

395 

rj.'io 

Phragmites, 

618 

Poianisia, 

31 

'2fil 

Phryma, 

371 

PULE.M(>NIACE.E, 

333 

4111 

I'llHY.MK.E, 

367 

Poleuioniuui, 

335 

4(12 

Phyllantlms, 

432 

Polcmcjuiiini  Family, 

333 

4(11 

I'hysalis, 

323 

Polycarpon, 

44 

184 

I'iiysocarpus, 

132 

I'olvgala, 

89 

57.i 

Physostegia, 

387 

Pol.YGALACE/E, 

88 

581 

Pliysurus, 

490 

PCH.YGOXACE^E, 

4(m 

581 

Phytolacca, 

396 

Polygonatum, 

507 

20 

PliVTOI>ACCACE.E 

395 

Pt»l",Y(ii)M;.E, 

406 

13 

PiivroLAi'CE.*;, 

395 

Polygonella, 

408 

KkS 

I'icea, 

458 

Polygonum, 

409 

438 

Pickerel-weed, 

523 

Polymnia, 

240 

93 

Pickerel-weed  Family 

523 

Polypetalous  Exogenous 

l(i 

Picramnia. 

70 

Plants, 

I 

43(j 

Pigeon  Grass, 

587 

Poi.YPODIE.E, 

622 

12(i 

Pignut, 

441 

Poly  podium, 

624 

14!) 

Pigweed, 

404 

Polypody, 

624 

148 

I'i'iea, 

436 

Polypogon, 

599 

148 

Pimpernel, 

299 

Polypremum, 

201 

39  f; 

Pimpcrnella, 

177 

Polypteris, 

261 

173 

Pinckneya, 

198 

Polystachya, 

482 

243 

Pine, 

455 

PolytU'nia, 

182 

195 

Pine  Family, 

455 

POME.E, 

130 

577 

Pine-.\ppIe"Family, 

497 

Pomegranate, 

142 

1G8 

Pinguicuia, 

302 

Pondweed, 

470 

168 

Pink  Family, 

39 

Pondweed  Family, 

468 

IfJS 

Pinkroot, 

200 

Pontederia, 

523 

168 

Pin  us, 

455 

PUNTEDEKIACE.E, 

523 

49 

Pinweed, 

36 

Ponthieva, 

490 

141 

PIPEKACEyE, 

418 

Poplar, 

454 

141 

Pipewort, 

529 

Poppy  Family, 

20 

442 

Pipe  wort  Family, 

529 

Popuius, 

454 

2(i3 

Piiii]ueta 

167 

Portulaca, 

39 

320 

Piscidia, 

120 

PORTULACACE^E, 

38 

626 

Pisonia, 

394 

Potamogeton, 

470 

436 

Pistia, 

465 

Potent)  11a, 

135 

465 

Pitcher-Plant  Family, 

18 

Poterium, 

134 

588 

Pithecolobium, 

127 

Prenanthes, 

272 

151 

Planera. 

440 

Prickly  Ash, 

68 

200 

Planer  Tree, 

440 

Prickl}'  Pear, 

171 

308 

Plane  Tree, 

441 

Pride  of  India, 

63 

419 

Plane-Tree  Familv, 

441 

Primrose  Familv, 

297 

418 

PLANTAGINACE.E 

390 

PRIMULACE^, 

297 

30 

Plantago, 

390 

Prince's  Pine, 

289 

25 

Plantain, 

390 

Priva, 

367 

390 

Plantain  Familv, 

390 

Prosartes, 

514 

343 

PLATAN  A  CEiE, 

441 

Proserpinaca, 

159 

414 

Piatanthera, 

485 

Prunus, 

130 

293 

Piatanus, 

441 

Pseudophoenix, 

463 

100 

Pleea, 

518 

Psilocarya, 

557 

395 

Pluchea, 

238 

Psilotum, 

639 

395 

Plum,                       130 

,140 

Psoralea, 

99 

326 

PLUxMBAGINACE^E 

300 

Psvehotria, 

195 

355 

Plumbago, 

300 

Ptelea, 

69 

1 

Poa, 

614 

Pteride^e, 

622 

596 

POACE.E, 

574 

Pteris, 

625 

94 

Pndophvlhim, 

16 

Pterocaulon, 

238 

590 

PODOSTEMACE^, 

420 

Puccoon, 

21 

115 

Podostenion, 

420 

Pulse  Family,            93,  96 

8 

Podostigma, 

348 

Purslane, 

39 

633 

Pogonia. 

483 

Purslane  Family, 

38 

147 

Poison  Elder, 

72 

Puttyroot. 

480 

350 

Poison  Ivv, 

72 

Pyenanthemum, 

375 

401 

Poison  Oak, 

72 

Pyrola, 

289 

INDEX. 

{553 

Pyrola  Familj', 

288 

Rumex, 

407 

Scouring  Rush, 

621 

Pykoline.e,  "        280 

288 

Ruppia, 

470 

Scrophularia, 

307 

Pyirhopappus, 

273 

Rusli, 

520 

SCROPHULARIACE.E, 

Pvrularia, 

417 

Rush  Family, 

519 

306 

Pyrus, 

140 

RUTACE.E, 

68 

Scurvy  Grass, 

27 

Pyxidanthera, 

291 

Scutellaria, 

384 

Sabal, 

461 

Sea  Grape, 

413 

Quassia, 

70 

Sabbatia, 

336 

Sea  Mustard, 

31 

Quassia  Family, 

70 

Sage, 

380 

Sea  Purslane, 

172 

Queen's  Delight, 

427 

Sageretia, 

76 

Sebastiania, 

427 

Quercus, 

443 

Sagina, 

41 

Sedge, 

560 

Quince, 

141 

Sagittaria, 

473 

Sedge  Family, 

531 

St.  John's-wort, 

56 

Sedum, 

149 

Randia, 

197 

St.  John's-wort  Famil 

y,  55 

Seed-box, 

164 

KANUNCULACE.'E, 

3 

St.  Peter's-wort, 

56 

Selaginella, 

640 

Ranuncule^, 

2 

SALICACE^, 

452 

SELAGINELLACE.F 

) 

Ranunculus, 

2 

Salicornia, 

405 

639 

Raphidophvllum, 

463 

Salix, 

452 

Self-heal, 

384 

Rattlebox," 

96 

Salsola, 

406 

Senebiera, 

30 

Rattlesnake  Plantain, 

489 

Saltwort, 

406 

Senecio, 

266 

Red  Bay, 

414 

Salvia, 

380 

Sexecionide^, 

239 

Redbud, 

123 

SALVINIACEJE, 

641 

Senna, 

124 

Red  Cohosh, 

11 

Sambucus, 

188 

Sensitive  Brier, 

126 

Red  Pepper, 

323 

Samolus, 

299 

Sensitive  Plant, 

120 

Reed,                       618 

620 

Sandalwood  Family, 

416 

Serenoa, 

462 

Reimaria, 

577 

Sandspur, 

588 

Sericocarpus, 

217 

Revnnsia, 

76 

Sandwort, 

42 

SesamevE, 

303 

RHAMNACE^, 

75 

Sanguinaria, 

21 

Sesbania, 

105 

Rhamnus, 

76 

Sanicula, 

175 

Sesuvium, 

172 

Rhatany  Family, 

92 

SANTA  LA  CEvE, 

416 

Setaria, 

587 

Rhexia, 

155 

SARIN  DACE^, 

84 

Seutera, 

349 

Rhizophora, 

152 

Sapinde^, 

85 

Seymeria, 

316 

RHIZOPHORACE^, 

152 

Sapindus, 

86 

Shepherd's  Purse, 

30 

Rhododendron, 

287 

Sapodilia  Family, 

294 

Shield  F'ern, 

631 

Rhodora, 

280 

Saponaria, 

41 

Shortia, 

291 

Rhus, 

71 

SAPOTACE^, 

294 

Sicyos, 

70 

Rhynchosia, 

114 

Sarracenia, 

18 

Sida, 

47 

Rhj'nchospora, 

551 

SARRACENIACE^, 

18 

Sideroxylon, 

294 

RHYNCHOSPOKEiE, 

532 

Sarsaparilia, 

183 

Side-Saddle  Flower, 

18 

Ribes, 

148 

Sassafras, 

415 

Silene, 

40 

RiBESCEiE, 

143 

Satureia, 

378 

Silene^, 

39 

Riehardia, 

194 

Satukei.e, 

372 

SlLICULOS^, 

23 

Ricinus, 

432 

Saururus, 

418 

SiLIQUOS.E, 

23 

Riverweed, 

420 

Savory, 

378 

Silkweed, 

344 

Riverweed  Family, 

420 

Saxifraga, 

145 

Silphium, 

240 

Rivina, 

395 

SAXIFRAGACE^, 

142 

Silver  Palm, 

462 

Robinia, 

102 

Saxifrage, 

145 

Simaruba, 

70 

Rocket, 

28 

Saxifrage  Family, 

142 

SIMARUBACE^, 

70 

Rock-rose, 

35 

Scsevola, 

277 

Sinapis, 

28 

Rock-rose  Family, 

35 

Schaefferia, 

79 

Siphonychia, 

398 

Rosa, 

137 

Schizandra, 

12 

Sisymbrium, 

27 

RoSACEiE, 

129 

SCHIZANDRE.E, 

11 

Sisyrhinchium, 

501 

Rose,                       137 

138 

SCHIZ^INE.E, 

623 

Sium, 

179 

Rose  Baj'. 

287 

Schoenocaulon, 

517 

Skullcap, 

384 

Rose  Family, 

129 

Schoenolirion, 

510 

Skunk  Cabbage, 

465 

Rose  Mallow, 

51 

Schoepfia, 

63 

Sloe. 

188 

Rottboellia, 

590 

Schrankia, 

126 

SMILACACEyE, 

502 

ROTTBOEI.LIK^E, 

574 

Schwalbea, 

320 

Smilacina, 

508 

Roxburyhia, 

506 

Schweinitzia, 

290 

Smilax, 

502 

ROXBURGHIACE^ 

506 

SCIRPE.E, 

531 

Smilax  Family, 

502 

Roval  Palm. 

463 

Scirpus, 

546 

Snakeiiead, 

308 

rCbiace^, 

190 

Scleria, 

558 

Snakeroot,    11.91,175 

,210 

Rubus, 

136 

SCLERIE^, 

532 

Snowberry,      187,  195 

283 

Rudbeckia, 

248 

Sclerolepis, 

209 

Snowdrop'  Tree, 

292 

Ruellia, 

364 

Scleropus, 

400 

Soap  berry. 

8(i 

liue-Aneinone, 

5 

Scolopendrium, 

630 

Soap-berry  Family, 

84 

Rue  Family, 

68 

Scoparia, 

315 

Soapwort, 

41 

(ir)4 


SOLAXArE.E, 
Soliiiiuin, 

Solidago, 
Soliva. 

Solomon's  Seal, 
Soiiclnis, 
Sophora, 

Sol'IIDltE.E, 

Sorj;liuni, 

Sorrel-tree, 

Sour  Gum, 

Sour-wood, 

Spanish  Bayonet, 

Sparttaniuni, 

Spartina. 

Specularia, 

Speedwell, 

Sperjiula, 

Sperf^ularia, 

Spkhgule.e, 

Spermacoce, 

Spice-Bush, 

Spider  Lily, 

Spiderwort, 

Spiderwort  Family, 

Spigelia, 

Spike  Kush, 

Spilanthes, 

Spindle-tree, 

Spiriva, 

Spiranthes, 

Spirolobe.e, 

Spleenwort, 

Sporobolus, 

Spring  Beauty, 

Spruce, 

Spurge, 

Spurge  Family, 

Spurrey, 

Squaw-root, 

Squirrel-Corn, 

Stachydk.e, 

Stachys, 

StachVtarpha, 

Staff-tree, 

Slaphvlea, 

STABHYLEACE/E, 

Star-Grass, 

Star  Thistle, 

Starwort, 

Statice, 

Steironema, 

Steliaria, 

Stenandrium, 

Stenanthium, 

Stenotapiirum, 

Sticlvweed, 

Stillingia, 

Stipa, 

Stipulicida, 

Stokesia, 

Stonecrop, 

Storax, 

Storax  Family, 

Strawberry, 

Streptopus, 


IXIiKX. 

321 

Strumpfia, 

190 

Thymus, 

390 

;t2i 

Stuarlia, 

62 

Thysanella, 

412 

;iu 

Siylisina, 

330 

'I'iarella, 

146 

227 

Sl_\  lo])iiorum. 

20 

Tickseed, 

256 

2(!5 

Sivlosanthes. 

109 

Tiedniannia, 

181 

DdT,  rm 

STYKAGACE.E, 

291 

Tilia, 

54 

274 

STYKAtE.E, 

292 

TILlACEyE, 

54 

1-Si 

Slyrax, 

292 

Tilhia, 

150 

U5 

Sua'da, 

405 

Tillandsia, 

497 

5!t5 

Sumach, 

71 

Tipularia, 

481 

280 

Sundew, 

19 

Titi. 

84 

185 

Sundew  Family, 

19 

Toad- Flax, 

309 

28(5 

SuuHower, 

251 

TolieldiM, 

518 

512 

Supple  Jack, 

70 

Torchwood, 

69 

408 

Suriana, 

70 

Torch  wood  Famil 

V,         71 

605 

Sweet  Bay, 

12 

Torreya, 

460 

27!) 

Sweet  Clover, 

98 

Toothache  Tree, 

68 

314 

Sweet  Fern, 

450 

Toothwort, 

25 

44 

Sweet  Flag, 

466 

Touch-me-not, 

67 

44 

Sweet  Gum, 

152 

Tournefortia, 

359 

39 

Sweet  Potato, 

327 

Tradescantia, 

525 

193 

Sweet-scented  Grass, 

596 

Tragia, 

429 

415 

Sweet-scented  Shrub, 

142 

Trautvetteria, 

6 

493 

Swietenia, 

63 

Trema, 

440 

525 

Sycamore, 

441 

Tree  Orchis, 

480 

524 

Symplioricarpus, 

187 

Trepocarpus, 

182 

200 

Syniplcicarpus, 

405 

Tiianosperina, 

109 

541 

SviMri.ociNE.E, 

292 

Trianthema, 

172 

247 

Synipiocos, 

293 

Tiibulus, 

67 

80 

Synandra, 

387 

Trichelostylis, 

549 

132 

Syringa, 

147 

Trichoinanes, 

635 

488 

Trichostema, 

389 

403 

Ta'nitis, 

625 

Trifolium, 

98 

628 

Talinum, 

38 

Triglochin, 

472 

597 

Tanacetum, 

264 

Trilisia, 

212 

38 

Tansy, 

264 

Trilliace.e, 

502 

457,  458 

Tape-grass, 

475 

Trillium, 

504 

422 

Taraxacum, 

273 

Trillium  Family, 

502 

421 

Tare. 

107 

Triodia, 

609 

44 

Tar-Flower, 

288 

Triosteum, 

188 

305 

Taxine.e, 

455 

Triplasis, 

010 

22 

Taxodium, 

459 

Tripsacum, 

591 

373 

Tax  us. 

459 

Trisetum, 

604 

38S 

Teasel, 

203 

Triumfetta, 

55 

369 

Teasel  Famih", 

203 

Trunipcl-tiower, 

304 

80 

Tecoma, 

304 

Trumpet-leaf, 

18,  19 

84 

Telanthera, 

402 

Tsuga, 

457 

'E,       84 

Tephrosia, 

103 

TUBULIFLOKE.E, 

203,  207 

495,  497 

Terminalia, 

153 

TUI.IPACE.E, 

.     507 

2(i9 

Tetragonotlieca, 

247 

Tulip-tree, 

13 

43,  217 

Tetranthera, 

492 

TUBNERACEyE, 

167 

300 

Teucrium, 

390 

Turnera  Famih% 

167 

298 

Thaiassia, 

470 

Twaj'blade, 

479 

43 

Thalia, 

491 

Twin-leaf, 

16 

365 

Thalictrum, 

5 

Twisted  Orchis, 

488 

516 

Thaspium, 

179 

Tvpha, 

468 

589 

THEOPHRASTACE^,      | 

TYPHACEyE, 

467 

363 

296 

427 

Thermopsis, 

122 

600 

Thespesia, 

52 

ULMACEiE, 

439 

44 

Thistle, 

268 

Ulmus, 

439 

208 

Thorn  Apple, 

325 

UMBELLTFER^ 

173 

149 

Thorough  wort, 

213 

Unicorn  Plant, 

304 

292 

Thrinax, 

462 

Uniola, 

617 

291 

Thuya, 

459 

Urena, 

50 

136 

Thurhoria, 

600 

Ukkne.e, 

45 

514 

THYMELEAClvE, 

416 

Urtica, 

435 

URTICACE.E, 

Utricularia, 

Uvuluria, 

uvulakie^, 

Vaccixie^, 

Vaccinium, 

Valerian, 

Valeriana, 

VALERlANACEiE, 

Valerian  Family, 

Vaierianella, 

Vallesia, 

Vallisneria, 

Vande^e, 

Vanilla, 

Veratrum, 

Verbascum, 

Verbena, 

VERBENACE^E, 

Verbesina, 

Vernonia, 

Verxoniace^e, 

Veronica, 

Vervain, 

Vervain  Family, 

Vetch, 

Viburnum, 

Vicia, 

VlCIE^E, 

Vigna, 

Vinca, 

Vine, 

Vine  Family, 

Viola, 

VIOLACEiE, 

Violet, 

Violet  Famil}', 

Virginian  Creeper, 

Virgin's  Bower, 

VITACE^, 

VlTE.E, 

Vitis, 
Vittaria, 

VlTTARIE^ 

Voyra, 


INDEX. 

555 

434 

Wake-Robin, 

464 

Wolfsbane, 

9 

301 

Waldsteinia, 

135 

Wood  Anemone, 

4 

513 

Walking-Leaf, 

628 

Woodbine, 

187 

513 

Walnut, 

442 

Wood  Rush, 

519 

Walnut  Family, 

441 

Woodsia, 

634 

279 

Waltheria, 

53 

WoODSIE,E, 

623 

281 

Wampee, 

523 

Wood-Sorrel, 

65 

202 

Warea, 

28 

Wood-Sorrel  Family, 

65 

202 

Watches, 

19 

Woodward  ia, 

628 

202 

Water-Chinquapin, 

17 

Worniseed, 

404 

202 

Water-Cress, 

24 

Wormwood, 

265 

202 

Water  Hemlock, 

177 

343 

Waterleaf, 

354 

Xanthium, 

245 

475 

Waterleaf  Family, 

354 

Xerophyllum, 

517 

478 

Water-Lily, 

17 

Xmienia, 

63 

484 

Water-Lilv  Family, 

16 

Ximenia  Family, 

62 

51G 

Water-Milfoil, 

159 

XYRIDACEiE, 

526 

307 

Water-Milfoil  Family, 

159 

Xyris, 

526 

368 

Water-Plaintain, 

472 

367 

Water-Plantain  Fam- 

Yam, 

501 

254 

ily, 

472 

Yam  Family, 

501 

207 

Water-Shield, 

17 

Yarrow, 

264 

207 

Water-Starwort, 

420 

Yaupon, 

82 

314 

Water-Starwort  Fam- 

Yellow-eyed Grass, 

526 

263 

ily, 

420 

Yellow-ej'ed  Grass  Fam- 

267 

Wax-Myrtle, 

449 

ily, 

526 

107 

Wax-Myrtle  Family^ 

449 

Yellow  Jessamine, 

201 

188 

Wedelia, 

246 

Yellow  Poppj', 

20 

107 

Whahoo, 

440 

Yellow  Root, 

10 

94 

White  Cohosh, 

10 

Y'^ellow  Water-Lily, 

18 

116 

Whit«  Poplar, 

13 

Yellow-Wood, 

123 

343 

Whortleberry  Family 

280 

Yew, 

459 

73 

Wicky, 

286 

Yucca, 

512 

73 

Wild  Hyacinth, 

510 

33 

Wild  Rice, 

590 

Zamia, 

460 

32 

Willow, 

452 

Zannichella, 

469 

33 

Willow  Family, 

452 

Zanthorhiza, 

10 

32 

Willow-Herb, 

162 

Zanthoxylum, 

68 

75 

Wind-Flower, 

4 

Zephyranthes, 

493 

3 

WINTEKE.E, 

11 

Zinnia, 

446 

73 

Wintergreen, 

283 

Zizania, 

590 

367 

Wire  Grass,            597 

,601 

Zizia, 

179 

73 

Wistaria, 

103 

Zornia, 

108 

625 

Witch-Hazel, 

151 

Zostera, 

469 

622 

Witch-Hazel  Family, 

151 

Zvgadenus, 

515 

340 

Wolffia, 

467 

ZtGOPHYLLACE^ 

67 

.rtl.  f 


[Reprinted  from  Bulletin  of  the  Turkey  Botanical  Club,  April  24,  1897.] 


Reviews. 

Flora  of  the  Soiithcrjz  United  States.     By  A.  W.  Chapman.     Third 

Edition.     Pp.  655.     Cambridge,  1897. 

It  is  now  over  thirty  years  since  the  first  edition  of  Chapman's 
Southern  Flora  was  given  to  the  pubhc;  and  during  this  time  the 
author  has  had  the  satisfaction  of  seeing  his  work  become  and  re- 
main the  standard  text-book  of  systematic  botany  for  the  region 
involved.  At  an  advanced  age,  Dr,  Chapman  has  just  brought  to 
completion  a  third  edition  of  his  flora,  successfully  capping  a 
botanical  career  covering  nearly  three-quarters  of  a  century,  and 
he  is  entitled  to  the  hearty  congratulations  of  botanists  through- 
out the  country,  by  whom  he  is  universally  held  in  affection  and 
esteem. 

The  book  has  been  entirely  reprinted  from  fresh  plates,  and  the 
typography  and  superior  grade  of  paper  employed  are  altogether 
satisfactory.  A  hasty  proof-reading  has  however  resulted  in  a 
number  of  unfortunate  typographical  errors,  as  Pimperiulla,  A)ie. 
morella,  etc.  It  is  gratifying  to  observe  that  the  substance  of  the 
long  appendix  to  the  second  edition  has  been  properly  incorpo- 


1^11 

rated  in  the  text,  so  that  students  will  no  longer  need  to  search  for 
a  given  species  under  two  distinct  headings. 

In  the  style  of  presentation  and  in  nomenclature,  Dr.  Chap- 
man adheres  closely  to  old  traditions,  preferring  group-characters 
interspersed  through  the  specific  descriptions  rather  than  artificial 
keys  placed  at  the  commencement  of  a  genus,  the  usage  in  most 
modern  systematic  works.  The  disadvantage  of  the  former 
method  is  the  difficulty  which  the  eye  encounters  in  correlating 
two  or  more  headings  when  confused  by  an  intricate  maze  of  dag- 
gers and  asterisks.  Yet  the  task  of  constructing  systematic  keys 
where  none  had  previously  existed  would  have  been  too  great  a 
labor  to  undertake  in  a  work  intended  primarily  as  a  revision. 
Neither  could  Dr.  Chapman  be  expected  to  undertake  the  bibli- 
ographical research  necessary  to  .place  the  nomenclature  of  his 
flora  on  a  modern  basis.  But  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  he  did  not 
see  fit  to  make  such  corrections  as  recent  studies  have  shown  to  be 
essential,  such  as  the  substitution  of  Anemone  qidnqiiefolia  L.  for 
the  European  A.  7ieinorosa,  and  of  Viola  tenella  Muhl.,  for  V. 
tncoloT  var.  arvcnsis  DC.  Many  of  these  changes  were  made 
even  in  the  first  fascicle  of  Gray's  Synoptical  Flora,  issued  last  year, 
and  thus  certainly  bear  the  stamp  of  conservative  authority. 

The  lack  of  all  system  in  the  employment  of  citations  is,  as  it 
has  always  been,  a  defect  in  this  work.  Botanical  bibliography  has 
now  assumed  such  enormous  proportions  that  full  citations  should 
be  given  wherever  possible  ;  and  in  a  manual  in  which  space  does 
not  permit  the  practice,  careful  attention  should  be  bestowed  on 
the  verification  of  references.  Dr.  Chapman  indicates  new  species 
for  the  most  part  by  an  appended  "  ;/.  jt/.,"  but  occasionally  these 
receive  no  indication  whatever,  as  in  Eupatorium  incisuin,  requir- 
ing an  inspection  of  all  the  other  editions  to  ascertain  that  the 
plant  is  here  described  for  the  first  time.  The  absence  of  an 
authority  in  general  signifies  a  new  name  given  to  an  old  species, 
as  "  Vilnirmim  molle  Michx.,  var.?  tonientosiim','  the  synonym 
cited  being  "  V.  scabrelliim  Flora,"  and  the  reader  being  left  to 
infer  that  the  "  Flora  "  mentioned  is  an  earlier  edition  of  the  same 
work,  and  not  the  name  of  a  botanist. 

In  his  earlier  writings  Dr.  Chapman  was  inclined  to  be  more 
liberal  than  his  contemporaries  with  regard  to  generic  limitations, 


212 

recognizing  such  genera  as  Atragene^  Conocliniuni,  Diplopap- 
pus,  Leptopoda,  Quavioclit,  Batatas  and  Pharbitis.  He  has  now 
adopted  a  more  conservative  view,  uniting  all  the  above  mentioned 
genera  and  many  others,  with  their  nearest  allies ;  in  this,  how- 
ever, he  is  by  no  means  consistent,  for  we  find  Hepatica  included 
in  Anemone y  while  Actinouieris  is  distinguished  from  Verbesina  and 
if  Otophy/la  and  Dasystoma  are  both  to  be  separated  from  Ger- 
ardia,  Monniera,  in  the  same  family,  should  most  certainly  be  re- 
moved from  Herpestis,  and  SophronantJie  from  Gratiola. 

About  a  dozen  new  species  and  innumerable  varieties  are  de- 
scribed in  the  course  of  the  work,  several  of  them  being  unpub- 
lished names  of  Dr.  Engelmann  and  other  writers.  The  author 
has  adhered  to  a  rigid  rule  of  exclusion  in  connection  with  the 
numerous  new  forms  proposed  during  the  last  few  years  by  other 
students  of  southern  botany,  remarking  in  the  preface,  "  In  a  region 
so  vast  *  *  *  *  there  still  must  remain  much  to  reward  the  labors 
of  future  explorers,  and  many  new  species  have  been  proposed  by 
recent  collectors  as  occurring  within  my  limits.  These,  which  are 
unknown  to  me,  when  duly  confirmed,  *  *  *  *  will  have  place 

in  future  issues." 

As  a  future  issue  embracing  any  extended  revision  is  a  matter 

of  some  uncertainty,  it  is  to  be  deplored  that  Di.  Chapman  did 
not  make  some  effort  to  obtain  material  for  examination  at  least 
in  those  genera  in  which  he  himself  contemplated  the  establish- 
ment of  new  species.  The  omission  of  these  well-marked  forms 
is  less  of  an  injustice  to  the  botanists  who  have  devoted  time  and 
careful  study  to  the  plants  than  it  is  to  the  field  student  who  con- 
stantly discovers  specimens  which  he  cannot  match  with  any  of 
those  described.  It  would  be  difficult  for  the  chance  collector  of 
Clematis  Addisonii  to  reconcile  it  with  the  diagnosis  of  C.  Viorna, 
or  Nolina  Brittoniana  with  that  of  N.  Gcorgiana  ;  and  yet  there  is 
no  other  recourse  for  one  who  is  dependent  upon  this  flora  alone. 
We  are  glad  to  note,  however,  that  many  excellent  species  of 
Buckley,  Curtis  and  Shuttleworth,  long  suppressed  by  other 
writers,  have  been  properly  reinstated  by  Dr.  Chapman,  The 
chief  annoyance  to  botanists  resultant  from  the  omission  of  re- 
cently described  species  will  be  the  addition  to  an  already  over- 
burdened synonymy  which  some  of  the  very  numerous  new  varie- 
ties must  make. 


213 


Sucli  defects  as  these,  are,  however,  attributable  rather  to  the 
conditions  under  which  the  work  was  carried  out  than  to  any  in- 
tentional discrimination  on  the  part  of  the  author.  A  revision 
can  never  assume  the  proportions  of  an  entirely  new  book ;  and 
the  attempt  to  remodel  every  feature  of  a  portrait  often  destroys 
the  likeness.  At  least  until  the  production  of  some  more  com- 
prehensive and  more  modern  volume  Dr.  Chapman's  flora  will  be 
indispensable  to  every  student  of  southern  botany. 

C.  L.  P. 


New  York  Botanical  Garden  Library 

QK  135. C4  1897a  gen 

Chapman,  Alvan  Went/Flora  of  the  souther 


3   5185   00129   0970 


%m 


ji'vi 


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